Agrarian Law and Social legislation

COMMENTARY ON GOVERNMENT RESPONSE and IMPLEMENTATION

OF BAYANIHAN LAW

Submitted by:
Ana Leah Mamburam

Submitted to :
Atty. Ven Lorenz R. Carskit

June 29,2020
INTRODUCTION

The COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines is part of the worldwide

pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus reached the
Philippines on January 30, 2020, when the first case of the disease was confirmed
in Metro Manila. It involved a 38-year-old Chinese woman who was confined in
San Lazaro Hospital in Manila. The second case was confirmed on February 2,
involving a 44-year-old Chinese man who died a day earlier, which was also the
first confirmed death from the disease outside mainland China.

After over a month without recording any cases, the Philippines had
confirmed its first local transmission on March 7, 2020, and since then, the virus
spread to the country with at least one case being confirmed in all of the country's
17 regions. Socio-economic status has been associated with the prevalence of
COVID-19 cases across the 17 regions of the country.

As of June 28, 2020, there have been 35,455 confirmed cases of the disease
in the country. Out of these cases, 9,686 recoveries and 1,244 deaths were
recorded. The Philippines has the third most number of COVID-19 cases in
Southeast Asia, 15th in Asia, and 38th in the world. The largest single-day increase
in the number of confirmed cases was reported on June 23, when the Department
of Health (DOH) announced 1,186 new cases.

The Philippines had a slightly lower testing capacity than its neighbors in
Southeast Asia especially during the first months of the pandemic in the country.
COVID-19 tests had to be taken outside the country due to the lack of testing kits.
This also has led to a controversy involving several government official which
were reported to had been tested without complying to the DOH's triage algorithm.
By the end of January 2020, the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM)
in Muntinlupa, Metro Manila began its testing operations and became the first
testing center in the country.] Several subnational laboratories have been added
since then. As of June 27, the country has 63 subnational laboratories capable of
detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus and has conducted a total of 690,799 tests from
more than 636,291 unique individual.

The Philippines reported its first suspected case of COVID-19 in January

2020. The case was that of a 5-year-old boy in Cebu, who arrived in the country on
January 12 with his mother. At that time, the Philippines has no capability to
conduct tests to confirm suspected COVID-19 cases. The boy tested positive for
"non-specific pancoronavirus assay" by the Research Institute for Tropical
Medicine (RITM) in Muntinlupa, and samples from the boy were sent to the
Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory in Melbourne, Australia, for
confirmatory testing to determine the specific coronavirus strain. The boy tested
negative for COVID-19 but several suspected cases were reported in various parts
of the country.

The RITM developed capability to conduct confirmatory tests for COVID-

19 in response to the emergence of suspected COVID-19 cases. It started
conducting confirmatory tests on January 30. The first case of COVID-19 in the
Philippines was confirmed on the same day. The diagnosed patient was a 38-year-
old Chinese woman from Wuhan, who had arrived in Manila from Hong Kong on
January 21. She was admitted to the San Lazaro Hospital in Manila on January 25
after she sought a consultation due to a mild cough. At the time of the confirmation
announcement, the Chinese woman was already asymptomatic.

The second case was confirmed on February 2, a 44-year-old Chinese male

who was the companion of the first case. His death on February 1 was the first
recorded outside China. He suffered from coinfection with influenza and
Streptococcus pneumoniae.

On February 5, the DOH confirmed a third case in a 60-year-old Chinese

woman who flew into Cebu City from Hong Kong on January 20 before she
traveled to Bohol where she consulted a doctor at a private hospital on January 22,
due to fever and rhinitis. Samples taken from the patient on January 24 returned a
negative result, but the DOH was notified on February 3 that samples taken from
the patient on January 23 tested positive for the virus. The patient upon recovery
on January 31 was allowed to go home to China.

After a month of reporting no new cases, on March 6, the DOH announced

two cases consisting of two Filipinos. One is a 48-year-old man with a travel
history to Japan, returning on February 25 and reported symptoms on March 3. The
other is a 60-year-old man with a history of hypertension and diabetes who
experienced symptoms on February 25 and was admitted to a hospital on March 1
when he experienced pneumonia. He had last visited a Muslim prayer hall in San
Juan.[24] The DOH confirmed that the fifth case had no travel history outside the
Philippines and is, therefore, the first case of local transmission. A sixth case was
later confirmed, that of a 59-year-old woman who is the wife of the fifth case.
Since then, the Department of Health recorded a continuous increase in the number
of COVID-19 cases in the country.

Cases abroad involving foreigners with travel history in the Philippines were
reported in early March 2020. The first three recorded cases involving an
Australian, a Japanese, and a Taiwanese national had a history of visiting the
Philippines in February 2020. Though it was unconfirmed whether or not they had
contracted the virus while in the Philippines, speculations arose on undetected
local transmissions in the country due to prior confirmation of the Philippines' first
case of local transmission.

Several measures were imposed to mitigate the spread of the disease in the
country, including bans on travel to mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and
South Korea. On March 7, 2020, the Department of Health (DOH) raised its "Code
Red Sub-Level 1," with a recommendation to the President of the Philippines to
impose a "public health emergency" authorizing the DOH to mobilize resources for
the procurement of safety gear and the imposition of preventive quarantine
measures.[21] On March 9, President Rodrigo Duterte issued Proclamation No. 922,
declaring the country under a state of public health emergency.

On March 12, President Duterte declared "Code Red Sub-Level 2," issuing a
partial lockdown on Metro Manila to prevent a nationwide spread of COVID-19.[31]
[32]
The lockdowns were expanded on March 16, placing the entirety of Luzon
under an "enhanced community quarantine" (ECQ).[33] Other local governments
outside Luzon followed in implementing similar lockdowns. On March 17,
President Duterte issued Proclamation No. 929, declaring the Philippines under a
state of calamity for a tentative period of six months.

Additional facilities started to conduct confirmatory testing. On March 20,

four facilities, namely the Southern Philippines Medical Center in Davao City,
Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center in Cebu City, Baguio General Hospital
and Medical Center in Benguet, and the San Lazaro Hospital in Manila (where the
first case was admitted to), began conducting tests as well augmenting the RITM.
Other facilities began operations as well in the following days.

On March 25, the President signed the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, which
gave him additional powers to handle the outbreak President Duterte on April 7
accepted the recommendation of the Inter-Agency Task Force on Emerging
Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID) to extend the ECQ in Luzon until April 30.
 On April 17, it was reported that the country has been able to bring down the
viral disease' reproduction number to 0.65 from 1.5, which means that the average
number of people a person can infect decreased from more than one to less than
one. Recent data at the time suggest that the country is doing better in "flattening
the curve",but was warned of "resurgence" and must ramp up mass testing in order
to isolate cases and avoid further transmission of COVID-19.
Sometime in late April, local government units (LGUs) were no longer authorized
to impose quarantine measures without the consent of the IATF-EID. Prior to that
period, LGUs could impose such measures in coordination with the Department of
the Interior and Local Government.

The ECQ in Luzon was extended until May 15 in some areas. This includes
Metro Manila, Calabarzon, Central Luzon (except Aurora), Pangasinan, and
Benguet. ECQ measures were also extended in the provinces of Iloilo and Cebu as
well as in Davao City. Other areas were downgraded or placed under general
community quarantine (GCQ).

After May 15, the Philippine government revised its quarantine

classifications in correspondence on earlier announcement that "Science and
Economics will be considered for any changes of the lockdown measures." A
modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ) was applied to Metro Manila,
Laguna, and Cebu City, while a GCQ was raised to 41 provinces and 10 cities with
moderate risk. Meanwhile, 40 provinces and 11 cities that were considered "low-
risk areas" were supposed to be released from community quarantine measures, but
were eventually upgraded to a "modified general community quarantine" (MGCQ)
after a reportedly "honest mistake" from the national government and requests
from respective LGUs.

Once again, the Philippine government revised its announcements and

declared the entire country under GCQ, while Metro Manila, Laguna, and Cebu
City continued to implement an MECQ. This is temporary until guidelines of
MGCQ for low-risk areas is finalized.[51] The IATF-EID is also reportedly
considering the reclassification of provinces and cities in Central Luzon as "high-
risk areas" under MECQ.

After receiving petitions from LGUs, the IATF-EID revised its quarantine
policies yet again. Cebu City and Mandaue were placed under ECQ, while Metro
Manila, Laguna, and Central Luzon (except for Aurora and Tarlac) are all on
MECQ. The remaining parts of the country are still on GCQ.
 Dr. Edsel Maurice Salvana, who is an IATF-EID member and the director of
the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology at the University of the
Philippines, said on May 20, that the strain of COVID-19 which arrived in the
country in March likely originated from India. The virus strain's family tree is said
by Salvana to have appeared in China and Australia.

The Philippine government has introduced nationwide measures in response

to the pandemic. Following the confirmation of the first localized transmission on
March 7, the DOH raised its alert to Code Red Sub-Level 1. President Rodrigo
Duterte later issued Proclamation No. 922 on March 9, formally declaring a public
health emergency, authorizing local government units to employ their local disaster
risk reduction management funds.

The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) on March 9 issued a directive

ordering retailers should only allow the sale of two bottles of each type of
disinfectant per person as a measure against hoarding. In line with the public health
emergency declaration, the department imposed a 60-day price freeze on basic
commodities.

On March 16, the president signed Proclamation No. 929 declaring a state of
calamity throughout the country for six months, bringing into effect the following:

 price control of basic needs and commodities,

 granting interest-free loans,
 distribution of calamity funds,
 authorization of importation and receipt of donations, and
 hazard allowance for public health workers and government personnel in the
fields of science and technology.[165]

President Duterte has signed administrative orders providing daily hazard pay
and additional special risk allowance to front line government officials and
employees including health workers. The office of Vice President Leni Robredo on
its part raised funding for personal protective equipment.

The Department of Labor and Employment and the Department of Social Welfare
and Development has started their own emergency cash subsidy programs.

Senators during a special session to tackle the passage of the Bayanihan to

Heal as One Act on March 23.Following the sharp increase of confirmed cases,
President Duterte called on Congress to hold special sessions on March 23 to enact
the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act upon his request, which would "authorize the
President to exercise powers necessary to carry out urgent measures to meet the
current national emergency related to COVID-19 only for three months unless
extended by Congress. The act would allow President Duterte to "reallocate,
realign, and reprogram" a budget of almost ₱275 billion ($5.37 billion) from the
estimated ₱438 billion ($8.55 billion) national budget approved for 2020, in
response to the pandemic.

In the House of Representatives, the bill was introduced as House Bill No.
6616 with House Speaker Alan Peter Cayetano of Pateros–Taguig as its principal
sponsor and was defended on the floor by Deputy Speaker Luis Raymund
Villafuerte of Camarines Sur's 2nd district. In the Senate of the Philippines, the bill
was introduced as Senate Bill No. 1418 with Senate President Tito Sotto and
Senator Pia Cayetano as its principal sponsors.

The House version of the bill passed the House of Representatives in a 284–9 vote
without abstentions,[174] while its Senate version unanimously passed the Senate.
President Duterte signed the bill into law the following day.

Given the rapidly increasing number of cases in the country, the government
has initiated lockdowns aimed at preventing the spread of the disease.On March
12, President Duterte announced a partial lockdown covering Metro Manila, that
began on March 15. The lockdown was later expanded on March 16, when
President Duterte imposed an enhanced community quarantine covering the entire
Luzon, including outlying islands. The enhanced community quarantine restricted
travel and transportation within the island, imposed strict home quarantine among
all households, and the closure of all non-essential private establishments.
On April 7, President Duterte extended the duration of the enhanced
community quarantine on Luzon until April 30, following a recommendation from
the IATF-EID. On April 24, Duterte extended the enhanced community quarantine
until May 15, but only for Metro Manila, Central Luzon and Calabarzon as well as
other areas in Luzon that are considered a high-risk for COVID-19. Local
governments units both within and outside Luzon has also imposed their own
quarantine measures.

Travel of foreign nationals to the Philippines is banned with few exceptions

since March 2020. The issuance of visas to all foreign national on March 19 was
stopped and all visas already issued are voided except to those issued to families of
Filipino nationals would remain valid. Three days later a travel ban was imposed
on all foreign nationals, except spouses of Filipino citizens (and their children),
and workers for international organizations and non-governmental organizations
accredited in the country.

By late January 2020, Philippine travel visas under the "visa-upon-arrival"

(VUA) program were denied to tourists from Wuhan. On January 24, 135
individuals who arrived at the Kalibo International Airport in Aklan from Wuhan
were deported.[186] There were calls for a wider temporary ban on people entering
the country from anywhere in China. This was supported by some members of the
Senate however, the DOH and the Office of the President find no urgent need for
such a measure.

On January 31, a travel ban on all Chinese nationals from Hubei and other
affected areas in China was imposed. The VUA program for Chinese tourists and
businessmen was also suspended. On February 2, a ban was introduced on all
foreign travelers who visited China, Hong Kong, and Macau in the past 14 days;
Philippine citizens and holders of permanent resident visas were allowed in the
country but subjected to a mandatory 14-day quarantine. The Philippine
government also ordered a ban on travel to China, Hong Kong, and Macau until
further notice. The Philippine Ports Authority had also barred disembarkation by
crew or passengers from vessels that have recently visited China on all seaports it
control.[191] A ban was briefly imposed on Taiwan from February 10 to February
15. A travel ban to South Korea was also imposed for tourists.

The Philippines suspended all inbound commercial flights to its international

airports for a week from May 3. From May 11 to June 10, new regulations are
imposed on inbound flights to the Ninoy Aquino International Airport with charter
flights allowed only on Mondays and Thursdays and commercial flights allowed in
all the other five days. All flights require prior clearance from the Department of
Foreign Affairs (DFA) and the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines.

The Philippine national government has repatriated citizens from various

COVID-19 affected countries and cruise ships. As of May 21, at least 28,589
Overseas Filipino Workers have been repatriated according to the DFA. The
repatriates are prioritized for testing as part of the government's effort to mitigate
the spread of COVID-19. The Overseas Workers Welfare Administration has
designated hotels and other facilities in the country where repatriates could stay
while completing their mandatory 14-day quarantine period.

The first repatriation efforts by the government involved repatriating

Filipino nationals in Hubei, China. The government began the repatriation process
on January 18. Upon arrival in the Philippines, individuals underwent mandatory
quarantine for 14 days. Likewise, the Philippine government has repatriated
Filipino seafarers, and to a lesser extent Filipino tourist, on board cruise ships in
various countries and territories.

Both the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National
Police (PNP) have been deployed by the national government as front liners in
addressing the pandemic. PNP Chief Archie Gamboa tasked his agency to increase
their visibility in various communities and to arrest individuals and groups
"without warning" involved in activities that violate quarantine protocols on
physical distancing and mass gatherings.[204] Border checkpoints maintained by the
AFP, PNP, and the Philippine Coast Guard were installed in areas with community
quarantine to control the traffic of people and goods and ultimately contain the
spread of the virus across regions during the pandemic.

The PNP have also been tasked to arrest individuals who hoard essential
goods in stores and to report firms that fail to comply with the directives of the
DTI by manipulating the prices of such goods during the pandemic. [206] The
Philippine Air Force and Philippine Navy have utilized their aircraft and vessels
for the delivery of personal protective equipment and medical supplies, as well as
the transportation of health personnel, to various locations around the country.

On March 24, the PNP launched a task force in collaboration with the
Department of Information and Communications Technology to search for and
apprehend peddlers of misinformation and fake news related to the pandemic, in
compliance with the Cybercrime Prevention Act and the Bayanihan to Heal as One
Act. Both laws penalize fake news peddlers for a jail time of 12 years maximum or
a fine of up to ₱1 million ($19,770).

Since April 15, PNP personnel have donated portions of their salaries to the
Department of Finance to help sustain the national government's efforts in
addressing the pandemic. Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III reported that, as
of May 6, the PNP has raised over ₱228.45 million ($4.5 million) worth of cash
donations.

Following the rise in violations by the public to adhere to quarantine protocols,

President Rodrigo Duterte has threatened for both the military and the police to
"take over" in enforcing the social distancing and curfew guidelines in a similar
fashion to martial law. On April 20, a memo from the AFP regarding stricter
quarantine protocols was leaked. The memo was later confirmed.
Since April 20, the AFP has deployed its field kitchens in various locations around
the country to provide free meals for homeless people, stranded workers and
students, informal settlers, and families in "depressed communities" affected by the
quarantine impositions.

The Presidential Security Group (PSG) have implemented a "no-touch"

policy during meetings by President Duterte with politicians, reporters, and
visitors.
Several government officials announced that they would donate portions of their
salaries to help fund government initiatives responding to the pandemic. President
Duterte said that he would donate a month of his salary, which amounts to
₱400,000, to the Office of Civil Defense. Some senators and around 200 members
of the House of Representatives would also donate their salaries for May, while
most Cabinet members would donate at most 75 percent of their salaries.

The government of China and the United States has pledged support to the
Philippine government response against COVID-19. China announced that it
would be donating medical supplies including 100,000 testing kits, 100,000
surgical masks, 10,000 N95 masks, and 10,000 sets of personal protective
equipment. The United States Agency for International Development also pledged
$2.7 million worth of aid to help the Philippines develop adequate testing
capabilities, and ensure the availability of medical supplies through the agency's
"on-the-ground partners “China’s aid was received on March 21, 2020.

On March 22, the DFA said that the Philippines would be receiving a
donation from Singapore consisting of 3,000 testing kits and a polymerase chain
reaction machine. In early April 2020, the DFA announced it received 20 units of
testing kits, capable of 1,000 tests, from Brunei.[222] The United Arab Emirates also
donated medical supplies in May 2020. On March 28, it was disclosed that some of
the test kits made in China were only 40% accurate in testing for signs of the
COVID-19 on an individual suspected to be infected with the disease. The test kits
were donated by a private foundation
DISCUSSION

As of 23June 2020,Data reported by the Department of Health.

Situation Summary:

-Out of the total 31,825confirmed cases reported in the Philippines until today,
56% are male, with the most affected age group 30-39 years (23.1%) followed by
20-29 years (21.2%)

-50.4% of cases reported from National Capital Region (NCR), followed by

Central Visayas (19.4%), CALABARZON (7.4%), and Central Luzon (2.6%).
Largest increase in new cases from Central Visayas-Out of the 1,186confirmed
deaths, 63% are male, with the most affected age group over 70 years (35.0%)
followed by 60-69 years (30.2%)

-69.0% of deaths reported from NCR, followed by CALABARZON (11.2%),

Central Visayas (9.3%) and Central Luzon (3.0%). Largest increase in new deaths
from Central Visayas

-Many new cases reported among repatriated Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW)
and Locally Stranded Individuals (LSI) due to poor adherence of proper prevention
measures during mandatory quarantine period
-Department of Health (DOH) emphasizing the need for increased control of
proper implementation of guidelines at LGU level

-DOH strongly emphasizing the importance of adherence to minimum

precautionary measures, as one of the recurrent sources of infection among new
cases the country
-According to DOH among all active, confirmed cases, 96.8% are mild

-Currently 47laboratories using RT-PCR accredited for COVID-19 testing, as well

as 17laboratories using GeneXpert

-96.1% of health facilities daily reporting to DOH’s DataCollectApp showing

below35.9% occupancy rate of ward, ICU and isolation beds for COVID-19
patients nationally, while 16health facilities in Cebu city report occupancy rate of
77.7% of dedicated COVID-19beds

Filipinos have expressed satisfaction with the performance of President’s

Rodrigo Duterte’s administration when it comes to handling the coronavirus
disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, based on the “Global Crisis Perceptions” index
released by insights firms Blackbox Research and Toluna.

The global poll, which was conducted from April 3 to 19, asked 12,500 adult
respondents from 23 countries to rate their governments using four key indicators,
which include national political leadership, corporate leadership, community, and
media.

With an index score of 49, the Philippines ranked eighth in the list of 23 nations
where citizens assessed their governments’ Covid-19 containment measures.

The survey showed that 45 percent of Filipinos rated “highly” the Duterte
government’s efforts to combat Covid-19 while 37 percent also lauded the
corporate leaders’ amid the health crisis in the country.

Thirty-six percent of Filipinos were also happy with the community’s help while
78 percent believed the national media has performed responsibly during the
Covid-19 outbreak.

In my point of view, the Government gave its best to solve and curb the
pandemic. The first policy decision of the Philippine government was to impose
selective quarantine. It did so on 2 Feb 2020 for returning OFW, but was still open
to international air travel. On 7 Mar 2020, the first local transmission was reported
by the DOH of a patient who had no travel history and had comorbidities. The
Department of Health raised the alert level to Red sublevel 1 to anticipate the
increase of COVID19 cases locally. Upon the recommendation of the Health
Secretary, President Rodrigo R Duterte issued Proclamation 922 on March 8,
declaring a state of national emergency due to the threat of COVID 19. Under this
proclamation, all agencies are required to render full assistance in the response to
COVID 19. The Secretary of Health as the head of the Inter-agency Task Force for
Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID) may call upon law enforcement
agencies to assist in the implementation of quarantine and other measures to
address the spread of disease. IATF-EID through Resolution No. 16 created a
technical working group (TWG) consisting of representatives from the government
departments and the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
 A good strategy of locking down those are with prevalent cases are helpful
to lower down the virus transmission. I observed a rigid implementation of
Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) and travel restrictions which for is a
good sign that less covid cases will be reported.

The Republic Act 11469 or the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act (BAHO) was
signed into law by.by President Duterte on March 24, 2020.It mandates application
of WHO recommendations to Philippine pandemic health management and policy.
It grants special powers to the executive department to provide public and private
hospitals with additional support such as procurement of additional equipment and
to engage temporary human resources such as additional doctors and staff. It also
directs hospitals and health care facilities to function as COVID 19 hospitals or
quarantine facilities, provides prompt testing for patients, provides compensation
insurance for front line health workers. It also provides social amelioration
financial assistance to low income household as well as enforce laws on
profiteering and price manipulation. But due to financial constrain, Government
cannot feed entirely the whole country. I believe when and if only we have enough
funds Pandemic will be easier to control.

The government lack of concrete health programs and plans. The

government did not conduct mass testing. the pandemic also revealed serious
weakness in health diagnostics. Health workers were being infected due to the
critical shortage of personal, protective equipment (PPE) and not all can be rapidly
tested. The COVID 19 pandemic also demonstrated that there are few trained and
qualified technical workers that can run molecular medical facilities such the qPCR
machines. We need medical technologists who have enough training in applied
molecular biology and molecular medicine. As for qPCRs, a few research and
diagnostic laboratories. The few qPCRs are used for research and the people who
are trained to use them are usually not qualified as medical technologists.

To improve our capacity for molecular medical research and clinical

diagnosis also for the training of medical technologists, we have to rapidly develop
a MD-PhD program. This complements the ramped-up development of molecular
medical laboratories. At present we only have UP Manila offering a MD-PhD
program. Similar programs will have to be offered in other medical schools. This
will allow a closely articulated basic science and clinical science response to
emerging pandemic diseases. One identified research priority are the management
of clinical manifestations of the disease, reinfection, and vaccine development. The
latter was identified by President Duterte as an immediate priority. The more
scientific knowledge, the better is the chance Filipino society can live with COVID
19 as normally as possible. The capacitated research and diagnostic facilities will
strengthen the national as well as the global health security system.
RECOMMENDATION

The Government must focus on:

1. Filipino health care plans specially conducting mass testing to prevent wide
spread of covid infection.
2. Improve medical facilities
3. Give more budget in the health care system
4. Upgrade the salary and benefits of the health workers
5. Planning of efficient and long-lasting solution to prevent and curb pandemic
6. Pandemic Act must be proposed by House of Representatives
7. Economic support to affected businesses and individual
REFERENCES
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061720300521
 https://covid19.healthypilipinas.ph/?gclid=CjwKCAjw_-
D3BRBIEiwAjVMy7HzuVYHxiXt78EBhNOHfYUossu2hgAGU-
023tIVB6XQ1Y0DLLbx7RRoCOAsQAvD_BwE
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-
19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines#cite_note-191
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COV
ID-19_pandemic
 https://www.who.int/philippines/emergencies/covid-19-in-the-
philippines/covid-19-sitreps-philippines