Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Welcome to Vietnam.
These cultural notes are meant for anyone wishing to understand Vietnamese culture, the
Vietnamese people’s customs, manners, etiquette, values for business or visiting
purposes.
These notes are only a very basic level introduction and are not meant to stereotype
all Vietnamese people you may meet. Remember in business or informal contacts,
you are dealing with a specific person with specific social, cultural background and
levels of education, understanding and different beliefs and values and from
different regional and ethnic groups. One has to take into account these personal
differences in cross cultural communication. However, it is hoped that these
general guidelines can assist in bettering understanding and avoiding possible
offence in social interactions.
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Facts and Statistics
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and
East Sea, bordering China, Laos, and Cambodia
Capital: Hanoi
Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to
mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
GDP: $123.6 billion USD (World Bank) Lower Middle Income group
Ethnic Make-up: 54 ethnic groups. The Kinh 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer,
Cham, various mountain groups
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Religions: Buddhist, , Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic, some Protestant) Hoa
Hao, Cao Dai , indigenous beliefs and Muslim
Language
Vietnamese is the official language. Vietnamese is a tonal language. With each syllable,
there are six different tones that can be used to make new words with different meanings
which often make it difficult for foreigners to pick up the language.
There are other languages spoken as well such as Chinese, Khmer, Cham and other
languages spoken by tribes inhabiting the mountainous regions. Although there are some
similarities to Southeast Asian languages, Vietnamese is a separate language group,
although a member of the Austro-Asiatic language family.
In written form, Vietnamese uses the Roman alphabet and accent marks to show tones.
This system of writing called Quoc ngu (national script), was created by Catholic
missionaries in the 17th century to translate the scriptures. Eventually this system,
particularly after World War I, replaced one using Chinese characters (chu nom), which
had been the unofficial written form used for centuries.
Indigenous culture has evolved for nearly 4000 years. Its artifacts are found in the
household, farming and musical instruments and in thousands of folklores, legends,
folksongs passed down from generations by ways of oral transmission. The traditional
values and customs are formed around rice cultivation and village community.
Vietnamese indigenous culture has also come into contact with other cultures through
trade, immigration and mostly though invasions, domination (a thousand year under the
Chinese – Han domination), successive wars, nearly 100 years of French colonization, then
Japanese occupation during WW2 and American War or Vietnam’s War as called by the
American. Chinese and French influences can be found in language communication, art
and literature, education, architecture and cooking.
Since Renovation or Doi moi policy in the late1980s, Vietnam has opened up to the world.
The Vietnamese culture has also undergone fundamental changes towards deeper
integration with the rest of the world with the strong emergence of the private economic
sector and the middle class. Life styles and habits especially of the young have also rapidly
changed with the popular use of the internet and exposure to global cultures.
The Family
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• In rural communities it is not uncommon for three generations to be living together
under one roof.
• Role relationship is the main pattern of dividing responsibilities in the families.
• Ancestors worship is observed in almost all Vietnamese families. Within the same
tradition it is believed that after someone dies their spirit lives on. Descendents will
"worship" their ancestors to ensure their good favor or blessing. On the anniversary
of a person's death, ceremonies are held in their memory. They are also
remembered during certain lunar festivals and souls are consulted prior to
important decisions or occasions such as a birth or a wedding
Concept of Face
• As with many other Asian nations, the concept of face is extremely important to the
Vietnamese. Face is a tricky concept to explain but can be roughly described a
quality that reflects a person's reputation, dignity, and prestige.
• There are individual and collective face i.e. family, village, company, the country
as a whole. Companies as well as individuals can have face or lose face. This is
closely linked to the perception of the interdependent self typical of the Vietnamese
vs the independent self typical of the western cultures.
• For foreigners it is important to be aware that you may unintentionally cause a loss
of face so it is important to be aware of your words and actions. Understanding how
face is lost, saved or given is critical.
• Someone can be given face by complimenting them for their hospitality or business
efficiency. Accusing someone of poor performance or reprimanding or criticizing
them publicly will lead to a loss of face.
Vietnamese society has a fair amount of public etiquette. The following are some of the
more common points:
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• Meals are typically served family-style. People serve from common dishes. Hosts
often keep offering foods to show hospitality.
• Cover your mouth when using a toothpick.
For ease of comparison with other cultures, Hofstede dimensions of national culture can
be used as comparative framework. (http://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html).
- Power Distance (PDI): High. As with most group-orientated societies there are
also hierarchical structures.
o In Vietnam these are very much based upon age and status. Everyone is
seen as having a distinct place and role within the hierarchical structure, be
it the family or workplace.
o An obvious example is seen in social situations where the oldest person in a
group is greeted or served first.
o Within the family the head would be responsible for making decisions.
- Individualism versus collectivism (IDV): Collectivism
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o In general, the Vietnamese are collectivists. The individual is seen as
secondary to the group - whether the family, school or company. One's
identity is strongly associated to groups (family, firm, organization).
o As a result there are strict guidelines for social interaction that are designed
to protect a group's face
o Individual behavior and communication are expected to conform to social
norms and Etiquette .
o Relationships are built up slowly and stable, depending on trust.
o Work progress depends on maintaining and developing relationships with
people and attention to group process.
- Masculinity versus femininity (MAS): + Masculine emphasizing harmony and
conflict avoidance in interaction.
- Uncertainty avoidance (UAI): High. Low risk taking
- Long-term versus short-term orientation (LTO) : Long Term highlighting
stability
• High use of nonverbal elements; voice tone, facial expression, gestures, and eye
movement/contact, silence may not be consent. Nodding may not show agreement
but indicating that “I am listening”.
• Verbal message is indirect in argument but very direct in requests depending on
social norms.
• Disagreement is not directly expressed. Conflict either must be solved before work
can progress or must be avoided.
Concluding Remarks
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o In general, the Vietnamese are collectivists. The individual is seen as
secondary to the group - whether the family, school or company. One's
identity is strongly associated to groups (family, firm, organization).
o As a result there are strict guidelines for social interaction that are designed
to protect a group's face
o Individual behavior and communication are expected to conform to social
norms and Etiquette .
o Relationships are built up slowly and stable, depending on trust.
o Work progress depends on maintaining and developing relationships with
people and attention to group process.
- Masculinity versus femininity (MAS): + Masculine emphasizing harmony and
conflict avoidance in interaction.
- Uncertainty avoidance (UAI): High. Low risk taking
- Long-term versus short-term orientation (LTO) : Long Term highlighting
stability
• High use of nonverbal elements; voice tone, facial expression, gestures, and eye
movement/contact, silence may not be consent. Nodding may not show agreement
but indicating that “I am listening”.
• Verbal message is indirect in argument but very direct in requests depending on
social norms.
• Disagreement is not directly expressed. Conflict either must be solved before work
can progress or must be avoided.
Concluding Remarks