TIME-LINE:19th and 20th CENTURY EVENTS AND ARTS

Information from
Donald J. Grout, A History of Western Music, Third Edition. New York: W. W. Norton.
1980
Marilyn Stokstad, Art History, Revised Edition. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 1999.

Découverte des rayons ultra-violets  David, Madame Recamier 

1800
Volta invente la pile voltaïque Schiller, Die Jungfrau von Orleans
1801
Napoléon est proclamé consul à vie 1802 Chateaubriand, Génie du Christianisme
1803
Napoleon crowned Emperor 
1804 Schiller, William Tell
Lewis and Clark expedition
Ludwig Arnim et Clemes Brentano, Des
Bataille de Trafalgar 1805
Knaben Wunderhorn
Formal dissolution of the Holy Roman
Empire  1806
Lewis and Clark reach Pacific
Fulton builds the first commercial
Hegel, Phenomenology of the Spirit 
steamboat  1807
Wordsworth, Intimations of Immortality
Lond streets lighted by gas
1808 Goethe, Faust, Part I
1809
1810 Sir Walter Scott, The Lady of the Lake
1811 Goethe, Dichtung und Wahrheit 
Goerge Byron, Childe Harold's
Pilgrimage 
Napoleon retreats from Moscow 1812
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Kinder and
Hausmärchen
Napoleon abdicates 1813 Jane Austin, Pride and Prejudice
Napoleon to Elba  Scott, Waverly 
1814
Congress of Vienna Francisco Goya, King Ferdinand VII
Battle of Waterloo 
1815  Goya, Witch's Sabbath
The Holy Alliance
Percy Shelley, Alastor, or the Spirit of
1816
Solitude
 David Ricardo, Principles of Political
Economy and Taxation 
1817
John Keats, Endymion 
Byron, Manfred
1818
First steamship crosses Atlantic 
1819 Scott, Ivanhoe
Florida purchased from Spain 
Beethoven's Ninth Symphony 
1820- Niépce, first positive-image photographs
1829 (France) 
Audubon, Birds of America (USA)
Shelley, Prometheus Unbound 
Blake, Jerusalem 
1820
Alphone Lamartine Méditations
Poétiques
Faraday's electric motor and generator 1821 John Constable, The Hay Wain
1822
Monroe doctrine 1823
Charles X of France crowned 1824
Erie Canal opened  Alessandro Manzoni, I Promessi Sposi 
1825
Ludwig I of Bavaria crowned Alexander Pushkin, Boris Gudunov
James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the
1826
Mohicans
Mormon church founded 1827 Heinrich Heine, Buch der Lieder
1828 First performance of Goethe's Faust
Honoré de Balzac, La Comédie Humaine 
Independence of Greece  1829
Victor Hugo, Les Orientales 
James Mill, Analysis of the Mind
Hokusai, Hundred Views of Mount Fuji
(Japan) 
1830-
Cole, The Oxbow (USA) 
1839
Houses of Parliament Redesigned
(England)
Lamartine, Harmonies poétiques et
First railroad, Liverpool to
religieuses 
Manchester  1830
Hugo, Hernani 
July Revolution in France 
Stenndhal, Le Rouge et le Noir
William Lloyd Garrison found the
Liberator  1831 Hugo, Notre Dame de Paris
Beginning of anti-slavery movement
 1832
Slavery outlawed in British Empire 1833 Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus
Edward Lytton, The Last Days of
McCormick patents mechanical reaper 1834
Pompeii
1835
Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
Independence of Texas  1836 Sir Charles Barry designs Houses of
Parliament, London

Queen Victoria crowned  1837 Carlisle, The French Revolution

Mount Holyoke College founded
Daguerre takes first photographs
Revolt in Paris establishes French
Second Republic  Genevi&egrav;ve (France)
 
First incandescent electric bulb
First telegraph message transmitted
First use of ether as an anesthetic 
Howe's sewing machine patented  1846
Smithsonian Institution founded
Potato famine in Ireland 
Gold rush in California 
First Women's Rights Convention
(Seneca Falls, NY) 
Revolutionary uprisings in Europe
Ferdinand Delacroix, The Capture of
1838
Constantinople 
Joseph Turner, The fighting Temeraire 
Edgar Allan Poe, Tales of the Grotesque
1839
and Arabesque 
Stendahl, The Charterhouse of Parms
Talbot publishes first book illustrated
with photographs (England) 
Labrouste, Biblioth&egrav;que Sainte-
1840-
 
1849
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood established
in England 
Courbet, A Burial ay Ornans
1840
1841 Punch founded
1842
1843 Sören Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling
1844 Alexander Dumas, The Three Musketeers
1845 Dumas, The Count of Monte Cristo
1847
Thomas Macaulay, History of England 
William Thackeray, Vanity Fair 
Alexandre Dumas fils, La Dame aux
1848
Camélias, 
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
Communist Manifesto (Germany)

South African Republic established
First submarine telegraph cable
Second Empire under Napoleon III
Crimean War 
Commodore Perry opens Japan to the
West  1853
first rail connection New York-
Chicago
Charge of the Light Brigade
Dred Scott decision
Covent Garden opera house opens
Darwin, Origin of Species (England)  Millet, The Angelus
1859
John Brown raids Harper's Ferry  Tennyson, Idylls of the King
Dominion of Canada formed 
Meiji Restoration of emperor (Japan) 
Revolution in Spain
Serfs emancipated in Russia 
Unification of Italy  1861  George Elliott, Silas Marner
Civil War in America (till 1865)
Bismark chancellor of Prussia
Gettysburg Address 
Emancipation Proclamation
First International founded by Karl
Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breaker 
1849
Dickens, David Copperfield
1850- Paxton, Crystal Palace (England) 
1859 Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities (England)
Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter 
Dante Rossetti, The Annunciation 
1850 Theodor Storm, Immensee 
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
Evangeline
Melville, Moby Dick 
1851
Millet, The Gleaners (France)
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's
1852
Cabin (USA)
 
1854 Thoreau, Walden (USA)
1855  Whitman, Leaves of Grass
1856
Flaubert, Madame Bovary (France) 
1857 Currier and Ives publish prints 
Baudelaire, Les Fleurs du Mal
1858 
 
Hugo, Les Misérables (France) 
1860- Manet, Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe and
1869 Olympia (France) 
Brooklyn Bridge begun (USA)
1860
Turgenev, Fathers and Sons 
1862
Daumier, Third Class Carriage
1863 Manet, Olympia
1864 Carroll, Alice in Wonderland 
Marx 
First qascent of the Matterhorn  Tolstoy, War and Peace (Russia)
First successful transatlantic cable
Lincoln assassinated 
Thirteen Amendment ratified, 1865
outlawing slavery
Christian Science founded by Mary Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment
1866
Baker Eddy (Russia)
Purchase of Alaska 
Ibsen, Peer Gynt 
Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary (til 1867
Marx, Das Kapitol
1916)
Browning, The Ring and the Book 
1868
Dostoyevsky, The Idiot
Suez Canal opened 
Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under
First American transcontinental 1869
the Sea
railroad
First Impressionistart exhibition (France) 

Tchaikovsky, Piano Concerto No. 1

(Russia) 
1870-
Renoir, Moulin de la Galette (France)
  1879
William Morris  promotes Arts and Crafts
Movement
(Englamd)
Muybridge, motion photography (USA)
Schliemann excavates the site of Troy 

Rome becomes the capital of Italy 

1870 
Franco-Prussian War 
Vatican Council proclaims papal
infallibility
Bismark chancellor of Germany 
Emerson, Essays 
Paris Commune  1871
Darwin, Descent of Man
Third Republic in France
Eliot, Middlemarch 
Whistler, Portrait of Miss Alexander 
1872
Daudet, Tartarin de Tarascon 
Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy 
1873 Degas, Place de la Concorde
1874
Mary Baker Eddy, Science and Health 
1875
Tolstoy, Anna Karenina
 Mallarmé, L'Après-midi d'un Faune 
Telephone invented by Bell 1876 Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer 
Renoir, Le Bal du Moulin de la Galette
Edison invents the phonograph 1877  Monet, Gare Saint-Lazare
1878
George, Progress and Poverty 
Edison invents an improved
1879 Ibsen, The Doll's House 
incandescent electric light
Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov
Major European colonization of Africa
begins  Neo-Impressionists emerge (France) 
Hertz discovers and produces radio Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island
1880-
waves (Germany)  of La Grande Jatte (France) 
1890
Eastman's box camera (USA)  Art Nouveau emerges (France) 
Steel first used in building Van Gogh, The Starry Night (France)
construction (USA)
Irish insurrection 
Pavlov's experiments on conditioned 1880 Zola, Nana
reflexes
Tsar Alexander Ii assassinated 
Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party 
President Garfield shot  1881
James, Portrait of a Lady
Panama Canal built
Koch discovers tuberculosis germs 
1882 Manet, The Bar at the Folies Bergères
Triple Alliance
Nietzsche, Also sprach Zarasthustra 
Daimler patents automobile motor 1883
Stevenson, Treasure Island
Rodin, The Burghers of Calais (France) 
Pasteur innoculates against rabies 
Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on Grande
Mean solar day adopted as unit of 1884
Jatte 
universal time
Twain, Huckleberry Finn
Richardson designs Marshall Field
warehouse 
First American electric street railway  Guy de Maupassant, Contes et Nouvelles 
1885
Brooklyn Bridge built
Cézanne, Mont St. Victoire 
Howells, The Rise of Silas Lapham
American Federation of Labor Nietzsche, Jenseits von Gut und Böaut;se 
organized 
1886
Statue of Liberty unveiled in New Loti, Pêcheur d'Islande 
York Harbor Rousseau, Un Soir de carnaval
1887 Strindberg, Der Vater
Kaiser Wilhelm II crowned (till 1918)  1888 Van Gogh, The Sunflowers
Paris World's Fair opened  Eiffel Tower completed 
Brazil expels emperor, becomes 1889 Adams, History of theUnited States 
republic Rodin, The Thinker
James, The Principles of Psychology
(USA) 
Riis, How the Other Half Lives (USA) 
Roman School of classicists (France) 
Sullivan, Wainwright Building (USA) 
Sino-Japanese War  McKim, Mead, and White, Boston Public
X rays discovered (Germany)  Library 
1890-
Olympic Games reestablished Horta, Tassel House (Belgium) 
1899
(Greece)   Antiacademic Secession movement
Aspirin is invented begins in France 
Hunt, Biltmore Estate (USA) 
World of Art group forms in St.
Petersburg (Russia) 
Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams
(Austria) and advent of psychoanalysis
1890 Ibsen, Hedda Gabler
Conan Doyle, Adventures of Sherlock
1891 Holmes 
Saint-Gaudens, Adams Memorial
Cézanne, The Card Players 
1892 Maeterlinck, Pelléas et Mélisande 
Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge
Crane, The Red Badge of Courage 
Wilde, Salome 
1893 Sullivan, Transportation Building at
World's Columbian Exposition in
Chicago
Nicholas II crowned; last Czar of
Kipling, Jungle Book 
Russia  1894
Shaw, Candida
Dreyfus Affair (till 1905)
Roentgen discovers X-rays 1895 Homer, Northeaster
Gaughin, Materity 
1896
Housman, A Shropshire Lad
1897
Spanish-American War 1898 Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac
1899
  1900- Stieglitz organizes Photo-Secession
1909 group, later known as 291 (USA) 
Fauves named (France) 

Boxer Rebellion 
Zeppelin constructs first dirigible  1900
Freud,The Interpretatio of Dreams  R
Hopkins, first studies of vitamins
Edward VII King of England (till
1910) 
Marconi transmits wireless telegraph
signals across the Atlantic 
Planck developes quantum theory
Discovery of radium by Albert &
Marie Curie
Wright brothers, first successful
powered airplane flight 
Pope Pius X, Encyclical, Moto
proprio 
Twsett, studies in absorption
chromatography
Russo-Japanese War
Norway separates from Sweden 
First Russian Revolution 
Einstein, special relativity theory  1905
Wilstaetter, first chemical
investigations in photosynthesis
San Francisco eathquake and fire
Second Hague Conference  World
Triple Entente
Model "T" Ford produced
Peary reaches North Pole
Die Br&uumlaut;cke forms (Germany) 
Golden Fleece group forms in Moscow
(Russia) 
Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
(France) 
Braque, Houses at L'Estaque inspires
term Cubism (France) 
Ashcan School forms (USA) 
Braque and Picasso develop Analytic
Cubism (France)
Futurism emerges (Italy)
Conrad, Lord Jim 
 
Sargent, The Windham Sisters 
Tolstoy, Resurrection
Shaw, Caesar and Cleopatra 
1901 
Mann, Buddenbrooks
Gorky, Tales 
1902
Monet, Waterloo Bridge
1903 Shaw, Man and Superman
Chekov, The Cherry Orchard 
1904 Barrie, Peter Pan 
Rolland, Jean Christophe
1906 Derain, London Bridge
Synge, The Playboy of the Western
 
1907
James,Pragmatism 
Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
1908 Rilke, Neue Gedichte
1909 Frank Lloyd Wright, Robie House,
 Chicago 
Monár,Liliom
Kandinsky organizes Der Blaue Reiter
(Germany) 
Braque and Picasso evolve Synthetic
Cubism (France) 
Cubo-Futurism emerges (Russia) 
Gilbert, Woolworth Building (USA) 
Union of South Africa Forms  Armory Show launches modernism in
Worldwide influenza epidemic kills 20 1910- USA 
million people  1919 Sant'Elia, Manifesto of Futurist
League of Nations Architecture (Italy) 
Malevich, Suprematist Painting (Russia) 

Dada movement begins in Switzerland 

De Stijl emerges in the Netherlands 
Purism emerges (France) 
Gropius establishes Bauhaus (Germany)
Russell and Whitehead, Principia
Discovery of protons and electrons  Mathematica 
1910
George V King of England (till 1936) Masefield,The Tragedy of Pompey the
Great
Wharton, Ethan Frome 
Amundsen reaches South Pole 1911
de Chirico, La Nostalgie de l'infini
Titanic Disaster  Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase 
1912
Balkan wars Kandinsky, Improvisation
Lawrence, Sons and Lovers 
Mann, Death in Venice 
1913 Sloane, Women Drying their Hair 
Braque, Musical Forms 
Proust, Remembrance of Things Past
Frost, North of Boston 
Lindsay, The Congo and Other Poems 
First World War (till 1918)  1914 
Griffith, The Birth of a Nation 
Panama Canal opened RR
de Chirico, Mystery and Melancholy of a
Street
Bragg, X-Rays and Crystal Structure 
Morgan, Mechanism of Mendelian 1915 Maugham, Of Human Bondage
Heredity (theory of the gene)
Einstein, general relativity theory 
Bolshevik revolution in Russia  1916 Wright, Imperial Hotel in Tokyo
Battle of Verdun
US enters World War I 1917  Rouault, Three Clowns 
 R Yeats, Wild Swans at Coole
Cather, My Antonia 
1918
Spengler, Decline of the West
1919
Harlem Renaissance (USA) 
Constructivist movement (Russia) 
Leger, Three Women (France) 
Le Corbusier, design for a Contemporary
City of Three Million Inhabitants
(France) 
Breton, "Manifesto of Surrealism"
Census shows more people living in (France) 
urban than rural United States  Lang, film, Metropolis (Germany) 
Women citizens granted the right to Rietveld, Schr&oumlaut;der House
vote in the United States  (Netherlands 
1920-
John Scopes convicted of teaching Hitler, Mein Kampf (Germany) 
1929
evolution in public school (USA)  Morgan, San Simeon estate (USA) 
Kellogg-Briand Pact, signed by 62 American Scene Painting emerges 
nations, attempts to end war  Eisenstein, film, October (Russia) 
  Mead, book, Coming of Age in Samoa
(USA) 
Rivera, murals for Mexico City Ministry
of Education 
Woolf, essay, A Room of One's Own
(England) 
The Museum of Modern Art founded
(USA)
1920 
R
Picasso,Three Musicians 
1921 Mondriaan, Painting No. 1 
Chaplin, The Kid
Galsworthy, The Forsyte Saga 
Fascist revolution in Italy  Eliot, The Waste Land (England) 
1922
Discovery of insulin Joyce, Ulysses (Ireland) 
Rilke, Duino Elegies, Sonnets to Orpheus
Hitler, Ludendorff Putsch in Munich 1923 Klee, At the Mountain of the Bull
Shaw, Saint Joan 
Stalin becomes dictator in Russia 1924 Mann, The Magic Mountain 
Kafka, The Trial
Keilin, discovery of cytochromes and Dreiser, An American Tragedy 
1925
beginning of molecular biology Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby
1926 Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises (USA) 

Lindberg makes first solo trans-
Atlantic flight (USA) 
First television transmission 
Heisenberg and others propound
"uncertainty principle" in quantum
physics
Dirigible Graf Zeppelin circles globe
(Germany)  Huxley, Point Counter Point
First radio broadcast of New York
Philharmonic
New York stock marked crash  Giraudoux, Amphitryon 38
beginning of world-wide depression
Socialist Realism in art instituted by
Stalin (Russia) 
Hitler takes dictatorial power in
Germany 
Roosevelt establishes Federal Arts
Project (USA)  1939
Spanish Civil War 
Carlson invents xerography (USA) 
Nazis launch anti-Jewish campaign
throughout Germany
First all-sound films 
Epstein, Madonna and child 
1927 Woolf, To the Lighthouse 
O'Neill, Strange Interlude 
Lawrence, Lady Chatterly's Lover 
 
1928
Stephen Vincent Benét, John Brown's
Body
van der Rohe, German pavilion 
 
1929
Wolfe, Look Homeward, Angel 
Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury
Mondrian, Composition with Red, Blue,
and Yellow (Netherlands) 
Regionalist painters emerge (USA) 
Huxley, novel, Brave New World
(England) 
Malraux, novel, Man's Fate 
Stein, The Autobiography of Alice B.
Toklas (USA) 
Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo,
California photographed for Farm
Securities Administration (USA) 
1930-
Mitchell, novel, Gone with the Wind
(USA) 
American Abstract Artists group forms 
Renoir, film, The Grand Illusion
(France) 
Miller, novel, Tropic of Capricorn
(USA) 
Steinbeck, novel, Grapes of Wrath
(USA) 
Kahlo, Two Fridas (Mexico) 
Krasner, Red, White, Blue, Yelllow, Black
(USA)
Mondriaan, Fox Trot 
Hopper, Early Sunday Morning 
Grant Wood, American Gothic 
1930
Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the
Masses 
Hart Crane, The Bridge
Japan invades Manchuria 1931 O'Neill, Mourning Becomes Electra
Stein, Matisse, Picasso and Gertrude
Discovery of the neutron 1932
Stein
Miró, Composition 
F. D. Roosevelt, President of US 
1933 Toynbee, A Study of History 
Hitler, Chancellor of Germany
Malraux, La Condition humaine
Adrian, studies in the electric nature of
nerve impulses 
1934 Mann, Joseph and His Brothers
Joliot, discovery of induced
radioactivity
Eliot, Murder in the Cathedral 
Italy invades Ethiopia 1935
Orozco, Man in Four Aspects
Spanish Civil War 1936 Dos Passos, U.S.A.
Japan invades China 
Andersson, discovery of positive
electrons and mesons  Picasso, Guernica 
1937
Krebs, metabolic pathways  Marquand, The Late George Apley
Hill, demonstration of chloroplast
reaction in plants
Bethe, Energy Production in Stars 
Discovery of nuclear fission  1938 Dufy, Regatta
Development of penicillin
Joyce, Finnegans Wake 
World War II (till 1945) 1939 Forester, Captain Horatio Hornblower 
Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath
First radio broadcast of the
Metropolitan Opera 
Roosevelt elected to third term  1940 Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls
First commercial electron microscope 
Microwave radar
U.S. enters war 
1941
Atlantic Charter
United Nations Alliance 1942
1943 Chagall, Crucifixion
Roosevelt elected to fourth term 
1944
Allied armies invade Germany
Surrender of Germany  1945
Atomic bomb used against Japan 
New York chosen as seat of United
Nations 
Radio astronomy 
Jet planes and rockets
Le Corbusier, Unité d'Habitation,
First Assembly of United Nations 
1946 Marseilles 
Nuremberg trials
Dylan Thomas, Deaths and Entrances
Marshall Plan 
Independence of India  Tennessee Williams, Streetcar Named
1947
Perutz, X-ray studies on crystalline Desire
proteins
1948
North Atlantic Defense Pact  Orwell, 1984 
1949
Communist government in China Miller, Death of a Salesman
Korean War 
1950 Eliot, The Coctail Party
Hydrogen bomb
NATO formed from North Atlantic
1951 Lipchitz, Birth of Venus
Pact
Calder, Giraffe 
1952 Camus, L'Homme revolté 
Eliot, Complete Plays and Poems
Malenkov succeeds Stalin in Russia  Churchill, History of the Second World
Watson-Crick model of DNA 1953 War 
molecule Beckett, Waiting for Godot
Gordon, Zeiger, and Townes,
molecular amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation  e. e. cummings, Poems, 1923-1954 
1954
Thomas, Under Milk Wood
U. S. Supreme Court decision
outlawing school segregation
E.R. Andrew, Nuclear Magnetic
1955 Auden, The Shield of Achilles
Renonance
Revolt in Hungary 1956
First Sputnik launched 

International Geophysical Year begins 

1957
T.D. Lee and C.N.Yang awarded
Nobel Prize for discovery of principle
of non-conservation of parity
Explorer I (U.S. satellite)  1958

Voyage of the Nautilus 

Khrushchev becomes Premier of

U.S.S.R.
First moon rockets 
1959
Studies in the structure of viruses
25 artificial satellites now in orbit 

Pioneer V launched  1960

First working laser

Oldenburg, "Store" 
Peace Corps established 
"Art of Assemblage" show at Museum of
Berlin Wall erected  1961
Modern Art 
First manned space flights
David Smith, "Cubi" sculptures 
Vatican Council II convenes 
1962 Albee, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
Cuban missile crisis
President Kennedy assassinated 
Increasing U.S. involvement in 1963 Carson, Silent Spring
Vietnam
Kosygin becomes Premier of U.S.S.R. 1964
Autobiography of Malcolm X 
Weiss, The Persecution and
Gemini space vehicles 
1965 Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat
Civil Rights march in Alabama
(Marat-Sade) 
Hofmann paints Renate series
1966 Pinter, The Homecoming
Israeli-Arab Six-Day War 
Development of astrophysics 
Burbidge, Quasi-Stellar Objects
("quasars") 
1967
Lilly, The Mind of the Dolphin 
Length of one second of time now
determinable within limit of error of 1-
2 parts in 1010
Soviet invasion of Czechosolvakia 
Student uprisings in France 
Massive anti-war protests in U.S.A.  1968
Assassinations of Martin Luther King
and Robert f. Kennedy
First men on the moon 1969
Tofler, Future Shock 
1970
Reich, The Greening of America
Indo-Pakistani war 
1971
Independence of Bangladesh
Watergate 
Black September terrorist killings at
1972
Munich Olympics 
Pioneer 10 launched
End of U.S. involvement in Viet Nam 1973 Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago
Hearst kidnapping 
Opening of Hirshhorn Museum,
U.S.S.R. deports Solzhenitsyn  1974
Washington, D.C.
President Nixon resigns
War in Cambodia ends 
International Women's Year  1975
Suez Canal reopens
U.S. Bicentennial celebrations 
Earthquake in Guatemala kills an
estimated 25,000 people  1976 Centenary of Bayreuth Festival
Death of Mao Tse Tsung 
Carter elected president
Detection of rings around the planet
Uranus 
Blackouts in New York City 
Attrocities in Uganda under Amin
1977
regime 
Orient Express makes last run between
Paris and Istanbul 
Panama Canal Treaty signed
First test-tube baby 
Opening of East Wing of National
Discovery of Pluto's moon "Charon"  1978
Gallery, Washington, D.C.
Pope John Paul II elected
Khomeini leads revolution in Iran 1979