HEGEL’S THEORY OF LIBERATION:

LAW, FREEDOM, HISTORY, SOCIETY*

Christoph Menke (Goethe-‹˜‡”•‹–ƒDž –ǡ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹Ȍ

The freedom of spirit, Hegel claims, consists in “the emancipation of

spirit from all those forms of being that do not conform to its con-
cepts.” That is, freedom must be understood as “liberation [Befrei-
ung].” The paper explores this claim by starting with Hegel’s cri-
tique of the (Kantian) understanding of freedom as autonomy. In
this critique Hegel shows that norms or “laws” have to be thought
of as “being”—not as “posited.” This is convincing, but it leaves
open the question of the relation between law and freedom (i.e., the
very question that the concept of autonomy was meant to solve). In
its second part the paper claims that Hegel’s solution to this prob-
lem consists in the analysis of freedom as the “historical” process of
“social” transformation. While social norms ordinarily or habitually
exist in the form of a second nature—according to Hegel, this is the
form they necessarily take on in their social reality—, the act of lib-
eration radically changes their mode of being: liberation is the
momentary and transitory act of the ontological transformation of
social norms from nature into freedom.

”‡‡†‘ǡ ƒ• †‘”‘ †‡ϐ‹‡• ‹–ǡ ‹• Dz–Š‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ›
‰‹˜‡ …‘…”‡–‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ —ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥdz 1 ”‡‡†‘ means libera-
–‹‘Ǣ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‡š‹•–• ‘Ž› ‹ ‘” ƒ• –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡‰‡Ž
ƒ‡• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ …Žƒ‹ ‹ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‹‰ •’‹”‹– ƒ• –Š‡ Dz…”‡ƒ–‘” ‘ˆ ‹–•
ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥdz ‡ Š‘Ž†• –Šƒ– •’‹”‹–ǡ ƒ• ƒ…–‹˜‡ǡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› …‘•‹•–• ‹ –Š‡
Dz†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ •’‹”‹–ǡdz ™Š‹…Š Š‡ †‡•…”‹„‡• ƒ• Dz–Š‡
‡ƒ…‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •’‹”‹– ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ –Š‘•‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ –Šƒ– †‘ ‘–
…‘ˆ‘”–‘‹–•…‘…‡’–•Ǥdz 2 ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‘•‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ•’‹”‹––Šƒ–

* ”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†„›ƒ‹‡Ž›–ŠǤ
1 Š‡‘†‘” Ǥ †‘”‘ǡ Zur Lehre von der Geschichte und von der Freiheit
ȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣ—Š”ƒ’ǡ͟͠͞͞Ȍǡͦ͡͡ǡ–”Ǥ„›Ǥ‹˜‹‰•–‘‡ƒ•History and
Freedom ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ‘Ž‹–›”‡••ǡͤ͠͞͞Ȍǡ͢͠͡Ǥ
2
‡‘”‰‹ŽŠ‡Ž ”‹‡†”‹…Š‡‰‡ŽǡWerke in zwanzig Bändenǡȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣ

—Š”ƒ’ǡͧͤͧ͟–ͧͥ͟͟Ȍǡ˜‘ŽǤ͟͞ǡ Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften

IIIǡ Ț ͦ͡͠ ǡ –”Ǥ „› Ǥ ƒŽŽƒ…‡ ƒ† Ǥ Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡” ƒ• Hegel’s Philosophy of Mind
ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ šˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͥ͠͞͞ȌǤ ”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ › ‘™

1 - Menke - Hegel's Theory of Liberation_FINAL_layout_proofed.pdf 1 3/28/2013 1:17:36 PM

 Hegel’s Theory of Liberation ͟͟

ƒ”‡‹…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Š‹–•…‘…‡’–•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ—ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ ”‡‡†‘
—•– „‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• DzŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ȏBefreiungȐdz ȋibidǤȌ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹–•
„‡‹‰ …‘•‹•–• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ ‹–• „‡…‘‹‰—‹–• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
–Š”‘—‰Š‹–•‡Žˆǡ‹–•ƒ—–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘™‹–Š‹‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–—ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
DzŠ‹• Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •’‹”‹–ǡ ‹–‘ ™Š‹…Š ‹– ‡–‡”• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ …‘‡ –‘
‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ† –‘ ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‹–• –”—–Šǡ ƒ† –Š‡ „—•‹‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‹• Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘
ȏdas Geschäft derselben] ‹• –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ƒ† ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ right ȏRecht].dz
ȋœǡȚ ͣͣ͞Ȍ
‘”‡‰‡Žǡ•—…Šƒ’”‘…‡••—ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ•Ž‹„‡”a-
–‹‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• ˆ”‘ ‹–• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘” •‘‡–Š‹‰ –‘
„‡ˆ”‡‡‹•ˆ‘”‹–Dzȏ–‘„‡Ȑ™‹–Š‹–•‡Žˆ‹–Š‹•Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡi.e., ‹–Š‹•‘–Š‡”dzǣ
Dz ”‡‡†‘ ‹• –‘ ™‹ŽŽ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ƒ† ›‡– –‘ ”‡ƒ‹ ™‹–Š
‘‡•‡Žˆ ‹ •—…Š ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‹–›ǡ –Š—• ”‡–—”‹‰ ‘…‡ ‘”‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡
—‹˜‡”•ƒŽǤdz 3 Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ„‡‹‰ˆ”‡‡—i.e.ǡ‘ˆ”‡ƒ‹‹‰™‹–Š‘‡•‡Žˆ‹
another—…‘•‹•–•‹ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ ”‡‡™‹ŽŽ‹•Dz‘–•‘‡–Š‹‰ϐ‹‹•Š‡†
ƒ†—‹˜‡”•ƒŽƒ–‡…‡†‡––‘‹–••‡Žˆ-†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‘–Š‡•—„Ža-
–‹‘ƒ†‹†‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Šƒ–†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–ƒ‘—–•–‘™‹ŽŽ‘Ž›ƒ•–Š‹•
•‡Žˆ-‡†‹ƒ–‡†ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†ƒ•–Š‹•”‡–—”‹–‘‹–•‡ŽˆǤdz ȋ’ŠǡȚ ͥ Ȍ ”‡‡
™‹ŽŽǡƒ•‡‰‡Žƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‡•‹‡–œ•…Š‡‹•ƒ›‹‰ǡ‹•‘–ƒDz’”‡•—’’‘•‡†
•—„Œ‡…–‘”•—„•–”ƒ–—dzȋibidǤȌǡ „—–”ƒ–Š‡”…‘•‹•–•‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›‹–Š‡
’”‘…‡••‘ˆ‹–•ƒ…–‹˜‡•‡Žˆ-”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•ƒ–™‘ˆ‘Ž†•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ…‡Ǥ
‹”•–ǡ ‹– ‡ƒ• ‘– –Šƒ– ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹• ƒ ƒ––”‹„—–‡ ‘ˆ ‹‡” •–ƒ–‡• ‘”
†‡‡†•ǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ …ƒ ‘Ž› „‡…‘‡ ˆ”‡‡ „› ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰
Dasein ƒ† –Š‡”‡„› ‡š‹•–‹‰ Dzƒ• •–ƒ†‹‰ ‘˜‡” ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥdz
ȋ’Šǡ Ț ͠͡Ȍ —…Š ƒ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–…ƒ ‘……—” „‘–Š ‘ –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ—ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š”‘—‰ŠƒDz’—”‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†”‹˜‡•dz—ƒ†‘
–Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
‡…‘†ǡ–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ǯ••‡Žˆ-ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‹••‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›
–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ‹–••‡Žˆ-…”‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥˆˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‹ŽŽ…‘•‹•–••‹’Ž›
‹ ‹–• •‡Žˆ-ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹– ‘Ž› comes into being „› ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰
‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‡’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–†‡ϐ‹‡•–Š‡„‡‹‰‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘…ƒ‡˜‡”Ž‡ƒ†
–‘•‘‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ•‹–•telos. Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ
ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹• ‡†Ž‡••Ǥ Dz ”‡‡†‘dz ƒ• •—…Š ‡˜‡” ‡š‹•–•ǡ ‘” ‹– ƒŽ™ƒ›•
‡š‹•–• ƒ• ‹–• •‡Žˆ-’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘—– ‘ˆ —ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ †‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ˆ”‡e-

ȋǤ ǤȌǤ ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡ –‡š– ƒ• œ  ™‹–Š •‡…–‹‘
—„‡”Ǥ Dzdz‹†‹…ƒ–‡•ƒ“—‘–ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡DzAnmerkungdzȋ”‡ƒ”ȌǡDzdzƒ“—‘–a-
–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡DzZusatzdzȋƒ††‹–‹‘Ȍǡƒ†Dzdzƒ“—‘–ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡Dzhandschriftliche
NotizendzȋŠƒ†™”‹––‡‘–‡•ȌǤ
3
‡‘”‰ ‹ŽŠ‡Ž ”‹‡†”‹…Š ‡‰‡Žǡ Werkeǡ ˜‘ŽǤ ͥǡ Grundlinien der Philosophie des

Rechtsǡ Ț ͥ ǡ –”Ǥ „› Ǥ Ǥ ‹•„‡– ƒ• Elements of the Philosophy of Rightǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ
‘‘† ȋ‡™ ‘”ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͧͧ͟͟ȌǤ ”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ ‘†‹ϐ‹‡†
ȋǤ ǤȌǤ ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡ –‡š– ƒ• ’Š ™‹–Š •‡…–‹‘
—„‡”Ǥ
͟͠ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩǡ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

†‘ƒ•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡ƒ•–Š‹‹‰‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘‘–ƒ•‡‹‰ǡ
„—–ƒ•‡…‘‹‰Ǣ‹–‡ƒ•…‘…‡‹˜‹‰ˆ”‡‡†‘‘–ƒ•ƒstateǡ „—–ƒ•ƒ
processǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ …‘•‹•–• ‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡ ‡†Ž‡•• ”‡’‡–i-
–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—ˆ”‡‡†‘ǤŠƒ–ˆ”‡‡†‘‹•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘†‡ϐ‹‡•
‹–•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‹–›Ǥ
 ™Šƒ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǡ  ™‹•Š –‘‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡Š‘™ ˆ”‡‡†‘ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ•
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡• –‘ –Š‡ …”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• ƒ—–‘o-
›ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡ—†‡”•–ƒ†‡‰‡Žǯ•…‘…‡’–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘
–‘„‡ƒ…‘•‡“—‡…‡‘ˆŠ‹•…”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘…‘…‡‹˜‡†ƒ•ƒ—–‘o-
› ‘” •‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ’—”’‘”–• –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ
Dz’‘•‹–‹˜‡dz†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥƒ–™”‹–‡•ǣDzFreedom ‘ˆ…Š‘‹…‡
‹•–Š‹•‹†‡’‡†‡…‡ˆ”‘„‡‹‰determined „›•‡•‹„Ž‡‹’—Ž•‡•Ǣȏ4]
–Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ
ˆ”‡‡†‘‹•–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ’—”‡”‡ƒ•‘–‘„‡‘ˆ‹–•‡Žˆ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽǤ
—– –Š‹• ‹• ‘– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‡š…‡’– „› –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒš‹ ‘ˆ
‡˜‡”› ƒ…–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ …‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–• “—ƒŽ‹ˆ›‹‰ ƒ• ƒ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ Žƒ™Ǥdz 5
Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ• Dz‹†‡’‡†‡…‡ ǤǤǤˆ”‘
•‡•‹„Ž‡ ‹’—Ž•‡•dz ‹• ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ–ǡ ‹ ˆ”‡e-
†‘ƒ••‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ–Š‹•˜‹‡™ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ
‘” ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ• ƒ—–‘‘›ǡ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ ƒ…– ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
”‡‡†‘ƒ••‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Šƒ•–Š‡”‡„›’—–Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
‹–•‘™Š‹•–‘”›„‡Š‹†‹–ǣ–Š‡ƒ—–‘‘‘—••—„Œ‡…–exists ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Ǣ•Š‡
has already ˆ”‡‡† Š‡”•‡ŽˆǤ ‘ ”ƒ–Š‡” ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ ‡‰‡Ž ƒ† †‘”‘ ‹
†‡ϐ‹‹‰ˆ”‡‡†‘–Š”‘—‰Š‘”ƒ• Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ„›…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ ‹•–‘‹†‹…ƒ–‡
–Šƒ–ˆ”‡‡†‘is always yet to comeǤ
‡””› ‹ƒ”† ƒ† ‘„‡”– ‹’’‹ Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ‡‰‡Žǯ• …”i-
–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ‹• ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ƒ• –Š‡ †‹ƒ‰‘•‹• ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǣ –Š‡
so-…ƒŽŽ‡† ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ 6  ™‹ŽŽ ϐ‹”•– ‡š’Žƒ‹ ‹ ™Šƒ– –Š‹•
’ƒ”ƒ†‘š…‘•‹•–•ƒ†•Š‘™™Š›‹–”‡“—‹”‡•—•–‘…‘…‡‹˜‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘
ƒ•ƒ’”‘…‡••‘ˆŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ†‘‹‰•‘ǡ‰”ƒ–ƒ…‡–”ƒŽ”‘Ž‡–‘‡‰‡Žǯ•
…Žƒ‹–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ™ǯ•‘†‡‘ˆ‡š‹•–‡…‡‹••‹’Ž›to beǣŽƒ™•‘Ž›‡š‹•–

4 ƒ–‡š’Žƒ‹s –Š‹•‹–Š‡’”‡…‡†‹‰•‡–‡…‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣDz—ƒ…Š‘‹…‡ǡŠ‘™Ǧ

‡˜‡”ǡ‹•ƒ…Š‘‹…‡–Šƒ–…ƒ‹†‡‡†„‡affected „—–‘–determined „›‹’—Ž•‡•ǡƒ†
‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘ˆ‹–•‡Žˆȋƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘ƒƒ…“—‹”‡†’”‘ϐ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘Ȍ‘–’—”‡„—–
…ƒ•–‹ŽŽ„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†–‘ƒ…–‹‘•„›’—”‡™‹ŽŽǤdzƒ—‡Žƒ–ǡMetaphysik der
Sittenǡ‹ Kant’s Gesammelte Schriftenǡȋ‡†ǤȌ‘Dž ‹‰Ž‹…Š”‡—é‹•…Š‡ƒ†‡‹‡ †‡”
‹••‡•…Šƒˆ–‡ ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ ‡‹‡”Ȁ†‡
”—›–‡”ǡ ͧ͟͞͞–Ȍǡ ͤǣ͠͞͡–ͧ͢͡ǡ Š‡”‡ ͤǣ͟͠͡ǡ –”Ǥ
„› Ǥ
”‡‰‘” ƒ• The Metaphysics of Moralsǡ ‹ Practical Philosophyǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ

”‡‰‘”ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͧͧͤ͟Ȍǡͣ͡͡–ͤ͞͡ǡŠ‡”‡ͥͣ͡Ǥ
5 IbidǤǡͤǣ͟͠͡–͟͢Ȁͥͣ͡Ǥ
6 –Š‹•†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ǡ•‡‡Ǥ Š—”ƒƒƒ†Ǥ ‡‡ǡ‡†•ǤǡParadoxien der AutonomieǤ

Freiheit und Gesetz I ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ —‰—•– ‡”Žƒ‰ǡ ͟͟͠͞ȌǤ  ‡‰‡Žǯ• …”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ—–‘‘›ǡ•‡‡Š”‹•–‘’Š‡‡ǡDz—–‘‘‹‡—†‡ˆ”‡‹—‰ǡdzͧ͟͢–ͦͣǤ
 Hegel’s Theory of Liberation ͟͡

ƒ•‡”‡‡‹‰ƒ†–‘–Šƒ–‡š–‡––Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ˆ”‡‡ȋ‡…–‹‘ȌǤ™‹ŽŽ

–Š‡ •‡–…Š –Š‡ ™ƒ› ‹ ™Š‹…Š ‡‰‡Ž …‘•‡“—‡–Ž› —†‡”•–ƒ†•
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ †‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‘”‡…—Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ȋBildungȌǤ‘…‘…‡‹˜‡ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ•
–Š‹‹‰‘ˆ‹–ƒ•–Š‡’‡”ƒ‡––”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›ȋ‡…–‹‘ȌǤ

I. The Paradox of Autonomy

 Š‹• ™”‹–‹‰• ’”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ Phenomenology of Spiritǡ ‡‰‡Ž …”‹–‹…‹œ‡•

–Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ „› †‡•…”‹„‹‰ ‹–—’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
…Š‹ŽŽ‡”—ƒ•ƒ‹–‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ȋHerrschaftȌǤ…Š‹ŽŽ‡”Šƒ†
‘„Œ‡…–‡† –Šƒ– ƒ–ǯ• …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› Dz–”ƒ•ˆ‘”• –Š‡ ‘•–
’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽˆ”‡‡†‘‹–‘ƒ‘”‡ƒ†‹”ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ
•—„Œ—‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ‡™ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡…–‹‘ ‹• ‘Ž› Dz‘”‡
ƒ†‹”ƒ„Ž‡dz‹•‘ˆƒ”ƒ•‹–‹•’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Šƒ–‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ˆ‘”‘ˆ•—„Œ—‰a-
–‹‘–‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡Dz‘”ƒŽ™‡ƒŽ‹‰dz‹•‡š’‘•‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‹•Dzˆ”‡“—‡t-
Ž›‹’—”‡–‡†‡…‹‡•Ǥdz 7 …Š‹ŽŽ‡”ǯ•‘„Œ‡…–‹‘‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ–ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘
…ƒ””›‘—–‘—••‡ƒ—ǯ•ƒ„‹–‹‘—•’”‘‰”ƒǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ†‹–”‘†—…‡†–Š‡
‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘‰”ƒ …‘•‹•–• ‹ †‡•…”‹„‹‰ Š‘™
Dz‡ƒ…Š ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ —‹–‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒŽŽǡ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡•• ‘„‡›• Š‹•‡Žˆ and
thus remains free as before.dz 8 ‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡ƒ– –‘ •‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡
’—œœŽ‡ ‘ˆ Š‘™ –‘ ”‡…‘…‹Ž‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ™‹–Š ‘„‡†‹‡…‡ –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ™Ǥ …Ǧ
…‘”†‹‰–‘‘—••‡ƒ—ǡDz„‡†‹‡…‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ™–Šƒ–‘‡Šƒ•’”‡•…”‹„‡†
–‘‘‡•‡Žˆ‹•ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥdz 9 …Š‹ŽŽ‡”ǯ•‘„Œ‡…–‹‘‹•–Šƒ–ƒ–ǯ•…‘…‡’–‘ˆ
ƒ—–‘‘›”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ˆ”‡‡•‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘†‘‡•‘–‹ˆƒ…–‘˜‡”…‘‡
‘„‡†‹‡…‡ ƒ† •—„Œ—‰ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ™Ǥ ˜‡ ™Š‡ ‹– …‘‡• –‘ •‡Žˆ-
‹’‘•‡† Žƒ™•ǡ ‘‡ ”‡ƒ‹• •—„•‡”˜‹‡–Ǥ ‡‰‡Ž ”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡• –Š‹•
…Š‹ŽŽ‡”‹ƒ ‘„Œ‡…–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ˜‹˜‹† –‡”•ǣ DzŠ‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡—‰—•‹…•Šƒƒ ƒ† –Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‡ ™Š‘ ”—Ž‡•
…Š—”…Šƒ†•–ƒ–‡ǡ‘”„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘‰—Ž•ƒ†–Š‡—”‹–ƒ•ȏ 10] or the

7 ”‹‡†”‹…Š…Š‹ŽŽ‡”ǡDz—–—† —Dž ”†‡ǡdz‹Sämtliche Werkeǡȋ‡†ǤȌ

Ǥ ”‹…‡ƒ†
Ǥ
Ǥ
‘Dž ’ˆ‡”–ȋ—Dž …Š‡ǣƒ•‡”ǡͧͦ͟͞Ȍǡͣǣͤͤ͢ǤŠ‡…‘””‡•’‘†‹‰•‡…–‹‘…ƒ„‡
ˆ‘—† ‹ The Works of Frederick Schiller ȋ‘•–‘ǣ Ǥ Ǥ ƒ••‹‘ Ƭ ‘Ǥǡ ͦͦ͟͢Ȍǡ
ͦǣͦ͠͞Ǥ”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ›‘™ȋǤ ǤȌǤ
8 Jean- ƒ…“—‡• ‘—••‡ƒ—ǡ Du Contrat social; ou, Principes du droit politique in

Œuvres complètesǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ

ƒ‰‡„‹ ƒ† Ǥ ƒ›‘† ȋƒ”‹•ǣ Ž‡ƴ ‹ƒ†‡ǡ ͧͣͧ͟–
ͧͧͣ͟Ȍǡ͡ǣͥ͢͡–ͥ͢͞ǡŠ‡”‡͡ǣͤ͟͡ǡ–”Ǥ„›Ǥ
‘—”‡˜‹–…Šƒ•Of the Social Contractǡ‹The
Social Contract and Other Later Political Writingsǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ
‘—”‡˜‹–…Š ȋƒǦ
„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͧͧͥ͟Ȍǡ‘‘ǡŠƒ’–‡”ͤǡ’ƒ‰‡ͧ͢ǡ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š
͢ȋ›‡’Šƒ•‹•ȌǤ
9 IbidǤǡ͡ǣͤͣ͡Ȁ‘‘ǡŠƒ’–‡”ͦǡ’ƒ‰‡ͣ͢ǡ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š͡Ǥ
10 Š‡ϐ‹‰—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Dz’—”‹–ƒdz™‹–ŠŠ‹•Dz…‘ƒ†•‘ˆ†—–›dz‹•†‡ϐ‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡

‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– Dz–Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‹• ƒ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ ƒ† ‹–• ‡–‹”‡ „‹†‹‰‡•• Ž‹‡• ‹ ‹–•
͟͢ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩǡ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

ƒ ™Š‘ ‘„‡›• Š‹• ‘™ …‘ƒ†• ‘ˆ †—–› ‹• ‘– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡”
•—„Œ—‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ƒ”‡ ˆ”‡‡Ǥ Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹•
”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ƒ•–‡”• ‘—–•‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ
™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Žƒ––‡”Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”ƒ•–‡”•™‹–Š‹ǡƒ†ƒ”‡–Š‡‹”‘™•Žƒ˜‡•Ǥdz
ȋ
ǡ ͟ǣ͡͠͡Ȁ͟͟͠Ȍ ‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‹• …”‹–‹…ƒŽ †‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ǡ
”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ •…Š‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡Žˆ ƒ† ƒ •—„•‡“—‡– •‡Žˆ-
•—’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ™ ‡…‡••ƒ”‹Ž› …ƒ””‹‡• ™‹–Š ‹–
–Š‡’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ†‹•–‹…–ǡ‡˜‡…‘–”ƒ”›ǡŽƒ™Ž‡•••—„Œ‡…–—’‘
™Š‘–Š‡Žƒ™…ƒ‘Ž›„‡‡ˆ‘”…‡†™‹–Š˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š•—„‹s-
•‹‘‘”•—„Œ—‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ†–Šƒ–Š‘Ž†•‡“—ƒŽŽ›™‡ŽŽ™Š‡–Š‡•—„Œ—‰ƒ–‡†
ƒ†–Š‡•‘˜‡”‡‹‰ƒ”‡‘‡ƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡’‡”•‘Ǥ11 —–‘‘‘—•ƒ†
Š‡–‡”‘‘‘—• Žƒ™• –Š—• Šƒ˜‡ ‹ …‘‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ‡ƒ…t-
‡–‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘Žƒ™Ž‡••‡••Ǥ

ȋ͟ȌŠ‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ™
Š‹Ž‡ …Š‹ŽŽ‡” …‘—–‡”• •—…Š •‡Žˆ-†‹˜‹•‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š •‡Žˆ-•—’’”‡••‹‘
™‹–Š –Š‡ —‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž •‘—Žǡdz ‹ ™Š‹…Š Dz•‡•‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† —n-
†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ †—–› ƒ† ‹…Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ”‘‹œ‡ǡdz 12 ‡‰‡Ž …ƒŽŽ• Dz–Šƒ–
™Š‹…Š ‹• ”ƒ‹•‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‹• †‹˜‹•‹‘ ƒ Being ȏSeinȐǡ ƒ ‘†‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥdzȋ
ǡ͟ǣ͢͡͠Ȁ͟͠͠Ȍ•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘’–•–Š‡‘’’o-
•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽǡŠ‡–‡”‘‘‘—•…‘…‡’–‘ˆŽƒ™–‘Žƒ™Ž‡••‡••ǡ
‹–’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‡•–Š‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ˆ”‘”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǣ–Š‡Žƒ™ǡ™Š‡–h-
‡” ƒ—–‘‘‘—• ‘” Š‡–‡”‘‘‘—•ǡ ‹• –Š‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡”‡
Dz‘—‰Š–ǤdzDz‹…‡Žƒ™•ƒ”‡—‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‘’’‘•‹–‡•‹‘‡…‘…‡’–—a
…‘…‡’– ™Š‹…Š ƒ……‘”†‹‰Ž› Ž‡ƒ˜‡• –Š‡ ƒ• ‘’’‘•‹–‡•—ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡
…‘…‡’– ‹–•‡Žˆ …‘•‹•–• ‹ ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ ™Šƒ– ‹• ƒ…–—ƒŽǡ ‹– ȏsc., the
…‘…‡’– ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™Ȑ –Š—• ‡š’”‡••‡• ƒ ‘—‰Š–Ǥdz ȋ
ǡ

—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ‘”ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ†ǡ ‡˜‡”› Ǯ‘—‰Š–ǡǯ ‡˜‡”› …‘ƒ† ƒ‘—…‡•
‹–•‡Žˆƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰ˆ‘”‡‹‰Ǥ‡–ǡ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡƒ‘—‰Š– ‹•ǡ“—ƒ…‘…‡’–ȋi.e.,
—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹–›Ȍǡ•‘‡–Š‹‰•—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ǤŠ—•ǡƒ•–Š‡’”‘†—…–‘ˆƒŠ—ƒ’‘™‡”—the
…ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ˆ‘” —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‘” ”‡ƒ•‘—‹– Ž‘•‡• ƒŽŽ ‹–• ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‹–›ǡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‹–›ǡ ƒ†
Š‡–‡”‘‘› ƒ† –Š‡ …‘ƒ† ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• ‹–•‡Žˆ ȏƒ•Ȑ ‰”‘—†‡† ‹ ƒ ƒ—–‘‘› ‘ˆ
–Š‡Š—ƒ™‹ŽŽǤdz
‡‘”‰‹ŽŠ‡Ž ”‹‡†”‹…Š‡‰‡ŽǡDer Geist des Christentums und
sein Schicksalǡ‹Werkeǡ͟ǣͥ͢͠–ͦ͢͟ǡŠ‡”‡͟ǣ͡͠͡ǡ–”Ǥ„›Ǥ Ǥ‘šƒ•The Spirit of
Christianity and its Fateǡ‹Early Theological Writingsǡȋ‡†ǤȌǤ Ǥ‘šȋŠ‹Žƒ†‡l-
’Š‹ƒǣ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ”‡••ǡͧͥͥ͟ȌǡŠ‡”‡͟͠͞–͟͟Ǥ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘
’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡ –‡š–ƒ•
Ǥ ƒ‰‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† „› ƒ •Žƒ•Šǡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡
ϐ‹”•– –‘ –Š‡
‡”ƒ Werkeǡ –Š‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‰Ž‹•Š –‡š–Ǥ ”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
›‘™ȋǤ ǤȌǤ
11 ‘”‘”‡‘–Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ•‡‡Š”‹•–‘’Š‡‡ǡRecht und Gewalt ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ—‰—•–

‡”Žƒ‰ǡ͟͟͠͞Ȍǡͣ͠–͡͞Ǥ
12 …Š‹ŽŽ‡”ǡDz—–—†—Dž ”†‡ǡdzͣǣͤͦ͢Ȁͦǣ͟͠͞Ǥ
 Hegel’s Theory of Liberation ͣ͟

͟ǣ͟͡͠Ȁͧ͠͞Ȍ Dz‡‹‰ǡdz ‹ …‘–”ƒ•–ǡ ‹• Dzƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‹• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘dz ‹ ™Š‹…Š
–Š‡ Dz‘—‰Š–dz ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹• …‘–”ƒ•–‡† ™‹–Š ”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ Dz‡‹‰ ȏ‹•Ȑ –Š‡
•›–Š‡•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ƒ†‘„Œ‡…–ǡ‹™Š‹…Š•—„Œ‡…–ƒ†‘„Œ‡…–Šƒ˜‡
Ž‘•––Š‡‹”‘’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥdz (
ǡ͟ǣͤ͡͠Ȁ͟͢͠Ȍ
hat is motivating ‡‰‡ŽŠ‡”‡—‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‰Š‹–‘‹–”‘†—…‡e-
‹‰ ƒ• ƒ •›–Š‡•‹• ‹ …‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡
Dz‘—‰Š–dz ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™—‹• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† …Š‹ŽŽ‡” –‘
‹–”‘†—…‡ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž •‘—ŽǤ – ‹• ƒ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ ‘–‹˜‡Ǥ he
Dz•›–Š‡•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ƒ†‘„Œ‡…–ǡdz™Š‹…Š‡‰‡Ž…ƒŽŽ•Dz‡‹‰dzȋƒ†
™Š‹…ŠŠ‡ƒŽ‹‰•™‹–Š–Š‡…‘…‡’– DzŽ‹ˆ‡dzȌǡ‹•‡ƒ––‘†‡•…”‹„‡™Šƒ–Š‡
…‘…‡‹˜‡• ƒ• ƒ •—……‡••ˆ—Ž •‡Žˆ-”‡Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ ƒ†
‹Œ—”‹‡•‹ϐŽ‹…–‡†‹–Š‡•‡Žˆ-•—„Œ—‰ƒ–‹‰’”‘…‡••‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡
‘˜‡”…‘‡Ǥ13 Š‹•‡–Š‹…ƒŽ‘–‹˜‡‘ˆƒ•‡Žˆ-”‡Žƒ–‹‘ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘˜‹‘Ž‡…‡
‹•ƒ–ϐ‹”•–‘Ž›ƒ„•–”ƒ…–Ž›‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ‘™Ǧ
‡˜‡”ǡ‡‰‡Žǯ•–ƒŽ‘ˆDz‡‹‰dzƒ•Dz•›–Š‡•‹•dz–”ƒ•ˆ‘”•‹–‘ƒ‹a-
‡– …”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ‘…‡ ‹– ‰‘‡• „‡›‘† –Š‡
‡–Š‹…ƒŽ†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”ƒ‘-˜‹‘Ž‡–ǡ•—……‡••ˆ—Ž•‡Žˆ-”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ††”‡•s-
‡•–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›‘‹–•‘™‘”ƒ–‹˜‡-–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ–‡”•Ǥ
The ethical ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡‰‡Žǯ•…‘…‡’–‘ˆ‡‹‰Š‘Ž†•–Šƒ–‘Ž›ƒ
‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†–Šƒ–Šƒ•Being …ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡ˆ‘”ƒ•—……‡••ˆ—Ž•‡Žˆ-
”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹…Š †‘‡• ‘– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ •—„Œ—‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ˆ‘” ƒ
‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†–‘Šƒ˜‡Dz‡‹‰dz‡ƒ•ˆ‘”‹–‘–‡”‡Ž›–‘…‘Ǧ
ƒ†„›™ƒ›‘ˆƒ‘—‰Š–ǡ„—––‘„‡Ž‹˜‡†‘—–Ǣ‹–‹•‘–•‹’Ž› a stan†Ǧ
ƒ”† –Šƒ– ƒ •‡Žˆ Šƒ• ȋDzƒ—–‘‘‘—•Ž›dzȌ ‰‹˜‡ ‹–•‡Žˆǡ „—– ‘‡ –Šƒ– ‹–
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› …‘–ƒ‹• ™‹–Š‹ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ‡‰‡Žǯ• …”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ‹ –Š‡
ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Dz‡‹‰dz‘ˆŽƒ™–—”•ˆ”‘ƒƒ„•–”ƒ…–ǡ‡–Š‹…ƒŽŽ›‘–‹˜ƒt-
‡†‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ƒ‹ƒ‡–…”‹–‹“—‡ǡ‘…‡‹–”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ
‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–›‹’Ž‹‡†‹–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ǤŠ‹••‡…‘†•–‡’‹
–Š‡ …”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ Dzƒ—–‘‘›dz ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz‡‹‰dz ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™
”‡Ž‹‡•‘–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–‘Ž›ƒ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†–Šƒ–already
‡š‹•–• …ƒ„‡•ƒ‹†–‘‡š‹•–at all. Dz‡‹‰dz”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡˜‡”›mode of
existence ‘ˆ–Š‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡, –Š‡‘†‡‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡Žƒ™‡š‹•–•Ǥ–‹•‘–
‡”‡Ž› –Šƒ– –Š‡ Žƒ™ „‡…‘‡• ‡–Š‹…ƒŽŽ› ‰‘‘† ‘Ž› ‘…‡ ‹– Dz‡š‹•–•dz—
–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ‘…‡ ‹– …ƒ „‡ Ž‹˜‡† ‘—– „› –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– ™Š‘ ‹– ƒ††”‡••‡•Ǥ
ƒ–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ™ …ƒ ‘Ž› exist at all ‹ˆ ‹– ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› Dz‹•dz—–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ‹ˆ ‹– ‹•
‘–‡”‡Ž›ƒ‘—‰Š–ǡ„—–‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ
Š‡‹ƒ‡–…”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ǡƒ•„‘—†—’
™‹–Š–Š‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ„‘—––ƒŽ‘ˆDz‡‹‰dzȋ•’‡…‹ϐ‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡
Dz‡‹‰dz ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™Ȍǡ ‹• ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ‹ ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž „› ‡‰‡Ž ‹ –Š‡

13 –Š‹• ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡‰‡Žǯ• …”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›ǡ •‡‡ Š”‹•–‘’Š
‡‡ǡ Tragödie im Sittlichen. Gerechtigkeit und Freiheit nach Hegel ȋ ”ƒˆ—”–
ƒƒ‹ǣ—Š”ƒ’ǡͧͧͤ͟Ȍǡ͢͢͠–ͤͥǤ
ͤ͟ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩǡ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

Phenomenology of Spirit. ‹•ƒ‹‘„Œ‡…–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›

‹•–Šƒ–‹–•ƒ––‡’–•–‘—‹–‡–Š‡Žƒ™™‹–Š”‡ƒŽ‹–›•–‹ŽŽDzŽ‡ƒ˜‡ȏ–Š‡Ȑƒ•
‘’’‘•‹–‡•dz ‹ –Š‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ Dz‘—‰Š–Ǥdz Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ –Š‡”‡„› destroys –Š‡ ˜‡”› Žƒ™ ‹– •‘—‰Š– –‘ ‰”‘—†ǡ ƒ†
–Š—• †‡•–”‘›• ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ ‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡‰‡Ž ‰‘‡• ‘ –‘ ƒ”‰—‡ǡ
…ƒ‡˜‡”’”‘†—…‡ƒ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›„‹†‹‰Žƒ™Ǥ›ƒ––‡’––‘†‡ϐ‹‡
–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒƒ…–‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹‰ ‘”Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘”ƒ–Š‡””‡Žƒ–‹v-
‹œ‡•–Š‡Žƒ™ǡ†—‡–‘‹–•†‡’‡†‡…‡‘–Šƒ–˜‡”›ƒ…–Ǥ‡‰‡Ž…ƒŽŽ•–Š‹•ǡ
‹‰‘‘†
”‡‡ˆƒ•Š‹‘ǡ–Š‡Dz‹’‹‡–›ȏFrevelȐdz‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ‡‰‡Ž–Š—•
†‡•…”‹„‡• ƒ ϐ‹”•– ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›—ƒ—–‘‘› ƒ• –Š‡ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ˆ‘”
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘—ƒ•Dz–Š‡–›”ƒ‹…ƒŽ‹’‹‡–›™Š‹…Šƒ‡•™Š‹ȏWillkür]
‹–‘Žƒ™ƒ†‡–Š‹…ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡‹–‘‘„‡†‹‡…‡–‘‹–Ǥdz 14 ”ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ‹†‡•…”‹b-
‹‰ –Š‡ •‡…‘† ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› Š‡ …‘•‹†‡”•—–Š‡ ƒ—–‘‘‘—•
Dz‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ™•dz—ǡ ‡‰‡Ž ”ƒ‹Ž• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ Dz‹’‹‡–› ‘ˆ
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǤǤǤ–Šƒ–”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡•‹–•‡Žˆˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Žƒ™•ƒ†–ƒ‡•
–Š‡–‘„‡ƒ™Š‹ȏWillkürȐˆ‘”‡‹‰–‘‹–•‡ŽˆǤdzȋIbidǤȌŠ—•ǡ–Š‡‘r-
ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ…‘–‡–ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠDz‡‹‰dzŽ‹‡•‹–Š‡–Š‡•‹•–Šƒ–
–Š‡Žƒ™…ƒ‘–„‡’‘•‹–‡†ǡ„—–…ƒ‘Ž›‡š‹•–ƒ•ƒ„‡‹‰ȋDz‹‹–•‡ŽˆdzȌǣ
Dz•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ„‡‹‰‹•–Š—•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”•‡Žˆ-…‘•…‹‘—•‡••ƒ•ƒŽƒ™‡š‹•t-
‹‰ in itself.dz ȋŠ
ǡ Ț ͣ͢͡ǡ ͡ǣ͟͡͠Ȁͤ͠͞Ȍ 15 ”ƒ…‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ™ „ƒ… –‘ ƒ
ƒ—–‘‘‘—• ƒ…– ‡‹–Š‡” ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹‰ ‘” ‘ˆ ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™
‡ƒ• †‹••‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡ ˜‡”› ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ „‹†‹‰‡••Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ™
‡‹–Š‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›is, ‘”‹–†‘‡•‘–‡š‹•–ƒ–ƒŽŽǢ–Š‡Žƒ™‹•‡‹‰ǡ‘–’‘•‹t-
‹‰Ǥ Dz ‘” –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–ǡ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ •—„•–ƒ…‡ǡ ™‹–Š ‹–• Žƒ™• ƒ† ˆ‘”…Ǧ
‡•ǤǤǤ•–ƒ†‹–Š‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘ǣ–Šƒ–they areǡ‹–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–•‡•‡‘ˆ‹†e-
’‡†‡…‡ ȏSelbständigkeit]—ƒ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ǡ ‹ϐ‹‹–‡Ž› ϐ‹”‡” ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›
ƒ†’‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡„‡‹‰‘ˆƒ–—”‡Ǥdzȋ’ŠǡȚ ͤ͟͢Ȍ

14
‡‘”‰ ‹ŽŠ‡Ž ”‹‡†”‹…Š ‡‰‡Žǡ Werkeǡ ˜‘ŽǤ ͡ǡ Phänomenologie des Geistesǡ
Ț ͢͡͡ǡ ͡͠͞ǡ –”Ǥ „› Ǥ Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡” ƒ• Phenomenology of Spirit ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ Žƒ”‡†‘
”‡••ǡ ͧͥͥ͟Ȍǡ ͤ͠͞Ǥ ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡ –‡š– ƒ• Š
Ǥ
‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• …‹–‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š —„‡” ƒ† ’ƒ‰‡ —„‡”• ‘ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡
‡”ƒ
‡†‹–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‡†‹–‹‘Ǥ ƒ‰‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† „› ƒ •Žƒ•Šǡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡
ϐ‹”•––‘–Š‡
‡”ƒWerkeǡ–Š‡–‘–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š–‡š–ǤŽŽ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ”‡
›‘™ȋǤ ǤȌǤ
15 •–”‹…–’”‘•‡…—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•…”‹–‹…ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–™Š‹…Š†‹ƒ‰‘•‡•–Š‡Dz’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‘ˆ

ƒ—–‘‘›dz™‘—Ž†‘„Œ‡…––Šƒ–ƒ›ƒ—–‘‘‘—•ƒ…–‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹‰‘”‡šƒ‹‹‰ƒŽƒ™
—•– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‹–•‡Žˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‡ ›‡– ƒ‘–Š‡” Žƒ™ ƒ• ‡š‹•–‹‰ ȋ‹ ‹–•‡ŽˆȌǤ DzŠ‡
’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ƒ”‹•‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ–ǯ• †‡ƒ† –Šƒ–ǡ ‹ˆ ™‡ ƒ”‡ –‘ ‹’‘•‡ ƒ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ȋƒ
ƒš‹ǡ–Š‡‘”ƒŽŽƒ™Ȍ‘‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ–Š‡’”‡•—ƒ„Ž›™‡—•–Šƒ˜‡ƒreason to
†‘ •‘Ǣ „—– ‹ˆ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒƒ–‡…‡†‡– ”‡ƒ•‘ –‘ ƒ†‘’– –Šƒ– ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ǡ then that
”‡ƒ•‘™‘—Ž†‘–‹–•‡Žˆ„‡•‡Žˆ-‹’‘•‡†Ǣ›‡–ˆ‘”‹––‘„‡„‹†‹‰‘—•ǡ‹–Šƒ†–‘
„‡ ȋ‘” ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– Šƒ† –‘ „‡ Ǯ”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ǯ –‘ „‡ǡ ƒ• ƒ– ƒ„‹‰—‘—•Ž› •–ƒ–‡†Ȍ •‡Žˆ-
‹’‘•‡†Ǥdz ‡””› ‹ƒ”†ǡ
‡”ƒŠ‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ͣͩͨ͢–ͣͪͨ͢ǣŠ‡‡‰ƒ…›‘ˆ†‡ƒŽ‹•
ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ͠͞͞͠ȌǡͣͧǤ
 Hegel’s Theory of Liberation ͥ͟

Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡-–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡– ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘o-

›—–Šƒ–†‡…”‡‡•ƒ”‡‘–‡”‡†‡…Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–‡š‹•–‘Ž›ƒ•™Šƒ–
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› is—‹• ‘– ‡ƒ– –‘ ”‡’Žƒ…‡ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡
…”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›—–Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ •—……‡••ˆ—Ž •‡Žˆ-relation that
‘˜‡”…‘‡••‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǯ•˜‹‘Ž‡–•‡Žˆ-•—„Œ—‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–Š‡…‘–”ƒ”›ǡ
–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”‹•‡ƒ––‘‰”‘—†–Š‡Žƒ––‡”ǣ Dz‡–‹•‘ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‹•existing
law ‹•˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ••—…Šǡ–Š‡‘„‡†‹‡…‡‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-…‘•…‹‘—•‡••‹•‘–‹–Š‡
•‡”˜‹…‡‘ˆƒƒ•–‡”ǡ™Š‘•‡‘”†‡”•™‘—Ž†„‡™Š‹•‹™Š‹…Š‹–™‘—Ž†
‘– ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ƒ–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ™• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ –Š‘—‰Š–• ‘ˆ ‹–• ‘™
ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ …‘•…‹‘—•‡••ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹– ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› hasǤdz ȋŠ
ǡ Ț ͣ͢͡ǡ
͡ǣ͟͡͠Ȁͤ͟͠Ȍ 16 Š‡ Žƒ™ǯ• „‡‹‰-in-‹–•‡Žˆ ȋAnsichseinȌ ‡ƒ• ƒ– –Š‡
•ƒ‡ –‹‡ –Š‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡Žˆ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Žƒ™ǣ Dz–Š‹…ƒŽ
self-…‘•…‹‘—•‡•• ‹• immediately ‘‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡••‡…‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡
universality ‘ˆ ‹–• selfǤdz ȋŠ
ǡ Ț ͣ͢͡ǡ ͡ǣ͟͡͠Ȁͤ͟͠Ȍ Š‡ Žƒ™ ƒ• ‡š‹•–‹‰
†‡ϐ‹‡•–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žˆƒ•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡”‡Žƒ™•Šƒ˜‡‡‹‰
ȋ‹ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ȍǡ –Š‡”‡ …ƒ „‡ ‘ ƒ•–‡” ‘” •Žƒ˜‡ relationship be-
–™‡‡ Žƒ™ ƒ† •‡Žˆǡ •‹…‡ •—…Š ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ’”‡•—’’‘•‡• ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡r-
‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–ƒǢ™Š‡”‡–Š‡Žƒ™•Šƒ˜‡‡‹‰ǡ–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†–Š‡
•‡Žˆ•–ƒ†‹–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡—‹–›‘ˆDzŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥdz
‡– ˆ‘” ’”‡…‹•‡Ž› –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ …ƒ‘– „‡ ƒ› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘n-
•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ Š‡”‡ ‡‹–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ™ –Šƒ– ‡š‹•–• in ‹–•‡Žˆ ‹• ‘– ‘‡
–Šƒ–‹•ˆ”‡‡for ‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‡‹•‹‰Š–…‘…‡”‹‰–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™†‘‡•
‘– ›‡– ƒ•™‡” –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ –Šƒ– †”‹˜‡• –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›ǣ –Š‡
“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†Žƒ™…ƒ„‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ–‹•Š‡”‡
–Šƒ–™‡ϐ‹†–Š‡†‡…‹•‹˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡–Š‹…ƒŽŽ›‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†
…‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ‡‹‰ ‹ ‡‰‡Žǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž› ™”‹–‹‰• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡-
–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹ ȋƒ† ƒˆ–‡”Ȍ –Š‡
Phenomenology of Spirit. Š‡ ‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ǡ ƒ• ‹– ‹• —†‡”•–‘‘†
‡–Š‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ ‡‰‡Žǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž› ™”‹–‹‰•—‡‹‰ ƒ• ȋ‰‘‘†Ȍ Ž‹ˆ‡—‹• ‡ƒ–ǡ
Ž‹‡ …Š‹ŽŽ‡”ǯ• …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž •‘—Žǡdz –‘ •‹Ž‡…‡ –Š‡ ‰—‹†‹‰
“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ǣ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ Š‘™ Žƒ™ ƒ† ˆ”‡‡†‘
…ƒ„‡—‹–‡†Ǥ›…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡-–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽƒ”‰—‡––Šƒ–
‡‰‡Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’•‹–Š‡Phenomenology of Spirit ‹–•‡Žˆ†‡ƒ†•ǡ‘‹–•
‘™ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ –‘
–Š‡Žƒ™„‡’‘•‡†‹ƒ‡™ƒ†”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ™ƒ›Ǥ•ƒ„‡‹‰-in-‹–•‡Žˆǡ–Š‡
Žƒ™ †‡–‡”‹‡• ȋDz…‘•–‹–—–‡•dzȌ –Š‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ŽˆǢ ‘Ž› –Š‡ǡ

16 Š‹•ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘™Š‹…Š‹•‹•–•‘Dz‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›Šƒ˜‹‰dz”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒDz’‘•‹–‹‰dz
…ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• ƒ ”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–ǯ• ‘™ ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ’”‘’‡”Ž›
—†‡”•–‘‘†Ǥ‡‡‡„ƒ•–‹ƒ‘Dž †ŽǡDz‡Ž„•–‰‡•‡–œ‰‡„—‰ǡdz‹ Paradoxien der Auton-
omieǡͧ͟–͟͟͠Ǥ Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ‘‡‹‰Š–‹˜‘‡–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ…‘•–‹–—Ǧ
–‹˜‡”—Ž‡•–‘‡Ž—…‹†ƒ–‡‡‰‡Žǯ•˜‹‡™–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ™ǯ•‘†‡‘ˆ‡š‹•–‡…‡‹•‡‹‰ȋ‹
‹–•‡ŽˆȌǤ
ͦ͟ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩǡ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

‡‰‡Ž ƒ”‰—‡•ǡ …ƒ ‹– –”—Ž› „‡ Žƒ™—i.e.ǡ –Š‡ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡Žˆǯ•
ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–•Ǥ—–‹•—…Šƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰ƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰‹–•‘™
Žƒ™ǡ–Š‡•‡Žˆ‹•‘–ˆ”‡‡Ǥ ‘”–Š‡Žƒ™–‘„‡-in-‹–•‡Žˆȋ™‹–Š‘—–„‡‹‰-ˆ‘”-
‹–•‡ŽˆȌ‹•ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ—ˆ”‡‡†‘—–Š‡—ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡”‡Ž›Ž‹˜‹‰Ǥ

”ƒ–‡†ǡ –Š‡ •‡Žˆ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› DzŠƒ˜‹‰dz –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹• ‘– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ•
•—„Œ—‰ƒ–‹‘ „› ƒ ƒ•–‡”ǡ ˆ‘” Š‡”‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™‡‡
ƒ•–‡”› ƒ† •‡”ˆ†‘ǡ ƒ† –Š—•ǡ ‹– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǡ ‘ …‘ƒ† ƒ† ‘
‘„‡†‹‡…‡Ǥ—– –Š‡ ƒ„•‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ•–‡”› ‹• ‘– ›‡–ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ Š‡ •‡Žˆǡ
™Š‹…Šǡ‹‹–•„‡‹‰-in-‹–•‡Žˆǡ•‹’Ž›is –Š‡Žƒ™ǡ•—„‹–•‹–•‡Žˆ–‘•—„Œ—Ǧ
‰ƒ–‹‘„›‹–•‘™Žƒ™ǡ‘”„›‹–•‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ϐ‹”•–
„‡‰‹•after –Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ

ȋ͠Ȍ ”‡‡†‘ƒˆ–‡”‡‹‰
Šƒ––Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘„‡‰‹•‘Ž›after –Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‹•
“—‹–‡Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›–”—‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡•—……‡••‹˜‡•–‡’•‘ˆ–Š‡Phenomenology
of Spirit. ‡‰‡Ž†‹•…—••‡•–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‹–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’Žƒ…‡•
in the Phenomenologyǣϐ‹”•–ǡ‹–Š‡…‘—”•‡‘ˆŠ‹•…”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›
ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡…Šƒ’–‡”‘”‡ƒ•‘ǡƒ†–Š‡‹Š‹•–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡
‘–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘‹–•‡Žˆƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡…Šƒ’–‡”‘•’‹”‹–ǤŠ‹•
Žƒ––‡”…Šƒ’–‡”‘„•‡”˜‡•–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ’”‘…‡••„›™Š‹…ŠDz”‡ƒŽ•’‹”‹–•ǯ
ȏGeisterȐdz ’”‘‰”‡•• ƒ• Dzƒ—–Š‡–‹… ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•dz ‘” Dzˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ƒ ™‘”Ž†Ǥdz
ȋŠ
ǡȚ ͢͢͞ǡ͡ǣͤ͡͠Ȁͤͣ͠Ȍ–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘…Šƒ’–‡”•ǡ
‡‰‡Ž”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡•–Š‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”‰—‡–Š‡Šƒ†’”‘’‘•‡†‹–Š‡
…Šƒ’–‡”‘”‡ƒ•‘–‘…‘—–‡”–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•–Š‡…‡n-
–”ƒŽ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…‘ˆ–‹‰‘‡ǯ••‡•‡‘ˆ Œ—•–‹…‡ ƒ†”‹‰Š–Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ™•
Dzare, ƒ†‘–Š‹‰‘”‡dzǣ
– ‹• ‹ –Šƒ– ™ƒ› –Šƒ– –Š‡› …‘—– ˆ‘” ‘’Š‘…Ž‡•ǯ Antigone as the
unwritten ƒ†unerring Žƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘†•ǣ
‘– ‘™ƒ†›‡•–‡”†ƒ›ǡ„—–ˆ‘”‡˜‡”
–Ž‹˜‡•ǡƒ†‘„‘†›‘™•ˆ”‘™Š‡…‡‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†Ǥ
Š‡›areǤˆ ‹“—‹”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”‡‡”‰‡…‡ƒ†…‘ϐ‹‡–Š‡–‘
–Š‡‹”’‘‹–‘ˆ‘”‹‰‹ǡ–Š‡Šƒ˜‡‰‘‡ˆƒ”„‡›‘†–Š‡ǡ•‹…‡‹–‹•
™Š‘ ƒ Š‡…‡ˆ‘”–Š –Š‡ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽǡ ƒ† –Š‡› ƒ”‡ –Š‡ …‘†‹–‹‘‡†
ƒ†”‡•–”‹…–‡†Ǥˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡•—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š›
insi‰Š–ǡ –Š‡  Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •‡– –Š‡‹” —™ƒ˜‡”‹‰ „‡‹‰-in-‹–•‡Žˆ
‹–‘‘–‹‘ǡƒ†”‡‰ƒ”†–Š‡ƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‹•’‡”Šƒ’•–”—‡
ˆ‘” ‡„—–’‡”Šƒ’•‘–Ǥ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ†‹•’‘•‹–‹‘…‘•‹•–• ’”‡…‹•‡Ž›
‹‹‘˜ƒ„Ž›•–‹…‹‰–‘™Šƒ–‹•”‹‰Š–ƒ†‹ƒ„•–ƒ‹‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ›
‘˜‡‡–ǡ ƒ› —†‡”‹‹‰ǡ ƒ† ƒ› ”‡†—…–‹‘Ǥ ȋŠ
ǡ Ț ͤ͢͡ǡ
͡ǣ͡͠͠Ȁͤ͟͠-ͤ͠Ǣ…ˆǤ’ŠǡȚȚ ͟͢͢ ƒ†ͥ͟͢ Ȍ
 Hegel’s Theory of Liberation ͧ͟

Š‡ •–”—…–—”‡Ž‡•• •–”—…–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ †‹•’‘•‹–‹‘ –Šƒ– …‘””e-

•’‘†•–‘–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‹•–Š‡Dzimmediate —‹–›‘ˆ•—„•–ƒ…‡
™‹–Š •‡Žˆ-…‘•…‹‘—•‡••Ǥdz ȋŠ
ǡ Ț ͣͦ͢ǡ ͡ǣͦ͡͡Ȁͥͣ͠Ȍ  –Š‹• —‹–›ǡ
Dz…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ǡ ™‹ŽŽǡ ƒ† ƒ‹ ƒ’’‡ƒ” ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž› ˆ—•‡† ‹–‘ ‘‡dz 17ǣ ‹
…‘ˆ‘”‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ–—”ƒŽǡDz‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒŽŽ›
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ȏgewachseneȐdz‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žˆȋ™Š‹…Š‡‰‡ŽŠ‡”‡–‡”•
Dz‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–›dzȌǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡–”ƒ‰‹……Š‘”—•…ƒŽŽ•–Š‹•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‹†‡–‹–›
‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡Žˆ ™‹–Š ‹–• Žƒ™ Dzƒ—–‘‘‘—•ǡdz ‡‰‡Ž —†‡”•–ƒ†• ‹– –‘ „‡
—ˆ”‡‡Ǥ 18 – ”—’–—”‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ϐ‹”•–ǡ ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ƒ…– ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘—the
•‡Žˆ-…‘•…‹‘—•†‡…‹•‹‘ˆ‘”Dzƒ…–‹‘dzȋŠ
ǡȚ ͤ͢͡ǡ͡ǣ͢͡͠Ȁͥͧ͠Ȍǡ‹™Š‹…Š
ƒ•‡Žˆϐ‹”•–ƒ‡•ƒŽƒ™–”—Ž›‹–•‘™ƒ†–Š‡”‡„›†‡Ž‹˜‡”•‹–‘˜‡”ǡ‹
–Šƒ–˜‡”›ƒ…–ǡ–‘™Šƒ–‡‰‡Žƒ†‹”‹‰Ž›…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡•ƒ•–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ
–Š‡Dzˆ‡‹‹‡dz’”‹…‹’Ž‡ǡƒDz‡–‡”ƒŽ‹”‘›ǤdzȋŠ
ǡȚ ͥ͢͢ǡ͡ǣͣ͡͠Ȁͦͦ͠Ȍ
‘ˆ”‡‡Ž›ƒ‡ƒŽƒ™‘‡ǯ•‘™‹•ƒƒ…–‘ˆ‹”‘‹…”‡’‡–‹–‹‘Ǥ
‡”‡‹–„‡‰‹•–‘„‡…‘‡…Ž‡ƒ”Š‘™‡‰‡Ž—†‡”•–ƒ†•–Š‡’”‘b-
Ž‡ƒ–‹… –Šƒ– ‡‡”‰‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Phe-
nomenology of Spirit ‘™ƒ”†•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ Šƒ• –™‘ ˆƒ…‡–•Ǥ  –Š‡
‘‡Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡Žƒ™ǯ•‘†‡‘ˆ‡š‹•–‡…‡‹•‹–•„‡‹‰-in-‹–•‡Žˆ‹‹‡†i-
ƒ–‡—‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡•‡ŽˆǢ–Š‡Žƒ™‡š‹•–•‘Ž› ‹•‘ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡•‡Žˆ†‘‡•‘–
give ‹–ȋ–‘‹–•‡ŽˆȌǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”Dz‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›Šƒ•dz‘”ǡ‹†‡‡†ǡis –Š‡Žƒ™.
 –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ ƒ† …‘–”ƒ”› –‘ ‡‰‡Žǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
…Š‹ŽŽ‡”ǯ• ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹… ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ”‡…‘…‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Š‹• ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ
Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ’”‡•…”‹„‡• ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ Dz‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–›dz –Šƒ–
†‘‡•‘–ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ•‡‰‡Ž†‡•…”‹„‡•–Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹…ǡ™Š‹…Š
ƒ”‹•‡•’”‡…‹•‡Ž›‹–Š‡ƒ––‡’––‘”‡•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ǡ
–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‹•„‘–Š‡…‡••ƒ”›ƒ†—ˆ”‡‡ǣnecessary ‹‘”†‡”
ˆ‘”Žƒ™•–‘‡š‹•–ƒ†unfree „‡…ƒ—•‡‹–’”‡…Ž—†‡•ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ
‹–Š –Š‡ …‘ŽŽƒ’•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›ǡ –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ
ˆ”‡‡†‘—•–Ž‹‡™‹•‡„‡–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ‡™Ǥ ”‡‡†‘†‘‡•‘–ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œ‡
‹–•‡Žˆ„›’‘•‹–‹‰Žƒ™•ȋ‘”„›‘„‡›‹‰–Š‡•‡•‡Žˆ-ƒ†‡Žƒ™•ȌǤ ”‡e-
†‘”ƒ–Š‡”…‘•‹•–•‹‘˜‹‰’ƒ•––Š‡Dz‘”‰ƒ‹…dz‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žˆ
™‹–Š –Š‡ Žƒ™Ǥ ”‡‡†‘ …‘•‹•–• ‹ –Š‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹•
‹†‡–‹–›ǡ‹–Š‡Dz„ƒ––Ž‡ˆ‘”Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡•‘—Ž—•–ϐ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ…›‘ˆ‹–••—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ…‘–‡–ǤdzȋœǡȚ ͢͞͠ Ȍ‘–Š‡”
™‘”†•ǡˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡”—’–—”‡‘ˆ‡‹‰ȋi.e.ǡ–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ
–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†ǡ…‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›ȌǤŠ‹•‹•‘–ƒ•’Ž‹t

17
‡‘”‰ ‹ŽŠ‡Ž ”‹‡†”‹…Š ‡‰‡Žǡ Werkeǡ ˜‘Ž•Ǥ ͟͡–ͣ͟ǡ Vorlesungen über die

Ästhetikǡ ͣ͟ǣͣͤ͢ǡ –”Ǥ „› Ǥ Ǥ ‘š ƒ• Lectures on Fine Arts, ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ Ǥ ‘šǡ ͠
˜‘Ž•Ǥȋšˆ‘”†ǣŽƒ”‡†‘”‡••ǡͧͥͣ͟Ȍǡ͠ǣ͟͟͢͠Ǣ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘†‹ϐ‹‡†ȋǤ ǤȌǤ
18 Dz ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ›‘—” ‘™ Žƒ™ ȏautonomosȐ Ȁ ƒ†ƒŽ‘‡ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘”–ƒŽ• Ȁ ›‘—

™‹ŽŽ†‡•…‡†ǡƒŽ‹˜‡Ȁ–‘–Š‡‹‰†‘‘ˆ†‡ƒ–ŠǤdz(Antigoneǡͦ͟͠–͢͠ȌǤ‡‡Š”‹•–‘’Š
‡‡ǡTragödie im Sittlichen ȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣ—Š”ƒ’ǡͧͧͤ͟Ȍǡͦ͡–ͧ͡Ǥ
͠͞ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩǡ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

with –Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™—ˆ‘”™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ǡ‡‹–Š‡”
Žƒ™ ‘” ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‡š‹•–•—ǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” ƒ ”—’–—”‡ within –Š‡ ‡‹‰ ‘ˆ
–Š‡Žƒ™ǤŠ‹•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‹†‡–‹–›‘’‡•—’ƒ‰ƒ’™‹–Š‹–Š‡Žƒ™ǣ
ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†‹–•‡‹‰Ǥ

II. The Paradox of Liberation

Š‡ ƒ„•–”ƒ…– ˆ‘”—Žƒ –‘ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ …”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› Ž‡ƒ†• —• ‹•
–Š‹•ǣ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹• Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‘” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆŽƒ™ƒ†•‡ŽˆǤ‡–ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡…”‹–‹“—‡
‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• –Šƒ– ‡‹‰ ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ȋƒ† Š‡…‡
–Šƒ–‹†‡–‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ™‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ȌǤ‘™…ƒ–Š‡•‡
–™‘…Žƒ‹•„‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘‰‡–Š‡”ǫ
–ƒ‡‡‰‡Žǯ•ƒ•™‡”–‘„‡–Šƒ–™‡…ƒ‘Ž›‰”ƒ•’Š‘™Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘
from –Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‘”from ‹–•‹†‡–‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡•‡Žˆ‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡
‘…‡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† –Šƒ– –Š‡› „‘–Š …ƒ‡ ‹–‘ „‡‹‰ ’”‡…‹•‡Ž›
through liberation (BefreiungȌǤ Š‡”‡ …ƒ „‡ ‘Ž› ‘‡ Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‘”ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žˆ—
–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‡‰‡Ž„‡‰‹•™‹–Š–‹‰‘‡ȋƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•™‹–Š‘…”a-
–‡•Ȍ—„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ’”‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘
to –Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‘”to –Š‡‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ŽˆǤŠ‡”‡…ƒ„‡‘Ž›
‘‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‘”–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›
‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žˆƒ”‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒƒ…–‘ˆŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡†‹••o-
Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ …‘–”ƒ†‹…–‹‘—–Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‘” –Š‡
‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žˆƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽand –Šƒ–™‡—•–ȋ‘”™ƒ––‘Ȍˆ”‡‡
‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡—…‘•‹•–•‹ƒ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”‹…‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹•‘Ž›
„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‘”–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ŽˆŠƒ•ƒ’”‡Š‹•–o-
”›–Šƒ–‹–Šƒ•ƒŠ‹•–‘”›—ƒ†‘Ž›–Š—•…ƒ‹–Šƒ˜‡ƒˆ—–—”‡‹Ž‹„‡”a-
–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡’”‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ȋ‘”–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ŽˆȌ
…‘•‹•–• ‹ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ™ isǡ „—– ‹–‹• ‘–ȋasǡ likeȌ
ƒ–—”‡Ǥ – ‹• ƒ”–‹ϐ‹…‹ƒŽǤ ‡‰‡Ž •‡‡• –Š‹• Œ—•– ƒ• ‘†‡” –Š‡‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ
ƒ–—”ƒŽŽƒ™†‘ǤŠ‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ǡˆ”‘™Š‹…Š™‡—•–ˆ”‡‡‘—r-
•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ‹••‘‡–Š‹‰™‡…”‡ƒ–‡†‹ˆ”‡‡‹‰‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•
ˆ”‘ ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡ ™‡ ™‡”‡ ‘Ž› ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•
ˆ”‘ƒ–—”‡„›„‡…‘‹‰–Š‡ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆƒŽƒ™ˆ”‘™Š‹…Š™‡™‘—Ž†
ƒ‰ƒ‹Šƒ˜‡–‘Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ǤŠ‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™–Š—••–ƒ†•ƒ–
–Š‡ ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘ ȋ‘”ǣ is –Š‡ ‹–‡”•‡…–‹‘Ȍ ‘ˆ –™‘ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹–‡r-
…‘‡…–‡†Š‹•–‘”‹‡•‘ˆŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣ–Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ–—”‡…ƒ‘Ž›•—……‡‡†
„›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ǡˆ”‘™Š‘•‡‹†‡–‹–›–Š‡•‡Žˆ—•–
once again Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ Š‡ …‘’Ž‡š ƒ”‰—‡– ‹ ™Š‹…Š ‡‰‡Ž
†‡˜‡Ž‘’•–Š‡•‡–Š‘—‰Š–•…ƒ„‡•‡–…Š‡†‘—–‹ϐ‹˜‡•–‡’•Ǥ
 Hegel’s Theory of Liberation ͟͠

ȋ͟Ȍ Liberation from natureǤ— ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•’‹”‹–ǡ‹‹–•’‘•‹–‹˜‡†e-

–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ…‘•‹•–•‹‹–•‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–›—–Šƒ–‹•ǡ‹‹–•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ‡
†‹•–‹…–‹‘• ‹ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ† ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ ”—Ž‡•Ǥ Š‹• ȋˆ”‡‡Ȍ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡
ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ”‡•–• ‘ –Š‡ Dzƒ„‹Ž‹–› ȏKönnenȐdz –Šƒ– ‡‰‡Ž …ƒŽŽ• Dz‡‰ƒ–‹˜‹–›dzǣ
DzŠ‡‡••‡…‡‘ˆ•’‹”‹–‹•ǤǤǤǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›ǡfreedomǡ–Š‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‹–›
‘ˆ–Š‡…‘…‡’–ƒ•‹†‡–‹–›™‹–Š‹–•‡ŽˆǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•ˆ‘”ƒŽ†‡–‡r-
‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ •’‹”‹– can ƒ„•–”ƒ…– ˆ”‘ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‹–•
‘™ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‹–• ˜‡”› ‘™ ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ȏDaseinȐǤdz ȋœ ǡ Ț ͦ͡͠Ȍ
’‹”‹–ǯ•’‘•‹–‹˜‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‹•–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›–‘†”ƒ™…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ†‹•–‹…Ǧ
–‹‘•Ǥ † –Š‹• ’”‡•—’’‘•‡• ‹–• Dz’‘Ž‡‹…ƒŽdz 19 ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹ „‡‹‰ ƒ„Ž‡
–‘†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹–•‡Žˆˆ”‘Dz‡š–‡”ƒŽdz†‹•–‹…–‹‘•ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ†‹•–‹…–‹‘•
–Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ› ’”‡-‰‹˜‡Ǥ  ‘”†‡” –‘ —•‡ …‘…‡’–• ƒ† „‡ ƒ„Ž‡
–Š‡”‡„› –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡ –Š‹‰•ǡ •’‹”‹– —•– „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š
‹–•‡Žˆ ˆ”‘ ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‹• Dzƒ„‹Ž‹–›dz ˆ‘” ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‹–› ‹• ’‘™‡” ȋ‘” ”e-
•‹•–ƒ…‡Ȍǣ–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‹–›against ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘„”‡ƒ
™‹–Š–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆƒ–—”‡…‘””‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–›
(of –Š‡…‘…‡’–ȌǤDzŠ‹•’‘™‡”‘˜‡”ƒ›’”‡•‡–‡†…‘–‡–ˆ‘”•–Š‡
ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‹”‹–ǯ•ˆ”‡‡†‘ǤdzȋœǡȚ ͦ͡͠ Ȍ
’‹”‹––Šƒ–‹•ˆ”‡‡‹†”ƒ™‹‰†‹•–‹…–‹‘•ǡ‰—‹†‡†„›‹–•…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ
”—Ž‡•ǡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ™‹‡Ž†• –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‹–› ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡
†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‡‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ–—”‡ǯ• †‹•–‹…–‹‘•Ǥ •‘ˆƒ” ƒ• ‹– ‹• ˆ”‡‡ ƒ†
’‘••‡••‡• –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ƒ‡ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽ †‹•–‹…–‹‘•ǡ ‹– has the
’‘™‡”‘ˆ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǤDz‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘dzˆ”‘ƒ–—”‡…‘•‹•–•‹‰ƒ‹‹‰–Š‹•
’‘™‡”—in becoming •‘‡‘‡ ™Š‘ Dzcan ƒ„•–”ƒ…– ˆ”‘ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰
‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ Š‡” ‘™ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ Š‡” ˜‡”› ‘™ ‡š‹•–‡…‡
ȏDaseinȐǤdz ȋœ ǡ Ț ͦ͡͠Ȍ Š‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •’‹”‹– ‹• Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘
–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‘ˆŠ—ƒ‡š‹•–‡…‡‹™Š‹…Šƒ–—”‡ǯ•†‡–‡”‹‹‰’‘™‡”
…‘–‹—‡• —ƒ„ƒ–‡†—‹ ™Š‹…Š •’‹”‹– ‡š‹•–• ‘Ž› Dz‹ ‹–•‡Žˆdz ‘” ƒ•
Dz…‘…‡’–Ž‡••dzǤ – ‹• Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ‘ˆ Dzƒ ƒ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ
bein‰Ǥdzȋ’ŠǡȚ ͣͥ Ȍ
ȋ͠Ȍ The Aporia of Self-Liberation. — Dzƒƒ•ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ„‡‹‰dz‹•–Š‡
Dz—–”—‡ •–ƒ†’‘‹–dz ™Š‡”‡ ƒ ‡š‹•–• Dz‘Ž› ƒ• …‘…‡’– ‡š‹•–‹‰-in-
‹–•‡ŽˆdzǤ  –Š‹• Dz‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ —–”—‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡dz ƒ ‹• Dz…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ •Žƒv-
‡”›Ǥdz ȋ’Šǡ Ț ͣͥ Ȍ Š‹• ƒ••‡••‡t—–Šƒ– ƒ ƒ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ „‡‹‰ ‹•
Dz…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ •Žƒ˜‡”›dz—•Š‘—Ž† „‡ …Ž‡ƒ”Ž› †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† ˆ”‘ ‡‰‡Žǯ•
ƒ„‹‰—‘—•”‡ϐŽ‡…–‹‘•‘–Š‡‡…‡••‹–›‘ˆǡ‹ˆ‘––Š‡Œ—•–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ǡ

19 ƒ–—”‡‹•Dz—‹Š‹„‹–‡†ǡ‘–‘’’‘•‡†–‘•‘‡–Š‹‰‘–Š‡”Ǥ ”‡‡†‘ǡ„›…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ
ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ••‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›’‘Ž‡‹…Ǥ –Šƒ•‘’’‘•‹–‡•ǡ–Š‡ϐ‹”•–‘ˆ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ–—”‡
‹–•‡ŽˆǤdz
‡‘”‰ ‹ŽŠ‡Ž ”‹‡†”‹…Š ‡‰‡Žǡ Vorlesungen über die Philosophie des
Rechtsǡƒ…Š•…Š”‹ˆ–
”‹‡•Š‡‹ǡƒ•…‹–‡†„›ƒˆ”‡†‹‡†‡Ž‹Š‹•Dz ”‡‹Š‡‹–•‰‡•‡–œ
—† ‡””•…Šƒˆ– †‡” ƒ–—”ǡdz ‹ System und Geschichte. Studien zum historischen
Standort von Hegels Philosophie ȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣ—Š”ƒ’ǡͧͥ͟͡Ȍǡͣ͟͟Ǥ
͠͠ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩǡ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

•Žƒ˜‡”› †—”‹‰ –Š‡ Dz–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ƒǯ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•• –‘ ƒ –”—Ž›

‡–Š‹…ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡Ǥdzȋ’Šǡ Ț ͣͥ Ȍ ‘”ǡcontra ‡‰‡Žǯ•”‡ƒ”‹Š‹•ͦ͟͟͠Ȁ͠͠
Ž‡…–—”‡• ‘ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‘ˆ ”‹‰Š– –Šƒ– •Žƒ˜‡”› ™ƒ• Dz‡–‹”‡Ž› Ž‡‰ƒŽ
ȏrechtlichȐdzƒ––Š‡‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‹•–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ 20ǡŠ‹•–ƒŽ‘ˆƒDz…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›dz
ˆ‘” •Žƒ˜‡”› …‘ˆ—–‡• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–• Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡„› the
“—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–• ilŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹–› ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ —…Š –ƒŽ ’—ŽŽ• –Š‡ ”—‰ ‘—– ˆ”‘
—†‡” –Š‡•‡ “—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ ˆ ‹– ‹• ȋ‘Ž›ǨȌ Dzƒ ƒ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ „‡‹‰dz –Šƒ– ‹•
Dz…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›ǡdz–Š‡–Š‹•…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›…‘•‹•–•’”‡…‹•‡Ž›‹ƒinabil-
‹–›—ƒ‡Ž›ǡ‹–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽƒ„•‡…‡‘ˆ‡˜‡”›‡–ƒŽƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ—––‘„‡
–Š—•‹…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‹•–‘„‡‹…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆŒ—•–‹…‡‘””‹‰Š–ǣDzŠ‡•–ƒ†’‘‹–
‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡ ™‹ŽŽǡ ™Š‡”‡ ”‹‰Š– ƒ† –Š‡ •–—†› –Š‡”‡‘ˆ beginǡ ‹• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› „e-
›‘† –Š‡ —–”—‡ •–ƒ†’‘‹– ‘……—’‹‡† „› ƒ ƒ• ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ „‡‹‰—
™Š‡”‡ Š‡ ‡š‹•–• ‘Ž› ƒ• –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‡š‹•–‹‰-in-‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ† ‹• –Š—•
…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›Ǥdzȋ’ŠǡȚ ͣͥ Ǣ›‡’Šƒ•‹•ǡǤ ǤȌ
Š—•‡‰‡Ž†‘‡•‘–†‡…Žƒ”‡ƒ–—”ƒŽƒ–‘„‡Dz…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ•Žƒv-
‡”›dz ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ –Š‡ ƒ• ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘” ‘– •—…Š ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ‹• Œ—•–Ǥ Š‡
“—‡•–‹‘‡‰‡Ž™‹•Š‡•–‘’‘•‡‹†‡•…”‹„‹‰ƒ–—”ƒŽƒƒ•…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡
‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›‹•–‡ƒ†…‘…‡”•–Š‡power ȋ‘””ƒ–Š‡”ǡ’‘™‡”Ž‡••‡••Ȍ‘ˆ
ƒ ƒ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ „‡‹‰—‹– ‹• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒǯ• ’‘™‡” ‘” ’‘™‡r-
Ž‡••‡••ǡ Š‹• ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘” ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ˆ”‡‡ Š‹•‡Žˆ ˆ”‘ –Š‹• Dz—–”—‡
•–ƒ†’‘‹–Ǥdz ‡‰‡Žǯ• “—‡•–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ ‹ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š
ƒ“—ƒDzƒ–—”ƒŽ„‡‹‰dz‹•…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›‹•ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆin…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǡ
Š‘™‹•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‹••–ƒ–‡‡˜‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ǫ‘”‡’”‡…‹•‡Ž›ǣŠ‘™
…ƒ •‘‡‘‡ •‘ ‹…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ• –‘ „‡ …ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ •Žƒ˜‡”› Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ him-
self—Š‘™ …ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ make himself ‹…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡•Žƒ˜‡‡–ǡ
’ƒ••‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‹…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›–‘‘‡‘ˆ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǡˆ”‘ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ
’‘™‡”Ž‡••‡••–‘‘‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”ǫ
–‹•–Š‹•“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‹”‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡š‹•t-
‡…‡‘ˆƒǡ‹™Š‹…ŠŠ‡‹•…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›ǡ–Šƒ–ƒŽ•‘ˆ—‡Ž•‡‰‡Žǯ•
ˆƒ•…‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡•Žƒ˜‡”‡˜‘Ž–•Dz‹–Š‡‡•–†‹‡•dz–Šƒ–‘‡Dz•–‹ŽŽ
”‡ƒ†• ƒ„‘—– –‘†ƒ›dz ȋƒ† ™Š‹…Š Ž‡ˆ– •—…Š ƒ †‡‡’ ‹’”‹– ‘ ‡‰‡Žǯ•
™‘”ǡƒ•—•ƒ—…-‘”••Šƒ•†‘…—‡–‡† 21Ȍǣ

20
‡‘”‰ ‹ŽŠ‡Ž ”‹‡†”‹…Š ‡‰‡Žǡ Die Philosophie des Rechts. Vorlesung von
ͣͪͤͣȀͤͤǡȋ‡†ǤȌǤ‘’’‡ȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣ—Š”ƒ’ǡͣ͠͞͞ȌǡͤͣǤ…‘–”ƒ•––o
this point—ƒ†–Š‹•‹•–Š‡ƒ„‹‰—‹–›‘ˆ‡‰‡Žǯ•“—‡•–‹‘—‹•–Š‡Dzƒ••‡”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡‹Œ—•–‹…‡‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›dzǣDzƒȏ‹•Ȑ‹ƒ†ˆ‘”Š‹•‡Žˆ‘–„‘—†–‘•Žƒ˜‡”›Ǥdz
ȋ’Šǡ Ț ͣͥ Ȍ †‡‡†ǡ ‡‰‡Ž ‰‘‡• •‘ ˆƒ” ƒ• –‘ •ƒ› –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘ƒ •Žƒ˜‡• ™Š‘
”‡˜‘Ž–‡† ™‡”‡ ƒ––‡’–‹‰ Dz–‘ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‡ ”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‡–‡”ƒŽ Š—ƒ
”‹‰Š–•ǤdzȋœǡȚ ͢͡͡ Ȍ
21 —•ƒ—…-‘”••ǡHegel und Haiti ȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣ—Š”ƒ’ǡ͟͟͠͞ȌǤThe

—’•Š‘–‘ˆ—…-‘”••ǯ•–Š‡•‹•—–Šƒ––Š‡•Žƒ˜‡”‡˜‘Ž–•‹ƒ‹–‹ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡Š‹•–‘”i-
…ƒŽ„ƒ…‰”‘—†ˆ‘”‡‰‡Žǯ•†‹•…—••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡”-Žƒ˜‡†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…—‹•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
Š‹‰ŠŽ› ƒ„‹‰—‘—•Ǥ ‘” –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡–‹”‡Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Ž‘‰‹… —†‡”Ž›‹‰ –Š‡ –”‡ƒt-
 Hegel’s Theory of Liberation ͠͡

Š‡‡‰”‘‡•‹–Š‡‡•–†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‘ˆ–‡”‹•‡—’ǡ‡˜‡‘™‘‡
•–‹ŽŽ ”‡ƒ†• ƒ„‘—– …‘•’‹”ƒ…‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‹•Žƒ†• ‡˜‡”› ›‡ƒ”ǡ ‡˜‡
ƒ›–‹‡•ƒ›‡ƒ”—„—––Š‡›„‡…‘‡˜‹…–‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡
‘ˆ –Š‹‰•Ǥ—‡– –Š‡› …ƒ †‹‡ ƒ• ˆ”‡‡Ǣ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
…‘†‹–‹‘‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽǤ—‘•’‹”ƒ…‹‡• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ
’”‘‘ˆ‘ˆ‡”‡Ž›’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ•‡•‹„‹Ž‹–›—Ž‹‡™‹•‡ǡ‘‡…ƒ‘–•’‡ƒ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‰—‹Ž– ‘” –Š‹• ‘” –Šƒ– ’‡”•‘ ˆ‘” „‡‹‰ ƒ•–‡”•Ǥ—Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒl-
–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ‰•‘Ǥȋ’ŠǡȚ ͣͥ Ȍ
Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•Žƒ˜‡•‹•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǡ
’‘™‡”ǡ‘”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ–‹•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›–‘ƒ…“—‹”‡–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ…i-
–›–‘ƒ„•–”ƒ…–ǡ™Š‹…Šǡƒ•–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǡ‹•–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
’‘••‡••‹‘‘ˆ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ˜‡™Š‹Ž‡‡‰‡ŽŽ‘‘•„ƒ…‘ƒ…‹‡–‘”‡˜‡n
’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ ‹•–ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ •Žƒ˜‡”› –‘ ’‘•‡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–• Ž‡‰ƒŽ
˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ǡŠ‹•ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‘–‡•‘…‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›•Žƒ˜‡”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘•‡š’ƒ†
—’‘ –Š‡ ƒ’‘”‹ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘” practicability: –Š‡ ”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘—•
•Žƒ˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•– †‹‡• Dz„‡…‘‡ ˜‹…–‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‹‰•dzǢ –Š‡‹” ”‡˜‘Ž– ”‡ƒ‹• ‡”‡Ž› ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† Dz…‘•’‹”a-
…‹‡•dzǢ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆDz™Šƒ––Š‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ‰•
‘dz”‡ƒ‹•—ƒ•™‡”‡†Ǥ‡‰‡Žǯ•‘–‡•„”‡ƒ‘ˆˆ™‹–Š–Š‹•“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ
•ƒƒ…–—ƒŽǡ…‘–‡’‘”ƒ‡‘—•†‡‡†ǡ–Š‡•‡Žˆ-Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘•Žƒ˜‡”›
ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‡…ƒ—•‡ ‡‰‡Ž —†‡”•–ƒ†• ‹– ƒ• •‡Žˆ-liberation
ˆ”‘ ƒǯ• ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ƒ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ „‡‹‰ǡ –Š‹•†‡‡† …ƒ‘– „‡ –Š‘—‰Š–
ƒ†–Š—•…ƒ‘–„‡†‘‡Ǥ‘”†‡”–‘„‡†‘‡ǡ‹–—•–Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›
Šƒ’’‡‡†Ǥ
‡”‡‹–‹‰Š–Š‡Ž’–‘…‘’ƒ”‡‡‰‡Žǯ•ȋ‹’Ž‹…‹–Ȍ†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ’‘”‹ƒ ‘ˆ •Žƒ˜‡ •‡Žˆ-Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š Š‹• ȋ‡š’Ž‹…‹–Ȍ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Š‘™ –Š‡
„‘—”‰‡‘‹• ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ •—……‡‡†‡†Ǥ22 Š‡ „‘—”‰‡‘‹• ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ …‘—Ž†
•—……‡‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‡”‡Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰’‘Ž‹–i-

‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ DzBattle for Recognition ƒ† –Š‡ ‡Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Master and Slavedz ‹ –Š‡
Phenomenology ™Š‡…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘„ƒ––Ž‡•–Šƒ–’Žƒ›‘—–‹Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ–‹‡•ǤŠ‡
Žƒ––‡” „ƒ––Ž‡• …‘…‡” ”‹‰Š– ƒ† Œ—•–‹…‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ƒ–‡†ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡ ˜‡”›
‘–‹‘•Ǥ–‹•‹–Š‡„ƒ––Ž‡ˆ‘””‡…‘‰‹–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡idea ‘ˆ”‹‰Š–‹•ϐ‹”•–formedǤ‘
•‡‡ƒ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‹–‹ƒ•Žƒ˜‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹”ƒ•–‡”•‹
–Š‡ „ƒ––Ž‡ ˆ‘” ”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ Phenomenology of Spirit ™‘—Ž† „‡ –‘ ˆƒ‹Ž –‘
—†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‘•‡ •–”—‰‰Ž‡• ƒ• •–”—‰‰Ž‡• ˆ‘” Œ—•–‹…‡ ƒ† ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ – ™‘—Ž† „‡ –‘
…Žƒ‹ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˜‡”› ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ”‹‰Š– ™ƒ• „‡‹‰ ƒ––ƒ‹‡† ‹ –Š‘•‡ •–”—‰‰Ž‡• ƒ†ǡ
…‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Šƒ–‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‹†‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡•‡„ƒ––Ž‡•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›’‘••‡•s-
‡•‹–Ǥ
22  –Š‹• ’‘‹–ǡ •‡‡ ‘ƒ…Š‹ ‹––‡”ǯ• ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Dz‡‰‡Ž —† †‹‡

ˆ”ƒœ‘Dž •‹•…Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡdz ‹ Metaphysik und Politik ȋ ”ƒˆ—”– ƒ ƒ‹ǣ
—Š”ƒ’ǡ ͧͤͧ͟Ȍǡ ͦ͟͡–͠͡͡Ǥ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ —Dž ”‰‡ ƒ„‡”ƒ• Dz‡‰‡Ž• ”‹–‹ †‡”
”ƒœ‘Dž •‹•…Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡdz ‹ Theorie und Praxis ȋ ”ƒˆ—”– ƒ ƒ‹ǣ
—Š”ƒ’ǡ ͧͥͦ͟Ȍǡ ͦ͟͠–ͥ͢ǡ –”Ǥ „› Ǥ ‹‡”–‡Ž ƒ• Dz‡‰‡Žǯ• ”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡…Š
‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡdz‹Theory and Practice ȋ‘•–‘ǣ‡ƒ…‘”‡••ǡͧͥ͟͡Ȍǡ͟͟͠–͢͠Ǥ
͢͠ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩǡ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

…ƒŽƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ…‹”…—•–ƒ…‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‹–•‡Žˆˆƒ”†‘™•–”‡ƒˆ”‘–Š‡
”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹ •‡Žˆ-…‘•…‹‘—•‡•• –Šƒ– Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡• ƒ ˆ”‘ Š‹• ‡š‹•t-
‡…‡ƒ•ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ‘„‘””‘™ƒƒ”š‹ƒ–‡” 23ǡ–Š‡„‘—”‰‡‘‹•
”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‡”‡Ž› ƒ ƒ…– ‘ˆ Dz’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ‡ƒ…‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz † •—…Š
ƒ…–• presuppose –Šƒ– –Š‡ „”‡ƒ ™‹–Š ƒǯ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡š‹•–‡…‡ Šƒ•
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› „‡‡ ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡† ȋ•‘‡™Š‡”‡ǡ •‘‡Š‘™ȌǤ Š‹• „”‡ƒ ‹•
‘–‹–•‡Žˆƒ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹‘ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”‘……—”•‹–Š‡ϐ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ‡…‘‘›
ƒ† …—Ž–—”‡Ǥ • ‡‰‡Ž —†‡”•–ƒ†• –Š‡ „‘—”‰‡‘‹• ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ –Š‡
‘’’”‡••‡†…Žƒ••ƒ––ƒ‹••‡Žˆ-…‘•…‹‘—•‡••‘ˆ‹–•ˆ”‡‡†‘–Š”‘—‰Š‹–•
‡š’‡”‹‡…‡• ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘p-
‡– ‘ˆ ‹–• ‘™ …—Ž–—”‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š ϐ‹ƒŽŽ› Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ –Š‡ —’Š‡ƒ˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡
’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ‘”†‡”ǤŠ—•ǡ™Š‡ –Š‡„‘—”‰‡‘‹•…Žƒ••ˆ”‡‡•‹–•‡Žˆ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ
‹– ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› is ˆ”‡‡ǡ ‹– has already Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡† ‹–•‡Žˆ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡š‹•–‡…‡Ǥ
Š‡ ‹•‹‰Š– –‘ „‡ ‰ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘ –Š‹• ‹• –Šƒ– ‡˜‡”› ƒ…–‘ˆ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘
–Šƒ– ‹• •—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ‹ –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ ’”‡•‡– ƒ• •‘‡‘‡ǯ•
‘™†‡‡†’”‡•—’’‘•‡•ƒŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘-event (GeschehenȌ–Šƒ–—•–Šƒ˜‡
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ…‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–Ǥ ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‡…‡†‡• ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ‡‰‡Žǯ•
…Žƒ‹•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡•‡ƒ…–‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘
‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘– merely ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ—ƒ ƒ••‡”–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›
‡ƒ––‘Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡•–ƒ–—•“—‘‘ˆ–Š‡•Žƒ˜‡•ǯ†‹•‡ˆ”ƒ…Š‹•‡‡–Ǥ
–Š‡…‘–”ƒ”›ǡ‹–„”‹‰•‘—––Š‡–”—–Šƒ„‘—–Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘—i.e.ǡ–Šƒ–‹–‹•
‘Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡now ‹ˆ‹–Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Šƒ’’‡‡†Ǥ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–o
‡‰‡Žǯ•’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹…ƒŽˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‹•DzŠ‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽǡi.e.ǡ‹–„‡Ž‘‰•‹–‹‡ǡ
in the history before freedomǤdz ȋ’Šǡ Ț ͣͥ Ǣ › ‡’Šƒ•‹•ǡ Ǥ ǤȌ
‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ †‹˜‹†‡• ‹–•‡Žˆ ‹–‘ ƒ ƒ…– –Šƒ– ‹• ˆ”‡‡Ž› …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ‹ –Š‡
’”‡•‡– ƒ† ƒ ‡˜‡– –Šƒ–‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ’ƒ•–ǡ ’”‡-Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽǤ
–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†ǡŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘—•–„‡‘‡ǯ•‘™ǡˆ”‡‡ƒ…–ǡˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ–‘
™Š‹…Š Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ†ǡ …ƒ‘– •‹’Ž› „‡ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ǡ Ž‡– ƒŽ‘‡ ƒ
pre-‰‹˜‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ …ƒ ‘Ž› „‡ ƒ •—„Œ‡…–Ž‡••
‡˜‡–ǡˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡š‹•–‡…‡‘—–‘ˆ™Š‹…ŠŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‹••—’’‘•‡†–‘
Ž‡ƒ†ǡ‹•ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‹…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›Ǥ
ȋ͡Ȍ Enculturation (‹Ž†—‰Ȍ and Society. — ‡‰‡Žǯ• ƒ•™‡” –‘ –Š‡
’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• Š‹• –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ DzBildungdz ‘” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‡…—Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ ‹• ‘Ž› ˆ”‡‡ǡ ‘Ž› ‹ ’‘••‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹•‡Žˆ ‹ –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ’Žƒ…‡ǡ
–Š”‘—‰Š‹Ž†—‰Ǥȋ’ŠǡȚ ͣͥ Ȍ

23ƒ”Žƒ”šǡDz—” —†‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡ǡdz‹ƒ”Žƒ”šƒ† ”‹‡†”‹…Š‰‡Ž•ǡWerke ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ

‹‡–œǡ ͧͥͥ͟Ȍǡ ͟ǣͥ͢͡–ͥͥǡ Š‡”‡ ͟ǣͣ͡͠–ͣͤǡ –”Ǥ ƒ• Dz –Š‡ ‡™‹•Š —‡•–‹‘ǡdz ‹ The
Marx-Engels Readerǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌǤ —…‡” ȋ‡™ ‘”ǣ Ǥ Ǥ ‘”–‘Ƭ ‘Ǥǡ ͧͥͦ͟Ȍǡ ͤ͠–
ͣ͠ǡŠ‡”‡ͧ͠–͡͡Ǥ
 Hegel’s Theory of Liberation ͣ͠

Š‹•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‹Š‹•‡Žˆǡƒ‹••‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ–—”ƒŽǡ
•‘‡–Š‹‰‡š–‡”ƒŽ–‘Š‹•…‘…‡’–Ǣ‹–‹•‘Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡–”ƒ‹‹‰
ȏ—•„‹Ž†—‰Ȑ‘ˆŠ‹•‘™„‘†›ƒ†•’‹”‹–ǡ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ
Š‹• •‡Žˆ-…‘•…‹‘—•‡•• …‘’”‡Š‡†‹‰ ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ• ˆ”‡‡ǡ –Šƒ– Š‡ ϐ‹”•–
–ƒ‡• ’‘••‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹•‡Žˆ ƒ† „‡…‘‡• Š‹• ‘™ ’”‘’‡”–›ǡ ‘p-
’‘•‡†–‘‘–Š‡”•Ǥȋ’ŠǡȚ ͣͥȌ
 –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ DzBildungǡdz –Š‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •—„Œ—‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ƒ–—”ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹• —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• work, ƒ• Dz–Š‡ hard work ‘ˆ
‘’’‘•‹‰–Š‡‡”‡•—„Œ‡…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ…‘†—…–ǡ–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ…›‘ˆ†‡•‹”‡ǡ
ƒ† –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ˜ƒ‹–› ‘ˆ •‡•ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹‡•• ‘ˆ …a-
’”‹…‡Ǥdzȋ’ŠǡȚ ͦͥ͟ ȌŠ‹•‹•–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ
ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡•ƒ•Š‡‘†‹ϐ‹‡•–Š‹‰•‘”Dz™‘”•–Š‡—’ȏbearbeitetȐǤdz
Šƒ–ˆ”‡‡†‘‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ’”‘…‡••‘ˆDzBildungdz‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‹–‹•
DzŽ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ› ™‘”‡† ˆ‘” ȏerarbeitetȐǤdz 24 ‡‰‡Ž †‡•…”‹„‡• –Š‹• ™‘” ‹
–‡”•†”ƒ™ˆ”‘’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š-…‡–—”›–Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆBildung
ƒ• †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹ Bildung is –Š‡ Dznecessity that the
’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ””ƒ‹•‡‹–•‡Žˆ–‘–Š‡form of universalityǡ–Šƒ–‹–•‡‡ƒ†ϐ‹†
‹–• •—„•‹•–‡…‡ ‹ –Š‹• ˆ‘”Ǥdz ȋ’Šǡ Ț ͦͤ͟Ȍ Š‡ „‘—”‰‡‘‹• •—„Œ‡…–
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –‘ †‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”› ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› –ƒ‡ ‹– –Šƒ– –Š‡›

24 ƒ„‡”ƒ•ǡ Dz‡‰‡Ž• ”‹–‹ †‡” ”ƒœÚ•‹•…Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡdz ͳ͵ͶǤ „‘—– ™‘”ǡ

‡‰‡Ž ™”‹–‡•ǣ Dz‘”ǤǤǤ‹• inhibited †‡•‹”‡ǡ suspended ˜ƒ‹•Š‹‰—–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ™‘”

cultivates and educates ȏbildetȐǤŠ‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–„‡…‘‡•–Š‡
ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–ƒ†•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–persistsǢ–Š‹•‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‹•’”‡…‹•‡Ž›ˆ‘”
–Š‡ Žƒ„‘—”‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡…– Šƒ• •‡Žˆ-•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›Ǥ Š‹• negative ‹††Ž‡ǡ ‘” –Š‹•
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡activityǡ‹•ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ singularity ‘”–Š‡’—”‡„‡‹‰-ˆ‘”-‹–•‡Žˆ‘ˆ
…‘•…‹‘—•‡••ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‘™ ‡–‡”• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡‡– ‘ˆ ’‡”•‹•–‡…‡ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”
‡š–‡”ƒŽ–‘‹–Ǥ–Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ™‘”‹‰…‘•…‹‘—•‡••–Š—•…‘‡•–‘ƒ‹–—‹–‹‘‘ˆ
•‡Žˆ-•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–„‡‹‰as its own selfǤ
Dz‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›†‘‡•‘–‘Ž›Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ…‡
–Šƒ––Š‡•‡”˜‹‰…‘•…‹‘—•‡••ƒ•’—”‡„‡‹‰-ˆ‘”-‹–•‡Žˆ„‡…‘‡•‹‹–•‘™‡›‡•
ƒ‡š‹•–‹‰„‡‹‰™‹–Š‹–Šƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰
‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ‘‡–ǡ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ˆ‡ƒ”Ǥ ‘” ‹ ˆ‘”‹‰ ȏbildenȐ –Š‡ –Š‹‰ǡ Š‹• ‘™
‡‰ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡŠ‹•„‡‹‰-ˆ‘”-‹–•‡Žˆǡ‘Ž›„‡…‘‡•ƒ‘„Œ‡…–‹Š‹•‘™‡›‡•‹
–Šƒ–Š‡•—„Žƒ–‡•–Š‡‘’’‘•‡†‡š‹•–‹‰ˆ‘”Ǥ‡––Š‹•‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡negative ‹•’”‡…‹•e-
Ž› –Š‡ ƒŽ‹‡ ‡••‡…‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ™Š‹…Š Š‡ Šƒ† –”‡„Ž‡†Ǥ —– ‘™ Š‡ †‡•–”‘›• –Š‹•
ƒŽ‹‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ’‘•‹–• himself ƒ• •—…Š ƒ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡‡– ‘ˆ
’‡”•‹•–‡…‡Ǥ ‡ –Š‡”‡„› „‡…‘‡• for himself a being-for-itselfǤ  –Š‡ ƒ•–‡”ǡ
„‡‹‰-ˆ‘”-‹–•‡Žˆ ‹• an other ‘” ‘Ž› for himǢ „—– ‹ ˆ‡ƒ”ǡ „‡‹‰-ˆor-‹–•‡Žˆ ‹• within
himǢ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ȏBildenȐǡ„‡‹‰-ˆ‘”-‹–•‡Žˆ„‡…‘‡•his own ˆ‘”Š‹ǡƒ†
Š‡ƒ––ƒ‹•–Š‡…‘•…‹‘—•‡••–Šƒ–Š‡Š‹•‡Žˆ‡š‹•–•‹ƒ†ˆ‘”Š‹•‡ŽˆǤ›„‡‹‰
externally positedǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”„‡…‘‡•ˆ‘”Š‹•‘‡–Š‹‰‘–‘–Š‡”–ŠƒŠ‹•‡ŽˆǢ
ˆ‘” Š‹• ’—”‡ „‡‹‰-ˆ‘”-‹–•‡Žˆ ‹• Œ—•– –Šƒ– ˆ‘”ǡ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡”‡„› „‡…‘‡• –Š‡ –”—–Š
ˆ‘”Š‹ǤŠ—•ǡ„›™ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡…‘˜‡”›‘ˆŠ‹•‡Žˆ–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‹•‡ŽˆǡŠ‡„‡…‘‡•Š‹•
own senseǡ’”‡…‹•‡Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š™‘”ǡ™Š‡”‡‘Ž›alien sense •‡‡‡†–‘„‡Ǥdz ȋŠ
ǡ
ȚȚ ͧͣ͟–ͧͤǡ͡ǣͣ͟͡-ͣ͢Ȁͦ͟͠–ͧ͟Ȍ
 ͤ͠ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩǡ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

…ƒ –Š‡”‡„› „‡––‡” ’—”•—‡ Dz–Š‡‹” ‘™ ‹–‡”‡•–•dz—Dz–Š‡ ‡‡†•ǡ –Š‡‹”

•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‡Œ‘›‡–•ƒ†…‘ˆ‘”–•‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥdzȋ’Šǡ
Ț ͦͥ͟ Ȍ Š‡ truth ‘ˆ Bildungǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”‡•‹†‡• ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ–ǡ
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ™‘”ǡ‹–’”‘†—…‡••—„Œ‡…–•™Š‘ƒ”‡•—„Œ‡…–‡†
–‘–Š‡†‡–‡”‹‹‰’‘™‡”•‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‘”•ƒ†‘”•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡
†‡–‡”‹‹‰ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹•–‹…–• ƒ† ‹’—Ž•‡•Ǥ  –Š‹•
•‡•‡ǡBildungǡƒ•†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡–Š”‘—‰Š™‘”ǡ‹•–Š‡…‡–”ƒŽ…‘…‡’–‹
‡‰‡Žǯ• –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ •‘…‹‡–›Ǥ Bildung ‡ƒ• •‘…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘—the trans-
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ „‡‹‰• ‹–‘ ‘‡• …ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ •‘…‹ƒŽ
ˆ‘”•ƒ†‘”•Ǥ 25 Š”‘—‰ŠBildung, ƒŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‡•Š‹•‡Žˆˆ”‘Š‹•
‡š‹•–‡…‡ƒ•ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†‡–‡”•‹–‘Š‹•‡š‹•–‡…‡ ƒ•ƒ†‹•…i-
’Ž‹‡†•‘…‹ƒŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ
Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆBildung ‘–‘Ž›‡š’Žƒ‹•Š‘™–Š‡„”‡ƒ™‹–Šƒ–—Ǧ
”ƒŽ ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ȋ™Š‹…Š …ƒ‘– „‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ ˆ”‡‡ ƒ…– ‘ˆ
•‡Žˆ-Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ „—– ‹– ƒŽ•‘ •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œa-
–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ǡ ™Š‹…Šǡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‡‰‡Žǯ• …”‹–‹…ƒŽ
†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ǡ Šƒ† „‡‡ †‹••‘Ž˜‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ—–‘‘‘—• •‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘
ȋ‘” ƒ—–‘‘‘—• ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ȌǤ ‘” –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Bildung
…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡• –Š‡ ‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡‹‰ ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”• ȋ‘”
‘”•Ȍ™Š‘•‡’”‘†—…–‹‘„”‡ƒ•–Š‡†‡–‡”‹‹‰’‘™‡”‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ
‹•–‹…–•ǤŠ‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†‡–ƒ’Š›•i-
…ƒŽŽ›ǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” •‘…‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Š‡‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡Žƒ™ ‹• ‘––Š‡ ‡‹‰–Šƒ–
ƒ”‡‹†‡•’ƒ‹”•™‹–Š–Š‡
‘‘†ƒ†–Š‡”—‡ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”Šƒ–-has-
…‘‡-to-be— ƒ‡Ž›ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ Šƒ„‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ‘”•ǡ
ƒ––‹–—†‡•ǡ ƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• –Šƒ– ”‹•–‘–Ž‡ †‡•…”‹„‡• ‹ Š‹• –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ
˜‹”–—‡ǤŠ‡Žƒ™Dz‹•dzȋ‘”ǣ–Š‡•‡ŽˆDz‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›dzDzŠƒ•dz–Š‡Žƒ™Ȍ’”‡…‹•e-
Ž›„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡Žƒ™has come into being ȋ‘”ǣ„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡ŽˆŠƒ•„‡‡
made ‹–‘–Š‡Ž‘…—•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™–Š”‘—‰ŠŠƒ„‹–—ƒ–‹‘ȌǤŠ‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡
Žƒ™‹••‘…‹ƒŽ‡‹‰ǡƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‡‹‰‹•having-come-to-be or having-
been-madeǤŠ‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‹••‡…‘†ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
ȋ͢Ȍ The Dialectic of ‹Ž†—‰. — The –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ Bildung an-
•™‡”• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ƒ• –‘ Š‘™ –Š‡ „”‡ƒ ™‹–Š ƒǯ• ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ƒ•
ƒ–—”ƒŽ „‡‹‰ …‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ‘……—””‡†ǣ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š •—„Œ—‰ƒ–‹‘ –‘
–Š‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡…‡••‹–›‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‘”•Ǥ‡–‹ƒ•™‡”‹‰–Š‹•“—‡s-
–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ Bildung •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ‡š’Žƒ‹• Š‘™ –Š‡
‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™™ƒ•’”‘†—…‡†ǣƒ‡Ž›ǡƒ•–Š‡”‡’Žƒ…‡‡–‘ˆƒ–—Ǧ
”ƒŽ „› •‘…‹ƒŽ ‡…‡••‹–›Ǥ —– ‘ ‹–• ‘™ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ Bildung
ˆƒ‹Ž•–‘ƒ•™‡”–Š‡–™‘ˆ‘Ž†“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„‘—–ˆ”‡‡†‘”ƒ‹•‡†ƒ„‘˜‡—a

25 –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ȋ•‹…‡ ‘–‡•“—‹‡—Ȍ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ „‘—”‰‡‘‹• •‘…‹‡–› ‹
–‡”• ‘ˆ Bildungǡ •‡‡ Ž„‡”– Ǥ ‹”•…Šƒǯ• Dz‡” –”‡‹– — †‹‡ ‡™‡”–—‰ †‡”
ƒ”–‰‡•‡ŽŽ•…Šƒˆ–ǡdz ‹ ‹”•…Šƒǡ Entwicklung, Markt und Moral ȋ—Dž …Š‡Ȁ
‹‡ǣƒ•‡”ǡͧͦͧ͟Ȍǡͧ͟͠–ͣ͠͠Ǥ

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 Hegel’s Theory of Liberation ͥ͠

–™‘ˆ‘Ž†“—‡•–‹‘–Šƒ–—•–„‡ƒ•™‡”‡†‹‘‡„”‡ƒ–Šȋ‹ˆƒ–ƒŽŽȌǤŠ‹•
“—‡•–‹‘ ‹•ǣ ȋ͟Ȍ ‘™ …ƒ –Š‡”‡ „‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‡–‡”‹‹‰
’‘™‡”•‘ˆϐ‹”•–ƒ–—”‡ǫ†ȋ͠ȌŠ‘™…ƒ–Š‡”‡„‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‹–Š‡ˆƒ…‡
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ǫ Š‡ ƒ•™‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ Bildung
•—’’Ž‹‡•–‘–Š‡ϐ‹”•–“—‡•–‹‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡„”‡ƒ™‹–Šƒ–—”ƒŽ‡…‡••‹–›
…ƒ‘Ž›Šƒ’’‡–Š”‘—‰Š•—„Œ—‰ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡…‡••‹–›‘ˆ
•‘…‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”•Ǥ —– –Š‹• •‡‡• –‘ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‡‹‰ ȋ–Š‡ Šƒ˜‹‰-
…‘‡-to-„‡Ȍ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹ ƒ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– ƒ‡• –Š‡ •‡…‘† “—‡•–‹‘
ƒ’’‡ƒ”—ƒ•™‡”ƒ„Ž‡ǣ–Š‡Žƒ™‘ˆBildung ‹••‘…‹ƒŽ‡…‡••‹–›Ǥ
‡‰‡Ž•‡‡•–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘–Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡‹–Š‡Dz†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…dz‘ˆBild-
ung. –Š‹•†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ǡŠ‡†‡•…”‹„‡•–Š‡ Dz•‘…‹ƒŽdz ’”‘…‡••ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• –Š‡
‡†‹— ‘ˆ Bildungǡ ƒ• ƒ ‹˜‘Ž—–‡† ‡˜‡– ȋGeschehenȌǤ ‘…‹ƒŽ ’”o-
…‡••‡•ǡ ƒ† a fortiori the Bildung ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡Žˆ ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡† –Š”‘—‰Š
–Š‡ǡ ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ› †‹˜‹†‡†Ǣ –Š‹• †‹˜‹†‡†‡•• ‘” ‹˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹• ™Šƒ–
†‡ϔ‹‡•–Š‡ƒ•Dz•‘…‹ƒŽdz‘”DzŠ‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽǤdzŠ‡›ƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ǡ‘–Š‡
‘‡ Šƒ†ǡ ™Šƒ– DzŽ‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ …‘•…‹‘—•‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ „‘—r-
‰‡‘‹• •‘…‹‡–›dz ƒ† ™Šƒ– Dzappears ȏ–‘ –Š‡Ȑ ƒ• meansdzǡ ƒ†ǡ ‘ –Š‡
‘–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡Dz‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Š‡”‡‹ǡdz™Š‹…Š‡ˆ‘”…‡•‹–•‡Žˆ„‡Š‹†
–Š‡„ƒ…•‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›ǯ•‡„‡”•Ǥȋ’ŠǡȚ ͦͥ͟Ȍ‘…‹ƒŽƒ…–‹‘‹•…Šƒ”ƒ…Ǧ
–‡”‹œ‡†ǡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‡‰‡Žǡ „› –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡…–
†‹˜‡”‰‡ˆ”‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡ƒ†‡••‡…‡ǤŠ‡‡••‡…‡‘ˆ
ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽƒ…–‹‘Ž‹‡•‘–‹™Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‰‡–™ƒ–•™‹–Š‹–ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
‘™• ‘ˆ ‹–ǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” ‹ ™Šƒ– ‹• ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–ǡ —„e-
‘™•––‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡–ǤŠ‡•ƒ‡Š‘Ž†•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ•‘…‹ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ‡•’e-
…‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡‹” ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• Bildung. 26 ˆ …‘—”•‡ǡ
Bildung ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‡•‡”‡Ž›ƒ•†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ—–
‹•‘†‘‹‰ǡ‹–•‡”˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡‡ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒDz‡†‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘ǡdz™Š‹…Š–Š‡
†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡†ȋƒ†•‡Žˆ-†‹•…‹’Ž‹‹‰Ȍ‡„‡”‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›—•–‡…‡••ƒ”i-
Ž› ‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†Ǥ Š‡ Dz”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‹dz ‘ˆ •—…Š •‘…‹ƒŽ †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ ‹•
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣ
‹Ž†—‰ǡ‹‹–•ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
™‘” –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ Š‹‰Š‡” Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ
–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹ϐ‹‹–‡Ž›•—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‡–Š‹…ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ
™Š‹…Š‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽǡ„—–•’‹”‹–—ƒŽƒ†–Š—•
”ƒ‹•‡†–‘–Š‡•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹–›Ǥȋ’ŠǡȚ ͦͥ͟ Ȍ
‡‰‡Ž–Š‡”‡„›†‡•…”‹„‡•–Š‡†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…‘ˆBildung ƒ•–Š‡•‡Žˆ-†‡…‡’–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›ȋBürgerȌǤŠ‡‡„‡”‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›„”‹‰•Š‹•
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‘Š‹•‡Žˆ„›†‘‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰‡–‹”‡Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡƒ‡Ž›ǡ
†‹•…‹’Ž‹‹‰Š‹•‡ŽˆǤ‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•…‹’Ž‹‹‰‹•–Š‡Dz’‘‹–‘ˆ–”ƒ•‹–‹‘dz–‘

26 ‡‰‡Ž –”‡ƒ–• –Š‡•‡ –™‘ •‹†‡• ‘ˆ Bildung ‹ ’ŠǡȚ ͦͤ͟ ȋˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ• Dz‡…‡••i-

–›dzȌƒ†Ț ͦͥ͟ȋˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•DzŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘dzȌǤ
ͦ͠ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩǡ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

liberatioǢ†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽŽ›ϐŽ‹’•‘˜‡”‹–‘Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ—–Š‘™
‡šƒ…–Ž› †‘‡• ‹– ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š –Š‹•—ƒ••—‹‰ –Šƒ– –ƒŽ ‘ˆ Dz–Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ
”‡ƒ•‘dz†‘‡•‘–‹–•‡Žˆ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ƒ•™‡”ǫ
ȋͣȌ Liberation is the Repetition of Liberation. — ‡–—•”‡–—”‘…‡
‘”‡–‘–Š‡ƒ•™‡”–Šƒ––Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆBildung ‰‹˜‡•–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ǤŠ‹•“—‡•–‹‘–—”‡†‘—––‘„‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•
–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ•–‘™Š›–Š‡„”‡ƒ™‹–Šƒ–—”ƒŽ‡š‹•–‡…‡…ƒŽ‡ƒ†‘Ž›
–‘–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡…‡••‹–›‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‘”•Ǥ ‘”
the ‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‹•‹–•‡š‹•–‡…‡ƒ••‡…‘†ƒ–—”‡‘”•‘…‹ƒŽ‡…‡s-
•‹–›Ǥ † –Š‡ ƒ•™‡” –‘ –Š‹• “—‡•–‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‹• „”‡ƒ ‹ •‘…‹ƒŽ
Bildung ‹• ‘– ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ‡” ƒ• –Š‡ •‡Žˆ-
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ‹…ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ȋ™Š‹…Š ‹• –Š‡ Dz…ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ˆ‘”
•Žƒ˜‡”›dzȌǣ ‹– ‹• ‘– ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ• ‘‡ǯ• ‘™ ˆ”‡‡ ƒ…–Ǥ Š‡ „”‡ƒ
™‹–Š ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡š‹•–‡…‡ must have „‡‡ ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ –Š‹• ™ƒ› ‹
‘”†‡” –‘ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ „—– ‹– cannot Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡† ‹
–Š‹•™ƒ›Ǥ‘–Š‹•‡š–‡–ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆBildung •‹’Ž›”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡•–Š‡
’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‡‰‡Ž•‘’‡…—Ž‹ƒ”Ž›‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡•™‹–Š–Š‡
•Žƒ˜‡•ǯ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ˆ‘” Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡‰‡Žǯ• ƒ……‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒŽ‡…–‹… ‘ˆ
Bildung ’”‘‹•‡• –‘ †‹••‘Ž˜‡ –Š‹• ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š „› ƒ”‰—‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”o-
…‡•• –Šƒ– appears ƒ•ƒ „”‡ƒ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡…‡••‹–› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‡…‡••‹–›ǡ …ƒ „‡ —†‡”•–‘‘†ǡ in
truthǡ–‘…‘•–‹–—–‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘. Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ™Šƒ–™‡Šƒ˜‡•ƒ‹†–Š—•ˆƒ”ǡ
th‹•…ƒ‘Ž›‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡˜‡”›•ƒ‡’”‘…‡••ǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ‘Ž›Šƒ˜‡
‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ…‡ ƒ• ƒ ƒŽ‹‡ǡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘•‡† ‡˜‡–—the
’”‘…‡••ǡ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘—‹• ‘™ retrospectively —†‡r-
•–‘‘†„›–Š‘•‡ˆ‘”‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‹–ƒ•–Š‡‹”‘™ƒ…–ǤŠ‡†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›
”‡’Žƒ…‡‡–‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡…‡••‹–›„›•‘…‹ƒŽ‡…‡••‹–›ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”—…Š
‹–ƒ›•‡‡–‘„‡‹–Š‡•‡Žˆ-‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›ǡ…‘—Ž†
‡˜‡” Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ‹ ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ ‘” •—…Š ƒ ”‡’Žƒ…‡‡– ‹•
‹–•‡Žˆ–Š‡†‡–‘—”–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ˆ”‡‡†‘‹–Š‡ϐ‹”•–’Žƒ…‡Ǥ‘”†‡”–‘
„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘Ž‡ƒ†–‘ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡—•–„‡”‡–”o-
•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡† „› –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ •—„Œ‡…–‡† –‘ ‹–Ǥ Š‡
”‡ƒ•‘™Š›‹–‹•‘–Œ—•–ƒ’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ†•ˆ”‘‘‡‡…‡••‹–›–‘
ƒ‘–Š‡”‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•—„Œ‡…–•ˆ‘”‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‹–would have …ƒ””‹‡†‹–
‘—–ƒ•–Š‡‹”‘™ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡ™‡”‡‹–‘––Š‡…ƒ•‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹”˜‡”›ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘
…ƒ””›‘—–•—…Šƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹–•‡Žˆ”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘–Š‹•’”‘…‡••ǤŠ‡’”‘…‡••
‘ˆ Bildung Dz„‡…‘‡•ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š ȏ•’‹”‹–ǯ•Ȑ ”‡…‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ Š‹•‡Žˆ –Š”‘—‰Š
h‹•‡Žˆǡƒsense Š‡Šƒ•ƒ†‡his ownǡ’”‡…‹•‡Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š™‘”ǡ™Š‡”‡
‘Ž› alien sense •‡‡‡† –‘ „‡Ǥdz ȋŠ
ǡ Ț ͧͤ͟ǡ ͡ǣͣ͟͢Ȁͦ͟͟-ͧ͟Ȍ Bildung
„‡…‘‡• –Š‡ Dz’‘‹– ‘ˆ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘dz ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ ™‘” –‘
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡’‡”•‘ˆ‘”‡†„›Bildung appropriates it as an
ƒ…–‹™Š‹…Š•Š‡…ƒDz”‡†‹•…‘˜‡”dzŠ‡”•‡ŽˆǤ––Š—•‡ˆˆ‡…–••—…Šƒ–”ƒ•i-
–‹‘‘Ž›ƒ•ƒ’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡re-…‘•–”—…–‡†ȋƒ…ŠvollzogenȌƒ•‹ˆ
 Hegel’s Theory of Liberation ͧ͠

‹–Šƒ†„‡‡’”‘†—…‡†‹’”‡…‹•‡Ž›–Š‡•‘”–‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘–‘™Š‹…Š‹–‹
ˆƒ…–ϐ‹”•–‰ƒ˜‡”‹•‡Ǥ
Š‡†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…‘ˆBildung ‡–ƒ‹Ž•–Šƒ–Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•‘Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ•
Dz•‡…‘†dz Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ †‘‡• ‘– ‡š‹•– –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– –‹‡ ƒ”‘—†ǡ
„—–‘Ž›–Š‡•‡…‘†–‹‡ǤŠ‡ϐ‹”•––‹‡ƒ”‘—†ǡŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•Ž‹„‡”a-
–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ƒ–—”‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ ™‘”Ǥ Š‡ ϐ‹”•– –‹‡
ƒ”‘—†ǡŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ž‡ƒ†•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡…‡••‹–›‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹…–•–‘–Š‡
‡…‡••‹–›‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‘”•ȋƒ†–Š—•not –‘ˆ”‡‡†‘ȌǤŠ‡ϐ‹”•–Ž‹„‡”a-
–‹‘Šƒ’’‡•–‘–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–™Š‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡•‹–ǢŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ–—”‡‹•
a pre-Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ‡˜‡–ȋ‹–ˆƒŽŽ•—†‡”–Š‡DzŠ‹•–‘”›„‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ”‡‡†‘dzȌǤ•
•—…Šǡ–Š‡ϐ‹”•–Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ–—”‡‹•–Š—•‘liberation ƒ–ƒŽŽǡˆ‘”‹–
†‘‡•‘–Ž‡ƒ†to ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‹•‘–ƒ’”‘’‡”ƒ…–’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›
•‘‡‘‡ǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” ƒ ‡˜‡– ȋGeschehenȌǡ ‹– ‘Ž› ”‡’”‘†—…‡• –Š‡
’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ‡…‡••‹–› ‹ ƒ‘–Š‡” ˆ‘” ȋ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ƒ–—”ƒŽǡ „—– •‘…‹ƒŽȌǤ
‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡”‡’‡–‹–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‘Ž›‡š‹•–•‹–Š‡
‘†‡‘ˆ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–Š‡–‡•‡‘ˆ‹””‡…‘˜‡”ƒ„Ž‡’‘•–e-
”‹‘”‹–›ǣBildung, †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡–Š”‘—‰Š™‘”ǡwill have become Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› ƒ”‹•‡• Š‡”‡ …‘…‡”• –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ
•—…Š ƒ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”› Bildung. Š‡ ‹•‹‰Š– –Šƒ–
…ƒ „‡ ”‡…‘˜‡”‡† ˆ”‘ ‡‰‡Žǯ• ƒ……‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…—‹ •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ›–ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡Dzƒ‹•‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘dz—‹•–Šƒ–ƒŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰”‡’‡–‹–‹‘—•–
Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ ‹–• ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† †‹•…‹’Ž‹‹‰ ‹–
‹˜‘Ž˜‡•Ǥ ‡– –Š‹• ‹• ‘– –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ
‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•’”‘†—…‡†„›•—…Š†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡
ȋ‡–ƒ-Ȍ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-…”‹–‹“—‡ ƒ† •‡Žˆ-–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Šƒ– ‹•
…”—…‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ–ǡ ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰
•‘…‹ƒŽ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǡ †‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”› Bildung •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‹–•
‘™‡‰ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǡ‹–•‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‹•†‹˜‹•‹‘Šƒ•–™‘•‹†‡•ǣ
‹– ’”‘†—…‡• •‘…‹ƒŽ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–› ƒ• •‡…‘† ƒ–—”‡—ƒ†ǡ ‹ †‘‹‰ •‘ǡ
”‡–”‘ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž›ƒŽ–‡”•–Š‡ϐ‹”•–ƒ–—”‡–‘™Š‹…Š‹–‘’’‘•‡•‹–•‡ŽˆǤ‹–Š‹
–Š‹• †‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ ‹†—…‡•ǡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–› ‰ƒ‹• •‡Žˆ-
•—ˆϐ‹…‹‡…› ƒ• •‡…‘† ƒ–—”‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ϐ‹”•– ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ‹–‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ȋ‘”
ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…‹œ‡† 27ȌǤ ‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”• ϐ‹”•– ƒ–—”‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ †ƒ”
ƒ„›••‘ˆ‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ…›–Šƒ–”‡ƒ‹•”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘ƒ†‘’’‘•‡†–‘
‡˜‡”› †‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”› ‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥ  ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‹• ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ ‹‡” ȋƒ•

27‡‡ Š”‹•–‘’Š ‡‡ǡ Kraft. Ein Grundbegriff ästhetischer Anthropologie

ȋ ”ƒˆ—”– ƒ ƒ‹ǣ —Š”ƒ’ǡ ͦ͠͞͞Ȍǡ ŠǤ Ǥǡ –”Ǥ „›
Ǥ ƒ…•‘ ƒ• Force: A
Fundamental Concept of Aesthetic Anthropology ȋ‡™‘”ǣ ‘”†Šƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›
”‡••ǡ͟͠͞͡ȌǤ
͡͞ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩǡ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…Ȍƒ–—”‡ǡ†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•–Š‡˜‡”›ˆ‘”…‡„›™Š‹…Š‹–…ƒ
„‡ …ƒŽŽ‡† ‹–‘ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘” ‡˜‡ •—•’‡†‡†Ǥ Š‡ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹•…i-
pline is liberation—‘– „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘” ‹•‘ˆƒ” ƒ• ‹– ‹‰Š– „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘
’”‘†—…‡ ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–› –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ‘–ǡ ‹ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ǡ „‡ •—s-
…‡’–‹„Ž‡–‘–Š‡Dz ƒŽŽdz‹–‘•‡…‘†ƒ–—”‡ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”„‡…ƒ—•‡‘”‹•o-
ˆƒ”ƒ•‹–‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘„‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ…›ǡ™Š‹…Š†‹•…i-
’Ž‹‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†ƒ•‹–•‘™‘’’‘•‹–‡Ǥ
Š‡ Ž‘‰‹… ‘ˆ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ƒ‡• Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘
’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ†ǡ„›–Š‡•ƒ‡–‘‡ǡ†‡ˆ‡”•‹–ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
†‹•’Žƒ›•–™‘ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›…‘ϐŽ‹…–‹‰ƒ•’‡…–•ǤŠ‡ϐ‹”•–‹•–Š‡power ‘ˆ
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ”‡’‡ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ Bildung –Šƒ– ’”‘†—…‡† •‘…‹ƒŽ
ˆ‘”• „› „”‡ƒ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‡–‡”‹‹‰ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ †”‹˜‡•ǡ
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘†‹••‘Ž˜‡••‘…‹ƒŽˆ‘”•‹–‘–Š‡‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ…›‘ˆˆ‘”Ž‡•s-
‡••ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•–Š‡ƒ‡™‘—–‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ„›••Ǥ•‘†‘‹‰ǡ”‡’‡ƒt-
‡† Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ–‡”• •‘…‹‡–›ǣ ‹– …Šƒ‰‡• –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”• ƒ† ‘”•
’”‘†—…‡† „› †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡Ǥ † –Š‹• •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ…‡ ‡˜‡
™Š‡”‡–Š‡…‘–‡–‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‘”•”‡ƒ‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Bildung. Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” –Š‡ •ƒ‡ǡ
ˆ‘”–Š‡›”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”Šƒ˜‹‰…‘‡‹–‘„‡‹‰‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘’’‘•‹–‡ƒ†
–Š—•Šƒ˜‹‰Ž‘•––Š‡‡…‡••‹–›–Šƒ–ƒ……”—‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ••‡…‘†ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
Š‡•‡…‘†ƒ•’‡…–‹•ǡ‹†‹ƒ‡–”‹…‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡powerlessness ‘ˆ
Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤˆŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡•–‡’ˆ”‘ƒ–—”‡–‘ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ‘Ž›‡š‹•–•
‹–Š‡‘†‡‘ˆ”‡’‡ƒ–‡††‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›Bildung—–Š‡”‡’Žƒ…‡‡–‘ˆƒ
ϐ‹”•–‡…‡••‹–›„›ƒ•‡…‘†ǡƒƒ–—”ƒŽ‡…‡••‹–›„›ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ‘‡—then
–Š‡”‡…ƒ„‡‘…‘†‹–‹‘ǡ‘Dz”‡ƒŽdz‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ–”‡ƒ‹•ƒ…‘•–i-
–—–‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‘”•–Šƒ––Š‡›‡”‡Ž›Dzƒ”‡dzƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡•‡Žˆ
DzŠƒ•dz–Š‡Dz‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥdz 28 Šƒ–‹•ǡ‹–”‡ƒ‹•ƒ…‘•–‹–—–‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡
‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ –‘ „‡ …‘•–ƒ–Ž› becoming ‘” –‘ ‡š‹•– ‘Ž› ‹ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‘”Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š•‘…‹ƒŽ‘”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡…‡••ƒ”›
‘”‡š‹•–‹–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•—–Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–‹‘‹–Š‡™‘”‘ˆBildung and
–Š‡‹”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡’Žƒ›‘ˆ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘Ǥ—–ƒŽ™ƒ›•–Š‡•‡…‘†
ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ ϐ‹”•–Ǥ ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ”‡ƒ‹•–‘ „‡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡† ƒ† –Š‡”e-
ˆ‘”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ””‹˜‡•–‘‘Žƒ–‡Ǥ

Christoph.Menke@normativeorders.net

28Š‹• Š‘Ž†• –‘‘ ˆ‘” ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘ˆ –Š‘—‰Š–ǡ ‹•‘ˆƒ” ƒ• –Š‘—‰Š– ‹• —†‡”•–‘‘†
ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ• ƒ human ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ ‘”ǡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‡‰‡Žǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘
Š—ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡ‘–‡˜‡–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ǡ–Šƒ–†‘‡•‘–•–ƒ†‹–Š‡‹””‡•‘Ž˜ƒ„Ž‡
–‡•‹‘„‡–™‡‡ϐ‹”•–ƒ†•‡…‘†ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡…‘•‡“—‡…‡•ˆ‘”
Š‘™‡‰‡Žǯ•Science of Logic —•–„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Š‹•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ
•’‹”‹–Ǥ