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Notes On Vital Signs Taking
Notes On Vital Signs Taking
Vital Signs
These are indices of health, or signposts in determining client’s condition. This is also known as
cardinal signs and it includes body temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure. These signs
have to be looked at in total, to monitor the functions of the body.
Different considerations in taking Vital signs
1. The frequency of taking TPR and BP depends upon the condition of the client and the policy of
the institution.
2. The procedure should be explained to the client before taking his TPR and BP.
3. Obtain baseline data.
Vital Signs or Cardinal Signs are:
Body temperature
Pulse
Respiration
Blood pressure
Pain
Body Temperature
The balance between the heat produced by the body and the heat loss from the body.
Types of Body Temperature
Core temperature –temperature of the deep tissues of the body.
Surface body temperature
Alteration in body Temperature
Pyrexia – Body temperature above normal range( hyperthermia)
Hyperpyrexia – Very high fever, 41ºC(105.8 F) and above
Hypothermia – Subnormal temperature.
Methods of Temperature-Taking
1. Put on gloves, and position the tip of the thermometer under the patients tongue on either of the
frenulun as far back as possible. It promotes contact to the superficial blood vessels and ensures a
more accurate reading.
2. Wash thermometer before use.
3. Take oral temp 2-3 minutes.
4. Allow 15 min to elapse between client’s food intakes of hot or cold food, smoking.
5. Instruct the patient to close his lips but not to bite down with his teeth to avoid breaking the
thermometer in his mouth.
Contraindications
1. Position- lateral position with his top legs flexed and drapes him to provide privacy.
2. Squeeze the lubricant onto a facial tissue to avoid contaminating the lubricant supply.
3. Insert thermometer by 0.5 – 1.5 inches
4. Hold in place in 2minutes
5. Do not force to insert the thermometer
Contraindications
Note:
Use the same thermometer for repeat temperature taking to ensure more consistent result
Store chemical-dot thermometer in a cool area because exposure to heat activates the dye dots.
1. Make sure the lens under the probe is clean and shiny
2. Stabilized the patient’s head; gently pull the ear straight back (for children up to age 1) or up and
back (for children 1 and older to adults)
3. Insert the thermometer until the entire ear canal is sealed
4. Place the activation button, and hold it in place for 1 second
V. Chemical-dot thermometer
1. Vasoconstriction
=Less blood flow from the internal organs to the skin= less heat transfer from the internal
organs to the skin= increases internal body temperature
2. Sympathetic Stimulation
= stimulation of sympathetic nerves leading to the adrenal medulla = secretes epinephrine
& norepinephrine = Increases cellular metabolism = increases heat production
3. Skeletal Muscles
= stimulation of part of the brain that increases muscle tone (stretch reflex + contraction
of muscles = SHIVERING) = heat production
4. Thyroxine
= increases metabolism = increase in body temperature
The Thermometer
A glass clinical thermometer is most commonly used to measure body temperature.
It has 2 parts:
Bulb– contains mercury which expands when exposed to heat & rise in the stem
Stem – is calibrated in degrees of Celcius or Fahrenheit
Pulse
This is a wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. The heart is a
pulsating pump, and the blood enters the arteries with each heartbeat, causing pressure pulses or
pulse waves. Generally, the pulse wave represents the stroke volume and the compliance of the
arteries.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood that enters the arteries with each contraction in a healthy
adult.
Compliance of the arteries is their ability to contract and expand. When a person’s arteries lose
their distensibility, greater pressure is required to pump the blood into the arteries.
Peripheral pulse is the pulse located in the periphery of the body, for example in the foot, hand
and neck. Apical pulse is a central pulse. It is located at the apex of the heart.
1. Wash your hand and tell your client that you are going to take his pulse
2. Place the client in sitting or supine position with his arm on his side or across his chest
3. Gently press your index, middle, and ring fingers on the radial artery, inside the patient’s wrist.
4. Excessive pressure may obstruct blood flow distal to the pulse site
5. Counting for a full minute provides a more accurate picture of irregularities
Pulse Sites
1. Temporal, where the temporal artery passes over the temporal bone of the head. The site is
superior and lateral to the eye.
2. Carotid, at the side of the neck below the lobe of the ear, where the carotid artery runs between
the trachea and the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
3. Apical, at the apex of the heart.
4. Brachial, at the inner aspect of the biceps muscle of the arm (especially in infants) or medially in
the antecubital space (elbow crease).
5. Radial, where the radial artery runs along the radial bone, on the thumb site of the inner aspect of
the wrist.
6. Femoral, where the femoral artery passes alongside the inguinal ligament.
7. Popliteal, where the popliteal artery passes behind the knee. This point is difficult to find, but it
can be palpated if the client flexes the knee slightly.
8. Poserior tibial, on the medial surface of the ankle where the posterior tibial artery passes behind
the medial malleolus.
9. Pedal (dorsalis pedis), where the dorsalis pedis artery passes over the bones of the foot. This
artery can be palpated by feeling the dorsum of the foot on the imaginary line drawn from the middle
of the ankle to the space between the big and second toes.
Respiration
Is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body
Assessing Respiration
Rate – Normal 14-20/ min in adult
The best time to assess respiration is immediately after taking client’s pulse
Count respiration for 60 second
As you count the respiration, assess and record breath sound as stridor, wheezing, or stertor.
Respiratory rates of less than 10 or more than 40 are usually considered abnormal and should be
reported immediately to the physician.
Resting respirations should be assessed when the client is at rest because exercise affects
respirations, and increase their rate and depth as well. Respiration may also need to be assessed after
exercise to identify the client’s tolerance to activity. Before assessing a client’s respirations, a nurse
should be aware of:
The client’s normal breathing pattern.
The influence of the client’s health problems on respirations.
Any medications or therapies that might affect respirations.
The relationship of the client’s respirations to cardiovascular function.
Amount of effort a client must exert to breathe. Usually, breathing does not require noticeable
effort.
The sound of breathing. Normal breathing is silent, but a number of abnormal sounds such
as a wheeze are obvious to the nurse’s ear.
Blood Pressure
This is the force exerted by the blood against a vessel wall. Arterial blood pressure is a measure
of the pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arties. There are two blood pressure
measures:
1. Systolic pressure. This is the pressure of the blood because of contraction of the ventricles, which
is the height of the blood wave.
2. Diastolic pressure. This is the pressure when the ventricles are at rest. It is the lower pressure
present at all times within the arteries.
Pulse pressure is the difference between the diastolic and systolic pressures.
Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and recorded as a fraction. The
systolic pressure is written over the diastolic pressure. The average blood pressure of a healthy adult
is 120/80 mm Hg. A number of conditions are reflected by changes in blood pressure. The most
common is hypertension, an abnormally high blood pressure. Hypotension is an abnormally low
blood pressure below 100min Hg systolic.
Adult – 90- 132 systolic
60- 85 diastolic
Elderly– 140-160 systolic
70-90 diastolic
1. Ensure that the client is rested
2. Use appropriate size of BP cuff.
3. If too tight and narrow- false high BP
4. If too lose and wide-false low BP
5. Position the patient on sitting or supine position
6. Position the arm at the level of the heart, if the artery is below the heart level, you may get a false
high reading
7. Use the bell of the stethoscope since the blood pressure is a low frequency sound.
8. If the client is crying or anxious, delay measuring his blood pressure to avoid false-high BP
Error
Effect
Deflating cuff too quickly Erroneously low systolic and high diastolic reading
Auscultatory gap is the temporary disappearance of sounds normally heard over the brachial artery when
the cuff pressure is high and the reappearance of the sounds at a lower level.
Provide excellent clues to the physiological functioning of the body.
Alterations in body fxn are reflected in the body temp, pulse, respirations and blood pressure.
These data provide part of the baseline info from which plan of care is developed.
Any change from normal is considered to be an indication of the person’s state of health.
Also called Cardinal Signs.
Pain
1. You must consider both the patient’s description and your observations on his behavioral
responses.
2. First, ask the client to rank his pain on a scale of 0-10, with 0 denoting lack of pain and 10
denoting the worst pain imaginable.
3. Ask:
a. Where is the pain located?
b. How long does the pain last?
c. How often does it occur?
d. Can you describe the pain?
e. What makes the pain worse?
4. Observe the patient’s behavioral response to pain (body language, moaning, grimacing,
withdrawal, crying,restlessness muscle twitching and immobility)
5. Also note physiological response, which may be sympathetic or parasympathetic
Managing Pain