Resin and Resin combinations

Course Title: Pharmacognosy-II

Course Code: PHARM-2107
Department of Pharmacy

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Md. Masud Rana Fahmida Mariam
Lecturer Fariha
Department of pharmacy Id no-1830034
Islamic University, Kushtia-7003 Reg no-2182
Session:2018-19
 RESINS
The word resin comes from
French-Resine
Greek-RHETINE
Latin-RESIN
 Plant resins have a very long history that was
documented in ancient Greece by Theophrastus and
in ancient Rome by Pliny the Elder.
 Resins are solid or semisolid plant exudates formed
in schizogenous or schizolysigenous ducts or
cavities. They are complex mixtures of compounds
like resin alcohols, resin acids, esters and resenes.
 RESIN COMBINATION

Are usually found in homogenous combination with

other plant metabolites and hence, collectively known as
resin combinations
Resins are often associated with
Volatile oils (oleoresins)
 With gums (gum-resins)
With oil and gum (oleo-gum-resins)
Resins may be also combined in a glycosidal manner
with sugars.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Complex mixtures of several compounds however

isoprene(C5H8) units are the fundamental building
blocks of all true resins.
Hard, Brittle, amorphous
Non-crystallizable translucent masses
Insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents
like alcohol, ether and chloroform.
Soften and melt on heating, yield clear, adhesive
fluids
Burns with smoky flames on ignition
Having a specific gravity that ranges from 0.9-1.25

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of resin

acids, resin alcohols, resinotannols, esters.
Resins do not contain nitrogen elements
Many resins (acidic resins), when boiled with yield
soaps.

DISTRIBUTION

• Resin are generally distributed in plants and rarely in

the insects (e.g. shellac)
• They are present in the ducts or cavities known as
schizolysigenous
 OCCURRENCE

Usually occur in different secretory zones or structures.

Example:
Resin cells: Ginger
Schizogenous ducts or cavities: Pine wood
Glandular hairs: Cannabis

CLASSIFICATION

Based on occurrence, it is classified into five types:

A.Oleoresins-naturally occurring mixtures of a
volatile oil and resin.
Example: Copaiba, Ginger, Terpentine

B. Gum resins-resin associated with gum Example:

Colophony, Cannabis.
 C. Oleo-gum resins-Ole resin occur in mixtures with
gums and these mixtures are called gum-oleo
resins.
Example: Asafoetida, Myrrh.

D.Glycoresins-resins in combination with sugar

compounds via glycosidal linkages.
Example: Jalap, podophyllum.

E. Balsams-Balsams are resinous mixtures that

contain cinnamic acid/benzoic acid, or both, or
esters of these acids.
Example: Benzoin, Peru balsam, tolu balsam.

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION

Used as stomachic
Used as an aromatic
 Used as a carminative
Used as stimulant
Used as flavouring agent
Resins are local irritant and hence act as local
cathartics (e.g. jalap and Ipomea)
As anti-cancer (Podophyllum)
In bronchial asthma (e.g. cannabis)
Used externally as mild antiseptic in the form of
tinctures (Benzoin), ointment and plasters
(Terpentine and Colophony)
Used in the preparation of emulsion and sustained
released formulations
Ginger oil is used in mouth washes, ginger beverages
and liquors.

CANNABIS
Synonym-Indian hemp, Ganja, Marijuana
Biological Source-Cannabis sativa Linn
Family-Cannabinaceae
Chemical Constituents-
15-20% of resin, which contain
major active principle 1,3,4 tetra hydro cannabinol.
Other constituents include:

o Cannabinol
 Cannabidiol
Cannabidiolic acid etc.
It also contains choline, volatile oil.

Uses:
• Tonic
• Intoxicant
• Stomachic
• Antitussive agent
• Antispasmodic
• Analgesic
• Narcotic
• Anticonvulsant
• Anti-anxiety
 • When ingested or inhaled as smoke, it may cause
euphoria, hallucinations, weakness, drowsiness.
• To improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and to
treat chronic pain, muscles spasms.

CAPSICUM

Synonyms: Chillies, Red pepper

Biological Source: Capsicum annum
Family: Solanaceae

Chemical Constituents:
Fixed oils
Capsaicin
Oleo-resin
Carotenoids
Capsacutin
Volatile oil
Ascorbic acid

Uses:
• Stimulant
• Counter irritant
• Rubefacient
• In sore throat
• Dyspepsia
• Yellow fever
• Carminative
• Stomachic
• Ointment, plaster, medicated wool.
 • Flatulence
• Used for the relief of rheumatism, lumbago etc.

GINGER

Synonyms: Zingiber
Biological Source: Zingiber officinale
Family: Zingiberaceae

Chemical Constituents:
Volatile oil (1-4%)

Starch (40-60%)
 o Camphene
Borneol
Fiber (5%)
Inorganic material (6%)
Limonene
Cineole

Uses:
• Aromatic stimulant
• Carminative
• Condiment
• Flavouring agent
• Dyspepsia
• Flatulent colic
 • Ginger oil is used in mouth washes, ginger
beverages and liquors.
• It is effective in motion sickness.

MYRRH

Synonyms: Myrrh, Gum Myrrh

Biological Source: Commiphora molmol
Family: Burseraceae

Chemical Constituents:
Volatile oil (7-17%)
Resenes
 Arabinose
Resin (25-40%)
Gum (57-61%)

Uses:
Carminative
Perfumes
In vitro cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of
myrrh oil.
Resin is widely used in Asia as a cholesterol-lowering
agent based on Indian ayurvedic medicine.
It inhibits oxidative stress and immunotoxin effects
of lead.
Local stimulant and antiseptic properties
In mouth washes as astringent
Fixatives in the perfumery industry
 TOLU BALSAM

Synonyms: Balsam of Tolu

Biological Source: Myroxylon balsamum
Family: Leguminosae

Chemical Constituents:
Resin (80%)

Cinnamic acids (8-15%)

Benzoic acids
 Vanillin (2-8%)

Benzyl benzoate

Uses:
• Expectorant
• Stimulant
• Antiseptic
• Pleasant flavouring agent in medicinal syrups
• Confectionery
• Chewing gums
• Perfumery
 • Used as antiseptic
• Ingredient of cough mixture.
• Pharmaceutical aid for benzoin tincture.

BENZOIN

Synonyms: Gum benzoin

Biological Source: Styrax tonkinensis

Family: Styraceae
Chemical Constituents:
It contains 23% of balsamic acids-Cinnamic acid and
benzoic acid and esters derived from them
It contains 70-80% resin consisting of triterpenoids,
siaresinolic acid and suma resinolic acid.
Uses:
• Antiseptic, stimulant, expectorant and diuretic
properties.
• Benzoin tincture is used as topical protectant.
• Benzoic acid and its salts are used as preservatives of
food, drinks, fats, pharmaceutic preparation etc.
• Medicinally, benzoic acid is used as antifungal agent.
• It is an ingredient in benzoic and salicylic acid
ointment which id effective in the treatment of
athlete’s foot.

JALAP

Synonyms: Jalap root

Biological Source: Ipomoea purge
Family: Convolvulaceae

Chemical Constituents:
Resin (8-12%)
Volatile oil
Starch
Gum and sugar
C₄₅H₇₂O₂₀(OH)₈
Convolvulin acid
C₁₀H₁₄O₃
Exogonic acid
Ipurganol
Jalapin
Mannitol
Uses:
• Hydragogue cathartic
• Drastic purgative