SANSKAR COLLAGE OF ARCHITECTURE

AND PLANNING

RESEARCH TOPIC

LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE

EFFORTS BY – MEENA SINGH

[Link] 6TH SEM
.
ACKNOWLEGEMENT:- .

 I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher AR.

KAJAL GARG as well as our H.O.D. AR. KUMAR ABHISHEK who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this project on the topic landscape architecture
which also helped me in doing a lot of research and i came to know about so
many new things i am really thankful to them. Secondly i would also like to
thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time

SUB. CO-ORDINATOR
Regards AR. KAJAL GARG

Meena Singh H.O.D.

Sanskar collage of AR. KUMAR ABHISHEK
Architecture and Planning
 CERTIFICATE .

This is certify that the research on the topic LOW COST HOUSING is
submitted by MOHD. ASIF. as a part of sanskar collage of architecture
and and planning, Ghaziabad (U.P) .

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

SUB CO-ORDINATOR H.O.D.

AR. KAJAL GARG AR . KUMAR ABHISHEK
 DECLARATION .

I Meena Singh here by declare that my project title LOW COST

HOUSING is a record of my own work .
It has not been submitted by the award of my degree any where else
and wherever I have incorporated any information from different
sources it has been duly acknowledged..

Regards

Mohd. ASIF
Sanskar collage of
Architecture and Planning
 PREFACE:- .

 I am very happy to define the LANDSCAPING AND THERE

VARIOUS ELEMENTS that can help us in design and this book is
covers various topics that help us to understand about LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE .
 We have taken a lot of efforts with help of various books and faculty to
make this topic more interesting by arranging the chapters logically
.many examples have been included to illustrate , clarify .i hope that
this book will be able to acquire knowledge in LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE .

Regards
Meena Singh
 CERTIFICATE .

This is certify that the research on the topic LANDSCAPE

ARCHITECTURE is submitted by MEENA SINGH as a part of sanskar
collage of architecture and and planning, Ghaziabad (U.P) .

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

SUB CO-ORDINATOR H.O.D.

AR. KAJAL GARG AR . KUMAR ABHISHEK
 DECLARATION .

I Meena Singh here by declare that my project title LANDSCAPE

ARCHITECTURE is a record of my own work .
It has not been submitted by the award of my degree any where else
and wherever I have incorporated any information from different
sources it has been duly acknowledged..

Regards

Meena Singh
Sanskar collage of
Architecture and Planning
8. SCOPE IN LANDSCAPING 29-31
• THE SCOPE OF THE LANDSCAPING 29
• URBAN DESIGN 29
• SITE PLAN 30
• STORM WATER MANAGEMENT STORM WATER 30
• TECHNIQUES A GREEN ROOF OR LIVING ROOF 31
9. LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION 32-35
• CONSERVATION OF LANDSCAPE 32
• CONSERVATION LANDSCAPING SUPPORTS CLEAN AIR AND
WATER 32
• CONSERVATION LANDSCAPING SUPPORTS WILDLIFE 32
• CONSERVATION LANDSCAPING SUPPORTS A HEALTHIER
AND MORE BEAUTIFUL HUMAN ENVIRONMENT 32
• THE EIGHT ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS 33
• METHODS TO CONSERVE LANDSCAPE 33-35
10 EXAMPLE OF LANDSCAPING 36-39
• ENGLISH GARDEN 36
• ELEMENT OF ENGLISH GARDEN 37-39
11. CASE STUDY 40-42
• HUMAYUN’S TOMB GARDEN COMPLEX
 LIST OF FIGURE 42-43
 REFRENCE 43
INDEX:- page no .
1. INTRODUCTION 1-2
• DEFINATION 1
• FEATURES USE IN LANDSCAPING 2
2. HISTORY OF LANDSCAPING 3-4
• HISTORY 3
• THE ORIGIN OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 4
3. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPING 5-8
• COLOR 5
• SCALE 5
• FORM 6
• LINE 7
• TEXTURE 7
• BALANCE 8
4. HARD AND SOFT LANDSCAPE 9-11
• HARD LANDSCAPING 9
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 10
• SOFT LANDSCAPING 11
5. TYPE OF VEGITATION USE IN LANDSCAPING 12-17
6. HARD LANDSCAPING MATERIAL 18-25
• PAVING 18-21
• RETAINING WALL 21-22
• WATER FEATURE 22
• BRIDGE AND SITTING 23
• BANCHES 23
• PERGOLA AND ARCHES 24
• GAZIBO AND TUNNALS 25
7. IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPING 26-28
• IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPING 26
• PRESERVATION OF NATURE 26
• REGENERATION OF POLLUTED AREAS 26
• STORM-WATER MANAGEMENT 26
• CLEANING SOIL AND WATER 27
• AIR PURIFICATION 27
• CARE FOR PLANTS 27
• ORCHARDS IN URBAN AREAS 27
• POSITIVE INFLUENCE ON PEOPLE’S STATE OF MIND 28
• PROVIDES OUTDOOR RECREATION 28
• RELIEF FROM HOT WEATHER 28
 SYNOPSIS

INTRODUCTION:-
• LANDSCAPING IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUTDOOR SPACE TO
PROVIDE VARIOUS AMENITIES - PRIVACY, COMFORT, BEAUTY .
AIM:-
• TO CREATE GREEN SPACE AND PRESERVE THE EXISTING GREEN
LAND AND CONSERVING THEM.
• TO MAINTAIN THE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE BY ADDITION OF
GREEN AREA TO NEW ONE AND CREATING MANY SUCH
BREATHING SPACE.
OBJECTIVE:-
• TO KNOW ABOUT LANDSCAPE AND DEEP STUDY ABOUT NATURE ,
WHAT TYPE OF PLANTATION AND SCRIBS ARE MAKE MORE
BEAUTIFUL OUR LIVING ENVORNMENT.
METHODOLOGY:-
• DEFINATIONS
• IMPORTANCE
• PRINCIPLES
• ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE
• TYPES OF LANDSCAPING
• EXAMPLES OF LANDSCAPE
SCOPE:-
• URBAN DESIGN
• SITE PLANNING
• TOWN OR URBAN PLANNING
• ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION
• PARKS AND RECREATION PLANNING
• PRIVATE ESTATE AND RESIDENCE LANDSCAPE

i
LIMITATIONS:-
• ELEMENTS OF
LANDSCALE
• HISTORY
• BRIEF OF TYPES OF
LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
• SCOPE AND
IMPORTANCE OF
LANDSCAPING
• EXAMPLE OF
LANDSCAPING

BRIEF:-
• LANDSCAPING IS THE
RESULT OF THE
ACTION AND
INTRACTION OF
NATURAL OR HUMAN
FACTORS.
• THE SCIENCE OF
STUDYING AND
IMPROVING
RELATIONSHIP B/W
ECOLOGICAL RECREATIONAL PLACE FOR
PROCESSES IN THE GATHERING OF PEOPLE
ENVERONMENT AND
PARTICULAR
ECOSYSTEM

ii
.
ACKNOWLEGEMENT:- .

 I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL THANKS OF GRATITUDE TO

MY TEACHER AR. KAJAL GARG AS WELL AS OUR H.O.D. AR. KUMAR
ABHISHEK WHO GAVE ME THE GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO DO THIS
PROJECT ON THE TOPIC LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE WHICH ALSO
HELPED ME IN DOING A LOT OF RESEARCH AND I CAME TO KNOW
ABOUT SO MANY NEW THINGS I AM REALLY THANKFUL TO THEM.
SECONDLY I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND
FRIENDS WHO HELPED ME A LOT IN FINALIZING THIS PROJECT
WITHIN THE LIMITED TIME

AR. KAJAL GARG

 CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION
-
LANDSCAPING:-

1. LANDSCAPING :
 The process of making a garden or
other piece of land more attractive
by altering the existing design,
adding ornamental features, and
planting trees and shrubs.
 Landscaping is the
development of outdoor space to
provide various amenities
i. Privacy,
ii. Comfort,
iii. Beauty and
iv ease of maintenance.
 It may involve : lawns, shrubs,
trees, plants and flowers, structures
such as seating, pools, rock
gardens, trellises or pergolas, and
paved surfaces
 It is a integrative concept which is
applied to a group of resources
which a spatial area and which
incorporates the humans values
associated with them.
 Landscape architecture is the
design of outdoor areas landmarks
and social behavioural or aesthetic
outcome. FIG.1. Define various types of footpath design
using of grass and stone paving

1
 INTRODUCTION


.

Landscape architecture can be defined

as the art of composing landform,
vegetation, water, buildings and paving
to create good public space
 Landscaping refers to any activity that
modifies the visible features of an area
of land, including: living elements, such
as flora or fauna; or what is commonly
called gardening, the art and craft of
growing plants with a goal of creating a
beauty within the landscape

1. 1. SOME FEATURES THAT

USE IN LANDSCAPING
i. LIVING ELEMENTS- Flora and fauna.
ii NATURAL ELEMENTS- Landforms,
terrains, water bodies. FIG.2 Landscaping around the gazebo

iii.. HUMAN ELEMENTS- Structures,

buildings, fences, etc.
iv. ABSTRACT ELEMENTS- Lighting,
weather, etc.
 These elements are use in landscaping
any garden or recreational place and it
also use in inside create green area of
the building for giving a nice view .

FIG.3. Landscaping in the front yard of the

Guest house
2
 CHAPTER -2

HISTORY OF LANDSCAPE

2.1 HISTORY
• The history of gardening extends at least 4000years of the
human civilization
• Egyptian tomb paintings of the 1500s BC are of the
earliest physical evidence of decorative landscape design .
• The hanging gardens of Babylon are renowned as one of
the wonders of the world .
• Persian garden were normally organized symmetrically
along a center line .
• The gardening tradition brought to Rome by Lucullus.

FIG.4. Byzantine cross with pedestal

This gives garden cross all the
beauty and charm of a 4th-century

• Byzantium and Moorish Spain

kept garden traditions after the
fall of Rome.
• Around this time a separate
gardening tradition had arisen in
[Link] 'real site' of the hanging china.
gardens of Babylon

• Many North American landscapes were influenced by Sir Humphry Repton, who
created both the Birkenhead Park and Victoria Park in Liverpool. However, the
two parks greatly influenced landscape architecture in Canada and the United
States.
• The formal garden at a Françoise, became the most dominant style of garden in
Europe in middle of 18th century, the nit is replaced by english and French
landscape gardens.

3
 HISTORY OF LANDSCAPE

The origin of landscape architecture

• The name "landscape architecture" was invented by a scots man in 1828.
• It uses the ancient skill of garden designers (to compose landform with water,
vegetation, structures and paving) and applies this skill to the man-made landscape.
• As sir Geoffrey Jellicoe wrote in the landscape of man (1975): 'it is only in the
present century that the collective landscape has emerged as a social necessity.
• A landscape art on a scale never conceived of in history'.
• Landscape architecture is set fair to become the mother of the arts.

. .
FIG.6 Modern front yard landscaping FIG.7 landscaping in 4th century

4
 CHAPTER -3

ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPING
..

3.1. COLOR:-
• Color tends to be the most used (as well as
over-used) element of landscape design
composition.
• Warm colors include reds, yellows, and
oranges.
• Cool colors include blues, greens and purples.
• Color is an important design consideration for
both plants and hardscape.
• Both foliage and landscape flower color create
moods.
• In landscape design, color is used for visual
interest.
FIG.8. Colour wheel.

3.2. SCALE:-
• Absolute scale relates the comparative
value of landscape elements to a fixed
structure.
• Relative scale relates to comparative
relative sizes or "values" of objects in
the landscape.
• Low scale is relaxing and calming
• High scale promotes action

FIG.9. Image depict the use of warm colours

5
 ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPING

3.3. FORM:-
.

• Forms are associated with three-

dimensional objects.
• Plants come in many forms including
round, upright, spreading, etc.
• A round plant following a curved
bedlinen gives a landscape a flowing and
natural feel.
• In contrast, an upright or columnar plant
placed along a linear walk takes on a
more rigid and formal feel.
• Landscape plants may also change form
when they are grouped together in a
mass. When a design composition is
viewed as a whole, the individual forms
become subordinate to the overall mass
of the composition.
• A plant can be selected for the way its
form can be used in the landscape to .
complement the house or achieve the FIG.10 Using of soft landscape and hard
principles of design. Example: landscape elements to create a form
• Rounded trees or shrubs can be used
with oval, spreading, or weeping plants
in a pleasing border
.

3.4. LINE:-
• Lines can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal or
curved.
• Lines are used in landscape designs to
accentuate an object, control movement or draw
attention to a focal point such as a fire
pit or water feature.
• A walkway or garden path with a direct route to a
focal point will naturally draw a person to that
area.

FIG.11. Horizontal lines usage in

landscaping 6
 ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPING

•
.

In contrast, a walkway that meanders will

create a feeling of surprise.
• Lines can be real (actual) or perceived
(implied).
• Perceived lines are created from a series
of objects organized in such a fashion to
make it seem as though a line is present.
• This can be seen in the backyard
landscape design by using plant forms to
imply a line.
• In curvilinear design, lines should be
dramatic, done with a sense of
flamboyancy and be very expressive in
their shape.
• Curvilinear lines that have weak, scallopy
edges will not be visually interesting or
pleasing to the eye.

FIG.12 Horizontal lines and curved line

3.5. BALANCE:- in landscaping to make the pathway
• Balance refers to a state of equilibrium – more beautify
real or perceived. Traditionally we think
of balance in the landscape as being either
symmetrical or asymmetrical, symmetry
being elements arranged identically around
a central axis, and asymmetry, when
elements appear equally weighted but
aren’t identically arranged.
• Formal balance repeats the same left and
right, giving stability, stateliness, and
dignity.
• Informal balance differs from left to right
giving curiosity, movement, and feels alive

FIG.13. Warm and cold colour and

texture create the balanced landscape

7
 ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPING

3.6. TEXTURE:-
• Texture is a surface characteristic that
can be divided into three
categories: coarse, medium and fine.
• Plants, pavements and other site
elements all have their own texture.
• Contrasting textures add interest to a
landscape and should play an important
role in design composition.
• Landscape plants and flowers possess a
wide range of textural attributes,
including leaf, flower shape and surface,
bark and stems.
• All of these can greatly enrich the visual
quality of a clever and landscape
composition.
FIG.14. Using of stone piece's to
create
the texture

8
 CHAPTER -4

HARD AND SOFT LANDSCAPE

4.1 HARD LANDSCAPE:-

• The basic integration in landscaping design is to create spaces ,sequence and furnishing the
space .
• Hard landscape elements are designed and built to fulfil the functions of landscape as well as
enhancing it.
• The floor and wall of an outdoor space includes pavement and walls comprised of concrete ,
masonry and raw material like stone and gravels except plant material is considered
‘hardscape’
• The basic purpose of hard landscape is—
• To cater needs not accommodated by soft landscape elements.
• To provide complimentary effect and to enhance the beauty of soft landscape.

FIG.15. Hard landscaping in the swimming pool

9
 HARD AND SOFT LANDSCAPE

 4.1.1. ADVANTAGES:
 Hardscaping adds to the aesthetic beauty of the space along with other
landscaping features.
 Hardscaping can be a good remedy where the soil stays wet for long periods of
time.
 Growing of grass is troublesome in some places due to poor condition of soil and
hence hardscaping can be a solution in some places.
 Use of hardscaping materials like gravel instead of grass helps avoid the need for
mowing, watering, fertilizing, etc.
 In hardscaping, much maintenance is not required as compared to other
landscaping features.
 Hardscaping allows the formation
 of man-made land
 Scarping features.

4.1.2. DISADVANTAGES:
 Installation or construction of
hardscape elements is quite
expensive.
 Skilled labour is required in a good
number for installation and
construction of hardscaping
elements.
 Specific elements like sculptures,
pergolas, etc. Can’t be installed in
small and compact spaces.

FIG.16. Create private lawn from using of hard landscape

10
 HARD AND SOFT LANDSCAPE

4.2. SOFT LANDSCAPE:-

• There are three basic aspects that soft landscaping include , namely
plantation, turfing and water features
.
4.2.1 .PLANTATION:-
• The plantation process involve the planning and assessment of the garden
design .
• Preparation of the surface area, planting the shrubs, tree and identifying the
various plant breeds and keys to ensure a balanced and compatible garden
environment
.
4.2.2. TURFING:-
• This process involves the grass being cut into various patterns to adorn the
garden
.
4.3.3. WATER FEATURES:-
• water fountains and waterfalls improve the garden atmosphere.
• the water also brings in moisture , which in turn attracts birds and small
wildlife .

FIG.17. using of different types of shrubs to create focus point in the garden

11
 CHAPTER -5

TYPE OF VEGITATION USE IN LANDSCAPE

• Tree planting can be used for screening ,separating and enclosing landscape
surroundings.
• For design purposes trees can be divided into small ;mature height 5-10 meters ;
medium 10-20 meters; and tall above 20 meters.
• Small trees of similar height are mainly local to the spaces between buildings.
• Medium trees can create spaces having greater effect on the spatial structure of the
landscape .
• Tall trees are less common in urban areas because of the space they demand .
• The size of the tree over 20 meters enable them to form the part of the primary spatial
structure of streets, squares and parks.

Trees can enhance aesthetic quality ,visual and wind screening, solar access and habital for
wildlife , and also acts as shelter-belt and open space areas.

Medium tree
Small tree

Tall tree

FIG.20. Japanese Maple

FIG.19. redwood trees

FIG.18. Leyland Cypress Tree

12
 TYPE OF VEGITATION USE
IN LANDSCAPE

5.1 the following should be considered when designing for tree:-

1. Selection of an appropriate species for its intended purpose.
2. The tree spacing in different types oftree planting.
3. The mature height and crown spread of the tree.
4. Clearance from above and below ground services , as well as new and proposed
building.
5. Allow 10 meters for large trees and 6 meters for medium trees for canopy
development, allow 3 meters for screens ,shelterbelts or park group planting .
6. Sight lines for both pedestrian ,cycle and vehicular traffic.

Trees often do not grow properly when planted in area with impervious surface due to lack
of water and air.
Providing more space around the tree should reduce these problems

FIG.21. Types of trees according to their shape

13
 TYPE OF VEGITATION USE
IN LANDSCAPE

The following trees are commonly seen in India:--

Aloe Vera, Arjun tree, banyan tree, cork tree, eucalyptus , garden asparagus, Indian
mahogany, Indian tulip, Indian rosewood, kikar, neem tree,
Peepal tree, sal, teak etc.

5.2. Primary considerations for selecting landscape plants are

• Height and width are figured by the mature size a plant will reach in both upward and
outward direction.
• Form is the shape of the plant and it will occupy and accent space. Form and shape are
considered as columnar , round, vase, weeping , oval, creeping etc.
• Texture is the finess or roughness of the plant . it should consider.
• Seasonal interest and colour are figured by the special features of the plant has at different
times of the year

5.3, secondary considerations for selecting landscaping plants

• Insect and disease resistance
• Sun and shade
• Moisture tolerance
• Drought resistance
• Soil type

Dianella tasmanica
Pandanus (Tasman Flax-lily)
Asparagus Densiflorous

Iresene

Plumbago Pittosporum Tobira

FIG.22. Different types of shrubs

14
 TYPE OF VEGITATION USE
IN LANDSCAPE

5.4. SOME TYPES OF PLANTS

1. DYPSIS LUTENCENS
Colour: slender gold
height : 20-30 cm
Water need: medium
Blooming time: late spring /
summer
Maintenance : very low FIG.23. dypsis lutencens

2. FURCRAEA
Colour : greenish white
height :120- 150 cm
Water need : medium
Growing : slow
Blooming time : late spring/
early summer
Maintenance: low

FIG.24. furcraea

3. JAPANESE SAGO
Colour : dark green
Height : 30-50 cm
Water need : average
Growing : very slow
Blooming time: late spring maintenance: low

FIG.25. japanese sago

15
 TYPE OF VEGITATION USE
IN LANDSCAPE

4. COMMON TANSY
Colour : yellow reddish and purple
Height : 105 -160 cm
Water need : average to dry
Growing : fast
Blooming time : July – august
Maintenance : high

FIG.26. common tansy

5. BASKET OF GOLD
Colour : grey green (leaves) yellow (flowers)
Height : 20-30 cm
Water need :low
Growing : medium
Blooming time : early summer ,mid spring , late spring
Maintenance : easy

FIG.27. basket of gold

6. FALSE INDIGO
Colour : cream ,white ,yellow , purple , blue .
medium green
Height : 60-120 cm
Water need : average , low
Growing : medium
Blooming time : late spring –early summer
Maintenance: low

FIG.28. false indigo

16
 TYPE OF VEGITATION USE
IN LANDSCAPE

7. SPANISH IRIS
Colour : light yellow ,light green ,browning spots
Height : 15-25 cm
Water need : low
Growing : fast
Blooming time : may –June
Maintenance: low

FIG.29. spanish iris

8. PEONY
Colour : pink, purple lavender ,red ,white , dark
green
Height : 180-300 cm
Water need : dry -medium
Growing : slow
Blooming time : late spring –early summer
Maintenance: medium

FIG.30 peony

9. ROSE
Colour : ,white ,yellow , purple , pink. Orange
,coral, greenish brown
Height : 120-180 cm
Water need : occasionally
Growing : fast
Blooming time : spring, summer
Maintenance :medium

FIG.31. rose

17
 CHAPTER -6

HARD LANDSCAPING MATERIAL

6.1. PAVING
Paving is a landscape investment that can provide various numerous benefits.
 Pavement in construction is an outdoor floor or superficial surface covering. Paving
materials include asphalt, concrete, stone such as flagstone, cobblestone, setts,
artificial stone, bricks, tiles, and sometimes wood.
 In landscape architecture pavements are part of the hardscape and are used on
sidewalks, road surfaces, patios, courtyards, etc.
 Some popular landscape paving materials

6.1.1. CONCRETE:-
 Concrete is a standard paving material because it is easy to install,
 Requires low maintenance and is pocket friendly too.
 These materials are also available in different colors, textures and patterns which can
be used to give a lively look to your property

FIG.32. Concrete paving material

18
 HARD LANDSCAPING MATERIAL

6.1.2 .BRICK

 Brick is one of the most popular and

preferred paving materials.
 Brick has a naturally slip resistant texture
& an excellent color, and is also
environment-friendly.
 It is best to use brick pavers as a pool
paving material because of its congential
ability to prevent slips and falls.
 In addition to that, the material is also
durable, easy to maintain and affordable. FIG.33. Brick paving material

6.1.3. GRAVEL:-
 Gravel is found as dissolved stone in
the form of pallets or bags that can
easily be used for patios and paths.
 The material provides a soft and
amazing look. However, it must only
be used at places having rigid edge.

FIG.34. Gravel Paving Material

6.1. 4. LIME STONE-

 Limestone is normally available in three
colors — greyish white, off-white and
crimson white
 In a warm region, suggested to use
limestone pavers because of their natural
and eye soothing shades. This material can FIG.35. Limestone Paving Material
bring about a lively appearance to any space
built in a shady area.

19
 HARD LANDSCAPING MATERIAL

6.1.8. BLUESTONE:
 Elegant, upscale and fantastic in a flagstone
pattern
 Bluestone is a flaky kind of stone that is broken
along its fissure lines to create some of the most
elegant flagstones
 . It’s also available as dimensioned rectangular
pavers, if you want a regular pattern for your
patio

FIG.36. bluestone Paving Material

6.1.5. TILES:-
 Tiles are another kind of bold and
funky landscape paving material
that can impart a contemporary look
to the landscape.
 It usually comes in rich and warm
colors that are perfect for regions
with a warm climate.
 , Maintenance can turn out to be an
expensive affair . FIG.37. Tiles paving material

6.1.6. GRANITE:
 A superior tough stone that’s excellent in cold
climates
 Granite is expensive, but it may be worth the
investment because it lasts several lifetimes.
 If it is used near the granite quarries of the
northeast, it’s also a sustainable, local building
material.

FIG.38. Granite paving material

20
 HARD LANDSCAPING MATERIAL

6.1.7. SLATE:
 Great for cold climates and deep in color
 Slate has a deep, rich color and is available in
many tones, from deep charcoal to jade green.
 Slate withstands the coldest climates and works
like a champ in the freeze-thaw cycle

FIG.39. Slate Paving Material

6.2 RETAINING WALLS

 Retaining walls are often designed when the terrain is sloped and soil has to be
restrained
 . In landscaping, retaining walls helps to make sure that soil is bound between the
levels of a hill side and create spectacular and picturesque views.
 It is most common in area with difficult terrain and are helpful to make the best of
different level heights in the garden.
 Retaining walls can be simple or complex – boulder walls, stone walls, wood,
concrete, etc. Can be used as materials.

6.2.2. BRICK:

 Bricks add maturity and a warm effect to

gardens.
 They can be used establish the boundary or
just to divide up your garden.
 They can also have function as well; such as
the footings to a greenhouse, retaining a soil
bank, forming an edge or division, raising a
planting bed e.t.c
FIG.40 Create bed for rising plants in farm
house

21
 HARD LANDSCAPING MATERIAL

6.2.2 STONE:
 Lightweight, versatile, durable and affordable.
 It frees homeowners, designers and architects to explore new creative directions.

6.2.3. SCREEN BLOCKS:

 It’s open design provides ventilation, partial shading, privacy, and a decorative
break in the monotony of the wall’s surface

6.3. WATER FEATURES

 In landscape architecture, a water feature is one or more items from a range of
fountains, pools, ponds, cascades, waterfalls and streams.
 A water feature may be indoor or outdoor and can be and size, from desktop water
fountain to a large indoor waterfall that covers an entire wall in a large commercial
buildings.
 Water features can be made from any number of materials, including stone, granite,
stainless steel, resin, iron, and glass. :

6.3.1. STILL WATER:-:

 The container defines the form assumed by
the water.
 The finish of the under water surfaces and
the condition of the water at the surface
influence the ultimate effect
 .
6.3.2 SPOUTING WATER:-:
 Spouting water relies on externally applied
force to direct water through a nozzle and,
working with gravity, forms a jet of some
configuration.

6.3.3. FREE-FALLING WATER:-:

Freefalling water mopes vertically without
contacting any surfaces and is most often FIG.41. use of water as a
expressed as a full sheet. curtain wall is garden

6.3.4. FLOWING WATER:-:

Flowing water is constantly in contact with the
container. A vertically oriented flow creates a
water fall.

22
 HARD LANDSCAPING MATERIAL

6.4 BRIDGES
 Pedestrian bridges are structures built in the
landscape to allow movement across areas that
would otherwise be difficult or dangerous to
traverse.
 Bridges become a necessary means for
connecting two points in the presence of
obstacle as water, steep topography, or major
roadways.

FIG.42. Bridge in a public garden

6.5 SEATINGS: to Cross the water body

 The garden is for relaxing and an important part

of relaxing is the seat, they come in all shapes
and sizes.
 Seats should be capable of snoozing in, reading
the paper, a book, sewing, or just relaxing to
take in the vista.
 Seats should be light enough to move but strong
enough to take all shapes and sizes.
 Seats can be made or metal, timber, bamboo,
wicker, rope (hammock) and concrete.
FIG.43. seating place in a personal garden

6.6. BENCHES AND FURNITURES

 The bench is something of a specialist in the

seat furniture.
 It doesn’t need to be straight in fact it can wrap
around a tree.
 A bench is hard and its generally made from
sturdy- timbers.
 To dominate its position the bench can be
painted a bright color to make it stand out in its
FIG.44. seating in a public place own right.

23
 HARD LANDSCAPING MATERIAL

6.7. PERGOLA
 It is important to provide a vertical
element to a garden that can be so
often just horizontal, obviously trees
and shrubs provide this naturally as
the ‘soft’ element but in terms of
hard landscaping the pergola stands
out as the vehicle for carrying plants
adding this vertical element.
 The difference between a pergola and
arch is that a pergola is a repetition
of frames tied together pergola’s:
 Pergolas can be made of any
material, the most common is timber
but they can also be metal or
brickwork and timber. FIG.45. pergola in landscaping
 A pergola tends to be square in
nature with uprights, piers, pillars
and then joists running between the
uprights

6.8 ARCHES
 Arch is a single unit
which separate one space
from another and gives
the garden a vertical
element.
 It provides the glimpse of
special elements of what
the next area has to offer.
FIG.46. arch entrance of garden

24
 HARD LANDSCAPING MATERIAL

6.9. GAZEBO’S

 A gazebo is a pavilion structure,

sometimes octagonal or turret shaped,
often build in a park, garden or spacious
public area.
 It may be simply be a place to sit and
admire the garden or a view sheltered
from the weather whether rain or shine.
 It is usually made up of wood, bamboo
,vinyl and metals like aluminum,
wrought iron and steel.

FIG.47. gazebo in a piblic place

6.10. TUNNELS

 Tunnel is a multiple element

which can be a number of arches ,
usually rounded that creates a
framework to create a ‘tunnel of
plants’.
 It covers the pathways providing
shade and aesthetical beauty to it.
 Commonly made up of wood ,
metals, and pvc. :

FIG.48. tunnel

25
 CHAPTER -7

IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPING

[Link] OF LANDSCAPING

 Landscapes and features are important because they contribute significantly to our
well-being and quality of life.
 They provide the broader context within which we live our lives.
 Living within aesthetically pleasing and culturally meaningful landscapes
enhances our sense of wellbeing.
 Visiting largely undeveloped landscapes enables people to re-connect with nature,
to refresh their minds and bodies
 Landscapes play an important economic role in directly supporting the tourism and
film industries
 10 reasons why landscape architecture is important.

7.2. Preservation Of Nature

 People are more aware nowadays of the importance of preserving the environment
and because of this, landscape architecture is now viewed as more important than it
used to be.
 Landscape architecture provides solutions to many existing environmental issues,
protects ecology and helps to protect national treasures.

7.3. Regeneration Of Polluted Areas

 If a factory is particularly bad polluter it can leave the area unusable for a long
time after the factory is gone.
 These negative effects can be fixed through landscaping and planting after the area
is cleaned up

7.4. Storm-Water Management

 Climate change and pollution are severely affecting freshwater supply in many
areas.
 The endangerment of wetlands is especially big problem because they have a lot of
biological diversity, filter storm water and control floods.
 Landscape architecture protects wetlands and seeks solutions to provide storm-
water management in a natural way

26
 IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPING

7.5 Cleaning Soil And Water

 There is a vast amount of soil and water that is polluted and needs to be cleaned up.
One way of doing this by phytoremediation.
 Phytoremediation is a low cost solution which involves the direct use of living green
plants for removal, degradation, or containment of contaminants in soils, sludge,
sediments, surface water and groundwater. Simply put, plants are used to help clean
up the contaminants in soil
 It is obviously a very cost-effective and visually pleasing solution which has a great
effect on soils as it takes in pollutants and metabolizes them into harmless by-
products

[Link] Purification
 Plants and trees as most people know produce oxygen but less people know that they
also absorb air pollutants.
 This helps to filter the air and makes it cleaner.
 Everyone is concerned about outdoor air quality but according to NASA
research, indoor air quality can be tackled with the use of plants too

7.7. Care For Plants

 We all know that plants and trees are important. Landscape architecture helps to
protect and care for them.
 To allow plants grow properly they need good quality soil, the right amount of water,
the correct level of sun exposure and protection from pests.
 Landscape architecture takes all these things into account when trying to find the
right plants composition for each site.
 There is even an online tool called PlantSelectr which landscape architects use to find
the right plants for each location

7.8. Orchards In Urban Areas

 Landscape architects often promote ideas like orchards in urban areas, for they not
only look good, produce oxygen and promote social well-being but also provide
nutritious fruits.
 Cultivating orchards in cities is a good educational tool for children to learn how to
grow and harvest their own food as well as socialize

27
 IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPING

7.9. Relief From Hot Weather

 Sitting under a tree can be pleasant but it also has an important practical effect –
trees provide a cooling effect. This is especially important in an urban
environment, where the concrete structures increase heat and their density
doesn’t not allow for open green spaces.
 Small parks, known as ‘Pocket parks,’ are a good solution here. They provide
shade from the sun and a quiet peaceful place to go in a noisy urban environment.

7.10. Provides Outdoor Recreation

 Landscape architecture provides outdoor recreation areas. This increases the
quality of the physical well-being of the local population giving them more
choices for recreation and the chance to get social connections with other people
using the space.

7.11. Positive Influence On People’s State Of Mind

 By spending some time in nature, even just sitting, it has a positive

effect on people’s state of mind and mood.
 So having more green spaces correlates with having better mental
health.
 Spending time outdoors also encourages social interaction either with
those you chose to go with or new people who you meet in this
communal space

28
 CHAPTER -8

SCOPE IN LANDSCAPING

8.1. THE SCOPE OF THE

LANDSCAPING
• Architectural profession includes
 Urban design
 Site planning
 Storm water management
 Town or urban planning
 Environmental restoration
 Parks and recreation planning
 Green infrastructure planning and provision
 Private estate and residence landscape
 Master planning and design
 All at varying scales of design,
 planning and management
FIG.49. recreation planning

8.2. Urban Design

 Urban design is the process of designing

and shaping cities, towns and villages.
 Whereas architecture focuses on individual
buildings. Urban design address the larger
scale of groups of buildings, of streets and
public spaces, whole neighborhoods and
districts, and entire cities, to make urban
areas functional, attractive, and sustainable.
 Urban design is an inter-disciplinary
subject that unites all the built environment
professions, including urban planning,
landscape architecture, architecture, civil
and municipal engineering. FIG.50. Environmental restoration
 It is common for professionals in all these
disciplines to practice in urban design.
 In more recent times different strands of
urban design have emerged such as
landscape urbanism
29
 SCOPE IN LANDSCAPING

8.3. Site plan

 A site plan is an architectural plan,

landscape architecture document, and a
detailed engineering drawing of
proposed improvements to a given lot .
 A site plan "usually shows abuilding
footprint, travel ways , parking,
drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines,
water lines, trails, lighting, and
landscaping and garden elements“ .
 Such a plan of a site is a "graphic
representation of the arrangement of
buildings, parking, drives, landscaping
and any other structure that is part of a [Link] site plan
development project“

8.4. Storm water management Storm water:

 Storm water is the water that originates during

precipitation events.
 Storm water that does not soak into the ground
becomes surface runoff, which either flows
directly into surface waterways or is channels
into storm sewers, which eventually discharge
to surface waters
 Storm water management on developed sites
utilize a variety of non-structural (source
control methods) storm water best
management practices (BMPs)all of which can
be used to intercept, retain and infiltrate local
runoff and storm water that originates on the
site.
FIG.52. Precipitation Rain  During site design and planning for any
water treatment development or redevelopment of property it is
possible to define where storm water is coming
from, how much storm water is expected and
how to manage that storm water

30
 SCOPE IN LANDSCAPING

 Energy-efficient Landscaping Energy-efficient landscaping is a type of landscaping

designed for the purpose of conserving energy.
 There is a distinction between the embedded energy of materials and constructing the
landscape, and the energy consumed by the maintenance and operations of a landscape.
 Techniques Energy-efficient landscaping design Techniques include:
1. Planting trees; Planting trees for the purpose of providing shade, which reduces cooling
costs.
2. Planting Wind breaks; Planting or building windbreaks to slow winds near buildings,
which reduces heat loss.
3. Wall sheltering; Wall sheltering, where shrubbery or vines are used to create a wind
break directly against a wall. landforms as windbreaks

8.5. Techniques A green roof or living roof :

 Living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with
vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a water proofing membrane.
 It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation
systems, that cool buildings with extra thermal mass and evapotranspiration.
 Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater,
providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, and helping to lower urban air
temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect
 Techniques
 There are two types of green roofs based on the depth of growing medium :
 An intensive roofs, which are thicker and has more than six inches of growing medium
and tends to have greater plant variety and diversity, as well as higher weight(heavier),
and requires more maintenance
 Techniques
 An extensive roofs, which are covered in a light layer of vegetation and are lighter than
an intensive green roof.
 No single type of green roof works for all buildings, climates and client needs. Green
roofs are categorized as "intensive" or "extensive,“ based on the depth of growing
medium. An extensive roof has 6inches or less of growing medium.
 It also has lower weight, plant diversity, costs and Maintenance
 Earth sheltering ;
 Earth sheltering and positioning buildings to take advantage of natural
 .Reducing the heat island effect with pervious paving, high al bed paving, shade, and
minimizing paved areas .
 Site lighting with full cut off fixtures, light level sensors, and high efficiency fixtures.
Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintained in pots, are not generally
considered to be true green roofs, although this is debated. Rooftop ponds are another
form of green roofs which are used to treat grey water.

31
 CHAPTER -9

LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION

9.1. CONSERVATION OF LANDSCAPE

 Working with nature to reduce pollution, conservation landscaping

incorporates environmentally sensitive design, low impact development,
non-invasive native and beneficial plants, and integrated pest
management to create diverse landscapes that help protect clean air and
water, support wildlife, and provide a healthier and more beautiful
human environment.

9.2. Conservation landscaping supports clean air and water by:

 Using plants that are adapted to local conditions and thus require less
fertilizer and pesticides
 Trapping localized storm water on site with rain barrels and rain gardens
to ensure slow percolation and increased filtration of nutrients entering
the groundwater.
 Reducing the amount of smog released into the air and the amount of
atmospheric deposition of nutrients into our water by reducing the
amount of movable lawn area.

9.3. Conservation landscaping supports wildlife by:

 Providing a diverse plant environment that attracts greater animal
diversity and fosters healthier ecological communities
 Creating migratory corridors of conjoined healthy ecological
communities

9.3. Conservation landscaping supports a healthier and more beautiful

human environment by:
 Reducing the amount of pollution entering the environment.
 Demonstrating the beauty of well-maintained, natural landscaping.

32
 LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION

9.4. THE EIGHT ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS… A conservation landscape:

1. Is designed to benefit the environment and function efficiently and aesthetically for
human use and well-being .
2. Uses locally native plants that are appropriate for site conditions.
3. Institutes a management plan for the removal of existing invasive plants and the
prevention of future nonnative plant invasions.
4. Provides habitat for wildlife.
5. Promotes healthy air quality and minimizes air pollution.
6. Conserves and cleans water.
7. Promotes healthy soils.
8. Is managed to conserve energy, reduce waste, and eliminate or minimize the use of
pesticides and fertilizers

[Link] TO CONSERVE LANDSCAPE…

Soil conservation is a set of management strategies for prevention of soil being eroded from
the earth’s surface or becoming chemically altered by overuse , acidification, salinization,
soil erosion or other soil contamination to retain the fertility of soil.

Soil conservation techniques:

1. Terrace farming 2. contour ploughing
3. Crop rotation 4. strip cropping
5. multiple cropping 6. shelterbelt

9.5.1. TERRACE FARMING

 : This method of farming uses "steps", called
andenes, that are built into the side of a mountain
or hill.
 On each anden, various crops are planted, and
when it rains, instead of washing away all of the
nutrients in the soil, the nutrients are carried
down to the next level.
 Additionally, these "steps" prevent a free flowing
avalanche of water that would take plants with it
FIG.53. terrace farming
and destroy the all of the crops on the hillside.

33
 LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION

9.5.2. CONTOUR PLOUGHING

 Contour farming is the farming practice
of ploughing across a slope following its
elevation contour lines.
 The rows form slow water run-off
during rainstorms to prevent soil erosion
and allow the water time to settle into
the soil
 In contour ploughing, the ruts made by
the plough run perpendicular rather than FIG.54. Contour and terrace farming
parallel to slopes, generally resulting in
furrows that curve around the land and
are level
9.5.3. CROP ROTATION
 Crop rotation confers various benefits to
the soil.
 A traditional element of crop rotation is
the replenishment of nitrogen through the
use of green manure in sequence with
cereals and other crops.
 Crop rotation also mitigates the build-up
of pathogens and pests that often occurs
when one species is continuously cropped,
FIG.55. Crop rotation and can also improve soil structure and
fertility by alternating deep-rooted and
shallow-rooted plants.

9.5.4. STRIP CROPPING

 Strip cropping is a method of farming
used when a slope is too steep or too
long, or when other types of farming
may not prevent soil erosion.
 Striely sown crops such as hay, wheat,
or other small grains with strips of row
crops, such as corn, soybeans, cotton, or
sugar beets.
FIG.56. Strip cropping

34
 LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION

9.5.4. SHELTERBELT
 Shelter belt is a plantation usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs
planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from
erosion.
 They are commonly planted around the edges of fields on farms.
 If designed properly, windbreaks around a home can reduce the cost of heating and
cooling and save energy.
 Windbreaks are also planted to help keep snow from drifting onto roadways and even
yards
 . Other benefits include providing habitat for wildlife and in some regions the trees
are harvested for wood products

FIG.57. Shelter belt FIG.58. Multiple cropping

9.5.5. MULTIPLE CROPPING

 In agriculture, multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the
same space during a single growing season.
 In which a second crop is planted after the first has been harvested, in which the second
crop is started amidst the first crop before it has been harvested.
 A related practice, companion planting, is sometimes used in gardening and intensive
cultivation of vegetables and fruits

35
 CHAPTER -10

EXAMPLE OF LANDSCAPING

10.1 ENGLISH GARDENS

 The English landscape garden, also
called English landscape park or simply
the English garden, is a style of
“landscape" garden which emerged
in England in the early 18th century, and
spread across Europe, replacing the more
formal, symmetrical French gardens of
the 17th century as the principal
gardening style of Europe.

 The English garden presented an

idealized view of nature. It drew FIG.59. English garden
inspiration from paintings of landscapes
by Claude Lorraine and Nicolas
Poussin, and, in the Anglo-Chinese
garden, from the classic Chinese
gardens of the East, which had recently
been described by European travelers.

 The English garden usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against
groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other
picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape.

 Lines were no longer straight, paths curve and wander, and parterres are replaced by
grass.
 Trees were planted in clusters rather than in straight lines, and rounded lakes replaced
the rectangular ponds of the earlier style

ELEMENTS within English

OF ENGLISH GARDENgardens
1. recreations of classic buildings 2. bridges
3. Natural stone 4. cobble stone
5. Wattle edges 6. bee skep
7. Lake 7. rolling lawn
8. Tree grove 8. ha ha wall
36
 EXAMPLE OF LANDSCAPING

10.2. ELEMENT OF ENGLISH GARDEN

10.2.1. RECREATIONS OF CLASSIC BUILDINGS

The existing classical and historical buildings were recreated and were
incorporated in side the English landscape garden.

The stone buildings amongst the green trees were used to give the garden a
more contrasted and theatrical look.

FIG.60. Classical building

FIG.61. bridge

FIG.63. Cobble stone

FIG.62. Natural stone

37
 EXAMPLE OF LANDSCAPING

10.2. ELEMENT OF ENGLISH GARDEN

FIG.64. wattle edging FIG.65. Bee skep

10.2.2. LAKE
 There was always a lake in the English gardens, most were man-made but all appeared
to be natural forming basins.

 Their edges were meandering and irregular and often had pathways weaving through
the trees and close to the water’s edge

FIG.66. lake

38
 EXAMPLE OF LANDSCAPING

10.2. ELEMENT OF ENGLISH GARDEN

10.2.3. ROLLING LAWN

 rolling lawn topography allowed
visitors for surprises as they come
around mounds or niches

FIG.67. Rolling lawn

10.2.4. TREE GROVES

 Tree groves were spread throughout
the landscape with paths that allowed
the gardens users to wander in and out
of the groves and provide a view of
rolling lawns against mass tree
plantings

FIG.68. Tree groves

10.2.5. HA HA WALL
The purpose of ha ha wall was to
separate garden from the grazing land
but was invisible from a distance .

Cattle could be kept securely in their

fields without the use of hedges or
fences to interrupt the view
FIG.69. Ha-ha wall

39
 CHAPTER -11

CASE STUDY

11.1. HUMAYUN’S TOMB GARDEN COMPLEX:-

 Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi is the first of the grand dynastic mausoleums that were to
become synonyms of Mughal architecture with the architectural style reaching its zenith
80 years later at the later Taj Mahal.
 The tomb construction was initially commissioned by haji begum AND THE Humanyu
‘s Senior widow but was majorly completed by Akbar.
 The tomb was constructed on as site about 15 kilometers south of Parana Qila, only a
short distance from Nizamuddin.
 The architect of the tomb was Sayyad Muhammad from Herat, which explains the
influence of Timurid styled double-skinned bulbous dome, and the layout of the
mausoleum at the center of the garden
 Humanyun tomb stands in the middle of a spacious walled charbagh, around 365
square meters. The Garden is dominated by a grid of 3by 3 squares, the central square being
occupied by arcaded podium on which the tomb is raised

FIG.70. front view of humanyun tomb

40
 CASE STUDY

 This nine-square grid is combined with

quadripartite arrangement dominated by
cross-axes to create a total 6 by 6 sub
divisions, the four central ones
coinciding with the podium.
 Axial pathways leading from the tomb to
the gateways and secondary buildings at
the midpoints of the garden walls are
emphasized by broader walkways with
channel and square or octagonal pools
with fountains
 The initial glance that a person gets when
entering the Tomb complex is that of a
vast green carpeted area divided with
FIG.71. 9 folded garden
water channels.

 This amazes one with the shear

proportion and size of the entire
complex, this design aspect has
been explained by Charles W
Moore in his book poetics of
Gardens that the massive red
sandstone building surmounted
with a bulbous dome has been
planned at the center of a char
bagh laid to match the
FIG.72. Water channel divided 4 square gardens
monumental scale of the Tomb
structure.
 the layout of the garden in a grid
of this 36 squares divided by a
narrow water channel with the
central 4 squares forming the
podium for the Tomb is a matter
of practical approach towards
planning.

41
 CASE STUDY

 The entire tomb and the garden is enclosed within high rubble walls on three sides, the fourth side
was meant to be the river Yamuna, which has since shifted course away from the structure.
 The central walkways, terminate at two gates: a main one in the southern wall, and a smaller one
in the western wall.
 It has two double - storey entrances, the West gate which used now, while the South gate, which
was used during Mughal era, now remains closed. Aligned at the Centre on the eastern wall lies
a baradari, literally a pavilion with twelve doors, which is a building or room with twelve doors
designed to allow the free draught of air through it, finally on the northern wall lies a hammam, a
bath chamber.

FIG.73. Gardens of humanyun tomb

42
LIST OF FIGURES:-
 FIG.1 -Define various types of footpath design using of grass and stone paving
 FIG.2 -Landscaping around the gazebo
 FIG.3. - Landscaping in the front yard of the Guest house
 FIG.4 -Byzantine cross with pedestal This gives garden cross all the beauty and
charm of a 4th-century
 FIG.5. -The 'real site' of the hanging gardens of Babylon
 FIG.6 . -Modern front yard landscaping
 FIG. 7. - landscaping in 4th century
 FIG. 8. -Colour wheel.
 FIG.9. -Image depict the use of warm colours
 FIG.10. -Using of soft landscape and hard landscape elements to create a form
 FIG.11. -Horizontal lines usage in landscaping
 FIG.12. -Horizontal lines and curved line in landscaping to make the pathway more beautify
 FIG.13. - Warm and cold colour and texture create the balanced landscape
 FIG.14. -Using of stone piece's to create the texture
 FIG.15 -Hard landscaping in the swimming pool
 FIG.16. -Create private lawn from using of hard landscape
 FIG 17. -Using of different types of shrubs to create focus point in the garden
 FIG.18 -Leyland Cypress Tree
 FIG.19. - redwood trees
 FIG.20. -Japanese Maple
 FIG.21. -Types of trees according to their shape
 FIG.22. -Different types of shrubs
 FIG.23. -dypsis lutencens
 FIG.24. -furcraea
 FIG.25. -japanese sago
 FIG.26. - common tansy
 FIG 27 -. false indigo
 FIG.28 - spanish iris
 FIG.29 -peony
 FIG.30 -rose
 FIG.31 -Concrete paving material
 FIG 32. -Brick paving material
 FIG.33 -Gravel Paving Material
 FIG 34 -Limestone Paving Material
 FIG 35 -bluestone Paving Material
 FIG 36 -Tiles paving material
 FIG 37 -Granite paving material
 FIG38 -Slate Paving Material
 FIG 39 -Create bed for rising plants in farm house
 FIG 40 -use of water as a curtain wall is garden
 FIG 41 - Bridge in a public garden to Cross the water body
 FIG 42 -seating place in a personal garden
LIST OF FIGURES:-

 FIG .43 -seating in a public place

 FIG 44 -pergola in landscaping
 FIG 45 - arch entrance of a garden
 FIG 46 -gazebo in a piblic place
 FIG 47 - tunnel
 FIG 48 - recreation planning
 FIG 49 -Environmental restoration
 FIG 50 -Residence site plan
 FIG 51 -Precipitation Rain water treatment
 FIG 52 -terrace farming
 FIG 53 -Contour and terrace farming
 FIG 54 -Crop rotation
 FIG 55 -Strip cropping
 FIG 56 -Shelter belt
 FIG 57 -Multiple cropping
 FIG 58 -English garden
 FIG 60 -Classical building
 FIG 61 -bridge
 FIG 62 -Natural stone
 FIG 63 -Cobble stone
 FIG 64 -wattle edging
 FIG 65 -Bee skep
 FIG 66 -lake
 FIG 67 -Rolling lawn
 FIG 68-Tree groves
 FIG 69 -Haha wall
 FIG 70 -front view of humanyun tomb
 FIG 71 -9 folded garden
 FIG 72 -Water channel divided 4 square gardens
 FIG 73 -Gardens of humanyun tomb
REFRENCE:-
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