Structures 23 (2020) 13–19

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Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/structures

Integration of CFRP strips as an internal shear reinforcement in reinforced T

concrete beams
Layla Amaireha, , Rajai Z. Al-Rousanb, Ayman N. Ababnehb, Mohammad Alhassanb,c
⁎

a
Civil Engineering, Applied Science Private University (ASU), Jordan
b
Civil Engineering, Jordan University of Science & Technology (JUST), Jordan
c
Civil Engineering, Al Ain University (AAU), United Arab Emirates

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have wide applications as an external strengthening/repair
CFRP strips technique for deteriorated reinforced concrete members. Nevertheless, debonding and anchoring problems re-
Shear span main a challenge for success of this technique. In this study, an innovative application was implemented in
Reinforced concrete beams which CFRP strips were integrated as internal shear reinforcement for reinforced concrete beams. The intent was
Carbon fiber
to assess the contribution of the CFRP strips to the shear strength and thus evaluating the effectiveness of using
Debonding
them as main or supplemental shear reinforcement. Internal application of CFRP strips does not require an epoxy
for attaching them, as they can be cut without difficulty to any width/length and then attaching them to the
main steel bars. Similar to the steel shear stirrups, the CFRP strips work integrally with the beam concrete and
steel reinforcement as they are confined by the concrete. The investigated parameters include the area and
number of layers of CFRP strips. Through demonstrating an outstanding structural performance with significant
enhancement in the ultimate strength, ultimate deflection, stiffness, and toughness, the findings of this paper
strongly attest that CFRP strips can be effectively utilized as an internal shear reinforcement in reinforced
concrete beams. Using just 5 cm CFRP strip (one on each side) enhanced the ultimate shear strength of the beam
by 30%; the shear capacity was nearly doubled when the shear span was fully strengthened with CFRP strips.

1. Introduction
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have wide ap-
plications nowadays as a strengthening/repair technique for deterio-
rated/damaged reinforced concrete members including beams, col-
umns, slabs, and beam-column connections. The CFRP composites
gained such popularity as a leading strengthening/repairing technique
due to their high strength to weight ratio, durability, ease of applica-
tion, and short time of installation [1–11]. The performance of re-
inforced concrete (RC) beams in terms of flexure, shear, or both; can be
significantly improved through attachment of CFRP composites to the
outside surface of the beam [12–14].
The design for shear in most codes entails higher safety factors than
the design for flexure due to the brittle nature of the shear failure
compared with the ductile flexural failure mode. In the shear stirrups
design of RC beams according to the ACI 318 Code [15], strict measures
are imposed to prevent shear failure and to ensure ductile failure mode
by specifying a low concrete shear strength reduction factor of 0.65,
limiting the maximum spacing between stirrups to one half the effective
depth (d/2), and the requiring a minimum area of shear stirrups in any
region with ultimate shear force exceeds one half the shear strength of
concrete. When a beam deteriorates or suffer damage, it must be re-
paired to upgrade its shear and/or flexural strength to the pertinent
standards. The usage of the structure may change leading to higher
applied loads. Also, removal of columns will result in higher shear and
moment forces in the beams. Moreover, flexural strengthening of RC
beams needs to be accompanied with shear strengthening to maintain a
ductile failure mode [16].
Performance of CFRP composites as an effective strengthening/re-
pair method depends largely on the quality of the bond with the con-
crete surface. Despite using a special adhesive according to the manu-
factures’ recommendations, debonding problems are frequently
encountered, especially at the ends of the CFRP composites or near the
highly stresses/cracked regions [17–22]. Akroush et al. [23] evaluated
the adequacy of adopted bond reduction factor for regions of combined
normal and shear stresses through testing continuous RC beams
strengthened with CFRP sheets (U-wrapped). Azam et al. [24] in-
vestigated two types of cement-based systems: carbon fiber reinforced

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: l_amaireh@asu.edu.jo (L. Amaireh).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.10.009
Received 7 August 2019; Received in revised form 16 October 2019; Accepted 18 October 2019
2352-0124/ © 2019 Institution of Structural Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
L. Amaireh, et al.
polymer (CFRP) grid embedded in mortar and carbon fabric reinforced
cementitious mortar (CFRCM). Their results showed that the cement-
based systems (CFRP grid in mortar and CFRCM) perform better com-
pared to the epoxy-based system (CFRP sheet) in terms of shear capa-
city. The CFRP grid embedded in mortar was the most efficient system.
Zaki et al. [25] reported that the design and the arrangement of CFRP
anchors offer an effective solution against premature debonding failure.
Yu et al. [26] found that with decrease of CFRP strips spacing, the shear
capacity, the ultimate deflection and the bending stiffness of specimens
increase. Kim et al. [27] indicated that current design procedures for
external CFRP shear strengthening should be modified to account for
interactions between concrete, steel, and CFRP.
Accordingly, this study investigated the viability of utilizing CFRP
strips as an internal main or supplementary shear reinforcement in RC
beams. The intent is to eliminate the debonding and anchoring pro-
blems since no epoxy is needed and to alleviate potential congested
stirrups. Internal application of CFRP sheets does require an epoxy to
attach them, as they can be easily cut with a scissor to any width/length
and attach them to the main steel bars with ease. Then the CFRP strips
work integrally with the beam concrete and steel reinforcement as they
are confined by the concrete. Potential applications of this technology
may include: 1) supplemental shear reinforcement at the time of casting
the beams, especially when congested reinforcement and stirrups are
encountered such as in the beam-column joints of special moment
frames, 2) in beams that are exposed to high shear forces, and 3)
strengthening/repairing of damaged/deteriorated beams that require
jacketing; the new jacketing can be reinforced internally with CFRP
sheets.
2. Materials and methodology
2.1. Materials properties
The used concrete mixture was a conventional normal weight con-
crete mixture with Type I Portland cement. Table 1 shows the mixture
design proportions and main properties. The specimens were cured in
the laboratory for 28 days in a lime-saturated water. After which they
were stored in the laboratory until the testing date. With the used
water/cement ratio of 0.6, the slump was around 100 mm; thus no
plasticizers were added. The average 28-day compressive and splitting
tensile strengths were 32 MPa and 3.4 MPa, respectively. The used steel
bars were Grade 60 steel with yielding strength of 420 MPa. The used
carbon fiber type in this study is unidirectional in a form of tow sheet.
Its thickness is 0.165 mm and produced in a 500 mm wide rolls of
continuous fiber that can be cut into any appropriate lengths and width.
According to the carbon fiber supplier, the carbon fiber has the fol-
lowing characteristics: ultimate tensile strength of 4275 MPa, yielding
modulus of 228 GPa, and ultimate tensile strain capacity of 0.0168
(SikaWrap®-300C). It is important to note that the CFRP strips used in
this study are dry carbon fibers which are not composite materials (no
epoxy is used for impregnation or curing).
Table 1
Mixture design proportions and properties.
Ingredient Quantity
Cement, Type I 335 kg/m3
Water 200 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate, (S.G. = 2.65) 1000 kg/m3
Fine aggregate, (S.G. = 2.60) 850 kg/m3
Slump 100 mm
28-day Compressive strength, f′c 32 MPa
28-day Splitting tensile strength 3.4 MPa
14
Structures 23 (2020) 13–19
2.2. Fabrication of specimens
Eleven rectangular reinforced concrete beams were casted; one
control beam without CFRP strips and ten beams received different
number and configuration of CFRP strips. The beams had a cross section
of 100 × 150 mm and a total length of 1100 mm. The beams were re-
inforced with 2ϕ16 bottom bars and 2ϕ12 top bars. Only four ϕ8 stir-
rups were used in each beam just to hold the bottom and top bars in
place as shown in Fig. 1. The CFRP was cut in a 50 mm strips, which
were attached to the beams bottom and top bars within the shear span
of 300 mm from the face of the supports on both sides as shown in Fig. 2
(one to five strips). These strips configurations were applied as one
layer in a set of five beams and two layers in another set of five beams.
The control beam was designated as SB1 or SB2, which is the same
beam. The beams were designated to reflect the set, number of CFRP
strips, and number of layers of CFRP strips. For example, SB1-1S-1L
indicates a beam in the first set with one CFRP strip applied in one
layer, whereas SB2-3S-2L indicates a beam the second set with three
CFRP strips applied in two layers.
2.3. Test setup and instrumentation
All specimens were tested as simply supported in a four-point
loading configuration as shown in Fig. 2. The simply supported span
was 1000 mm and the shear span (a) was 300 mm. With an effective
cross-sectional depth (d) of 125 mm, the a/d ratio is 2.4 which is in-
tentionally selected in order to ensure that shear failure would occur in
the beams within the shear span [28]. The loading was applied using a
special actuator, servo-controlled using a special data acquisition
system. The mid span deflection was measured using linear variable
displacement transducer (LVDT). At one beam end, two strain gages
were attached to the central CFRP strip on both sides to collect the
strain values.
3. Results and discussion
In this section, the experimental results were discussed and com-
pared in terms of failure mode, load-deflection response, and perfor-
mance enhancements. It is imperative to note that the analysis and
discussion herein are valid for the size of the tested specimens and the
applied CFRP configuration. In other words, the results cannot be
generalized for all beams sizes and for other CFRP strips orientation or
number of layers.
3.1. Failure modes
The failure modes of the control beam as well as the beams with
CFRP strips are shown in Figs. 3–5. All failures were occurred within
the shear span as was intentionally designed with inclined failure
planes. This allows for a reasonable estimation of the contribution of
the CFRP strips to the shear strength of the concrete. Formation of web-
shear cracks was observed during loading; the number as well as widths
and lengths of the web shear cracks increased as the loading increased.
At ultimate, a sudden crushing within the shear span was observed after
the development of major multiple web-shear cracks. The loads at
which concrete crushing occurred was different reflecting the con-
tribution and effectiveness of the CFRP strips in providing shear re-
sistance. In some occasions, at failure, a significant portion of the
concrete shattered from the shear span exposing the CFRP strips which
also showed some rupturing as can be seen in Figs. 4 and 5. The shear
regions from both beam ends are experiencing almost to similar shear
stressed. Shear failure is sudden in nature and once happens, it causes
large inclined cracks accompanied by loud sound. This typically occurs
at either one of the beam ends due to very slight variation in the beam
or loading after deflection. Compared with the control beam, the shear
span experienced less intense shear cracks with the inner core remained
L. Amaireh, et al. Structures 23 (2020) 13–19

Fig. 1. Specimens dimensions, reinforcement, test setup, and instrumentations.

Fig. 2. Attachment of the CFRP strips to the beam reinforcement (strip width = 50 mm).

Fig. 3. Failure mode of the control specimen without CFRP strips.

15
L. Amaireh, et al.
Fig. 4. Failure modes of the specimens with one layer of CFRP strips.
nearly intact. This is attributed to alleviation of the intensity of the web-
shear stresses and consequent cracking by the CFRP strips that parti-
cipated in resisting the induced stresses.
3.2. Load-deflection response
Figs. 6 and 7 show the load-deflection curves for all beams. The
load-deflection curves have no post-peak branch since they designed
and tested to fail in shear and shear failure is sudden in nature (brittle).
Comparing the results of the specimens inserted with CFRP strips with
the control beam clearly indicates that the CFRP strips improved the
stiffness of the beams, increased the ultimate strength, and increased
the ultimate deflection. These enhancements are more pronounced non-
proportionally as the number of CFRP strips increased. Also, for similar
16
Structures 23 (2020) 13–19
Fig. 5. Failure modes of the specimens with two layers of CFRP strips.
number of CFRP strips, the use of two layers showed higher stiffness as
well as higher ultimate strength and ultimate deflection. It is worth
mentioning that SB1 and SB2 refer to the same control beam.
Table 2 compares the ultimate strength and ultimate deflection of
each beam with respect to the control beam. For the beams with one
layer of CFRP strips, integration of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 CFRP strips im-
proved the ultimate strength by 31%, 41%, 63%, 77%, and 89%, re-
spectively. The corresponding increase in the ultimate deflection was
6%, 9%, 19%, 28%, and 33%. For the beams with two layers of CFRP
strips, integration of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 CFRP strips improved the ultimate
strength by 40%, 59%, 73%, 87%, and 105%, respectively. The corre-
sponding increase in the ultimate deflection was 15%, 21%, 30%, 36%,
and 42%. These results are very promising and indicate that the use of
CFRP strips is very effective in increasing the shear strength of
L. Amaireh, et al. Structures 23 (2020) 13–19

participating in the same efficiency as the first layer. In shear

strengthening using externally bonded CFRP strips, the use of two
layers of CFRP strips does not yield twice the enhancement provided by
one CFRP strip. This is in agreement with the obtained results herein
[29]. However, internal CFRP strengthening results in higher efficiency
when using more than one CFRP layer since it eliminates debonding
between the concrete and first CFRP layer typically experienced in
external strengthening.

3.3. Contribution of the CFRP strips to the shear strength

Fig. 6. Load-deflection curves for the control beam and the beams with one
layer of CFRP strips.
Fig. 7. Load-deflection curves for the control beam and the beams with two
layers of CFRP strips.
reinforced concrete beams. For example, with one CFRP strip (one
layer) that is 50 mm wide, the shear strength was significantly im-
proved by about 30%. Inspection of the results reveals that the second
layer of CFRP strips was not as effective as the first layer for all cases;
i.e. the use of two CFRP strips (SB1-2S-1L) next to each other within the
shear span is better than using two CFRP strips at the same location in
two layers (SB2-1S-2L). This could be attributed to the increased
thickness of the CFRP strips, in which the second layer is no
The contribution of the CFRP strips to the shear strength was esti-
mated by subtracting the strength of the control beam from the strength
of the beams with CFRP strips as shown in Table 2. This estimation is
reasonable since all of the beams were cast with similar concrete mix-
ture and similar steel reinforcement as well as they were fabricated and
tested in a similar manner by the same research team. Inspection of
Table 2 reveals that the strengthened beams with one layer of one CFRP
strip, two CFRP strips, three CFRP strips, four CFRP strips, and five
CFRP strips (Fully) had an enhancement of 31%, 41%, 63%, 77%, and
89%, respectively, with respect to control beam (un-strengthened).
While, the enhancement of strengthened beams with two layers of one
CFRP strip, two CFRP strips, three CFRP strips, four CFRP strips, and
five CFRP strips (Fully) is 40%, 59%, 73%, 87%, and 105%, respec-
tively, with respect to control beam (un-strengthened). Also shown in
Table 2 is the measured average strain at ultimate (the average of the
two strain gages attached to the central CFRP strip on both sides). In the
set of beams with one layer of CFRP strips, the highest measured strain
of 0.003948 was achieved in SB1-1S-1L, which is only 24% of the
tensile strain capacity of the CFRP strips. The measured strain values at
ultimate decreased as the number of CFRP strips increased reaching the
lowest value in SB1-1S-5L of 0.002623. In the set of beams with two
layers of CFRP strips, the highest measured strain was achieved in SB2-
1S-2L, which was 0.003637. With similar trend as in the first set of
beams, the measured strain values at ultimate decreased as the number
of CFRP strips was increased reaching the lowest value in SB2-2S-5L of
0.002501. The measured strains indicate that the beams experienced
shear failure way before reaching the ultimate tensile strain capacity of
the CFRP strips (0.0168), which is confirmed through the observed
failure in which the CFRP strips remained intact without rupture. Only
in few occasions, slight portion of the CFRP strip was ruptured. This
indicates that for larger beam cross-section and consequent larger shear
strength capacity of a reinforced concrete beam, the CFRP strips can
provide much larger contribution. In general, the intensity of the shear
cracks at failure were higher as the load carrying capacity increased,
which can be attributed to the sudden release of the higher stored en-
ergy. It is imperative to note that in some specimens, multiplying the
measured strains by the yield modulus of the CFRP strip and then by the
area of the CFRP strips results in strength values very close to the

Table 2
Test results.
Specimen Pu, kN Δu, mm εf, με Vf, kN Stiffness, kN/mm Toughness, kN.mm

SB1/SB2 (control) 46.7 (1) 5.46 (1) — — 8.9 130.8

SB1-1S-1L 61.1 (1.31) 5.79 (1.06) 3948 14.4 10.2 172.1
SB1-2S-1L 65.9 (1.41) 5.96 (1.09) 3450 19.2 11.0 192.5
SB1-3S-1L 76.1 (1.63) 6.51 (1.19) 3064 29.4 11.5 238.5
SB1-4S-1L 82.5 (1.77) 7.00 (1.28) 2853 35.8 11.8 294.4
SB1-5S(F)-1L 88.1 (1.89) 7.26 (1.33) 2623 41.4 12.0 327.3
SB2-1S-2L 65.3 (1.40) 6.26 (1.15) 3637 18.6 10.5 209.5
SB2-2S-2L 74.1 (1.59) 6.63 (1.21) 3335 27.4 11.4 248.8
SB2-3S-2L 80.8 (1.73) 7.09 (1.30) 2912 34.1 11.6 297.4
SB2-4S-2L 87.1 (1.87) 7.40 (1.36) 2626 40.4 11.9 321.9
SB2-5S(F)-2L 95.8 (2.05) 7.75 (1.42) 2501 49.1 12.1 375.1

Note: The values between parentheses are normalized with respect to the control, Pu: Ultimate Load, Δu: Ultimate deflection, Vf = CFRP Strips Contribution,
εf = CFRP strain.

17
L. Amaireh, et al. Structures 23 (2020) 13–19

obtained strength in Table 2 for the contribution of the CFRP to the

shear strength. For example, referring to Table 2, for SB1-1S-1L, if the
CFRP thickness (0.165 mm) is multiplied by the strip width
(2 × 50 mm) multiplied by the yield modulus (228,000 MPa) multi-
plied by the measured tensile strain at failure (3948 × 10−6), the re-
sulting contribution of the CFRP to the shear strength (Vf) would be
14.85 kN, which is very close to the obtained 14.4 kN. However, this
high agreement was not achieved for all other specimens. At this stage
and relying only on the results of this study, it is no reasonable to
propose a formula for estimating the contribution of internally in-
tegrated CFRP strips to the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams.
Such formula can be soundly developed when supporting results from
additional research studies are becoming available considering addi-
tional key factors such as the concrete strength, presence of stirrups,
and beam size.

3.4. Evaluation of performance

The ultimate load and serviceability limit states can be defined, in
this case, as the ultimate load capacity and the corresponding deflection
of an undamaged control RC beam. The terms deformability factor (DF)
and strength factor (SF) can then be defined as the deflection and ul-
timate load capacity, respectively, of the strengthened beam compared
with the control beam. The overall structural performance of the re-
paired composite beam can thus be evaluated by a performance factor
(PF), defined as DF multiplied by SF. While, the terms stiffness factor
(STF) and toughness factor (TF) can then be defined as the stiffness and
the toughness, respectively, of the strengthened beam compared with
the control beam. Therefore, the effect of CFRP composite materials is
evaluated by the SF, DF, STF, PF, and TF for different strengthened RC
as shown in Fig. 8. Based on Fig. 8 the PF, STF, and TF increased with
the increase of area of CFRP (decreasing of the CFRP spacing). The
normalized values for PF, STF, and TF were (1.39, 1.15, 1.32), (1.54,
1.23, 1.47), (1.95, 1.29, 1.82), (2.26, 1.32, 2.25), and (2.51, 1.34, 2.50)
for one layer CFRP strip number of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 (fully), respectively.
While, two layers of CFRP had normalized values for PF, STF, and TF of
(1.60, 1.18, 1.60), (1.93, 1.28, 1.90), (2.25, 1.30, 2.27), (2.53, 1.34,
2.46), and (2.91, 1.36, 2.87) for CFRP strip number of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
(fully), respectively. It is also indicated that the beams strengthened
with 5 CFRP strips (fully) are the most efficient technique than those
strengthened with CFRP strips on web.
3.5. Profitability index of the CFRP strips number
To evaluate the efficiency of various CFRP composites strengthening
techniques in terms of the amount of CFRP consumed, profitability
indices were computed. The profitability index is defined as the ratio of
Fig. 9. Profitability index of CFRP strips.
CFRP contribution to the shear capacity to the total CFRP bonded shear
area within the shear span of strengthened beams [30]. Fig. 9 shows the
profitability indices for the different strengthening techniques. For ex-
ample, beam SB1-1S-1L experienced Pu = 61.1 kN, which is 14.4 kN
addition to the beam shear strength compared with the control beam
(Pu = 46.7 kN). Given that the shear area of a CFRP strip from one size
in beam SB1-1S-1L is 50 × 110 = 5500 mm2, then the Profitability
Index is equal to 14.4 × 103/5500 mm2 = 2.62. Inspection of Fig. 9
reveals that the profitability index values were 2.62, 1.75, 1.78, 1.63,
and 1.51 MPa for one layer CFRP strip number 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 (fully),
respectively. For two layers of CFRP strip number 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
(fully), the profitability index values were 3.38, 2.49, 2.07, 1.84, and
1.79 MPa, respectively. These results show that the two layers of CFRP
had stronger impact on profitability index than one layer CFRP strip
with an average value of 1.23.
4. Conclusions
The following conclusions are drawn based on the findings of this
study:
1. Integration of CFRP strips as an internal shear reinforcement in re-
inforced concrete beams can be conducted with ease, which elim-
inates the need for bonding epoxy or anchoring systems. The CFRP
strips can be cut to any width and attached to the top and bottom
steel using regular tape; care must be taken during casting of the
concrete to avoid dispositioning the CFRP strips.

Fig. 8. Normalized characteristic factors with respect to control beam SB.

18
L. Amaireh, et al.
2. The loads at which the beams experienced sudden shear failure after
formation of major web-shear cracks was different reflecting the
shear resistance provided by the CFRP strips; the failure load was
higher as the number of CFRP strips increased.
3. The CFRP strips significantly improved the ultimate strength of the
beams as well as the ultimate deflection and stiffness. The en-
hancement was more as CFRP strips area increased, but not pro-
portional (i.e., the enhancement in the ultimate shear strength
provided by a given CFRP strips area was less than twice the ulti-
mate shear strength provided by half of that area.
4. Use of two CFRP strips next to each other showed more enhance-
ment than using two CFRP strips at the same location as two layers.
5. The beams experienced shear failure way before reaching the ulti-
mate strain capacity of the CFRP strips indicating that for larger
beam cross-sections, the CFRP strips can provide much larger con-
tribution.
6. The results of the pioneering study supported with future research in
this area would allow for developing a formula for reasonable esti-
mation of the shear strength provided by internally integrated CFRP
strips in reinforced concrete beams taking into consideration the
influence of concrete strength, presence of stirrups, and beam size.
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