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Need for advanced WWT
y The need to remove organic matters & TSS beyond
secondary treatment
y The need to remove nutrients (N & P)
y The need to remove specific inorganic (e.g. heavy
metals) and specific organic
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Technology used for advanced treatment
Residual constituents Depth Surface Micro & ultra
filtration filtration filtration
Inorganic and SS √ √ √
organic colloidal Colloidal solids √ √ √
& suspended
solid Organic mater
(particulate)
Dissolved Total org. carbon
organic matter Refractory organics
Volatile org. compounds
Dissolved Ammonia
inorganic matter Nitrate
Phosphorous √
TDS
Biological Bacteria √
Protozoa √ √
Viruses
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Filtration
Suspended material
to be filtered
Support for
membrane
Granular filter Filter membrane
medium (e.g. cloth, wire screen
or synthetic membrane)
DEPTH FILTRATION SURFACE FILTRATION
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Filtration
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6845/fig_tab/412387a0_F2.html
Filtration
Slow sand
Lab. filter Microfiltration
filtration
Rapid Diatomaceous
Ultrafiltration
filtration earth filtration
Intermittent Cloth/Screen
Nanofiltration
filtration filtration
Recirculating Reverse
filtration osmosis
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Slow Sand Filter
Filtration rate (GPM/ft2) 0.015-0.15
Pros Reliable. Minimum operation and
maintenance requirements. Usually
does not require chemical
pretreatment.
Cons Large land area required. Need to
manually clean filters.
Filter Media Sand.
Gravity or Pressure? Gravity.
Filtration Mechanism Biological action
action, straining
straining, and
adsorption.
Cleaning Method Manually removing the top 2 inches of
sand.
Common Applications Small groundwater systems.
Slow sand filtration
http://water.me.vccs.edu/concepts/filters.html
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Rapid Sand Filter
Filtration rate (GPM/ft2) 0.2-0.3
Pros Relatively small and compact.
Rapid Sand Filtration
http://water.me.vccs.edu/concepts/filters.html
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Diatomaceous earth filtration
DE filter process starts by drawing water through a retaining screen (fig 1).
DE is added to the water and is recycled as it forms an even coating on the
retaining screen (fig 2). Once coated, the filtering process begins (fig 3).
As filtering proceeds, more DE is added (fig 4 ‐ body feed) to extend the
filter's life.
www.wastewater‐recycling.com/DE%20Filters.html
Diatomaceous Earth (DE) Filtration
http://www.optek.com/Application_Note/Fruit_Juices/English/1/Diatomaceous_Earth_(DE)_Filtration_Control_&_Monitoring.asp
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Cloth/Screen filtration
TURBO EDGE FILTER AUTOMATIC BACKFLUSHING FILTER
www.clearsep.com/products.htm
Membrane Filtration Process
http://www.lenntech.com/membrane‐technology.htm
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Membrane Filtration Process
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Microfiltration
Memcor CMF‐S submerged continuous microfiltration cells are integral
to the system. The racks hold the membrane bundles in direct contact
with the feedwater.
http://www.water‐technology.net/projects/kwinana/kwinana3.html
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Ultrafiltration
Figure a: Cross section of the Figure b: Ultrafiltration
ultrafiltration module showing flow modules arrayed in parallel on a
direction. manifold. Photo Courtesy of
Cirent Semiconductor
http://www.micromagazine.com/archive/99/03/browne.html
Nanofiltration
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Reverse osmosis
http://www.aquatechnology.net/aropix1.jpg
Reverse
osmosis
Diagram of a Reverse Osmosis Membrane
http://www.espwaterproducts.com/about_reverse_osmosis.htm
Used water treatment
equipment ‐ used reverse
osmosis filter
http://www.machineryandequipment.com/featured/used_water_treatment_equipment.html
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Electrodialysis
Figure 1. Left side demonstrates a standard electrolysis process. Right
side demonstrates the same process when ion‐selective membranes are
inserted.
CEM = cation‐exchange membrane. AEM = anion‐exchange
membrane.
www.jurag.dk/electrodialysis.html
Electrodialysis
Figure 2. Principle of simple electrodialysis process. Diagram shows
the membrane configuration with alternating cation‐selective (1)and
anion‐selective (2) membranes between two electrodes ((3) and (4)),
one at each end of the stack.
www.jurag.dk/electrodialysis.html
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Electrodialysis
Electrodialysis unit for desalting and concentration.
www.elektrolyse.nl/Elektrodialyseeng.html
Adsorption
y Adsorption is the selective collection and
concentration onto solid surfaces of particular types of
molecules contained in a liquid or a gas.
y Komponen dasar adsorpsi:
y Adsorbent: bahan penjerap
y Adsorbate: bahan yang dijerap: oils, surfactants,
phenols, chlorides, pigments, organic solvents, BTX, etc.
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Adsorber
Proses Adsorpsi
Pore transport: Film diffusion
‐Pore diffusion transport
‐Surface diffusion Bulk solution
Adsorption transport
Bulk liquid
Adsorbent
structure Stagnant
Liquid film
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Adsorbent
y Jenis adsorbent:
y Activated carbon Æ banyak dipakai utk pengolahan
limbah krn murah
y Synthetic polymer
y Silica‐based adsorbent (zeolite)
Jenis karbon aktif
y Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) ‐ irregular shaped
ti l ith i i f t Thi t i
particles with sizes ranging from 0.2 to 5 mm. This type is
used in both liquid and gas phase applications. (700‐1300
m2/g)
y Powder Activated Carbon (PAC) ‐ pulverized carbon with
a size predominantly less than 0.18mm (US Mesh 80).
These are mainly used in liquid phase applications and for
flue gas treatment.
y Pelleted Activated Carbon ‐ extruded and cylindrical
shaped with diameters from 0.8 to 5 mm. These are mainly
used for gas phase applications because of their low
pressure drop, high mechanical strength and low dust
content. (800‐1800 m2/g)
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FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCTION
http://home.att.net/~africantech/GhIE/ActCarbon_image002.gif
Carbon regeneration and reactivation
Reaktivasi: pada dasarnya sama denga proses
p y g p
aktivasi dari bahan baku karbon aktif.
Proses yang dipakai:
1. Karbon dipanaskan untuk mengusir bahan organik
teradsorpsi
2. Pada proses di atas senyawa baru bisa terbentuk di
permukaan karbon
3. Pembakaran senyawa yang terbentuk di atas.
Dengan pengontrolan yang baik, kapasitas adsorpsi
bisa dikembalikan seperti semula
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Carbon regeneration and reactivation
Regenerasi: proses untuk memulihkan kembali
kapasitas adsorpsi dari karbon aktif yang telah
terpakai.
Proses yang dipakai:
y Bahan kimia untuk mengoksidasi bahan teradsorpsi
y Kukus (steam) utk mengusir bahan teradsorpsi
y Pelarut utk melarutkan bahan teradsorpsi
y Proses konversi biologis
4‐10% kapasitas adsorpsi hilang dlm regenerasi
Gas Stripping
y Stripping: transfer massa dari fase cair ke fase gas
y Gas terlarut dalam air limbah yang bisa dihilangkan
dengan stripping:
y Ammonia (NH3)
y Gas penyebab bau
y VOC (volatile organic compound)
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Gas Stripping
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Air_Stripper_for_Wikipedia.png
Packings
y Packings are passive devices designed to increase the interfacial
area for vapour‐liquid contact.
y They do not cause excessive pressure‐drop across a packed section,
hi h i i t t b hi h d ld th t
which is important because a high pressure drop would mean that
more energy is required to drive the vapour up the distillation
column.
y Packed columns are called continuous‐contact columns while
trayed columns are called staged‐contact columns because of the
manner in which vapour and liquid are contacted.
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Ion Exchange
y Ion exchange is a reversible chemical reaction wherein
an ion from solution is exchanged for a similarly
charged ion attached to an immobile solid particle.
y Aplikasi:
y Penghilangan kesadahan air
y Dalam pengolahan limbah: penghilangan nitrogen,
logam berat dan TDS.
Ion Exchange
http://www.all‐science‐fair‐projects.com/science_fair_projects/38/432/d8e075dc5cb1d885dc4b00ddb5e73eb7.html
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ION EXCHANGE
http://www.remco.com/ix.htm
Pengolahan dengan reaksi kimia
1. Reaction to produce an insoluble solid.
p
2. Reaction to produce an insoluble gas.
3. Reduction of surface charge to produce coagulation of a
colloidal suspension.
4. Reaction to produce a biologically degradable substance
from a nonbiodegradable substance.
5. Reaction to destroy or otherwise deactivate a chelating
agent.
6. Oxidation or reduction to produce a nonobjectionable
substance or a substance that can be removed more easily
by one of the previous methods.
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Reaction to produce an insoluble solid
y Terutama untuk penghilangan logam‐logam berat
Terutama untuk penghilangan logam logam berat
yang terlarut
y Kelarutan garam logam dlm air terbatas Æ ion‐ion
logam direaksikan untuk membentuk garam‐garam
yang bisa diendapkan: hidroksida, sulfida, karbonat
dll
Precipitation
of heavy
metals as
hydroxides.
(From
Lanouette,
1977.)
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Schematic of suggested model for design of facility for removal
by forming an insoluble substance.
Chemical Substances
Commonly Used for
Industrial Wastewater
Treatment by Removal
of Target
Pollutants as a
Precipitate
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Reaction to produce an insoluble gas
Bahan kimia yang bisa ditambahkan untuk membentuk gas
tidak terlarut
Alkaline Chlorination of
Cyanide
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