SS RS EE TK NE OR Lg NOL ee CY ee 16.8 COMPRESSED GAS STORAGI VENTILATION Gas Cylinder Closets ‘Most laboratory buildings require storage closets for cylinders of compressed gases, which may be inert, flammable, toxic, corrosive, ‘or poisonous. The requirements for storage and ventilation are covered in building codes and NFPA. standards and codes. Water sprinklers are usually required, but other types of fire suppression ‘may be needed based on the gases stored, Explosion containment requires separate structural study, and closets generally require an outer wall for venting. One design used by a large chemical manu- facturer to house gases with explosion potential specifies a com- pletely welded 6 mm stee! inner liner for the closet, heavy-duty door latches designed to hold under the force of an intemal explosion, and venting out the top of the closet. Closet temperature should not exceed 52°C per NFPA Standard ‘58, Ventilation for cylinder storage is established in NFPA Standard 55 ata minimum of 5 L(sm2). Ventilation rates can be calculated bby determining both the amount of gas that could be released by complete failure of the eylinder outlet piping connection and the time the release would take, and then finding the dilution airflow required to reduce any hazard below the maximum allowable limit, ‘Ventilation air is usually exhausted from the closet; makeup air ‘comes from the surrounding space through openings in and around the door or through a transfer duet, That makeup ait must be con- sidered forthe building air balance. Ventilation for a closet contain- ing materials with explosion potential must be carefully designed, with safety considerations taken into account. See NEPA Standard 68 for information on explosion venting, Cylinder closet exhausts should be connected through a separate duct system to a dedicated exhaust fan or to a manifold system in ‘which constant volume can be maintained under any possible man- ifold condition, A standby source of emergency power should be considered for the exhaust system fans). Gas Cylinder Cabinets Compressed gases that present a physical or health hazard are often placed in premanufactured gas cylinder cabinets. Gas eylinder cabinets are available for single-, dual-, or triple-cylinder configura tions and are commonly equipped with valve manifolds, fire sprin- klers, exhaust connections, access openings, and operational and safety controls, The engineer must fully understand safety, material, ‘and purity requirements associated with specific compressed gases ‘when designing and selecting cylinder cabinets and the components ‘that make up the compressed gas handling system. Exhaust from the gas eylinder cabinets is provided at a high rate. ‘Air is drawn into the gas cylinder cabinet from the surrounding space through a filtered opening, usually on the lower front of the cylinder cabinet. Depending on the specific gas stored in the cabi- nef, the exhaust system may require emission control equipment and a source of emergency power. 3. LABORATORY VENTILATION The total airflow rate for a laboratory is dictated by one of the following: + Total amount of exhaust from containment and exhaust devices + Cooling required to offset internal heat gains + Minimum ventilation rate requirements + Airflow required to maintain pressure relationships Fume hood exhaust requirements (including evaluation of alter- nae sash configurations as described in the section on Fume Hoods) must be determined in consultation with the safety officers. The HVAC enginger must determine the expected heat gains from the 2015 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications (SI) laboratory equipment afler consulting with the laboratory staff (see the section on Internal Thermal Considerations). ‘Minimum ventilation rates should be established that provide a safe and healthy environment under normal and expected operating conditions. The dilution ventilation provided by this airflow is no Substitute for the containment performance of a laboratory fume hood or other primary containment device regardless of the room ventilation rate. The appropriate ventilation rate for clearing a room of fugitive emissions or spills varies significantly based on the amount of release, the chemical’s evaporation rate and hazard level, and ventilation system effectiveness. Fixed minimum airflow rates of 4 to 12 alr changes per hour (ach) when the space is occupied have been used in the past. Recent university research (Klein et al, 2009) has shown a significant increase in dilution and clearing performance by increasing the air ‘change tate from 6 to § ach with diminishing returns above 12 ach, Similarly, CFD research (Schuyler 2009) found that increasing the lab’s dilution ventilation rate from 4 to 8 ach reduced the back ground contaminant level by greater than a factor of 10. This indi- cates that minimum ventilation rates at the lower end of the 4 t0 12 ach range may not be appropriate forall laboratories, Minimum. ventilation rates should he established on a room-by-toom basis considering the hazard level of materials expected to be used in the room and the operation and procedures to be performed. As the ‘operation, materials, and hazard level of a room change, evaluate increasing or decreasing the minimum ventilation rate, Active sensing of air quality in individual laboratories (Sharp 2010) is an altemative approach for dealing with the variability of appropriate ventilation rates, particularly when energy efficiency is important or when less may be known about the hazard level, With this approach, the minimum airflow rate is varied based on sensing, the laboratory's actual air quality level or air cleanliness. Sensors used to determine air quality should be evaluated for their ability to detect chemicals being used in the space. When air contaminants are sensed in the laboratory above a given threshold, the minimum air ‘change rate is increased proportionally to an appropriate level to purge the room. When the air is clean and contaminants are below the threshold, lower minimum airflow rates may be appropriate Extensive studies of lab room environmental conditions (Sharp 2010) have shown thatthe air in labs is typically clean aver 98% of | the time, ‘The maximum airflow rate forthe laboratory should be reviewed to ensure that supply air delivery methods are appropriate and that supply airflows do not impede performance of the exhaust devices, Laboratory ventilation systems can be arranged for either constant- volume or variable-volume airflow. The specific type should be se- lected with the research staff, safety officers, and maintenance per- sonnel, Special attention should be given to unique areas such as lass washing areas, hot and cold environmental rooms and labs, fer- mentation rooms, and cage washing rooms. Emergeney power sys- tems to operate the laboratory ventilation equipment should be considered based on hazard assessment or other specific requite- ments. Ensure that an adequate amount of makeup air is available \Whenever exhaust fans are operated on emergency power. Additional selection criteria are described in the sections on Hazard Assessment ‘and Operation and Maintenance. Usage Factor When considering an overall facility, all laboratory personnel, scientific equipment, and exhaust devices are seldom, if ever, pres> cent or in use simultaneously. Accordingly, the system designer should consider the impact of nonsimultaneous use on the sizing and selection of building systems, Many factors influence usage factors, including + Type and size of facility