CARNOT CYCLE

The Most Efficient Ever But Ideal

 GROUP MEMBERS:

 MUHAMMAD OMER (2015-EE-468)

 WALEED TARIQ (2015-EE-406)
 ZAIN-UL-ABIDIN (2015-EE-456)
 RIDA FATIMA (2015-EE-462)
 USAMA BUTT (2015-EE-492)
 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 ASSUMPTIONS
 P-V DIAGRAM
 EFFICIENCY
 LIMITATIONS
 CONCLUSIONS
 INTRODUCTION
 The most powerful and efficient heat cycle
consisting of two isothermal and two
adiabatic processes.
 This actually is the idealization because in
order to approach it’s efficiency the
processes involved must be reversible and
involves no change in entropy.
 A system undergoing carnot cycle is called
“Carnot Engine”.
 HISTORY
 Proposed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in
1824.
 He was a French Engineer.
1796-1832
 Founder of the science of thermodynamics.
 First
one to recognize the relationship
between work and heat.
 COMMON ASSUMPTIONS OF CARNOT
CYCLE
 Isothermalexpansions and compressions
are considered quasi-equilibrium.
 Noheat losses in pipes and other
components.
 Thecycles do not have any friction. Thus,
no pressure drops in the working fluid.
 Changes in kinetic and potential energies
are negligible.
P-V DIAGRAM
Processes:-
 Isothermal Expansion
(1-2)
 Adiabatic Expansion
(2-3)
 Isothermal
Compression
(3-4)
 Adiabatic
Compression
(4-1)
4 STEPS
OF
CARNOT
CYCLE
 ELABORATION
 Thefig. shows the schematic and
accompanying P-V diagram of a carnot cycle
executed by water steadily circulating
through a simple vapor power plant.
 Thesteam exiting the boiler expands
adiabatically through the turbine and the
work is developed . The steam temperature
decreases from TH To TL.
 Two
phases mixture flows through condenser
where heat rejection occurs at constant
temperature TL.
 ELABORATION
 Themixture (liquid-vapour) enters the
pump (or compressor) and its pressure
increases.This is an adiabatic process and
requires input work.
 Thesaturated liquid at high temperature
enters the boiler,where change of phase
occurs at constant temperature TH.
 CARNOT THEOREM

• No real engine can be more efficient than

a Carnot Engine operating between same
two reservoirs.

• All Carnot Engines operating between

reservoirs at the same temperature have
the same efficiency.
PROOF OF CARNOT THEOREM
 An impossible situation.
A heat engine cannot drive a less efficient
heat engine.
 Voilation of 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.
 If ŋM > ŋL, then the net heat flow would be
backwards, i.e., into the hot reservoir.
 PROOF OF CARNOT THEOREM FOR:
 Reversible Engines :

“ All reversible engines that operate between

the same two heat reservoirs have the same
efficiency.”

 Irreversible Engines:
“ No irreversible engine is more efficient
than the Carnot engine operating between the
same two reservoirs.”
 EFFICIENCY OF CARNOT CYCLE
 Thermal efficiency of the Carnot cycle can
be calculated from:
th=1-(QL/QH)=1-(TL/TH).
So called the Carnot efficiency.
 Thehigher the temperature of the low-
temperature sink, the more difficult for a
heat engine to transfer heat into it.Thus,
lower thermal efficiency also.
 LIMITATIONS OF CARNOT CYCLE
 The isentropic process 1-2 is practically not
achievable,as it is difficult to handle two
phase system.

 Ifthe steam quality is poor then process

3-4 is difficult to carry out.
 CONCLUSIONS
 Wecan say that Carnot Engine is one of the
most efficient one but it’s ideal one.
 Letassume for a moment that it’s not an
ideal cycle then what would happen??
Ithink there will be no other engines
Because after this gorgeous thing there is
no need   