VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590018

A
Project Report
On
“MOVIE RECOMMENDER SYSTEM USING MACHINE
LEARNING”

Submitted in partial fulfillment required for award of the Graduation Degree

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Information Science and Engineering

Submitted by
Jones G 1HK16IS116
Zahra Fathima 1HK16IS110
Uzma Farheen 1HK16IS107
Zaiba Afreen 1HK16IS111

Under the guidance of

Prof. Devi Sivasankari
Associate Professor,
Department of Information Science & Engineering

2019-2020

Department of Information Science & Engineering

HKBK COLLEGE of ENGINEERING
(Accredited by NAAC,Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to VTU)
22/1, Nagawara, Arabic College Post, Bangalore-45, Karnataka
Email: info@hkbk.edu.in URL: www.hkbk.edu.in

I
 HKBK COLLEGE of ENGINEERING
Nagawara,Bangalore–560045
Accredited by NAAC,Approved by AICTE & Affiliated toVTU

Department of Information Science and Engineering

Certificate
Certified that the Project Work entitled “Movie Recommender System Using
Machine Learning”, carried out by Jones G (1HK16IS116), Zahra Fathima
(1HK16IS110), Uzma Farheen (1HK16IS107), and Zaiba Afreen (1HK16IS111)
are bonafide students of HKBK COLLEGE of ENGINEERING, in partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Information Science and
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the
year 2019–20. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of 15ISP85–Evaluation of Project Work and Viva-voce prescribed for the
said Degree.

Prof. Devi Sivasankari Dr. A Syed Mustafa Dr. M S Bhagyashekar

Guide HOD Principal

Prof. Naseela Jehan Prof. Devi Sivasankari

Co-Guide Coordinator

External Viva
Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express my regards and acknowledgement to all who helped me in

completing this project successfully.

First of all we would take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to the
personalities of HKBK College of Engineering, Mr. C M Ibrahim, Chairman, HKBKGI and
Mr. Faiz Mohammed, Director, HKBKGI for providing facilities throughout the course.

We express my sincere gratitude to Dr. M S Bhagyashekar, Principal, HKBCE for his

support and which inspired us towards the attainment of knowledge.

We consider it as great privilege to convey our sincere regards to Dr. A Syed Mustafa,
Professor and HOD, Department of ISE, HKBKCE for his constant encouragement
throughout the course of the project.

We would specially like to thank our guide, Prof. Devi Sivasankari, Associate Professor,
Department of ISE for his vigilant supervision and his constant encouragement. He spent his
precious time in reviewing the project work and provided many insightful comments and
constructive criticism.

Finally, We thank Almighty, all the staff members of ISE Department, our family members
and friends for their constant support and encouragement in carrying out the project work.

Jones G 1HK16IS116

Zahra Fathima 1HK16IS110

Uzma Farheen 1HK16IS107

Zaiba Afreen 1HK16IS111

III
 ABSTRACT

The Movie Recommender system for deep learning-based movie recommender systems,
DeepMovRS, is proposed. The framework proposed accepts different various heterogeneous inputs
from user and movie entities, and their knowledge to external and implicit feedbacks. In order to
ensure the unified deep architecture of the framework, so that it is easier for retrieving and ranking
movies, it uses suitable machine learning tools to improve the quality of recommendations. The
proposed framework has an additional feature which is flexible and modular, and it can be
generalized and distributed easily, and hence it turns out to be a rational choice for the
recommendation of movies for movie recommender systems. And this can further be extended for
other entities.

IV
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v-vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 01-02

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objectives 2

CHAPTER 2 Literature Survey 03-06

2.1 Literature Survey 3
2.2 Problem Statement 5
2.3 Existing System 5
2.4 Proposed System 6

CHAPTER 3 Requirements 07-10

3.1 Software Requirements 07
3.2 Hardware Requirements 07
3.3 Specific Requirements 07
3.4 Functional Requirements 07
3.5 Non-Functional Requirements 08
3.6 Safety and Security Requirements 08

3.7 Software Quality Attributes 09

CHAPTER 4 System Design 11-14

4.1 Introduction 11
4.2 Existing System 11
4.3 Proposed System 12
4.4 System Architecture 13
4.5 Data Flow Diagram 13
4.6 Sequence Diagram 14
4.7 Use Case Diagram 14

V
CHAPTER 5 Implementation 15-20
5.1 Introduction 15
5.2 Software Implementation 16

CHAPTER 6 System Testing 21-25

6.1 Test Objective 21
6.2 Testing Principle 21
6.3 Testing Design 21
6.4 Testing Strategies 22
6.5 Testing Methodology 23
CHAPTER 7 Snapshots 26-30
7.1 Experiment Analysis 26
7.2 Software Interfaces 26

Conclusion 31

Literature survey and Implementation paper 32

References 36

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Figure name Page
No. No.
4.1 System Architecture 1
4.2 Data Flow Diagram 4
4.3 Sequence Diagram 5
4.4 Use Case Diagram 6
5. Fast Search OCR 7
7.1 Home Page 7
7.2 Movies Page 16
7.3 Sign Up Page 18
7.4 Login Page 20
7.5 Detail Description 21
7.6 Recommendations 22
7.7 Movies Database 23
7.8 User Database 24
7.9 Ratings 26

VII
Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Introduction

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

This system is mainly for the secure recommendation purpose and used for the movie
freaks against tedious processes in searching. The first step in this system is to login to check
whether the user has been verified or not , the recommendation will not start unless the user logs
in and has at least a single rating.
In the movie recommendation it the system application has two entities: users and items. This
paper focuses on the movie recommender systems which are the core usage functionalities of
websites and e-commerce applications, i.e. items=movies. In order to overcome the drawbacks,
such as scalability, sparsity and cold-start problems. Although this framework is intended for
movie recommender systems, it can be easily extended to other domains such as hospital
recommendation system. In such movie recommender systems, users have preferences for
certain items, and these preferences must be obtained from the data [8]. And the one main
difficulty is in focal point of designing features (e.g. genre in the movie recommenders) especially
for a huge amount of items manually, is intractable. In such issues, the concept of machine
learning plays an important role. And as obvious as it is in Artificial Intelligence, Deep
Learning, which in the recent emerging of machine learning, there is an approach mainly for
recommender systems. In this paper, we propose a novel unified framework which has certain
advantages in contrast with the current frameworks. This has future evolved the
recommendation system, and in this case a movie recommendation system.

Motivation to choose the project

The real use for the current audience is a movie which can entertain them or provides message
for them in there social life. The audience simply waste there money by watching movies which
are not well enough also the awards given to the movie is based on some numerical rating given
by the users. But an approach is needed which can find out the weight age of the movie with
respect to direction, production. actor, actress, songs and dialogues by performing the feature
vector computation of data mining and sentiment analysis of data mining.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 1 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Introduction

1.2 OBJECTIVES

[1] Design and Development of Review Collection Algorithm which is responsible for collecting

the reviews from IMDB or IMDB using web crawler data mining technique or submit

customized reviews in the application.

[2] Design and Development of Data Cleaning Algorithm which is used to remove the unwanted

data known as stop words.

[3] Design and Development of Frequency Algorithm which is used to obtain frequency of the

token in a review.

[4] Design and Development of Feature based Frequency Computation which is used to obtain

frequency across all the Movies and for all the reviews per feature. The feature can be Direction,

battery life etc.

[5] Design and Development of Sentiment Analysis Algorithm for each of the features

[6] Design and Development of Feature Extraction Matrix (FEM) generation algorithm. FEM

matrix has each row as a observation for a Movie and each of the columns represent the feature.

[7] Design and Development of Ranking Algorithm which is used to rank the Movies based on
search criteria matching the FEM matrix.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 2 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Literature Survey

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Deep Learning, Nature

Deep learning allows computational models that are composed of multiple processing layers to
learn representations of data with multiple levels of abstraction. These methods have
dramatically improved the state-of-the-art in speech recognition, visual object recognition,
object detection and many other domains such as drug discovery and genomics. Deep learning
discovers intricate structure in large data sets by using the backpropagation algorithm to indicate
how a machine should change its internal parameters that are used to compute the representation
in each layer from the representation in the previous layer. Deep convolutional nets have
brought about breakthroughs in processing images, video, speech and audio, whereas recurrent
nets have shone light on sequential data such as text and speech.

[2] Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality

The recently introduced continuous Skip-gram model is an efficient method for learning high-
quality distributed vector representations that capture a large number of precise syntactic and
semantic word relationships. In this paper we present several extensions that improve both the
quality of the vectors and the training speed. By subsampling of the frequent words we obtain
significant speedup and also learn more regular word representations. We also describe a simple
alternative to the hierarchical softmax called negative sampling.
An inherent limitation of word representations is their indifference to word order and their
inability to represent idiomatic phrases. For example, the meanings of "Canada" and "Air"
cannot be easily combined to obtain "Air Canada". Motivated by this example, we present a
simple method for finding phrases in text, and show that learning good vector representations for
millions of phrases is possible.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 3 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Literature Survey

[3] Collaborative Deep Learning for Recommender Systems

Collaborative filtering (CF) is a successful approach commonly used by many recommender
systems. Conventional CF-based methods use the ratings given to items by users as the sole
source of information for learning to make recommendation. However, the ratings are often
very sparse in many applications, causing CF-based methods to degrade significantly in their
recommendation performance. To address this sparsity problem, auxiliary information such as
item content information may be utilized. Collaborative topic regression (CTR) is an appealing
recent method taking this approach which tightly couples the two components that learn from
two different sources of information. Nevertheless, the latent representation learned by CTR
may not be very effective when the auxiliary information is very sparse. To address this
problem, we generalize recently advances in deep learning from i.i.d. input to non-i.i.d. (CF-
based) input and propose in this paper a hierarchical Bayesian model called collaborative deep
learning (CDL), which jointly performs deep representation learning for the content information
and collaborative filtering for the ratings (feedback) matrix. Extensive experiments on three
real-world datasets from different domains show that CDL can significantly advance the state of
the art.

[4] Neural Collaborative Filtering

In recent years, deep neural networks have yielded immense success on speech recognition,
computer vision and natural language processing. However, the exploration of deep neural
networks on recommender systems has received relatively less scrutiny. In this work, we strive
to develop techniques based on neural networks to tackle the key problem in recommendation --
- collaborative filtering --- on the basis of implicit feedback. Although some recent work has
employed deep learning for recommendation, they primarily used it to model auxiliary
information, such as textual descriptions of items and acoustic features of musics. When it
comes to model the key factor in collaborative filtering --- the interaction between user and item
features, they still resorted to matrix factorization and applied an inner product on the latent
features of users and items. By replacing the inner product with a neural architecture that can
learn an arbitrary function from data, we present a general framework named NCF, short for
Neural network-based Collaborative Filtering. NCF is generic and can express and generalize
matrix factorization under its framework. To supercharge NCF modelling with non-linearities,
we propose to leverage a multi-layer perceptron to learn the user-item interaction function.
Extensive experiments on two real-world datasets show significant improvements of our

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 4 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Literature Survey

proposed NCF framework over the state-of-the-art methods. Empirical evidence shows that
using deeper layers of neural networks offers better recommendation performance.

2.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The real use for the current audience is a movie which can entertain them or provides
message for them in there social life. The audience simply waste there money by watching
movies which are not well enough also the awards given to the movie is based on some
numerical rating given by the users. But an approach is needed which can find out the weight
age of the movie with respect to direction, production. actor, actress, songs and dialogues by
performing the feature vector computation of data mining and sentiment analysis of data mining.

2.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

Deep learning allows computational models that are composed of multiple processing
layers to learn representations of data with multiple levels of abstraction. These methods have
dramatically improved the state-of-the-art in speech recognition, visual object recognition,
object detection and many other domains such as drug discovery and genomics.
The recently introduced continuous Skip-gram model is an efficient method for learning
high-quality distributed vector representations that capture a large number of precise syntactic
and semantic word relationships. In this paper we present several extensions that improve both
the quality of the vectors and the training speed. By subsampling of the frequent words we
obtain significant speedup and also learn more regular word representations. We also describe a
simple alternative to the hierarchical softmax called negative sampling.
Collaborative filtering (CF) is a successful approach commonly used by many
recommender systems. Conventional CF-based methods use the ratings given to items by users
as the sole source of information for learning to make recommendation. However, the ratings
are often very sparse in many applications, causing CF-based methods to degrade significantly
in their recommendation performance.
In recent years, deep neural networks have yielded immense success on speech
recognition, computer vision and natural language processing. However, the exploration of deep
neural networks on recommender systems has received relatively less scrutiny. In this work, we
strive to develop techniques based on neural networks to tackle the key problem in
recommendation --- collaborative filtering --- on the basis of implicit feedback.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 5 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Literature Survey

2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

In the proposed approach the algorithm will first get the reviews of Movies from the
given URL and then parse the reviews clean them. Find the positive and negative polarity for
each review against the Movie. The Movie is again rated on the various attributes namely and
then provide the overall sentiment distribution of Movie.

Today the sheer volume of data being that is generated ever is enormous and making any sense
out of that data is a tedious task. However, constant efforts and research in this area have led the
automation of the process to some extent. With this project, we aim to further this automation
process. Using a combination of data aggregation techniques, NLP, linguistic analysis and
popular visualization techniques we generate visually appealing and easy to understand graphs
which provide summarized feedback. This is done by performing detailed sentiment analysis on
the data. The fields of opinion mining and sentiment analysis are distinct but deeply related.
Opinion mining focuses on polarity detection [positive, negative or neutral] whereas sentiment
analysis involves emotion recognition. Because detecting the polarity of text is often a step in
sentiment analysis.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 6 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Requirements

CHAPTER 3

REQUIREMENTS

3.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Debian Linux OS/Windows OS

Atom
Coding Language : Python 3.7
Browser
Terminal
MySQL
Sqlite Studio
Django,HTML,CSS,Bootstrap,Javascript

3.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

2GB RAM
Touchpad/Mouse
3GB Disk Space

3.3 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

The prerequisites particular report enrolls every vital necessity that is required for the venture
advancement. To infer the necessities, we need clear and careful comprehension of the items to
be created. This is set up after point by point correspondences with the undertaking group and
clients.

3.4 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Wi-Fi
Browser Compatibility
Internet Connectivity

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 7 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Requirements

3.5 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Non-functional prerequisites are the functions offered by the system. It incorporates time
imperatives and requirements on the improvement procedure and principles.

Given below are the non-functional requirements:

Speed: The system should process the given input into output within the appropriate time.
Ease of use: The software should be user-friendly. Then the customers can use easily, so
it doesn't require much training time.
Reliability: The rate of failures should be less then only the system is more reliable.
Accuracy: The system should provide high accuracy in terms of giving regular and
periodic updates.
Portability: It should be easy to implement in any system.

3.5.1 Specific Requirements

The specific requirements are:
Hardware Interfaces: The external hardware interface used for indexing and searching
in the personal computers of the clients. The PC's maybe laptops with wireless LAN as
the internet connections provided will be wireless.
Software Interfaces: Any version of windows can be used.
Performance Requirements: The desktop at which we are working should be at least
Pentium 4 machines so that it gives an optimum performance of the product.

3.6 SAFETY AND SECURITY REQUIREMENTS

The most important factor in any system being actualized in the ventures or homes is the
wellbeing and security concerns. The systems being developed should be made with the
thought of safety as well as the surrounding in mind.

In the proposed system we are developing, there are many solenoids that will be used as
Braille, the surface of Braille is touched by the users that does not create any harm to the
person. Now if we talk about audio part the speakers are like the usual speakers that is used
by all of us the sound level also will be normal.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 8 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Requirements

3.7 SOFTWARE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS

Software quality attributes are utilized to gauge the execution of items and we need to make sure
the software being developed is up to the industry standards and to ensure that our system meets
all the below-mentioned quality attributes and we have explored all these attributes to ensure our
system meets these qualities.

Reliability

Reliability is a significant quality in any item for that matter. Since the product is being used for
a specific reason if the product is not reliable then there is no point in using it. People can go for
other similar products. And in case of the system, we are developing the main agenda is to make
sure the existing systems reliability be increased by making use of our systems thereby
providing a system which will be 100% reliable.

Maintainability

The system being developed should be easier to perform maintenance on. Any issues that may
occur should not cause any large-scale damage and any repairs to be done should be easy to
perform.

Usability

Usability is the factor which centers around convenience that is the means by which simple it is
for individuals to utilize the system.

Portability

Probability is one amongst the best concentrations with any systems. If the system can be moved
around to any place without having to go through any problem then that system has the greatest
advantage. Which is the case with our system, since our system is small and can be moved
around without any issues and since there is not any requirement for a specific system to be
connected to this hardware for it to work, we can say this system is portable.
Correctness

The values being displayed in the system and the truthfulness of the results shown are very
important. If the system fails to show correct results or correct values then the entire reason in
installing the entire system fails.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 9 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Requirements

Efficiency

Efficiency is the major system quality attribute. If the system is not efficient then the whole
point in introducing a solution to a problem is moot. We should make sure the system designed
for a specific problem has to be prepared for any kind of efficiency problems that may occur. As
in our case, the system was designed to make sure the existing systems can be incorporated
along with our system to complement each other and thereby helping in refining the efficiency
of the whole setup. By making sure the systems are being merged the possible errors of the
existing system will be strengthened by this system and the drawbacks of the current system are
overcome. Thereby providing an effective solution to the problem.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 10 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning System Design

CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 Introduction
In the movie recommendation it the system application has two entities: users and items. This
paper focuses on the movie recommender systems which are the core usage functionalities of
websites and e-commerce applications, i.e. items=movies. In order to overcome the drawbacks,
such as scalability, sparsity and cold-start problems. Although this framework is intended for
movie recommender systems, it can be easily extended to other domains such as hospital
recommendation system. In such movie recommender systems, users have preferences for
certain items, and these preferences must be obtained from the data [8]. And the one main
difficulty is in focal point of designing features (e.g. genre in the movie recommenders) especially
for a huge amount of items manually, is intractable. In such issues, the concept of machine
learning plays an important role. And as obvious as it is in Artificial Intelligence, Deep
Learning, which in the recent emerging of machine learning, there is an approach mainly for
recommender systems. In this paper, we propose a novel unified framework which has certain
advantages in contrast with the current frameworks. This has future evolved the
recommendation system, and in this case a movie recommendation system.

4.2 Existing System

Deep learning allows computational models that are composed of multiple processing
layers to learn representations of data with multiple levels of abstraction. These methods have
dramatically improved the state-of-the-art in speech recognition, visual object recognition,
object detection and many other domains such as drug discovery and genomics. In this paper we
present several extensions that improve both the quality of the vectors and the training speed.
By subsampling of the frequent words we obtain significant speedup and also learn more regular
word representations. We also describe a simple alternative to the hierarchical softmax called
negative sampling. Collaborative filtering (CF) is a successful approach commonly used by
many recommender systems. Conventional CF-based methods use the ratings given to items by
users as the sole source of information for learning to make recommendation. However, the
ratings are often very sparse in many applications, causing CF-based methods to degrade
significantly in their recommendation performance.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 11 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning System Design

4.3 Proposed System

In the proposed approach the algorithm will first get the reviews of Movies from the
given URL and then parse the reviews clean them. Find the positive and negative polarity for
each review against the Movie. The Movie is again rated on the various attributes namely and
then provide the overall sentiment distribution of Movie.
Today the sheer volume of data being that is generated ever is enormous and making any sense
out of that data is a tedious task. However, constant efforts and research in this area have led the
automation of the process to some extent. With this project, we aim to further this automation
process. Using a combination of data aggregation techniques, NLP, linguistic analysis and
popular visualization techniques we generate visually appealing and easy to understand graphs
which provide summarized feedback. This is done by performing detailed sentiment analysis on
the data. The fields of opinion mining and sentiment analysis are distinct but deeply related.
Opinion mining focuses on polarity detection [positive, negative or neutral] whereas sentiment
analysis involves emotion recognition. Because detecting the polarity of text is often a step in
sentiment analysis.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 12 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning System Design

4.4 System Architecture

Fig. 4.1 System Architecture

4.5 Data Flow Diagrams

Data flow diagrams are used to graphically represent the flow of data in a business information
system. DFD describes the processes that are involved in a system to transfer data from the
input to the file storage and reports generation.
Data flow diagrams can be divided into logical and physical. The logical data flow diagram
describes flow of data through a system to perform certain functionality of a business. The
physical data flow diagram describes the implementation of the logical data flow.

User Module Movie Module Recommendation

Fig. 4.2 Data Flow Diagram

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 13 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning System Design

4.6 Sequence Diagram

Sequence Diagrams are interaction diagrams that detail how operations are carried out. They
capture the interaction between objects in the context of a collaboration. Sequence Diagrams
are time focus and they show the order of the interaction visually by using the vertical axis of
the diagram to represent time what messages are sent and when.

USER MODULE MOVIE MODULE RECOMMENDATION

Fig. 4.3 Sequence Diagram

4.7 Use Case Diagram

Movie

Genre

Rating

Review

Recommend

Fig. 4.4 Use Case Diagram

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 14 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning System Design

CHAPTER 5

IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Introduction

Implementation stage is where we convert our design into a working real-world system. We need
to put together all the details we collected in the requirements and design stage and device a plan
to give shape to our system. By incorporating all the designs and requirements we can start our
implementation of the system by coding the entire system according to the architecture and the
various functions and system properties we devised in the sequence diagrams as well as ensure
all the use cases can be incorporated in the systems implementation.

The implementation of the project begins with the installation of the required software on a
System having the basic required hardware as discussed in chapter 3.

Step-by-step implementation:

1. Open terminal and create a virtual environment with the command : virtualenv .
2. Activate the virtual environment with the command : source bin/activate
3. Run the django project with the command : python manage.py runserver
4. Go to the browser and type the url : http://120.0.0.1:8000/
5. Browse through the movie list from the website.
6. Register and sign up with mail ID and username.
7. Login with the credentials and browse through the movie list.
8. When a user wants to give rating he/she has to have logged in.
9. When a user wants to get recommendation he/she has to have logged in, and has to have
rated at least one movie.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 15 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning System Design

5.2 Software Implementation

Code Snippets:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
<title>{% block title %}Movies{% endblock title %}</title>
{% load staticfiles %}

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{% static 'web/css/bootstrap.min.css'%}">

<link rel='stylesheet' href='https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.5.0/css/font-
awesome.min.css' >
<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,300,700' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
<link rel='stylesheet' href='{% static "web/css/base.css" %}' />

<style type="text/css">
.thumbnail p, .thumbnail h4 {
white-space: nowrap;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
overflow: hidden;
}
.star-rating {
line-height:32px;
font-size:1.25em;
}

.star-rating .fa-star{color: yellow;}

</style>
</head>
<body style="background-color:black">
<nav class="navbar navbar-inverse">
<div class="container-fluid">

<!-- Header -->

<div class="navbar-header">

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Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning System Design

<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#topNavBar">

<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
</button>
<a class="navbar-brand" href="{% url 'index' %}">Movies</a>
</div>

<!-- Items -->

<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="topNavBar">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav ">

<li><a href="{% url 'index' %}">&nbsp; Home</a></li>

</ul>

<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">

{% if not request.user.is_authenticated %}
<li>
<a href="{% url 'signup' %}">
<span aria-hidden="true"></span>&nbsp;
SignUp
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="{% url 'login' %}">
<span aria-hidden="true"></span>&nbsp; Login
</a>
</li>
{% else %}
<li>
<a href="{% url 'logout' %}">
&nbsp;Logout
</a>
</li>
{% endif %}
</ul>
</div>

</div>

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Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning System Design

</nav>
</div>
{% block body %}
{% endblock %}
<nav class="navbar navbar-bottom">
<footer style="background-color:black" class="page-footer font-small">
<hr>
<div class="text-center center-block">
<br />
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/jonesg.heartking.2815"><i id="social-fb" class="fa
fa-facebook-square fa-3x social"></i></a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/jonesg_28_heartking/"><i id="social-tw" class="fa
fa-instagram fa-3x social"></i></a>
<a target="_blank" href="mailto:jonesgofficial@gmail.com"><i class="fa fa-envelope fa-3x
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Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 18 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning System Design

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from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
path('', views.index, name='index'),

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 19 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning System Design

path('<int:movie_id>/',views.detail ,name='detail'),
path('signup/',views.signUp,name='signup'),
path('home/',views.home,name='home'),
path('error/',views.error,name='error'),
path('login/',views.Login,name='login'),
path('logout/',views.Logout,name='logout'),
path('recommend/',views.recommend,name='recommend')
]
.
.
.
.
.
.
.import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from web.models import Myrating
import scipy.optimize

def Myrecommend():
def normalizeRatings(myY, myR):
# The mean is only counting movies that were rated
Ymean = np.sum(myY,axis=1)/np.sum(myR,axis=1)
Ymean = Ymean.reshape((Ymean.shape[0],1))
return myY-Ymean, Ymean

def flattenParams(myX, myTheta):

return np.concatenate((myX.flatten(),myTheta.flatten()))

def reshapeParams(flattened_XandTheta, mynm, mynu, mynf):

assert flattened_XandTheta.shape[0] == int(mynm*mynf+mynu*mynf)
reX = flattened_XandTheta[:int(mynm*mynf)].reshape((mynm,mynf))
reTheta = flattened_XandTheta[int(mynm*mynf):].reshape((mynu,mynf))
return reX, reTheta

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 20 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Testing

CHAPTER 6
TESTING
Testing is a basic component which guarantees quality and viability of the proposed framework
in (fulfilling) meeting its goals. It is done at various stages in the System designing and
implementation process with an objective of developing a transparent, flexible and secured
system. It is an central part of software development. Testing process, in a way certifies, whether
the product, that is developed, complies with the standards, that it was designed to. Testing
process involves building of test cases, against which, the product has to be tested.

6.1 Test objective

•Testing is a procedure of executing a program with the plan of finding a fault.

•A great case is one that has a high likelihood of finding an unfamiliar mistake.

• A fruitful test is one that reveals a yet unfamiliar mistake. In the event that testing is directed
effectively (as indicated by the targets) it will reveal faults in the product. Testing can't
demonstrate the absence of imperfections. It can just demonstrate defects that are available.

6.2 Testing principles

Before applying strategies to structure powerful experiments, a product engineer must

comprehend the fundamental rule that guides programming testing. All the tests should be
traceable to customer requirements.

6.3 Testing design

Any engineering product can be tested in one of two ways

6.3.1 White box Testing

This testing is additionally called as glass box testing. In this testing, by knowing the predefined
work that an item has been intended to perform test can be led that shows each capacity is
completely operational in the meantime finding errors in each capacity. It is an experiment plan
technique that utilizes the control structure of the procedural plan to infer experiments.

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Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Testing

6.3.2 Black box Testing

In this testing by knowing the inward activity of an item, tests can be directed to guarantee that
"all gear mesh", that is the interior task performs as indicated by particular and every inside
segment have been enough worked out. It emphasis on the useful functional requirement of the
product.

The black box testing includes the following steps:

Graph based testing methods

Equivalence partitioning
Boundary value analysis
Comparison testing

6.4 Testing strategies

A software testing strategy provides a road map for the software developer. Testing is a set of
activities that can be planned in advanced and conducted systematically. For this reason a
example for software package testing a collection of steps into that we are able to place specific
test suit style strategies ought to be outlined for software package engineering method.

Any software package testing approach ought to have the subsequent features:

Testing start at the module level and works outward the integration of the

entire computer-based system.

Different testing techniques are appropriate at different points in time.

The developer of the software and an independent test group conducts testing.
Testing and debugging are unlike actions but debugging must be put up in any

testing approach.

6.5 Testing methodologies

The following are the Testing Methodologies:

Unit Testing.
Integration Testing.
Functional Testing.

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Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Testing

System Testing.

6.5.1 Unit Testing

The role of unit testing is to emphasis verification effort on the part of software design (module).
During the design phase of the system development the unit test plans that were prepared serve
as a guide, wherein the important control paths will be tested in order to discover the errors that
are existing in the interior of the boundary of the software units. In order to guarantee proper
flow into the modules and out of the modules, the interfaces of each of the module the interface
of each of the modules will be tested under required considerations.

To check if all the lines in the module are executed at least once, all the independent pathways
will be exercised and in addition to these the faults handling paths will be tested

Each part was carefully tested to check if it may fall in any probable state. This testing was
passed out during the process of programming itself.

At the termination of this testing stage the outcome we got was each unit was found to be
operationally acceptable and the output that was produced from each module was matching the
expected output.

6.5.2 Integration Testing

There are possibilities when the data can be lost across the interfaces, and if this happens then
one module can have an adverse effect on another's sub functions, and also when these modules
will be combined, they may not produce the desired major functions; global data structures can
also present problems.

Integration testing was a symmetric system for developing the program structure while in the
meantime directing tests to reveal faults related with the interface. First all modules will be
combined in the process of testing and then the entire program will be tested as whole.

Testing Strategy

The strategy that is used to perform integration testing is as follows:

Features to be tested-The features to be tested here are mainly the integration of two or more
than two components.

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Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Testing

Items to be tested-The items to be tested includes device to be paired and thereby connecting to
it appropriately.

Purpose of testing-the purpose of this integration testing is to scrutiny the functional modularity
between all the modules that are considered in respective test cases that are mentioned below.

Pass/Fail Criteria-The pass or fail criteria of this type of testing is based on the proper
debugging of only the respective files related to the mentioned test cases.

6.5.3 Functional Testing

Useful testing is a kind of discovery testing where the experiments will be founded on the details
of the product part that is under test. Capacities will be accordingly tried by giving them the best
possible information and looking at the yield, and the interior program structure is seldom
considered (Not like white box testing).

Testing strategy

The procedure that is utilized to perform functional testing is depicted below:

Features to be tested - The features to be verified incorporate the approval testing with the end
goal of functional testing.

Items to be tested - The items to be verified incorporate the applications.

Purpose of testing- The principle motivation behind this validation testing module is to check
the legitimacy of major functional just as mapping with all non-functional prerequisites utilized
in particular experiments.

Pass/Fail Criteria- The pass/fall flat criteria are the coordinating of the real yields with the
normal yields of the incorporated modules. The utilitarian experiments are arranged in the tables
beneath.

6.5.4 System Testing

After the coordination testing, the product was totally amassed as a bundle; a few interfacing
blunders have been revealed and furthermore revised, and afterward the last arrangement of
programming tests, approval tests will start. Approval test will succeed just when the elements of
the product are available in a way that can be acknowledged by the client. Here the framework

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Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Testing

was tried against framework prerequisite details. Framework testing was really a progression of
various tests whose basic role was to completely practice the PC-based framework. Albeit each
test will have an alternate reason, all work to check that every one of the components of the
framework has been appropriately incorporated and perform designated capacities.

Testing Strategy

Failure of the experiment showed that there was an error in the code which was rectified by
altering the code suitably to fix the issue and experiments are executed again to check that the
issues has been fixed. Disappointment experiments happen when the occasion or the article is put
in the sensor arrange before deployment of nodes.

This displays the error message such as error in generating the event message and the sensor
nodes are not deployed.

Every unit was altogether tested in the unit experiment which was done amid the improvement
stage and every unit was observed to work palatially. Each of the modules are joined in the
integration testing and the whole program was tested all in all acceptably.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 25 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Snapshots

CHAPTER 7

SNAPSHOTS
7.1 Experimental Results
In this section we will be discussing the results of our implementation and display the snapshots
of the application that has been developed. How each module that we discussed in the
implementation will be represented and how the expected results are obtained. The app that has
been developed can be shown with a screenshot and how the interactions happen. But the
working of the model cannot be displayed in this report.

7.2 Software Interfaces

Fig. 7.1 Home Page

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 26 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Snapshots

Fig. 7.2 Movies List

Fig. 7.3 Sign Up page

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Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Snapshots

Fig. 7.4 Login Page

Fig. 7.5 Detail Description

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Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Snapshots

Fig. 7.6 Recommendations

Fig. 7.7 Movies Database

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Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Snapshots

Fig. 7.8 User Database

Fig. 7.9 Ratings

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Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Conclusion

Conclusion
A novel unified deep learning-based framework for movie recommender systems was
proposed. The main contributions of the paper include:
 DeepMovRS unifies the candidate generation, ranking, community detection, matrix
factorization, review miner modules.
 DeepMovRS leverages a broad spectrum of information resources.
The proposed framework is generic and with a few manipulations, can be used for
different scenarios other than movie recommendation (e.g. items= applications, books or
tags). Adding a new information source to the framework is straightforward. For example,
one can sample some number of frames from each movie, feed them to a convolutional
neural network and add the final feature map to the representation vector of the movie.

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 31 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning
Overview On
Movie Recommender System
Jones G, Zahra Fathima,
Zaiba Afreen, Uzma Farheen,
Department Of ISE,
HKBK College Of Engineering,
Visveswaraya Technological University,
Bangalore, India
Abstract-- A novel unified framework for deep learning-
based movie recommender systems, DeepMovRS, is
proposed. The framework proposed accepts different
various heterogeneous inputs from user and movie
entities, and their knowledge to external and implicit
feedbacks. In order to ensure the unified deep
architecture of the framework, so that it is easier for
retrieving and ranking movies, it uses suitable machine
learning tools to improve the quality of recommendations.
The proposed framework has an additional feature
which is flexible and modular, and it can be generalized
and distributed easily, and hence it turns out to be a
rational choice for the recommendation of movies for
movie recommender systems. And this can further be
extended for other entities.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the movie recommendation it the system application
has two entities: users and items. This paper focuses on the
movie recommender systems which are the core usage
functionalities of websites and e-commerce applications, i.e.
items=movies. In order to overcome the drawbacks, such as
scalability, sparsity and cold-start problems. Although this
framework is intended for movie recommender systems, it
can be easily extended to other domains such as hospital
recommendation system. In such movie recommender systems,
users have preferences for certain items, and these preferences
must be obtained from the data [8]. And the one main difficulty
is in focal point of designing features (e.g. genre in the movie
recommenders) especially for a huge amount of items
manually, is intractable. In such issues, the concept of machine
learning plays an important role. And as obvious as it is in
Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, which in the recent
emerging of machine learning, there is an approach mainly for
recommender systems. In this paper, we propose a novel
unified framework which has certain advantages in contrast
with the current frameworks. This has future evolved the
recommendation system, and in this case a movie
recommendation system.
Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 32
Survey and Implementation Paper
Prof. Devi Sivasankari, Prof. Naseela Jehan,
Department Of ISE,
HKBK College Of Engineering,
Visveswaraya Technological University,
Bangalore, India
In the above section i.e., Introduction we spoke about
our proposal and the main notion of the implementation of
this paper and its proposal. In the further sections we would
like to give a brief about Literature Survey, i.e., Section II,
and the main feature or key area is Implementation which
would be discussed in the Section III, and the Conclusion
would be finally discussed in the Section IV .
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Broadly speaking, the general properties of deep neural
networks are solutions for the traditional methods’ weaknesses
and the requirements of recommenders. For example, the
classic methods can’t handle the massive datasets efficiently,
whereas the more training data we have, the more accurate
deep model we get.
1) Classic methods weaknesses: In the age of Big Data,
classic algorithms like [6], can’t handle massive
datasets efficiently. In the recommender systems in
which data are sparse, maybe new set of algorithms
can handle sparsity better. Usually the notorious cold-
start problem of recommenders systems solved by
leveraging auxiliary informations, so is there a new set
of algorithms by which this problem become less
severe?
2) Requirements: In order to have a high quality results,
long-term static and short-term temporal user prefer-
ences must be modeled. The diversity vs. the accuracy
of recommendation is a hard trade-off that hasn’t an
obvious solution. Distributed recommender systems
that operate in open networks and recommenders
designed to operate in mobile devices and usage
contexts, are required. Accurate recommendations even
for cold start ones, is a goal of these systems.
3) Deep learning models strengths:
a) Have dramatically improved the state-of-the-art in
speech recognition, visual object recognition,
2019-2020
Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning
object detection, drug discovery and genomics [4],
[7].
b) Can generalize to previously unseen query-item
feature pairs.
c) No or Less burden of feature engineering.
d) Arbitrary continuous and categorical features can
be easily added to the model.
e) Layers of depth were shown to effectively model
non-linear interactions between hundreds of fea-
tures.
f) Non-linear mapping leads to compact representa-
tion, compact representation capture lots of
seman- tics.
g) Are able to discover non-linear latent variables
with heterogeneous data.
III. IMPLEMENTATION
→ embedding of words
In natural language processing (NLP),
are a set of feature learning and language modeling techniques
where c e r t a i n words or phrases from the vocabulary are
mapped to or are assigned to vectors of real numbers ( : V
ℝ ). In other words, it is a imbibing of mathematical
embedding in the space from one dimension for a word to a
spontaneous vector space with a dimension that is lower.
Methods to generate this mapping include neural networks,
dimension reduction on the word co-occurrence matrix,
probabilistic models, and explicit representation in terms of the
context in which words appear [4], [12].
In linguistics word and its embedding were studied in the
research area of distributional semantics, it aims to quantify and
categorize semantic similarities between linguistic items based
on their distributional properties in large samples of language
data.
Many branches and a lot of research groups have been
worked on word embeddings. For instance, a team at Google
created word2vec, a word embedding toolkit which can train
vector space models faster than the previous approaches [9].
Recently, word embedding algorithms have relied on neural
network architecture instead of some traditional n-gram mod-
els and unsupervised learning.
It should be mentioned that, software for training and
utilizing word embeddings includes Word2vec, Stanford Uni-
versity’s GloVe, Gensim, Indra and Deeplearning4j. Princi- pal
Component Analysis (PCA) and T-Distributed Stochastic
Neighbour Embedding (t-SNE) are both used to reduce the
dimensionality of word vector spaces and visualize word
embeddings and clusters. For more on embedding, see, e.g. [4].
TABLE I
NOTATIONS
Symbols Definitions and Descriptions
ℱ� ∣ �� User � ∣ Item � features
�� ∣ �� User � ∣ Item � communities
� ∣ User � ∣ Item � reviews
V
�
All reviews
R Explicit feedback
Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 33
Survey and Implementation Paper
H Implicit feedback matrix
Φ� ∣ Φ � User � ∣ Item � representation
f∣� g�, c�∣d�, j�∣s�, p�∣d� User � ∣ Item � latent factors
BIAS/VARIANCE: METHODS OF EVALUATION
The machine learning goal of solving a task not only on the
training set but also to generalize, can be achieved using many
tools provided by the field of statistics. Foundational concepts
such as bias and variance are useful to formally characterize
notions of generalization, underfitting and overfitting [1], [2],
[4].
∙ Variance: Variance is corresponding to the precision of
the model. Low variance leads to a good memorization
and high variance leads to the overfitting problem. Wide
linear models can effectively memorize sparse feature
interactions using cross-product feature transformations.
∙ Bias: Bias is corresponding to the accuracy of the
model. Low bias leads to a good generalization and high
bias leads to the underfitting problem. Deep neural
networks can generalize to previously unseen feature
interactions through low-dimensional embeddings.
As it is shown in Figure 1, jointly training wide linear models
and deep neural networks combines the benefits of
memorization and generalization for recommender systems.
In this section, a novel unified framework which is called
DeepMovRS is proposed. Based on the above discussion,
(= movies). This lead to a good representation of users and
users are mapped to a common latent space, as well as items
items. Then, this latent representation are used for retrieving
and ranking items. On the other hand, the framework consist of
two deep neural networks, one for generating top- candidate
subset of videos from the video corpus, and the other one
for ranking results from the candidate set generated by the
former. While the common frameworks were different and
trained candidate generation and ranking networks separately,
in our proposed framework, we unify them, as well as in-
formation source processing modules. The recommendation
problem can be viewed as a classification problem or the final
objective function can be a weighted sum of each module’s
objective function. The overall framework will be trained via
backpropagation. Consequently, the users and the videos will
map to user and video latent space respectively. In other words,
the framework learn an effective representation of the users
and the videos. DeepMovRS for some of information sources
is presented in Figure 2. The mathematical notations used in
this presentation are summarized in Table I.
Novelty Our framework is different from some of the current
frameworks like [10] and [11]. Especially, we train the
candidategeneration and the ranking modules together with the
embedding neural networks jointly, while in [10] and [11] they
don’t consider the candidate generation and the ranking
modules in training. Furthermore some current frameworks can
be viewed as a special case of our framework. For instance, if
2019-2020
Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Survey and Implementation Paper

the information sources be limited to the implicit feedbacks, World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Republic and
then our framework will be reduced to the frameworkpresented Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, 173-182.
in [5].
[6] Y. Koren, R. Bell and C. Volinsky, Matrix Factorization
Techniques for Recommender Systems, Computer, 42, 8 (August
Advantages The advantages of the proposed framework can be 2009), 30-37.
summarized as follows:
[7] Y. LeCun, Y. Bengio and G. Hinton, Deep Learning, Nature,
∙ Arbitrary continuous and categorical features can be
521(7553), 436 (May 2015), 436444.
easily added to the model.
It combines and uses rich heterogeneous auxiliary info It is [8] J. Leskovec, A. Rajaraman and J. D. Ullman, Mining of Massive
modular and easily can be distributed. Each module get an Datasets, Cambridge University Press, (2014).
information source and map it to a latent space. In order to
improve the quality of recommendations, anyone can design a [9] T. Mikolov, I. Sutskever, K. Chen, G. Corrado and J. Dean,
new module and append the result of this new module to the Distributed representations of words and phrases and their
compositionality, In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference
representation space.
on Neural Information Processing Systems - Volume 2 (NIPS’13),
(2013). Vol. 2. Curran Associates Inc., USA, 3111-3119.
IV. CONCLUSION
[10] [10] H. Wang, N. Wang and D.-Y. Yeung, Collaborative Deep
Learning for Recommender Systems, In Proceedings of the 21th ACM
A novel unified deep learning-based framework for movie SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data
recommender systems was proposed. The main contributions of Mining (KDD ’15), (2015). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1235-1244
the paper include:
∙ DeepMovRS unifies the candidate generation, ranking,
community detection, matrix factorization, review miner
modules.
∙ DeepMovRS leverages a broad spectrum of information
resources.
The proposed framework is generic and with a few
manipulations, can be used for different scenarios other
than movie recommendation (e.g. items= applications,
books or tags). Adding a new information source to the
framework is straightforward. For example, one can sample
some number of frames from each movie, feed them to a
convolutional neural network and add the final feature map to
the representation vector of the movie.

REFERENCES

[1] C. Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer-

Verlag New York, (2006).

[2] H.-T. Cheng, L. Koc, J. Harmsen, T. Shaked, T. Chandra, H.

Aradhye, G. Anderson, G. Corrado, W. Chai, M. Ispir, R. Anil, Z.
Haque, L. Hong, V. Jain, X. Liu and H. Shah, Wide & Deep Learning
for Recommender Systems, In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on
Deep Learning for Recommender Systems (DLRS 2016), (2016). ACM,
New York, NY, USA, 7-10.

[3] P. Covington, J. Adams and E. Sargin, Deep Neural Networks for

YouTube Recommendations, In Proceedings of the 10th ACM
Conference on Recommender Systems, (2016). ACM, New York, NY,
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[4] I. Goodfellow, Y. Bengio and A. Courville, Deep Learning, MIT

Press, http://www.deeplearningbook.org, (2016).

[5] X. He, L. Liao, H. Zhang, L. Nie, X. Hu and T.-S. Chua, Neural

Collaborative Filtering, In Proceedings of the 26th International
Conference on World Wide Web (WWW ’17), (2017). International

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 34 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning Survey and Implementation Paper

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 35 2019-2020

Movie Recommender System Using Machine Learning References

References
[1] C. Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer-Verlag New York, (2006).

[2] H.-T. Cheng, L. Koc, J. Harmsen, T. Shaked, T. Chandra, H. Aradhye, G. Anderson, G.

Corrado, W. Chai, M. Ispir, R. Anil, Z. Haque, L. Hong, V. Jain, X. Liu and H. Shah, Wide &
Deep Learning for Recommender Systems, In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Deep
Learning for Recommender Systems (DLRS 2016), (2016). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 7-10.

[3] P. Covington, J. Adams and E. Sargin, Deep Neural Networks for YouTube
Recommendations, In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems,
(2016). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 191-198.

[4] I. Goodfellow, Y. Bengio and A. Courville, Deep Learning, MIT Press,

http://www.deeplearningbook.org, (2016).

[5] X. He, L. Liao, H. Zhang, L. Nie, X. Hu and T.-S. Chua, Neural Collaborative Filtering, In
Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW ’17), (2017).
International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Republic and Canton of
Geneva, Switzerland, 173-182.

[6] Y. Koren, R. Bell and C. Volinsky, Matrix Factorization Techniques for Recommender
Systems, Computer, 42, 8 (August 2009), 30-37.

[7] Y. LeCun, Y. Bengio and G. Hinton, Deep Learning, Nature, 521(7553), 436 (May 2015),
436444.

[8] J. Leskovec, A. Rajaraman and J. D. Ullman, Mining of Massive Datasets, Cambridge

University Press, (2014).

[9] T. Mikolov, I. Sutskever, K. Chen, G. Corrado and J. Dean, Distributed representations of

words and phrases and their compositionality, In Proceedings of the 26th International
Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems - Volume 2 (NIPS’13), (2013). Vol. 2.
Curran Associates Inc., USA, 3111-3119.

[10] H. Wang, N. Wang and D.-Y. Yeung, Collaborative Deep Learning for Recommender
Systems, In Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge
Discovery and Data Mining (KDD ’15), (2015). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1235-1244

Dept. Of ISE, HKBKCE 36 2019-2020