Chapter 7

The Water-
Life Blood of Earth
 The Water-Life Blood of Earth

g. Solubility Products i. Buffer Solution

k. Water Quality

f. Solution Equilibrium
h.Acids and Bases j.Water Pollution
Solution/Solubility
Equilibrium
SOLUBILITY
- refers to the
ability of a
substance to
dissolve.
EQUILIBRIUM
- A state in which
opposing forces or
action are balanced so
that one is not stronger
or grater than the
other.
SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIUM
-the equilibrium
Example:
that is associated
with the MgF2(s)⇌Mg2+(aq)+2F−(aq)
dissolving of
Note : When no more solid
solids in water to Dissolves and the solution is said to be
form an aqueous saturated and it reached equilibrium.
solution.
SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIUM
- in the study of solubility equilibrium we generally
deal with low solubility compounds.
- Low solubility compounds are classified as
precipitates.
- A set of solubility rules indicate which combination
of ions generally form precipitates.
Solubility Products
SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS
-The solubility product constant, Ksp
Ksp, is the equilibrium constant for a solid
substance dissolving in an aqueous solution.
It represents the level at which a solute
dissolves in solution. The more soluble a
substance is, the higher the Ksp , Ksp value it
has.
SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS
-Consider the general dissolution
reaction below (in aqueous
solutions):

a. A(s)⇌cC(aq)+dD(aq)
SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS
To solve for the KspKsp it is necessary to take the molarities or
concentrations of the products (cC and dD) and multiply
them.
If there are coefficients in front of any of the products, it is
necessary to raise the product to that coefficient power(and
also multiply the concentration by that coefficient).

c
Ksp=[C] [D]d
 Solubility product
In general, solubility product, Ksp, is the mathematical
product of its dissolved ion concentrations raised to the
power of their stoichiometric coefficients. This
statement is called the solubility product principle

MyXz (s) yMZ+ (aq) + zXY-(aq)

K sp = M  X 
z+ y y− z

Solubility product constant Molar solubility of the ions

CALCULATING Ksp
Solubility product constant (Ksp)
Most salts dissociate into ions when they dissolve.
For example:
BaSO4(s) ⇌Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

This equilibrium system may be described by the

mass-action expression
Ksp= [Ba2+][SO42-]
• Calculate the K value of BaSO4 which has a
sp

solubility of 3.9×10‒ 5mol/L at25°C.

BaSO4 ( s) ⇌ Ba2+ + SO 2-
(aq) 4 (aq)

Ks = [Ba2+] [SO ]
42–

p
= s × s = s2
Ksp
= 3.9×10‒5 × 3.9×10‒5
Ksp = 1.52×10‒9
 Solubility and Solubility
Products
(1) What is the solubility of AgCl if the Ksp is 1.6 x10 - 10
AgCl(s) ⇌ Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Ksp= [Ag+][Cl-]

If s is the solubility of AgCl, then:

[Ag+] = s and [Cl-] = s
Ksp = (s)(s) = s2= 1.6 x 10-10
-10
s= 1.6 x10

s = 1.3 x 10-5 mol/L

Factors that affect solubility
• Temperature
– Solubility generally increases with temperature.
• Common ion effect
– Common ions reduce solubility
• pH of solution
– pH affects the solubility of ionic compounds.
• Formation of complex ion
– The formation of complex ion increases solubility
Acids & Bases
1884

A Swedish Chemist,
Arrhenius proposed
that compounds can
be classified into two :

Acids and Bases

7.1.1 State the meaning of acid, base and alkali

Acids
An acid is a
chemical
compound that
ionize in water to
produce hydrogen
ions, h+
7.1.1 State the meaning of acid, base and alkali

Basicity of Acids by: Bronsted Lowry

• Basicity : the number of ionisable hydrogen
atoms per molecule of an acid.
• Monoprotic acid : produces one mole of
hydrogen ion when ionises in water.
• Examples of monoprotic acid : HCl

• Diprotic acid : produces two moles of hydrogen

ion when ionises in water
• Examples of diprotic acid : H2SO4
7.1.1 State the meaning of acid, base and alkali

Bases
AN ALKALI IS A BASE
WHICH IONISES IN
WATER TO PRODUCE
HYDROXIDE IONS, OH-
EXAMPLE : NAOH, KOH,
NH3
7.1.1 State the meaning of acid, base and alkali

Most bases dissolves in water.

These soluble bases are called alkalis.
EXAMPLES OF ALKALIS :

SODIUM HYDROXIDE AMMONIA

NaOH → Na+ + OH- NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-
7.1.1 Explain the role of water in the formation of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

ROLE OF WATER ON THE PROPERTIES OF

ACIDS

An acid shows its acidic properties only in the presence of

water

Water is essential for the formation of hydrogen ions that

cause the acidity
In the absence of water, dry acids or acids dissolves in
organic solvents DO NOT SHOW any acidic property because
the acids exists as molecules and are not dissociated into
hydrogen ions
7.1.1 Explain the role of water in the formation of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

ROLE OF WATER ON THE PROPERTIES OF

ALKALIS

An alkali shows its alkaline properties only in the

presence of water

Water is essential for the formation of hydroxide

ions that cause the alkalinity.

In the absence of water, alkali exists as molecules

and does not show anyalkaline properties.
7.1.2 State the uses of acids, bases and alkali in dailylife.

Uses of Acids, Bases and Alkalis in daily life:

Acids and bases are widely used in

our daily life in agriculture, medicine,
industry and preparation of food
7.1.2 State the uses of acids, bases and alkali in dailylife.

Uses of Acids in daily life :

Acids and bases are widely used in our daily life in agriculture,
medicine, industry and preparation of food

Sulphuric acid in Tartaric acid in Nitric acid in

Lead-acid accumulator Baking powder Plant fertilizers
7.1.2 State the uses of acids, bases and alkali in dailylife.

Uses of Bases in daily life :

Acids and bases are widely used in our daily life in agriculture,
medicine, industry and preparation of food

Magnesium hydroxide in
Aluminium hydroxide in
toothpaste
gastric medicine

Sodium hydroxide in
soaps and detergents
 Taste
pH value ?
Color of
acid/alkali?

Properties of
Acid/Alkali
Solubility in
Can it conduct water?
electricity? Why

Does it change
the color of
litmus paper?
 Sour taste
pH value
Colorless less than 7
solution

Properties of
Acid
Can Soluble in
conduct water
electricity
Turns blue
litmus paper to
red
 Bitter taste
Colorless pH value
solution more than 7

Properties of
Alkali

Can conduct Soluble in

electricity water

Turns red litmus

paper to blue
What are the products when . .

➢Acids react with ➢Alkali reacts

base \
with acids
➢Acids reacts ➢Alkali reacts
with metals with metal ion
➢Acids reacts
with carbonate ➢ Alkali reacts with
ammonium salts
 Chemical Properties of Acid

Acid + Metal →
acid + base → salt +
water
Salt + Hydrogen Acid + carbonate metal → Salt
+ water + carbon dioxide
H2SO4 + ZnO → ZnSO4 2HCl + Mg → 2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + CO2
+ H2O
MgCl2 + H2 + H2O

Burning
Alkali wooden
splinter
Lime
acid water
Acid
Acid
Metal
Calcium
Salts, water and carbon dioxide
form salts and water salts and hydrogen gas carbonate
 Chemical Properties of Alkali

Alkali + ammonium
salt → salt + water +
ammonia gas Alkali + metal ion → insoluble
metal hydroxide
Alkali + acid → salt + NaOH + NH4Cl → 2OH- + Cu2+ → Cu(OH)2 (s)
water NaCl + H2O + NH3
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Red litmus
paper

ammonia
Alkali

Alkali +
ammonium salt
Acid
Metal ion
Heat + alkali
How to determine the pH of a solution?
We can use pH meter, pH strips or Universal Indicator

pH strips Universal
Indicator
pH meter
 Uses of pH scale
T o indicate the degree of acidity or alkalinity
of a solution
C o n s i s t s of pH values that range from 0 to 14.
p H less than 7 : acidic solution
p H equals to 7 : neutral solution
p H more than 7 : alkaline solution
 Strength of ACIDS & BASES

Acidic Increases Alkaline Increases

Strong Acid Weak Acid Weak Alkali Strong Alkali(High

(Low pH) (High pH) (Low pH) pH)

Ionises completely in
Ionises partially in water
water - high Ionises partially in water - Ionises completely in
- low concentration of
concentration of low concentration of water - high
hydrogen ions.
hydrogen ions. hydroxide ions concentration of
Eg: Ethanoic acid,
Eg: HCl, HNO3 , H2SO4 Eg: ammonia, NH3 hydroxide ions.
CH3COOH
Eg: NaOH, KOH
Strong and Weak Acids

Dissociate completely in water

Dissociate partially in water

Strong and Weak Alkalis
alkali Dissociate completely in water

alkali Dissociate partially in water

 Acid base indicator
Indicator Colour in Colour in
ACID SOLUTION ALKALINE SOLUTION
Litmus paper
Red Blue

Phenolphthalein
Colorless Pink

Methyl orange
Red Yellow
7.1.1 State the meaning of acid, base and alkali

Neutralization
Neutralization is a chemical reaction
in which acid and base react to form
salt and water. Hydrogen (H+) ions
and hydroxide (OH- ions) reacts with
each other to form water.

Adding an acid to a base

reduces the alkalinity of the
solution. Adding a base to an
acid reduces the acidity of the
solution. In both cases this brings
the pH closer to 7 (neutral).
Buffer Solution
Necessity
:
of a buffer system
Sometimes it is necessary that a solution of a definite pH
be prepared and stored. The preservation of such a
solution is even more difficult than its preparation. If
solution comes in contact with air, it will absorb CO2 and
becomes acidic. On the other hand, if solution is stored in
a glass bottle, alkaline impurities from the glass may alter
its pH. Due to these reasons, pharmaceutical solutions are
buffered as the buffer solutions are capable of maintaining
pH at some fairly constant value when even small amounts
of acid or base are added.
7.1.1 State the meaning of acid, base and alkali

Two Types of Buffer

Solution

AcidicBuffers
Basic Buffers
Acidic Buffers
An acidic buffer is a combination of weak acid and its salt
with a strong base.
i.e. Weak acid & salt with strong base (conjugate base).
EXAMPLES:
CH3COOH / CH3COONa
H2CO3 / NaHCO3
H3PO4 / NaH2PO4
HCOOH / HCOONa
Buffer Capacity
The buffer capacity of a buffer solution is “a
measure of its magnitude of its resistance to
change in the pH on an addition of an acid or a
base.”

a solution has a buffer capacity of 1 when one liter of it

requires one gram equivalent of a strong acid or base to
change the pH by one unit. So, smaller the pH change in a
solution upon the addition of an acid or base, greater is the
buffer capacity and vice versa.
APPLICATIONSOF BUFFERS:
In biological systems
a) primary buffers : these are present in plasma. carbonic acid /
carbonate & acid /alkali sodium salt of phosphoric acid.

b) secondary buffers: these are present in erythrocytes

oxy-haemoglobin / haemoglobin
acid / alkali potassium salts of phosphoric acid.
APPLICATIONSOF BUFFERS:
In pharmaceutical systems
Buffers are widely used in the field of
pharmacy as ingredients in most of the
pharmaceutical formulations in order to
adjust the pH of the product to that required
for maximum stability.
APPLICATIONSOF BUFFERS:
In ophthalmic preparations
Buffers are generally used in ophthalmic preparations to maintain the pH
within the physiological pH range of lacrimal fluid (i.e. eye fluid). The
lacrimal fluid has a pH in rang 7 – 8 , but it has good buffering capacity
and can tolerate preparations having pH values between 3.5 – 10.5 with
little discomfort. Out side this range (i.e. 3.5 – 10.5), increase lacrimation
may occur with other complications.

The buffering agents most commonlyused in ophthalmicpreparations

include borate, carbonate and phosphates.
APPLICATIONSOF BUFFERS:
In ointments and creams:
Topical products (which are used on skins)
such as ointments and creams are also
buffered to ensure stability of the
formulation. The most commonly used
buffers in ointments and creams are citric
acid / its salts & phosphoric acid / its salts.
Water Quality
Water
is a common chemical substance that is
essential for the survival of all known
forms of life.
In typical usage, water refers only to its
liquid form or state, but the substance also
has a solid state (ice), and a gaseous state
(water vapor or steam).
Vapor

Solid (ice)

Liquid
Importance of Water
To function properly, man needs at least
8 glasses of water daily.
Water plays an important role in the world
economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide
variety of chemical substances and facilitates
industrial cooling and transportation.
Approximately 70% of freshwater is consumed
by agriculture.
Different bodies of water provide livelihood and
economic security to different countries.
Water Quality
Water quality is the
physical, chemical,
biological, and
aesthetic
characteristics of water
which determines its
fitness for a variety of
uses and for protecting
the health and
integrity of aquatic
ecosystems.
Water Quality
Another general
perception of water
quality is that of a
simple property that
tells whether water is
polluted or not.
Water Quality
Water quality depends on
the local geology and
ecosystem, as well as
human uses such as sewage
dispersion, industrial
pollution, use of water
bodies as a heat sink, and
overuse (which may lower
the level of the water).
Water Resource
Surface Water
• 97% saltwater (oceans
and seas)
• 2.4% glaciers and
polar ice caps

0.6% other land surface

water such as rivers,
lakes, and ponds
Water Resource
Ground Water
• is the water found
underground in the
cracks and spaces in
soil, sand and rock.
It is stored in and
moves slowly
through geologic
formations of soil,
sand and rocks called
aquifers.
Water Resource
Water Resource
Aquifers are typically
made up of gravel, sand,
sandstone, or fractured
rock, like limestone.
Water can move through
these materials because
they have large
connected spaces that
make them permeable.
Water Resource
A very small
amount of the
Earth's water is
contained within
water towers,
biological bodies,
manufactured
products, and food
stores.
Philippine’s Water Resources
 The Philippines
comprises more than
7,100 islands. Large
bodies of water
separated three major
island groups:
Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao.
Philippine’s Water Resources
Water resources in the Philippines include
inland fresh water, lake, and coastal and
oceanic waters. Inland fresh water
includes rivers, lakes, and ground water.

 Thereare 421 principal river basins, 19 are

considered major river basins. Marine water
encompasses coastal and oceanic water, the
main source of fish and other aquatic plants
and animals.
Water Quality in the Philippines
Water quality protection and operation
and maintenance of sanitation facilities
are a collaborative undertaking of the
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) through the
Environmental Management Bureau
(EMB), Department of Health (DOH),
Department of Works and Sewerage
System (DWSS).
Water Quality in the Philippines
The problem is that there are too many
policies and laws about water quality that
some of them are not implemented and
monitored properly, and some agencies
have unclear and overlapping mandates.
For Coastal and Marine Waters (as amended by DAO 97-23)
Quality of Philippine Water Resources
 The Philippine government aims to maintain
the quality of its surface waters according to
their best beneficial use. This is embodied in
the DENR Administrative Order (DAO) No. 34,
which classifies bodies of water according to
the degree of protection required.
 Class AA and SA have the most stringent
water quality for fresh surface waters and
marine/coastal waters; and D and SD waters
have the least stringent water quality for
fresh surface water and marine waters,
respectively.
Quality of Philippine Water Resources
 Over half of the Philippine rivers that were
classified have lower quality and cannot be
used for drinking unless treated.
The coastal areas are densely populated
thus causing water pollution.
Philippines’s main source of water is rainfall.
The surface and ground water quality shows
the problem is getting severe in urban and
coastal areas.
Quality of Philippine Water Resources
• Clean water should be the priority. Fifty-
eight percent of ground water wells that
were sampled were contaminated with
coliform.
• Water contamination contributes to low
water quality resulting in water pollution.
This is the result of urbanization.
• As people flock into the metropolis and
build homes, water quality problems arise.
Components of Water Quality
Drinking water should not include microorganisms that are
known to be pathogenic.

It should also not contain bacteria that would indicate

excremental pollution, the primary indicator of which are
coliform bacteria that are present in the feces of warm-
blooded organisms.

Chlorine is the usual disinfectant, as it is readily available and

inexpensive. Unfortunately, it is not fully effective, as
currently used, against all organisms.
Components of Water Quality
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Parasitic protozoa and helminths are also indicators of water quality.
Species of protozoa can be introduced into water supply through
human or animal fecal contamination.
Most common among the pathogenic protozoans are
Entamoeba and Giardia.
Coliforms are not appropriate direct indicators because of the greater
resistance of these protozoans to inactivation by disinfection.

A single mature larva or fertilized egg of parasitic roundworms and

flatworms can cause infection when transmitted to humans through
drinking water.
Components of Water Quality
CHEMICAL ASPECTS
Chemical contamination of water sources may be due to
certain industries and agricultural practices, or from natural
sources.
When toxic chemicals are present in drinking water, there is the
potential that they may cause either acute or chronic health
effects.

Chronic health effects are more common than acute effects

because the level of chemicals in drinking water are seldom high
enough to cause acute health effects.
Components of Water Quality
PHYSICAL ASPECTS
The turbidity, color, taste, and odor of water can be monitored.

Turbidity should always be low, especially where disinfection is practiced. High

turbidity can inhibit the effects of disinfection against microorganisms and enable
bacterial growth.

Drinking water should be colorless, since coloration may be due to the presence of
colored organic matter.

Organic substances also cause water odor, though odors may result from many
factors, including biological activity and industrial pollution.

Taste problems relating to water could be indicators of changes in water sources or

treatment process. Inorganic compounds such as Mg, Ca, Na, Cu, Fe, and Zn are
generally detected by the taste of water.
Water Quality Measurement
The complexity of water quality as a subject is reflected
in the many types of measurements of water quality
indicators. Some measurements that can be made on-
site are temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and
conductivity.

More complex measurements that must be made in a

laboratory setting require a water sample to be
collected, preserved, and analyzed at another location
(e.g., microbiological tests).
Water Quality Measurement
Measurement #1 pH
Measurement #2 DISSOLVEDOXYGEN
Measurement #3 Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
Water Quality Measurement
Measurement #4 Temperature
Measurement #5 Conductivity
Measurement #6 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Measurement #7 Turbidity
Measurement #8 Fecal Coliform Bacteria
Water Pollution
What is water pollution?
Water pollution is
the contamination of
water bodies (e.g.
lakes, rivers, oceans,
aquifers and
groundwater), very
often caused by human
activities.
What is water pollution?
It occurs when
pollutants (particles,
chemicals or substances
that make water
contaminated) are
discharged directly or
indirectly into water
bodies without enough
treatment to get rid of
harmful compounds.
Sources of Water Pollution
• Point refer to the pollutants that belong to a
single source. An example of this would be
emissions from factories into the water.

• Non-Point on the other hand means pollutants

emitted from multiple sources. Contaminated
water after rains that has traveled through
several regions may also be considered as a Non
point source of pollution.
1.Point source pollution
Point source pollution refers to
contaminants that enter a
waterway through a discrete
conveyance, such as a pipe or
ditch.
Examples-
▫ discharges from a sewage
treatment plant, a factory,
▫ a city storm drain.
2. Non-point source pollution
Non-point source (NPS) pollution
refers to diffuse contamination that
does not originate from a single
discrete source.
NPS pollution is often accumulative
effect of small amounts of
contaminants gathered from a large
area. The leaching out of nitrogen
compounds from agricultural land
which has been fertilized is a typical
example.
Types of water pollution
1. Nutrients Pollution
Some wastewater, fertilizers and sewage contain
high levels of nutrients. If they end up in water
bodies, they encourage algae and weed growth in the
water. This will make the water undrinkable, and even
clog filters. Too much algae will also use up all the
oxygen in the water, and other water organisms in the
water will die out of oxygen starvation.
Types of water pollution
2. Surface water pollution
Surface water includes natural water found on the
earth's surface, like rivers, lakes, lagoons and oceans.
Hazardous substances coming into contact with this
surface water, dissolving or mixing physically with the
water can be called surface water pollution.
Types of water pollution
3. Oxygen Depleting
Water bodies have micro-organisms. These include aerobic
and anaerobic organisms. When to much biodegradable
matter (things that easily decay) end up in water, it
encourages more microorganism growth, and they use up more
oxygen in the water. If oxygen is depleted, aerobic organisms
die, and anaerobic organism grow more to produce harmful
toxins such as ammonia and sulfides.
Types of water pollution
4. Ground water pollution
When humans apply pesticides and chemicals to soils,
they are washed deep into the ground by rain water. This
gets to underground water, causing pollution underground.
This means when we dig wells and bore holes to get water
from underground, it needs to be checked for ground water
pollution.
.
Types of water pollution
5. Microbiological
In many communities in the world, people drink untreated
water (straight from a river or stream). Sometimes there is
natural pollution caused by micro-organisms like viruses,
bacteria and protozoa. This natural pollution can cause
fishes and other water life to die. They can also cause
serious illness to humans who drink from such waters.
Types of water pollution
6. Suspended Matter
Some pollutants (substances, particles and chemicals) do not
easily dissolve in water. This kind of material is called
particulate matter. Some suspended pollutants later settle
under the water body. This can harm and even kill aquatic
life that live at the floor of water bodies.
Types of water pollution
7. Chemical Water Pollution
Many industries and farmers work with chemicals that end
up in water. This is common with Point-source Pollution.
These include chemicals that are used to control weeds,
insects and pests. Metals and solvents from industries can
pollute water bodies. These are poisonous to many forms of
aquatic life and may slow their development, make them
infertile and kill them.
Types of water pollution
8. Oil Spillage

Oil spills usually have only a localized

effect on wildlife but can spread for miles.
The oil can cause the death to many fish and
get stuck to the feathers of seabirds
causing them to lose their ability to fly.
Industrial causes of water pollution
Industrial waste

Industries cause huge water pollution with

their activities. These come mainly from:
Sulphur – This is a non-metallic substance that
is harmful for marine life.
Industrial causes of water pollution
Oil Pollution by Oil Industries
Routine shipping, run-offs and dumping of oils on the
ocean surfaces happen everyday. Oil spills cause major
problems, and can be extremely harmful to local marine
wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters and other aquatic
life. Because oil does not dissolve, it stays on the water
surface and suffocates fish. Oil also gets caught in the
feathers of sea birds, making it difficult for them to fly.
Some animals die as a result.
Other causes of water pollution
Sewage and waste water
Sewage is the term used for wastewater that
often contains feces, urine and laundry waste. The
sewage and waste water that is produced by each
household is chemically treated and released in to sea
with fresh water. The sewage water carries harmful
bacteria and chemicals that can cause serious health
problems. Pathogens are known as a common water
pollutant.
Other causes of water pollution
Mining activities
Mining is the process of crushing the rock and
extracting coal and other minerals from underground.
These elements when extracted in the raw form
contains harmful chemicals and can increase the
amount of toxic elements when mixed up with water
which may result in health problems.
Other causes of water pollution
Ocean and marine dumping
Again, think of the rubbish we all make each
day. Paper waste, food waste, plastic, rubber,
metallic and aluminum waste. In some countries,
they are deposited into the sea. All these waste
types take time to decompose.
Other causes of water pollution
Underground storage and tube leakages
Many liquid products (petroleum products) are stored in
metal and steel tubes underground. Other sewage
systems run in underground tubes. Overtime, they rust
and begin to leak. If that happens, they contaminate the
soils, and the liquids in them end up in many nearby
water bodies.
Effects of Water Pollution
Death of aquatic (water) animals
The main problem caused by water pollution is
that it kills life that depends on these water
bodies. Dead fish, crabs, birds and sea gulls,
dolphins, and many other animals often wind up
on beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat
(living environment).
Effects of Water Pollution
Disruption of food-chains
Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as
well. Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are
eaten by tiny animals. Later, these animals are
consumed by fish and shellfish, and the food
chain continues to be disrupted at all higher
levels.
Effects of Water Pollution
Diseases
Eventually, humans are affected by this
process as well. People can get diseases such as
hepatitis by eating seafood that has been
poisoned. In many poor nations, there is always
outbreak of cholera and diseases as a result of
poor drinking water treatment from
contaminated waters.
Effects of Water Pollution
Destruction of ecosystems
Ecosystems (the interaction of living things in
a place, depending on each other for life) can be
severely changed or destroyed by water
pollution. Many areas are now being affected by
careless human pollution, and this pollution is
coming back to hurt humans in many ways.
Prevention of Water Pollution

Never throw rubbish

away anyhow.
Always look for the
correct waste bin.
Prevention of Water Pollution

Use water wisely.

Do not keep the
tap running when
not in use.
Prevention of Water Pollution

Do not throw
chemicals, oils,
paints and
medicines down
the sink drain, or
the toilet.
Prevention of Water Pollution

Buy more
environmentally safe
cleaning liquids for
use at home and
other public places.
Prevention of Water Pollution
If you use chemicals and
pesticides for your gardens and
farms, be mindful not to overuse
pesticides and fertilizers. This
will reduce runoffs of the
chemical into nearby water
sources. Start looking at options
of composting and using organic
manure instead.
Prevention of Water Pollution
If you live close to a
water body, try to plant lots
of trees and flowers around
your home, so that when it
rains, chemicals from your
home does not easily drain
into the water.
 THANK
YOU
MS. ELOISA C. NIDAR