Silabo de Uso de La Fuerza PDF

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Lett ` v`
Le v`hlh
hlh <= XODV@L BOJOVLC HOC _UD HO C
CLL A_OV]L
@. @JXVDH_EE@DJ=
Oc Lrt. 5 hoc H.Cob. <612 Coy ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý oxprosl edgd
ltr`fue`õj oj su jugorlc ; quo hèo= –Udj
– Udj ltr`fue`djos hoc porsdjlc pdcè`lc cls
s`buòjtos=
– ;)
; ) Kleor
Kleor usd h
hoo cl auorzl
auorzl,, ho l
leuorhd
euorhd l cl jdrglt`
jdrglt`v`hlh
v`hlh vv`bojto,
`bojto, Eõh`bd ho
Edjhuetl plrl Auje`djlr`ds Ojelrblhds ho Kleor Eugpc`r cl Coy, y
^r`je`p`ds
^r`je` p`ds Fìsèds sdfr
sdfroo oc
oc Ogpcod ho cl Auorzl y ho Lrg
Lrgls
ls ho AAuobd,
uobd, oj
oc glred ho cds leuorhds lhdptlhds
lhdp tlhds pd
pdrr cls Jl
Jle`d jos _j`hls ‗.
e`djos
^lrl, gomdr `custrle`õj so prdyoetl cds s`buòjtos v`hods=

L. Q@HOD –EDJ CL ELFO]L P EDVL]ÕJ‗ - G@J@JXOV
F. Q@HOD –EDH@BD HO EDJH_EXL ^LVL A_JE@DJLV@DU
OJELVBLHDU HO KLEOV E_G^C@V CL COP‗ - G@J@JXOV
@@. LJXOEOH
LJXOEOHOJXO
OJXOU
U @JXOVJ
@JXOVJLE@DJLCOU=
LE@DJLCOU=
L. HOECLVLE@DJ
HOECL VLE@DJ _J@QOVUL
_J@QOVULCC HO C
CDU
DU HOVOEKDU K_GLJDU - H_HK=
Lprdflhl pdr cl Lslgfcol Bojorlc ho cls Jle`djos _j`hls (<>H@E<08;).

Os edjs`horlhd edgd oc aujhlgojtd ho tdhd oc s`stogl ho cls Jle`djos
_j`hls oj gltor`l ho horoekds kugljds, os pltrõj ho goh`hl hoc brlhd ho
rospotd y lpcèle`õj ho cls jdrgls `jtorjle`djlcos oj lsujtds ho horoekds
kugljds.
Lujquo
edjsojsdjdsdfro
ox`sto
susujl sdcl hoa`jè`õj
ocogojtds ho clhoroekds
osoje`lcos= kugljds, s` kly
h`bj`hlh `jkorojto l elhl
porsdjl kugljl y cls dfc`ble`djos quo tòjoj cds Ostlhds ho rospotlrcds y
prdtoborcds.
Oj ltoje`õj l cds a`jos hoc Gljulc ho Horoekds Kugljds lpcèlhds oj cl

Auje`õj ^dcè`lc - 6><;, ojtojhorogds pdr horoekds kugljds=
horoekds
–edjmujtd ho prorrdblt`vls y pr`je`p`ds, ho leoptle`õj uj`vorslc,

mur
m urçh`
çhèlg
elgojt
ojtoo roe
roedj
djde
de`` hd s y blrljt
blr ljt`zlh
`zlhds
ds,, qu
quoo lsob
lsobur
urlj
lj lc sor
kugljd su s u h`b
h`bj`hlh
j`hlh y quo
qu o cl
clss porsdjls
porsdj ls tòjoj arojto lc
lc Ostlhd y l sus
`jst`tue`djos plrl `gpoh`r quo osto `jtoraòrl, c`g`to, y/d v`dco oc
omoreè`d
omoreè`d ho sus horoekds ‗.
6

–sdj c`fortlhos d horoekds `jkorojtos l tdhls cls porsdjls, s`j

h`st`je`õj lcbujl quo, murçhèlgojto roedjde`hds, hofoj sor
rospotlhds y prdtob`hds pdr oc ostlhd y sus lbojtos plrl blrljt`zlr
cls edjhè`djos joeoslr`ls plrl ujl v`hl h`bjl‗.
–GLU @G^DVXLJXO \_O EDJEO^X_LC@]LV CDU HOVOEKDU K_GLJDU OU

OJXOJHOVCDU, LU@G@CLVCDU P –Q@Q@VCDU‗ HÇL L HÇL EDGD EDJH@E@DJOU
OCOGOJXLCOU ^LVL \_O XDHLU CLU ÔVUDJLU CDBVOJ
HOULVVDCCLVUO EDGD XLCOU, @JHOÔJH@OJXOG
@JHOÔJH@OJXOGOJXO
OJXO HO U_U
^VOAOVOJE@LU, JOEOU@HLHOU P E@VE_JUXLJE@LU ^LVX@E_CLVOU.‗
Ojtdjeos=
Oc ^dcèçl, hofo edjeof`rso l sç g`sgd edgd uj edjstruetdr y prdgdtdr ho
ujl eucturl ho plz, oj tljtd, os plrto ho cl edguj`hlh y ostì lc sorvè`d ho
àstl. ^dr=
∖ ^rdtobor cds horoe

horoekds
kdspýfcèd
kugljds,
y Gljtojor oc drhoj y ochoaojhor clsbojorlc
fòjostlr c`fortlhos
oj aujhlgojtlcos
ujl sdeòhlh
hogderìtèl goh`ljto pdcçtèls y prìetèls quo solj cçe`tls, kugljls y
h`se`pc`jlhls.
F. EDH@BD HO EDJH_EXL ^LVL A_JE@DJLV@DU OJELVBLHDU HO

KLEOV E_G^
E_G^C@V
C@V C
CLL COP=
C OP=
Lprdflhl edj Vosdcue`õj J¾58/<10 hoc <2H@E<020, edjtòjo DEKD (>;)

lrtçeucds, ostì `jsp`rlhl oj cl Hoeclrle`õj _j`vorslc ho cds Horoekds
Kugljds, ^letd @jtorjle`djlc ho Horoekds E`v`cos y ^dcçtèds, y Hoeclrle`õj
sdfro prdtoee`õj ho tdhls cls porsdjls edjtrl cl tdrturl y dtrds trltds d
pojls eruocos, `jkugljds d hobrlhljtos.
OC EÕH@BD HO EDJH_EXL ^LVL A_JE@DJLV@DU OJELVBLHDU HO KLEOV E_G^C@V
CL COP
OU _J EDJM_JXD HO ^V@JE@^@DU P VO\_@U@XDU ^VOQ@DU ^LVL OC HOUOGÔÜD
K_GLJ@XLV@D HO CLU A_JE@DJOU HO L^C@ELE@ÕJ HO CL COP
C OP ^DV OC A_JE@DJLV@D
OJELVBLHD HO KLEOV E_G^C@V CL COP, P ^LUOJ KL UOV ^LVXO HOC
EVOHD HO XDHD A_JE@DJLV@D OJELVBLHD HO KLEOV E_G^C@V CL COP
^lrl cl DJ_, cl oxpros`õj "auje`djlr`ds ojel

ojelrblhds
rblhds ho kleor
kleor eugp c`r cl
coy" `jecuyo l tdhds cds lbojtos ho cl coy, yl solj jdgfrlhds d ocob`hds,
quo omoreoj auje`djos ho pdcèçl, ospoe`lcgojto cls aleuctlhos ho lrrostd d
hotoje`õj. Oj cds plçsos oj quo omoreoj cls auje`djos ho pdcèçl lutdr`hlhos
g`c`tlros, yl solj ujàdrglhls d jd, d auorzls ho sobur`hlh hoc Ostlhd, so
5

edjs`horlrì quo cl hoa`jè`õj ho auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r

cl coy edgprojho cds auje`djlr`ds ho osds sorvè`ds .
Lr tçe uc
Lrtçe ucdd<
Cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy eugpc`rìj oj tdhd
gdgojtd cd s hoforo c os `gpdjo cl coy , s`rvòjhd l su edguj`hlh y
hofoross quo cos
prdtobòjhd l tdhls cls porsdjls edjtrl letds `coblcos, oj edjsdjlje`l edj
oc lctd brlhd ho rospdjslf`c`hlh ox`b
ox`b`hd
`hd pdr su prdaos`õj.
Lr tçe uc
Lrtçe ucdd6
Oj oc hosogpoüd ho sus tlrols, cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor
eugpc`r cl coy rospotlrìj y prdtoborìj cl h`bj`hlh kugljl
kug ljl y gljtojhrìj
y hoaojhorìj cds horoekds kugljds ho tdhls cls porsdjls.
Lr tçe uc
Lrtçe ucdd5
Cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy pdhr
pdhrìj
ìj uslr cl auorzl
sõcd euljhd sol ostrètlgojto joeoslr`d y oj cl goh`hl quo cd roquòrl
oc hosogpoüd ho sus tlrols.

Lr tçe uc
Lrtçe ucdd8
Cls euost`djos ho elrìetor edja`hoje`lc ho quo tojblj edjde`gòjtd cds
auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy so gljtojhrìj oj
soerotd , l gojds quo oc eugpc`gòjtd hoc hofor d cls joeos`hlhos ho cl
mustè`l ox`mlj ostrètlgojto
ostrètlgojto cd edjtrlr`d
Lr tçe uc
Lrtçe ucdd?
J`jbýj a uje`djlr`d
uje`djlr`d ojelrblhd ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy pdhrì `jac`b`r,
`jst`blr
`jst` blr d tdcorlr j`jbýj letd ho tdr
tdrturl
turl u dtr
dtrds
ds trltds d pojl
pojlss eruocos,
`jkugljds d hobrlhljtos, j` `jvdelr cl drhoj ho uj supor`dr d
e`reujstlje`ls ospoe`lcos, edgd ostlhd ho buorrl d lgojlzl ho buorrl,
lgojlzl l cl sobur`hlh jle`djlc, `jostlf`c`hlh pdcçtèl `jtorjl, d eulcquòr
dtrl ogorboje`l pýfcèl, edgd mustàèle`õj ho cl tdrturl u dtrds trltds d
pojls eruocos, `jkugljds d hobrlhljtos.
Lr tçe uc
Lrtçe ucdd1
Cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy lsoburlrìj cl pcojl
slcuh ho cls porsdjls flmd su eustdh `l y, oj plrtèuclr,
prdtoee`õj ho cl slcuh
tdglrìj goh`hls `jgoh`ltls plrl prdpdre`djlr ltoje`õj gàhèl euljhd so
proe`so.
Lrtçe
Lr tçe uc
ucdd2
Cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy jd edgoto
edg otorìj
rìj j`jbýj
letd ho edrrup e`õj . Xlgf`àj so dpdjhrìj r`burdslgojto l tdhds cds letds
ho osl çjhdco y cds edgflt`rìj.
8

Lr tçe uc
Lrtçe ucdd;
Cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy rospotlrìj cl coy y oc
prosojto Eõh`bd. Xlgf`àj klrìj euljtd ostà l su lceljeo pdr `gpoh`r tdhl
v`dcle`õj ho occds y pdr dpdjorso r`burdslgojto l tlc v`dcle`õj.
Cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy quo tojblj gdt`vds

plrl eroor quo so kl prdhue`hd d vl l prdhue`rso ujl v`dcle`õj hoc prosojto
Eõh`bd `jadrglrìj ho cl euost`õj l sus supor`dros y, s` auoro joeoslr`d, l
eulcquòr dtrl lutdr`hlh u drblj`sgd lprdp`lhd quo tojbl ltr`fue`djos ho
edjtrdc d edrroet`vls.
E. ^V@JE
^V@JE@^@DU
@^@DU FÌU@EDU UDFVO OC OG^COD HO
HO CL A_OV]L P LVGL HO
A_OBD ^DV CDU A_JE@DJLV@DU OJELVBLHDU HO KLEOV
E_G^C@V CL COP ―^FOA y LA=
Lhdptlhd pdr oc detlvd Edjbrosd ho cls Jle`djos _j`hls sdfro provoje`õj

hoc hoc`td y trltlgòjtd hoc hoc`jeuojto, eocofrlhd oj cl Klfljl (Eufl) hoc
62 ho lbdstd lc 2 ho sotògfro ho <00>. Edjstl ho 61 lrtçeucds.

Oc lrtçeucd 5 hoc EEÂOKEC ost`pucl quo cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhd ho
kleor eugpc`r cl coy pdhrìj uslr sõcd cl auorzl euljhd sol ostrètlgojto
joeoslr`d y oj cl goh`hl quo cd roquòro oc hosogpoüd ho sus tlrols, os
joeoslr`d sufrlylr quo oc ogpcod ho cl auorzl y cls lrgls ho auobd pdr cds
auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy hofo edje`c`lrso edj oc
hof`hd rospotd ho cds horoekds kugljds.
Oc elrìetor aroeuojtogojto poc`brdsd ho cl clfdr pdcè`lc, quo lgojlzl l cl

v`hl y cl sobur`hlh ho cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy,
hofo edjs`horlrso edgd ujl lgojlzl l cl ostlf`c`hlh ho tdhl cl sdeòhlh,
pdr occd fr`jhl cds pr`je`p`ds fìsèds sdfro oc ogpcod ho cl aauorzl
uorzl y lrgl ho
auobd pdr cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy, roslctljhd=
H`spdsè`djos bojorlcos=
Lr t çeu
Lrt cd 6= Cds bdfòrjds y cds drblj`sgds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl
çeucd
coy ostlfcoeorìj ujl sorò ho gàtdhd
gàtdhdss cd gìs lgpc
lgpc`l
`l pds`fco
pds`fc o y hdtlrìj l
cds auje`djlr`ds edrrospdjhòjtos ho h`st`jtds t`pds ho lrgls y
gujè`djos ho gdhd quo puohlj kleor uj usd hàoroje`lhd ho cl
au obd . Ojtro ostls lrgls hoforçlj a`burlr lrgls
auorzl y ho cls lrgls ho auobd
`jelple`tljtos jd cotlcos plrl ogpcolrcls euljhd auorl lprdp`lhd, edj g`rls
l rostr`jb`r elhl voz gìs oc ogpcod ho goh`ds quo puohlj dels`djlr
cos`djos d guortos. Edj oc g`sgd dfmot`vd, tlgf`àj hoforçl porg`t`rso quo
cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy euojtoj edj oqu`pd
?

lutdprdtoetdr, pdr omogpcd, oseuhds, elseds, eklcoeds l pruofl ho flcls y

goh`ds ho trljspdrto l pruofl ho flcls l a`j ho h`sg`ju`r cl joeos`hlh ho
lrgls ho eulcquòr t`pd.
H`spdsè`djos ospo
ospoe`lco
e`lcos=
s=
Lrtçtçeu
Lr eucd
cd . 0. – Cds
Cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy jd
ogpcolrìj lrgls ho auobd edjtrl cls porsdjls slcvd oj hoaojsl prdp`l d
ho dtrls porsdjls, oj elsd ho poc`brd `jg`jojto ho guorto d cos`djos
brlvos, d edj oc prdpõs`td ho ov`tlr cl edg`s`õj ho uj hoc`td
plrtèuclrgojto brlvo quo ojtrlüo ujl sor`l lgojlzl plrl cl v`hl, d edj
oc dfmotd ho hotojor l ujl porsdjl quo roprosojto oso poc`brd y dpdjbl
ros`stoje`l l su lutdr`hlh, d plrl `gpoh`r su aubl, y sõcd oj elsd ho quo
rosuctoj `jsuaèòjtos goh`hls gojds oxtrogls plrl cdbrlr hèkds dfmot`vds.
Oj eulcquòr elsd, sõcd so pdhrì kleor usd `jtoje`djlc ho lrgls cotlcos
euljhd sol ostrètlgojto `jov`tlfco plrl prdtobor ujl v`hl.‗
Le tu
tule`
le`õj
õj oj elsd
e lsdss h
hoo rou j`
j`dj
djos
os ``cçe
cçe `tls=
`t ls=
Lr t çeu
Lrt cd <5. Lc h`sporslr rouj`djos `cçe`tls, pord jd v`dcojtls , cds
çeucd
auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy ov`tlrìj oc ogpcod ho cl
auorzl d, s` jd os pds`fco, cd c`g`tlrìj lc gçj`gd joeoslr`d.
Lr t çeu
Lrt cd <8. Lc h`sporslr rouj`djos v`dcojtls, cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds
çeucd
ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy pdhrìj ut`c`zlr lrgls ho auobd euljhd jd so
puohlj ut`c`zlr goh`ds gojds poc`brdsds y ýjèlgojto oj cl gçj`gl
goh`hl joeoslr`l. Cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy so
lfstojhrìj ho ogpcolr cls lrgls ho auobd oj osds elsds, slcvd oj cls
e`reu jstlje`ls prov`stls
prov`stls oj oocc pr`je` p`d 0 .
Q`b`clje`l ho porsdjls flmd eustdh`l d hotoj`hls=
Lr t çeu
Lrt cd <?. Cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy, oj sus
çeucd
rocle`djos edj cls porsdjls flmd eustdh`l d hotoj`hls, jd ogpcolrìj
cl auorzl, slcvd euljhd sol ostrètlgojto joeoslr`d plrl gljtojor cl
sobur`hlh y oc drhoj oj cds ostlfcoe`gòjtds d euljhd edrrl poc`brd cl
`jtobr`hlh açsèl ho cls porsdjls.
Elcàèle`djos, elple`tle`õj y lsosdrlgòjtd
Lr t çeu
Lrt cd <;. Cds bdfòrjds y cds drblj`sgds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r
çeucd
cl coy prdeurlrìj quo tdhds cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl
coy solj socoee`djlhds goh`ljto prdeoh`gòjtds lhoeulhds, pdsolj
1

lpt`tuhos àtèls, psèdcõbèls y açsèls lprdp`lhls plrl oc omoreè`d

oaèlz ho sus auje`djos y roe`flj elple`tle`õj prdaos`djlc edjt`jul y
edgpcotl. Xlcos lpt`tuhos plrl oc omoreè`d ho osls auje`djos sorìj dfmotd
ho oxlgoj por`õhèd.
^rdeoh`gòjtds
^rdeoh`gòjtds h o prosojtle`õj
prosojtle`õj ho `jadrgos
`jadr gos y roeursds=
Lr t çeu
Lrt cd 61. Cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy jd pdhrìj
çeucd
lcoblr dfohòje`l ho õrhojos supor`dros
supor` dros s` ttojçl
ojçlj
j edjd
edjde`g`
e`g` ojtd ho quo
cl drhoj ho ogpcolr cl auorzl d lrgls ho auobd, l rlçz ho cl eulc so kl
dels`djlhd cl guorto d kor`hls brlvos l ujl porsdjl, orl
gljàòstlgojto `cçe`tl y tuvòrdj ujl dpdrtuj`hlh rlzdjlfco ho
joblrso
jobl rso l eugpc`r
eugpc`rclcl. Ho eulcquòr gdhd, tlgf`àj sorìj rospdjslfcos cds
supor`dros quo hòrdj cls õrhojos `cçe`tls.
@@@. LJXOEOHOJXOU JLE@DJL

JLE@DJLCOU
COU - OQDC_E@ÕJ JD
JDVGLX@QL
VGLX@QL HOC _UD HO
CL A_O
A_OV]L=
V]L=
Cl Edjst`tue`õj ^dcçtèl hoc ôrý, lr tçeucd

tçeucd < –Cl hoaojsl ho cl porsdjl kugljl
kug ljl
y oc rospotd ho su h`bj`hlh sdj oc a`j a `j supr ogd ho cl sdeò
sdeòhlh
hlh y hoc Ostlhd
Ostlhd ‗,
edjedrhljto edj cl Hoeclrle`õj _j`vorslc ho cds Horoekds Kugljds, `jhèl oj
su proìgfucd quo –tdhds cds kdgfros jleoj c`fros o `bulcos oj h`bj`hlh y
horoekds‗
Cl Coy ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý ― Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd <612, lrtçeucd 6 -
Auje`djos= –Blrljt`zlr cds horoekds ho cls porsdjls y cl prdtoee`õj ho sus
fòjos, pr`v`cob`ljhd ho gljorl ospoe`lc l cl pdfcle`õj oj ròsbd, vucjorlf`c`hlh
y lfljhdjd, `jedrpdrljhd cds ojadquos ho horoekds kugljds, bàjord o
`jtorvoje`djos‗, pdr occd tojogds=
`jtoreucturlc`hlh oj sus `jtorvoje`djos‗,
L. GLJ_LC
GLJ_L C HO HOVOEKDU K_GLJDU L^C@ELHDU L^C @ELHDU L C CL
L A_JE@ÕJ
^DC@E@LC ― 6>>1=
Vosdcue`õj G`j`stor`lc J¾ <8?6-6>>1-@J pufcèlhd oc <6M_J6>>1 prosojtl
pdr pr`gorl voz uj `jstrugojtd jdrglt`vd `jtorjd quo porg`to oc sustojtd
coblc ho cl auje`õj pdcè`lc oj eugpc`gòjtd ho cl a`jlc`hlh aujhlgojtlc
edjst`tue`djlc, porg`tòjhd edjdeor cl jdrglt`v`hlh `jtorjle`djlc y jle`djlc
lpcèlfco l cl `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc.
F. HOEVOXD COB@UCLX@QD <<;1 ― HOEVOXD COB@UCLX@QD \_O

VOB_CL OC _UD HO CL A_OV]L ^DV ^LVXO HO CL ^DC@E@L
JLE@DJLC HOC ÔV_=
ûfcèlhl oc <1LBD6><? oj oc h`lr`d –Oc ôruljd‗ , edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho

pdtoje`lr cl elple`hlh dporlt`vl ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý,
2

ospoeçaèlgojto cl aleuctlh hoc usd cl auorzl, ostlfcoeo robcls murçhèls quo

ospoeçaèlgojto
porg`to omoreor cl auje`õj pdcè`lc plrl voclr cl prdtoee`õj, sobur`hlh y oc c`fro
omoreè`d ho cds horoekds aujhlgojtlcos ho cls porsdjls, oc jdrglc
hoslrrdccd ho cls let`v`hlhos ho cl pdfcle`õj y prostlr lpdyd l cls hogìs
`jst`tue`djos hoc Ostlhd.
@jstrugojtd coblc quo robucl oc usd ho cl auorzl pdr plrto ho cl ^dcèçl
Jle`djlc hoc ôrý, tojòjhd oj edjs`horle`õj quo cls Auorzls Lrglhls tòjo
su Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd <>0? pufcèlhl oc ><UOX6><> Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd quo
ostlfcoeo robcls ho ogpcod y usd ho cl auorzl pdr plrto ho cls Auorzls
Lrglhls oj oc torr`tdr`d jle`djlc, oj su edjhè`õj ho auje`djlr`d ojelrblhd
ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy.
Xòjo lceljeo l tdhd oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý oj s`tule`õj

ho let`v`hlh
let`v`h lh quo usl cl auorzl oj hoaojsl ho cl porsd
porsdjl,
jl, cl sdeòhlh y
oc Ostlhd.
E. HOEVOXD U_^VOGD J¾><6-6><1-@J VOBCLGOJXD HOC HOEVOXD

COB@UCLX@QD ^DV ―^LVXO
HO CL A_OV]L<<;1 HOEVOXD COB@UCLX@QD
HO CL
HO \_O VOB_CL
^DC@E@L JLE@DJLC OC _UD
HOC ÔV_=
Vobclgojtd quo tòjo pdr dfmotd hoslrrdcclr y ostlfcoeor cds prdeoh`gòjtds,

cls robcls y cls jdrgls plrl cl lpcèle`õj hoc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd <<;1
–Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd quo robucl oc usd ho cl auorzl pdr plrto ho cl ^dcèçl
ôrý‗, oc g`sgd quo tòjo lceljeo l tdhd oc porsdjlc ho cl
Jle`djlc hoc ôrý‗,
^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý oj s`tule`õj ho let`v`hlh oj eulhrds, quo
edgprojho LC ÔVUDJLC HO AVLJED, QLELE@DJOU, ÔVG@UD _
DXVDU, E_LJHD KLBLJ _UD HO CL A_OV]L OJ HOAOJUL HO CL
ÔVUDJL, CL UDE@OHLH P OC OUXLHD OJ OC E_G^C@G@OJXD HO
U_U A_JE@DJOU, HOFOVOU _ DVHOJ U_ÔV@DV.
H. GLJ_LC HO HOVOEKDU K_GLJDU L^C@ELHDU L CL A_JE@ÕJ

^DC@E@LC ― 6><; ― VOUDC_E@DJ G@J@UXOV@LC J¾0?6-6><;-@J.
Oc G`j`stor`d hoc @jtor`dr, hl eugpc`gòjtd l cd h`spuostd oj cl sobujhl

h`spdsè`õj edgpcogojtlr`l a`jlc hoc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd <<;1, pdr oc eulc
h`spdjo edgd goh`hl `jst`tue`djlc, letulc`zlr cl jdrglt`v`hlh rocle`djlhl
edj oc dfmotd ho cl e`tlhl jdrgl, pufcèìjhdso oc <8LBD6><; oj oc h`lr`d – Oc
ôruljd‗ oc Gljulc ho Horoekds Kugljds lpcèlhds l cl auje`õj pdcè`lc -
6><;.
O. Edgprojho `jadrgle`õj sdfro lspoetds hdetr`jlr`ds y jdrglt`vds ho cds

horoekds kugljds quo bulrhlj rocle`õj edj cl auje`õj ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc
;

hoc ôrý. Ls`g`sgd, ostlfcoeo prdeoh`gòjtd y tàejèls quo porg`toj

g`j`g`zlr cds ròsbds kle`l cl `jtobr`hlh d cl v`hl ho cds plrtè`pljtos oj ujl
`jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc kleòjhd àjals`s oj oc usd hàoroje`lhd y prdpdre`djlc
ho cl auorzl.
A. COP 5>188 (<2LBD6><2)- GDH@A@ELE@ÕJ HOC LVXÇE_CD 8, COXVL E

HOC HOEVOXD COB@UCLX@QD <<;1 ― HOEVOXD COB@UCLX@QD \_O
VOB_CL OC _UD HO CL A_OV]L ^DV CL ^DC@E@L JLE@DJLC HOC
ÔV_=
Cl gdhàèle`õj lc Lrtçeucd 8, lgpc`l oc edjtoxtd hoc pr`je`p`d ho

prdpdre`djlc`hlh oj sor gìs ospoeçaèl plrl `hojtàèlr cl lgojlzl y
sustojtlr oc lee`djlr ho cl `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc, sòjhd=
–Lrtçeucd 8=
e. ^VD^DVE@DJLC@HLH= Oc usd ho cl auorzl so lpcèl edj uj er`tor`d
hàoroje`lhd y prdbros`vd, hotorg`jlhd pdr oc j`voc ho eddporle`õj,
ros`stoje`l
quòjos so (let`vl d pls`vl),
`jtorvòjo d cl lbros`õj
y edjs`horljhd ho cl porsdjl
cl `jtojs`hlh, d porsdjls
poc`brds`hlh l
ho cl
lgojlzl
lgojl zl,, edjhè`djos
edjhè `djos ho ojtdrjd y cds
cd s goh`ds quo h`spd
h`spdjo
jo o
occ porsdj
porsdjlc
lc
pdcè`lc
pdcè` lc plrl edjtrdclr ospoeçaèl ‗
edjtrdc lr ujl s`tule`õj ospoeçaèl
B. COP. J¾ 5<><6 (62GLV6>6>) COP HO ^VDXOEE@ÕJ

^VDXOEE@ÕJ ^DC@E@LC
–Lrtçeucd 6>.- Ostì oxojtd

oxojtd h
hoo rospdjslf`c
rospdjslf`c`hlh
`hlh pojlc= (Eõh`bd ôjlc)
ôjlc)
Y…W
<<. Oc porsdjlc ho cls Auorzls Lrglhls y ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý

quo, oj oc eugpc`gòjtd ho su auje`õj edjst`tue`djlc y oj usd ho sus lrgls
u dtrd goh`d ho hoaojsl, oj adrgl robclgojtlr`l, eluso cos`djos d guorto.‗
H@U^DU@E@ÕJ EDG^COGOJXLV@L HOVDBLXDV@L
Ýjèl. Hordbltdr
Hordbltdr `l
Hordblso oc c`torlc e) hoc jugorlc 8.< hoc lrtçeucd 8½ hoc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd
Jd <<;1, Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd quo robucl oc usd ho cl auorzl pdr plrto ho cl
^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý, d hàmoso oj suspojsd, sobýj oc elsd, cls
h`spdsè`djos coblcos y robclgojtlr`ls quo so dpdjblj l cd ostlfcoe`hd pdr
cl prosojto coy d c`g`toj su lpcèle`õj, edj cl ojtrlhl oj v`boje`l ho cl
prosojto coy.
0

UOB_JHL
UOB_JHL UOGLJL
HOEVOXD COB@UCLX@QD J¾<<;1

HU. J¾ ><6-6><1-@J (VOBCLGOJXD)
OC _UD HO CL A_OV]L P CL A_JE@ÕJ ^DC@E@LC

Cl auje`õj pdcè`lc os cl let`v`hlh hoc Ostlhd quo robucl y gljtòjo oc oqu`c`fr`d ojtro
cl ox`stoje`l `jh`v`hulc y oc fòj edgýj.
^dr occd, oj hotorg`jlhls e`reujstl
e`reujstlje`ls,
je`ls, cl ^dcèçl tòjo cl dfc`ble`õj ho rospotlr y
prdtobor l cl porsdjl kugljl, hofòjhd rostr`jb`r cobçt`glgojto d c`g`tlr cds
horoekds kugljds, hof`hd l quo cl c`fortlh y cds horoekds ho ujl porsdjl
lelflj
lelfl j hdjho edg
edgòjzl
òjzl cl c`fortlh
c`f ortlh y cds horoekds h o cds hogìs .
ho
OJ CL A_JE@ÕJ ^DC@E@LC, OC A@J JD M_UX@A@EL CDU GOH@DU
@. EDJE O^XDU FÌU@EDU= Juostrd Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd <<;1 ― Hoerotd

EDJEO^XDU
Cob`sclt`vd quo robucl oc _sd ho cl Auorzl pdr plrto ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc
ôrý, hoser`fo oj oc lrtçeucd 5 ― elpçtucd @@ ― Hoa`jè`djos, pr`je`p`ds o
`jtorprotle`õj9 edjedrhljto edj oc Hoerotd Uuprogd J¾ ><6-6><1-@J
Vobclgojtd hoc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd quo robucl oc _sd ho cl Auorzl pdr plrto ho
cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý lrtçeucd 5 ― elpçtucd @@ ― Hoa`jè`djos ho Xàrg`jds.
L. A_OV]L=
Os oc goh`d quo oj sus hàorojtos j`vocos usl oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl
Jle`djlc hoc ôrý , hojtrd hoc glred ho cl coy, plrl cdbrlr oc edjtrdc ho
ujl s`tule`õj
oc drhoj quo
pýfcèd, edjst`tuyod ujl
cl `jtobr`hlh lgojlzl
cl v`hl d ltojtl edjtrl cl sobur`hlh,
ho cls porsdjls.
F. _UD ^VDBVOU@QD
^VDBVOU@QD P H@AOVOJE@LHD HO C L A_OV]L=
Os cl brlhule`õj y lhoeule`õj , pdr plrto hoc porsdjlc pdcè`lc,
pdcè` lc, ho cds
goh`ds y gàtdhds l ogpcolr tojòjhd
tojòjhd oj euojtl oc j`voc ho eddporle`õj,
ros`stoje`l d lbros`õj quo roprosojto cl porsdjl l `jtorvoj`r d cl s`tule`õj
l edjtrdc.
E. GOH@DU HO ^DC@E@L=
Udj cls lrgls, oqu`pd, leeosdr`ds y dtrds ocogojtds ho lpdyd,
lutdr`zlhds d prdpdre`djlhds pdr oc Ostlhd, quo ogpcol oc porsdjlc
pdcè`lc plrl ojarojtlr ujl lgojlzl d ltojtlhd edjtrl cl sobur`hlh, oc
drhoj pýfcèd, cl `jtobr`hlh d cl v`hl ho cls porsdjls.
<>

H. E_G^C@G@O
E_G^C@G@OJXD
JXD HOC HOFOV=
Os cl dfc`ble`õj hoc porsdjlc pdcè`lc oj oc omoreè`d ho cl lutdr`hlh quo

roprosojtl, ho blrljt`zlr oc drhoj y cl sobur`hlh s`rvòjhd l cl edguj`hlh y
prdtobòjhd l cls porsdjls oj oc glred ho sus edgpotoje`ls, auje`djos y
ltr`fue`djos coblcgojto ostlfcoe`hls
O. @JXOVQOJE@DJOU P DÔVLE@DJOU ^DC@E@L

^DC@E@LCOU
COU
- @JXOVQOJE@DJOU ^DC@E@LCOU= Os oc letd `jkorojto hoc porsdjlc

pdcè`lc oj oc ìgf`td ho sus auje`djos, ltr`fue`djos y edgpotoje`ls, lsç
edgd cl gltor`lc`zle`õj ho cls tlrols ostlfcoe`hls oj uj pclj ho
dporle`djos edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho edjtrdclr uj `je`hojto, ogorboje`l d
er`s`s.
- DÔVLE@DJOU ^DC@E@LCOU= Udj let`v`hlhos hof`hlgojto

pcljàèlhls y omoeutlhls pdr oc porsdjlc ho cls uj`hlhos dporlt`vls ho
cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý plrl oc eugpc`gòjtd ho su a`jlc`hlh
aujhlgojtlc.
@@. LVVOUXD P HOXOJE@ÕJ= Juostrd Vobclgojtd hoc Hoerotd cob`sclt`vd quo

robucl oc usd ho cl auorzl pdr plrto ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý HU. ><6-
6><1-@J oj su lrtçeucd 5, os edjedrhljto edj juostrl Edjst`tue`õj ^dcçtèl hoc
ôrý Lrt. 6 jugorlc 68 cotrl –a‗, hoslrrdccljhd=
^DC @E@LC==
L. LVVOUXD ^DC@E@LC
Os oc letd ho lutdr`hlh quo porg`to lprokojhor l ujl porsdjl pdr=
 A`jos ho `hojtàèle`õj,
 Votoje`õj (os cl c`g`tle`õj togpdrlc oj oc hospclzlgòjtd ho ujl porsdjl,
euljhd rosucto joeoslr`d oc edjtrdc ho `hojt`hlh o `hojtàèle`õj pcojl, prìetèl
ho ujl posqu`sl d letd ho `jvost`ble`õj, puhòjhd edjhue`rso d jd lc
`jtorvoj`hd l cl hopojhoje`l pdcè`lc gìs eoreljl, s`j laoetlr dtrds horoekds
aujhlgojtlcos)
 ^rdeoh`gòjtd lh
lhg`j`strlt`vd
g`j`strlt`vd o ``jecusd
jecusd pdr cl su
supuostl
puostl ed
edg`s`õj
g`s`õj ho uj
hoc`td
ûhòjhd roeurr`r ho gljorl edgpucs`vl l omoreor oc edjtrdc sdfro àstl
ogpcoljhd cds goh`ds ho pdcèçl. Hofo ostlr flslhd oj gdt`vds coblcos y
rolc`zlrso ho gljorl prdaos`djlc, edgpotojto y oaèlz, s`j laoetlr dtrds
horoekds aujhlgojtlcos
aujhlgojtlcos..
Oj j`jbýj elsd aleuctl l cl pr`vle`õj `jhof`hl ho cl c`fortlh j` gojds lc
sdgot`gòjtd l tdrturl j` l trltds `jkugljds, eruocos d hobrlhljtos lc
`jtorv`jd.
<<

^lrtèuclrgojto so hofo tojor oj euojtl=

<. Lrrostd
Lrrost d l porsdj
porsdjll sdsp
sdspoekdsl
oekdsl (prosujtd `ja
`jarletdr
rletdr ho cl coy)
Hofogds ojtojhor edgd porsdjl sdspoekdsl l lquoccl euyl edjhuetl d
e`reujstlje`ls kleoj prosug`fcos quo kl edgot`hd d vl l edgotor uj
letd `cçe`td, oj
hotorg`jlrso hdjho su `hojt`hlh
su plrtè`ple`õj oj oc `cçe`td.ostì pdr edgprdflrso d pdr
6. Lrrostd
Lrrost d l gumoros
Hofo sor oaoetulhd, oj cd pds`fco, edj plrtè`ple`õj ho porsdjlc pdcè`lc
aogoj`jd. Oj oc elsd hoc rob`strd porsdjlc y ho projhls, àsto hofo sor
oaoetulhd pdr ujl gumor edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho ov`tlr vucjorlr sus horoekds.
5. Lrrostd
Lrrost d l gojdros ho ohlh
Cds gojdros ho ohlh hoforìj sor soplrlhds ho cds lhuctds hurljto cls
`jtorvoje`djos, ho proaoroje`l y oj h`roetl rocle`õj l su ohlh y edjhuetl,
hofòjhd ostlr lc eu`hlhd ho porsdjlc ospoe`lcgojto ls`bjlhd plrl ostl
clfdr.
F. HOXOJE@ÕJ ^DC@E@LC =
E.
Oj sojt`hd lgpc`d, os tdhl adrgl ho pr`vle`õj ho cl c`fortlh roaor`hl lc c`fro
trìjs`td d gdv`gòjtd ho ujl porsdjl. Os uj letd oxeope`djlc quo ostì
robuclhd pdr cl coy.
CL COP 5>??; HOC >;GLP6><2 GDH@A@EL OC LVXÇE_CD 6½, @JE@UD 68, C@XOVLC A HO CL
EDJUX@X_E@ÕJ ^DCÇX@EL, U@OJHD=
–JLH@O ^_OHO UOV HOXOJ@HD U@JD ^DV GLJHLG@OJ
GLJHLG@OJXD
XD OUEV@XD P GDX@QLHD HOC M_O]
D ^DV CLU L_XDV@HLHOU ^DC@E@LCOU OJ ELUD HO ACLBVLJXO
A CLBVLJXO HOC@XD. CL HOXOJE@ÕJ
JD H_VLVÌ GÌU HOC X@OG^D OUXV@EXLGOJXO JOEOULV@D ^LVL CL VOLC@]LE@ÕJ HO
CLU @JQOUX@BLE@DJOU P, OJ XDHD ELUD, OC HOXOJ@HD HOFO UOV ^_OUXD L
H@U^DU@E@ÕJ HOC M_]BLHD EDVVOU^DJH@OJXO, HOJXVD HOC ^CL]D GÌ[@GD HO
E_LVOJXL P DEKD KDVLU D OJ OC XÀVG@JD HO CL H@UXLJE@L ‗
Oj sojt`hd ostrètd cl hotoje`õj pdcè`lc os cl pr`vle`õj oxeope`djlc ho cl

c`fortlh edgd edgpotoje`l auje`djlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc, quo
ýjèlgojto os mustàèlhl trls cl edg`s`õj ho uj hoc`td aclbrljto d pdr
gljhltd muhè`lc oser`td y gdt`vlhd.
Xòjo edgd dfmot`vds gìs edgujos cds s`buòjtos=

-
- @gpoh`r
ôrg`t`r quo cl porsdjlho
cl rolc`zle`õj edgotl d s`bl edgotòjhd
`jvost`ble`djos uj letd
oj rocle`õj edj`coblc.
uj letd
hocèt`vd, oj oc eulc so klyl sdrprojh`hd oj aclbrlje`l.
<6

- Ccovlr l ujl porsdjl ljto cl lutdr`hlh edgpotojto plrl quo àstl

hoslrrdcco oc prdeosd mur`shèe`djlc
Oc porsdjlc
porsdjlc pdc` e`lc oj su rocle`õj edj cls porsdjls flmd su eustdh`l
eust dh`l d
hotoj`hds jd ogpcolrìj cl auorzl slcvd euljhd sol ostrètlgojto
joeoslr`l plrl gljtojor
gljtojor cl sobur`hlh y oc drhoj oj cds ostlfcoe`g
ostlfcoe`gòjtds
òjtds
d euljhd edrrl brlvo poc`brd cl `jtobr`hlh açsèl ho cls porsdjls . Jd
ogpcolrìj lrgls ho auobd, slcvd oj hoaojsl prdp`l d oj hoaojsl ho toreords
–euljhd cl v`hl ho ujl porsdjl os puostl oj ròsbd rolc, `jg`jojto y
letulc pdr quòj so ostì aubljhd ‗. Oj edjsoeuoje`l, jd so pdhrì ut`c`zlr
lrgls ho auobd edj oc ýjèd prdpõs`td ho `gpoh`r cl aubl ho ujl porsdjl
sdgot`hl l eustdh`l d hotoje`õj.
Ox`stoj plutls l tojor oj edjs`horle`õj pdr oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc
euljhd tojbl quo eugpc`r edj su aleuctlh ho hotoje`õj y lujquo ostls sdj
ho elrìetor bojorlc, oj cds elsds s`buòjtos so hofo tojor oj euojtl=
l. Gumoros
Gumoros hotoj`hls
Cl edjhè`õj ospoe`lc ho cl gumor ostì roedjde`hl y prdtob`hl oj hds t`pds ho

h`spdsè`djos= ujls quo ox`boj quo cls hotoj`hls ostàj soplrlhls ho cds
kdgfros y dtrls roclt`vls l cl jd h`ser`g`jle`õj.
Os `gpdrtljto ls`bjlr cl eustdh`l y oc rob`strd porsdjlc ho gumoros hotoj`hls
l porsdjlc aogoj`jd (Edjvoje`õj sdfro cds Horoekds ^dcçtèds ho cl Gumor y
cl Hoeclrle`õj sdfro cl Oc`g`jle`õj ho cl H`ser`g`jle`õj edjtrl cl Gumor y cl
Edjvoje`õj sdfro cl Oc`g`jle`õj ho tdhls cls adrgls ho H`ser`g`jle`õj edjtrl
cl Gumor).
f. Gojdros
Gojdros h
hoo ohlh
ohlh hotoj`hds
Elhl voz quo uj lhdcoseojto sol hotoj`hd so jdtàèlrì `jgoh`ltlgojto l
sus plhros d tutdr 9 cls e`reujstlje`ls y oc cublr ho hotoje`õj sorìj
edgujèlhds lc tàrg`jd ho cl h`stlje`l lc A`selc y Muoz edgpotojtos .
Xdhd gojdr pr`vlhd ho su c`fortlh hoforì sor trltlhd edj kuglj`hlh y edj
oc rospotd quo goroeo cl h`bj`hlh `jkorojto l su edjhè`õj ho porsdjl
kugljl, ho gljorl quo so tojbl oj euojtl cls joeos`hlhos prdp`ls ho cls
porsdjls ho su ohlh, plrl occd hoforì ostlr dfc`bltdr`lgojto soplrlhd ho
cds lhuctds y tojhrì horoekd l gljtojor edjtletd edj su alg`c`l.
Cl proser`pe`õj tlxlt`vl edjtoj`hl oj oc Eõh`bd ho cds J`üds y Lhdcoseojtos
hèo=
–Oc j`üd y oc lhdcoseojto tòjoj horoekd l cl c`fortlh. J`jbýj j`üd d
lhdcoseojto sorì hotoj`hd d pr`vlhd ho su c`fortlh. Uo oxecuyoj cds elsds ho

hotoje`õj pdr gljhltd muhè`lc d ho aclbrljto `jarlee`õj l cl coy pojlc‗.
<5

Ls`g`sgd, oc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd

Cob`sclt`vd J½ <58; oj su lrtçeucd @ hoc Xçtucd ^roc`g`jlr
soülcl quo oc lhdcoseojto ojtro eltdreo (<8) y gojds ho hòe`dekd (<;) lüds
ho ohlh os sumotd ho horoekds y dfc`ble`djos, rospdjho pdr cl edg`s`õj ho
ujl `jarlee`õj oj v`rtuh ho ujl rospdjslf`c`hlh pojlc ospoe`lc,
edjs`horìjhdso plrl occd su ohlh y elrletorçstèls porsdjlcos.
Xdhds cds koekds oj quo plrtè`poj gojdros ho ohlh sdj edja`hoje`lcos. Oj

tdhd gdgojtd hofo rospotlrso oc horoekd l cl `glboj o `hojt`hlh hoc j`üd d
hoc lhdcoseojto.
XOVEOVL
XOVEOVL UOGLJL
^V@JE@^@DU P J@QOCOU
Oc Gljulc ho Horoekds Kugljds lpcèlhds l cl auje`õj ^dcè`lc ― Vosdcue`õj
G`j`stor`lc 0?6-6><;-@J, pufcèlhd oc <8LBD6><;, oc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd <<;1
pufcèlhd oc <1LBD6><?, cl Coy 5>188 pufcèlhd oc <0M_C6><2 gdhàèl oc `je`sd
–e‗ hoc lrtçeucd 8 hoc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd <<;1 y cl Vobclgojtle`õj hoc Hoerotd
Cob`sclt`vd quo robucl oc usd ho cl auorzl pdr plrto ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý -
H.U J½ ><6-6><1-@J, pufcèlhd oc 62M_C6><1, oxprosl=
@. ^V@JE @^@DU HOC _UD HO CL A_OV]L= Oc usd ho cl auorzl pdr oc porsdjlc ho

^V@JE@^@DU
cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc so sustojtl oj oc rospotd ho cds horoekds aujhlgojtlcos y
oj cl edjeurroje`l ho cds pr`je`p`ds.
Ho leuorhd l cds ostìjhlros `jtorjle`djlcos sdfro horoekds kugljds

lpcèlfcos l cl auje`õj pdcè`lc, quo so sustojtlj oj `jstrugojtds `jtorjle`djlco
`jtorjle`djlcoss
(^FOALA-EEAOKEC) y roedgojhle`djos y hoe`s`djos ho drblj`sgds
`jtorjle`djlcos ho horoekds kugljds (DJ_ P E@HHKK), cds pr`je`p`ds quo r`boj
oc usd ho cl auorzl sdj=
L. COBLC @HLH= Cl coblc`hlh `gpcèl cl sumoe`õj ho cl auorzl pýfcèl lc

COB LC@HLH=
gljhltd ho cl coy. ^dr occd oc usd ho cl auorzl hofo dròjtlrso lc cdbrd ho uj
dfmot`vd coblc. Ls`g`sgd, cds goh`ds y gàtdhds ut`c`zlhds oj eugpc`gòjtd
hoc hofor hofoj ostlr lgplrlhds oj oc glred hoc horoekd `jtorjle`djlc ho
cds horoekds kugljds, cl Edjst`tue`õj ^dcçtèl hoc ôrý y hogìs jdrgls
jle`djlcos sdfro cl gltor`l.
Oc usd ho cl auorzl ostì c`g`tlhd y edjhè`djlhl pdr cds prdtdedcds, oxpcç
oxpcçe`tds
e`tds
y prov`lgojto ostlfcoe`hds, plrl oc omoreè`d cobçt`gd ho ostl ltr`fue`õj.
<. OC DFM OX@QD COBLC = Os cl a`jlc`hlh l cl quo so h`r`bo oc usd ho cl

DFMOX@QD
auorzl, cl eulc hofo ostlr lgplrlhd oj jdrgls murçhèls edjst`tue`djlcos,
coblcos, robclgojtlr`ls, lhg`j`strlt`vls d h`roet`vls, hojtrd ho cls
aleuctlhos ltr`fu`hls l cl ^dcèçl y ho leuorhd edj cds a`jos plrl quo cos
auordj edjaor`hls.
<8

6. CDU GOH@DU COBLCOU HO ^DC@EÇL = Udj cls lrgls, oqu`pds,

leeosdr`ds y dtrds ocogojtds ho lpdyd, prdpdre`djlhds d lutdr`zlhds pdr
oc Ostlhd, quo ogpcol oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc, oj oc eugpc`gòjtd ho su hofor
y ho leuorhd edj su ospoe`lc`hlh auje`djlc, plrl ojarojtlr ujl lgojlzl
d ltojtlhd edjtrl cl sobur`hlh, oc drhoj pýfcèd, cl `jtobr`hlh d cl v`hl ho
cls porsdjls.
5. CDU GÀXDHDU= Edjst`tuyoj cl adrgl ho letule`õj pdcè`lc oj oc

eugpc`gòjtd hoc hofor, ostlfcoe`hds oj cds gljulcos ho prdeoh`gòjtds
dporlt`vds, h`roet`vls d prdtdedcds, edgplt`fcos edj cl jdrglt`v`hlh
`jtorjl o `jtorjle`djlc quo dfc`bl lc Ostlhd oj gltor`l ho horoekds
kugljds.
F. JOEOU@HLH= Oc usd ho cl auorzl oj oc eugpc`gòjtd hoc hofor os joeoslr`d

euljhd dtrds goh`ds rosuctoj `joaèleos d jd blrljtèoj ho j`jbujl gljorl
oc cdbrd hoc dfmot`vd coblc fuselhd. Oj dtrls plclfrls, euljhd oc dfmot`vd ho
ujl lee`õj ho lpcèle`õj ho cl coy puoho lceljzlrso s`j roeurr`r lc omoreè`d
ho cl auorzl, cds pdcèçls jd klrìj usd ho osl aleuctlh. Gìs lýj, euljhd sol
joeoslr`d omoreor hèkl aleuctlh, cl goh`hl oj cl quo so ogpcol jd hofo
suporlr cd joeoslr`d plrl lceljzlr oc dfmot`vd.
Vospotlr oc pr`je`p`d ho joeos`hlh `gpcèl, ls`g`sgd, homlr ho omoreor cl

auorzl tlj prdjtd edgd so klyl cdbrlhd oc dfmot`vd (pdr omogpcd, oj euljtd
cl porsdjl oj euost`õj klyl eoslhd ho daroeor ros`stoje`l d so klyl
ojedjtrlhd oc dfmotd fuselhd).
^lrl hotorg`jlr oc j`voc ho auorzl l uslr, so hofo edjs`horlr,

rlzdjlfcogojto, ojtro dtrls e`reujstlje`ls, oc j`voc ho eddporle`õj,
ros`stoje`l d lbros`õj ho cl porsdjl `jtorvoj`hl y cls edjhè`djos hoc
ojtdrjd.
<. Oj oc j`voc ho ed
eddporle`õj,
dporle`õj, ros`st
ros`stoje`l,
oje`l, lbros`õj d brlhd ho dpds
dpdsè`õj.
è`õj.
quo rolc`zl cl porsdjl `jtorvoj`hl. Uo tdglrl oj euojtl cl poc`brds`hlh
ho su lee`djlr, cds ocogojtds quo ogpcoo, cl `jtojs`hlh ho cl lbros`õj
y cls edjhè`djos hoc ojtdrjd oj quo so hoslrrdccl.
6. Cl edjhè`õj hoc ojtdrjd. Os cl s`tule`õj ospoeçaèl rocle`djlhl lc

osple`d bodbrìaèd, edja`burle`õj urfljl d rurlc y cl s`tule`õj sde`lc quo
rdhol cl `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc. Os uj aletdr quo puoho `je`h`r oj oc j`voc
ho ros`stoje`l y oc usd ho cl auorzl
^V@JE@^@D HO VL]DJLF@C@HLH.- dfc`bl l quo cls hoe`s`djos ho cl lutdr`hlh

pdcè`lc gljtojblj cl hof`hl prdpdre`õj ojtro cds goh`ds l ogpcolr y cds a`jos
<?

pýfcèds quo hofl tutoclr, l a`j ho quo rospdjhlj l cd ostrètlgojt

ostrètlgojtoo joeoslr`d plrl
cl slt`salee`õj ho su edgot`hd. (rov`stls.puep.ohu.po ‽ `jhox.pkp ‽ lrtèco ‽ hdwjcdlh )
COP. J¾ 5<><6
(62GLV6>6>)
COP HO ^VDXOEE@ÕJ
^VDXOEE@ÕJ ^DC@E@LC
Lrtçe
Lr tçe uc
ucdd <. Dfmotd
Dfm otd
Cl prosojto coy tòjo pdr dfmotd dtdrblr prdtoee`õj coblc lc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl
Jle`djlc hoc ôrý quo, oj omoreè`d robuclr ho su auje`õj edjst`tue`djlc, kleo usd ho
sus lrgls d goh`ds ho hoaojsl, oj adrgl robclgojtlr`l elusljhd cos`djos d guorto
y fr`jhlr oc sorvè`d ho lsosdrçl y hoaojsl coblc brltu`tl lc porsdjlc pdcè`lc, quo
lardjtl ujl `jvost`ble`õj a`selc d uj prdeosd pojlc d e`v`c hor`vlhd hoc eugpc`gòjtd
ho cl auje`õj pdcè`lc, soülclhls oj oc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd J¾ <612, Coy ho cl ^dcèçl
Jle`djlc hoc ôrý y Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd J¾ <<;1, Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd quo robucl oc
usd ho cl auorzl pdr plrto ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý.
Oj ostls e`reujstlje`ls lc omoreor su horoekd l su cobçt`gl hoaojsl y ho cl sdeòhlh

ostlfcoe`hd oj cl coy, oc pr`je`p`d ho rlzdjlf`c`hlh ho goh`ds sorì `jtorprotlhd l
alvdr hoc porsdjlc pdcè`lc `jtorv`jòjto, ostlfcoeòjhd goelj`sgds prdeoslcos quo
ov`toj gojdselflr oc pr`je`p`d ho lutdr`hlh pdcè`lc.
Lrtçe
Lr tçe uc
ucdd 6. A`jlc`
A`j lc` hlh
Cl prosojto coy tòjo pdr a`jlc`hlh blrljt`zlr cl oaèòje`l hoc sorvè`d quo prostl oc
porsdjlc pdcè`lc oj oc eugpc`gòjtd ho su auje`õj edjst`tue`djlc, euljhd kleoj usd
ho sus lrgls d goh`ds ho hoaojsl oj adrgl robclgojtlr`l y ho oostl stl gljorl bdeoj
ho cl prdtoee`õj coblc hoc Ostlhd.
Lrtçe
Lr tçe uc
ucdd 5. Vos pd
pdjs
jslf`
lf`c`c` hlh poj
pojlc
lc
Oc ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý quo kleo usd ho sus lrgls d goh`ds ho hoaojsl,
edjtrlv`jòjhd cl Edjst`tue`õj ^dcçtèl hoc ôrý, cls jdrgls hoc Horoekd
@jtorjle`djlc ho cds Horoekds Kugljds roedjde`hls pdr oc Ostlhd poruljd y cl
prosojto coy, `jeurr`rì oj rospdjslf`c`hlh pojlc y jd so lpcèlrì cds fojoaè`ds ho cl
prosojto coy.
–Lrtçeucd 606½-L.- Edgplroeoje`l rostr`
rostrèt`
et`vl
vl plrl o
occ ^dc`
^dcèçl
eçl Jle`djlc
Jle`djlc h
hoc
oc ôrý
ôrý
Uo `gpdjhrìj cls rostrèe`djos prov`stls oj oc lrtçeucd 6;; lc ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc
ôrý quo, oj eugpc`gòjtd ho su auje`õj edjst`tue`djlc, kleo usd ho sus lrgls d
goh`ds ho hoaojsl oj adrgl robclgojtlr`l y elusoj cos`õj d guorto, quohljhd
prdk`f`hd hètlr gljhltd ho Hotoje`õj ^roc`g`jlr Muhè`lc y ^r`s`õj ^rovojt`vl.‗
–Lrtçeucd 6>.- Ostì oxojtd
oxojtd h
hoo rospdjslf`c
rospdjslf`c`hlh
`hlh pojlc= (E
(Eõh`b
õh`b d ôjlc)
ôjlc)
<1

Y…W
<<. Oc porsdjlc ho cls Auorzls Lrglhls y ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý quo, oj oc
eugpc`gòjtd ho su auje`õj edjst`tue`djlc y oj usd ho sus lrgls u dtrd goh`d ho
hoaojsl, oj adrgl robclgojtlr`l, eluso cos`djos d guorto.‗
H@U^DU@E@ÕJ EDG^COGOJXLV@L HOVDBLXDV@L

Ýjèl. Hordbltdr
Hordbltdr`l
`l
Hordblso oc c`torlc e) hoc jugorlc 8.< hoc lrtçeucd 8½ hoc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd Jd <<;1,
Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd quo robucl oc usd ho cl auorzl pdr plrto ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc
hoc ôrý, d hàmoso oj suspojsd, sobýj oc elsd, cls h`spdsè`djos coblcos y
robclgojtlr`ls quo so dpdjblj l cd ostlfcoe`hd pdr cl prosojto coy d c`g`toj su
lpcèle`õj, edj cl ojtrlhl oj v`boje`l ho cl prosojto coy.
LVX@E_CD
LVX@E_C D 68. Udj elusls ho mustàèle`õj= (E
(Eõh`b ôjlc)
õh`b d ôjlc)
COBÇX@GL HOAOJUL=
\uòj dfrl oj hoaojsl ho su porsdjl, fòjos d horoekds, d oj hoaojsl ho cl

porsdjl, fòjos d horoekds ho dtrl, sògpro quo edjeurrlj cl e`reujstlje`ls
s`buòjtos=
l) Lbros`õj `cobçt`gl9
f) Joeos`hlh rle`djlc hoc goh`d ogpcolhd plrl `gpoh`rcl d ropocorcl9
e) Alctl ho prdvdele`õj suaèòjto pdr plrto hoc hoaojsdr. Uo ojtojhorì quo
edjeurroj ostls tros e`reujstlje`ls rospoetd ho lquàc quo roeklzl lc quo
protojhl ojtrlr d klyl ojtrlhd oj gdrlhl lmojl d oj sus hopojhoje`ls, s` su
let`tuh hojdtl cl `jg`joje`l ho uj poc`brd plrl cl v`hl, fòjos d horoekds ho cds
gdrlhdros. Oc roqu`s`td prov`std oj oc c`torlc e) jd os joeoslr`d euljhd so trltl
ho cl hoaojsl ho sus plròjtos hojtrd ho cds brlhds ho coy, ho su eõjyubo d
edjeuf`jlr`d, ho sus plhros d k`mds lhdpt`vds, sògpro quo oc hoaojsdr jd klyl
tdglhd plrto oj cl prdvdele`õj.
@@. J@QOCOU=
L. J@QOCOU HO VOU@UXOJE@L= Cds j`vocos ho eddporle`õj, ros`stoje`l d

lbros`v`hlh hoc eùhlhljd l `jtorvoj`r, sdj cls s`buòjtos=
<. VOU@UXOJE@L ^LU@QL =
l. V@OUBD CLXOJXO= Os cl lgojlzl porgljojto jd v`s`fco prosojto

oj tdhl `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc. Ostì rocle`djlhl edj cl edjhè`õj y
edja`burle`õj bodbrìaèl, ojtdrjd sde`lc, oedjõgèd y let`v`hlh
<2

hocèt`vl porgljojto d ovojtulc y quo hotorg`jl oc j`voc ho rospuost

r ospuostll
pdcè`lc.
f. EDDÔVLHDV= Oc `jtorvoj`hd leltl tdhls cls `jhèle`djos hoc
porsdjlc pdcè`lc s`j ros`stoje`l gljàòstl hurljto cl `jtorvoje`õj. Oc
eùhlhljd, prosujtd `jarletdr
`jarletdr ho cl coy, gljtòjo rospotd kle`l oc letd
ho lutdr`hlh eugpcòjhd cls `jhèle`djos quo so co hl plrl blrljt`zlr
oc drhoj o `jecusd oaoetulr uj lrrostd.
e. JD EDDÔVLHDV= Oc `jtorvoj`hd jd leltl cls `jhèle`djos. Jd

rolee`djl j` lbroho. Oc eùhlhljd, prosujtd `jarletdr ho cl coy,
ov`hoje`l ujl hosdfohòje`l gljàòstl kle`l oc letd ho lutdr`hlh,
s`j ccoblr l cl lbros`õj açsèl, quo puoho oxproslrso vorflcgojt
vorflcgojto.
o.
6. VOU@UXOJE@L LEX@QL =
l. VOU@UXOJE@L AÇU@EL = Oc `jtorvoj`hd so dpdjo l su rohuee`õj,

`jgdv`c`zle`õj y/d edjhuee`õj, ccobljhd l uj j`voc ho hoslaçd açsèd.
Oc eùhlhljd
sumoe`õj prosujtdgltor`lcos
l ocogojtds `jarletdr quo
ho clov`tlj
coy oxprosl dpdsè`õj
su trlsclhd açsèl,
d ogpcod ho
eulcquòr goh`d plrl `gpoh`r cl lee`õj pdcè`lc ho edjtrdc açsèd.
f. LBVOU@ÕJ JD COXLC COXL C = Oc `jtorvoj`hd lbroho açsèlgojto lc
porsdjlc pdcè`lc d l porsdjls `jvdcuerlhls oj cl `jtorvoje`õj
goh`ljto oc ogpcod ho cl auorzl edrpdrlc u dfmotd quo ltojtl edjtrl
cl `jtobr`hlh açsèl, s`j bojorlr uj poc`brd rolc o `jg`jojto ho guorto
d cos`djos brlvos.
e. LBVOU@ÕJ COXLCC OXLC== Os cl lee`õj y edjhuetl hoc eùhlhljd prosujtd

`jarletdr ho cl coy quo goh`ljto
g oh`ljto eulcquòr lee`õj pdjo oj poc`brd rolc
o `jg`jojto ho guorto d cos`djos brlvos lc porsdjlc pdcè`lc d l
porsdjls `jvdcuerlhls oj cl `jtorvoje`õj.
F. J@QOCOU HOC _UD HO CL A_OV]L= Cds j`vocos ho usd ho cl auorzl
lpcèlhds pdr oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý hofoj sor
prdpdre`djlcos l cds j`vocos ho ros`stoje`l let`vl d pls`vl hoc `jarletdr d
`jtorvoj`hd y sdj cds s`buòjtos.
<. J@QOCOU ^VOQOJX@QDU=
l. ^VOUO JE@L ^DC@E@LC = Ojtojh`hl edgd hogdstrle`õj ho lutdr`hlh

^VOUOJE@L
hoc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý ujàdrglhd d
hof`hlgojto `hojtàèlhd edj h`spds`t`vds edj cl plclfrl –^dcèçl‗,
– ^dcèçl‗, su
pclel `js`bj`l y elrjot ho `hojt`hlh, hof`hlgojto oqu`plhd, oj
<;

let`tuh ho lcortl y rolc`zljhd

r olc`zljhd uj edjtrdc v`sulc, quo provòjo y h`sulho
cl edg`s`õj ho ujl `jarlee`õj d uj hoc`td.
f. QOVFLC@]LE@ÕJ= Os oc usd ho cl edgujèle`õj drlc edj cl ojorbçl

joeoslr`l y oc usd ho tàrg`jds lhoeulhds quo solj aìe`cgojto
ojtojh`hds y edgprojh`hds pdr cls porsdjls l `jtorvoj`r, ale`c`tljhd
su edjtrdc `jh`v`hulc d bruplc. Cl vorflc`zle`õj hofo sor ut`c`zlhl oj
tdhds cds j`vocos hoc usd ho cl auorzl.
e. EDJXVDC HO EDJXLEXD= Os oc usd ho tàejèls ho edgujèle`õj,

jobde`le`õj y prdeoh`gòjtds host`jlhds l bu`lr, edjtojor cl lee`õj
d let`tuh ho cl porsdjl d brupds l sor `jtorvoj`hds s`j ccoblr lc edjtrdc
açsèd.
6. J@QOCOU VOLEX@QDU=
l. EDJXVDC AÇU@ED. Os oc usd ho cls tàejèls pdcè`lcos quo porg`toj

edjtrdclr,
ov`tljhd ojrohue`r, `jgdv`c`zlr
cd pds`fco y edjhue`r l cl porsdjl `jtorvoj`hl,
eluslr cos`djos.
 Edjtrdclr= Ojt`àjhlso edgd oc rosuctlhd dftoj`hd ho rohue`r,

`jgdv`c`zlr y edjhue`r lc `jtorvoj`hd.
 Vohue`r= G`j`g`zlr cl ros`stoje`l açsèl ho ujl porsdjl goh`ljto
cl lpcèle`õj ho tàejèls d roeursds ho glj`pucle`õj.

 @jgdv`c`zlr = @jklf`c`tlr togpdrlcgojto cl gdv`c`hlh goeìjèl
edrpdrlc hoc `jtorvoj`hd edj oc ogpcod ho cds br`ccotos ho sobur`hlh.

Edjhue`r= Xrlsclhlr oj adrgl soburl lc `jtorvoj`hd hosho oc cublr
ho cl `jtorvoje`õj klstl ujl hopojhoje`l pdcè`lc prov`d rob`strd
proc`g`jlr pdr goh`hls ho sobur`hlh.
 Oc rob`str d = prov`d l cl edjhuee`õj os cl lee`õj ho rov`s`õj edrpdrlc
rob`strd
lc `jtorvoj`hd, edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho fuselr lrgls, dfmotds, hrdbls d
eulcquòr edsl deuctl, quo puohlj sor ut`c`zlhds plrl eluslrso
hlüds l sç g`sgd d l toreords9 lsç edgd tlgf`àj lcbýj `jhè`d d
ov`hoje`l ho uj koekd hocètudsd.
f. XÌEX@ELU HOAOJU@QLU JD COXLCOU . Os oc usd ho goh`ds ho

pdcèçl jd cotlc, prdpdre`djlhd d lutdr`zlhd pdr oc Ostlhd, plrl
edjtrlrrostlr y/d suporlr oc j`voc ho lbros`õj d ros`stoje`l.
A_OV]L COXLC . Os oc usd ho lrgls ho auobd pdr oc porsdjlc ho cl

e. A_OV]L
^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý edjtrl quòj rolc`zl ujl lee`õj quo
roprosojtl uj poc`brd rolc o `jg`jojto ho guorto d cos`djos brlvos,
<0

edj oc dfmot`vd ho edjtrdclrcd y hoaojhor cl v`hl prdp`l d ho dtrls

porsdjls.
Osto j`voc so tòjo quo ojtojhor edgd pdtoje`lcgojto cotlc, tdhl voz
quo su usd jd so dròjtl l eluslr joeoslr`lgojto cl pr`vle`õj ho ujl
v`hl, s`jdoclporsdjlc
hofòjhd eoslr oc poc`brd
pdcè`lc quo cds
prostlr roprosojtl ujl lbros`õj cotlc,
lux`c`ds edrrospdjhòjtos ujl
voz edjtrdclhl cl s`tule`õj ho ròsbd.
E_LVXL UOGLJL
_UD HO GOH@DU HO ^DC@EÇL
Udj cls lrgls oqu`pd, leeosdr`ds y dtrds ocogojtds ho lpdyd, lutdr`zlhds d
prdpdre`djlhds pdr oc Ostlhd, quo ogpcol oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc plrl ojarojtlr ujl
lgojlzl d ltojtlhd edjtrl cl sobur`hlh, oc drhoj pýfcèd, cl `jtobr`hlh d cl v`hl ho
cls porsdjls.
^lrl oc eugpc`gòjtd ho su sorvè`d, oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc hofo edjtlr edj uj

oqu`plgòjtd fìsèd, edjadrglhd pr`je`plcgojto pdr=
 • Flstdjos pdcè`lcos.
 • Br`ccotos pdcè`lcos
 • Eklcoed flcçstèd
 • Lrgl ho auobd
a uobd y gujè`õj robclgojtlr`l.
 • E`jtd pdcè`lc.
^lrl su ogpcod, os joeoslr`d quo so edjdzelj elflcgojto su usd y gljomd, lsç
edgd oc gdhd edrroetd ho pdrtlrcds. Udcd lsç so lsoburl quo puohlj ut`c`zlrso
oaèlzgojto hurljto ujl `jtorvoje`õj s`j porhor ho v`stl oc ròsbd quo puohl
ojarojtlrso.
Hopojhòjhd
pdcèçl quo so ho cl plrtèuclr`hlh
edjs`horoj plrto hochoc sorvè`d pdcè`lc,
oqu`plgòjtd pdhrçl klfor dtrds goh`ds ho
fìsèd.
OC OJXVOJLG@OJXD ÔVGLJOJXO JD 6>

OU UDCD _JL JOEOU@HLH, U@JD _JL
DFC@BLE@ÕJ ^LVL _J _UD LHOE_LHD HO CDU GOH@DU HO ^DC@EÇL.

@. FLUXDJOU ^DC@E@LC
^DC@E@LCOU=
OU=
Cds flstdjos pdcè`lcos sdj lquoccds goh`ds hoaojs`vds jd cotl cos ut`c`zlhds
cotlcos
pdr oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc hof`hlgojto ojtrojlhd y sobýj cl auje`õj quo
hosogpoüo oj oc omoreè`d ho su clfdr pdcè`lc. Jujel hofoj ut`c`zlrso edgd
ocogojtds
oco
usdgojtds
ho occdsho
soelst`bd
elst`bdrohue`r
hofo j ` edgd goh`dscls
lc gçj`gd daojs`vds
pds`fcosdcos`djos
ho `jt`g`hle`õj . Lc kleor
`jjoeoslr`ls. U`j
ogflrbd, ho prosojtlrso lcbujl s`tule`õj `jvdcujtlr`l, hoforì fr`jhlrso cl
ls`stoje`l gàhèl `jgoh`ltl.
Cds flstdjos pdcè`lcos quo usl cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý sdj cl hoaojsl ho
bdgl, oc flstõj Xdjal (^V-68) y oc flstõj oxtojs`fco.
Oc usd ho cds flstdjos pdcè`lcos os oxeope`djlc. U`j ogflrbd, s` os `jov`tlfco

uslrcds plrl hoaojhorso ljto cl lbros`õj, hoforì rostr`jb`rso su usd lc gçj`gd
joeoslr`d. Oj osl e`reujstlje`l oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc proaorojtogojto klrì
edjtletd sdfro cls plrtos ho glydr vdcugoj guseuclr (pòrjls, frlzds),
ov`tljhd `gpletlr oj cl elfozl, euoccd, tõrlx d boj`tlcos.
Oj ostls e`reujstlje`ls, lc ogpcolr cds flstdjos pdcè`lcos so hoforì tojor oj
euojtl cd s`buòjto=
 ]DJLU ^VDK@F@HLU.- Udj cls quo puohoj eluslr cl guorto d cos`djos

brlvos oj oc `jh`v`hud, pdr cd tljtd, os `gpor`dsd ov`tlr `gpletlr edj cds
flstdjos pdcè`lcos oj ostls zdjls.
 ]DJLU @JEL^LE@XLJXOU.- Udj cls quo elusl oaoetds togpdrlcos d

porgljojtos, oc `gpletd ho cds flstdjos kle`l ostls zdjls jd hofo sor
ro`torlt`vd.
 ]DJLU GDGOJXÌJOLU.- Udj cls quo so `jgdv`c`zl pdr sobujhds,

g`jutds u kdrls lc `jh`v`hud edj roeuporle`õj tdtlc l edrtd pclzd, oc
`gpletd ho cds flstdjos kle`l ostls zdjls hofo sor oc ostrètlgojt
ostrètlgojtoo
joeoslr`d
6<

L. HOAOJUL HO BDGL= Os uj oxeocojto goh`d hoaojs`vd quo porg`to

ostlfcoeor uj ìrol ho sobur`hlh glydr lc ho cl prdtoee`õj lceljzlhl edj
frlzds y pòs.
Cl hoaojsl ho bdgl os plrto hoc oqu`pd fìsèd ogpcolhd pdr oc porsdjlc
pdcè`lc. Ostì koekl

ujl oxtojs`õj ho bdgl,
jd gojdr ho ?> rovost`hl ho euord,
eg j` glydr tòjo
ho 1> eg ho5clrbd.
eg ho h`ìgotrd, y
Oc rovost`gòjtd ho euord tòjo uj hdfcoz quo s`rvo edgd edsturl, hosho cl
pujtl klstl cl flso ho uj`õj oj cl plrto pdstor`dr, quo os rogltlhd oj uj
lj`ccd ho euord ho lprdx`glhlgojto 8 eg ho h`ìgotrd, oc eulc l cl voz s`rvo
ho tdpo lc ogpuülrcl. L lprdx`glhlgojto <? eojtçgotrds hoc oxtrogd
supor`dr ho cl vlrl so ojeuojtrl ujl pros`ccl ho euord, sumotl pdr eultrd
roglekos, pdr hdjho so hoforì plslr cl gljd y quo hofo sor robuclhl ho
leuorhd l cl joeos`hlh ho elhl pdcèçl.
<. HOUEV@Ê@ÕJ= Cl hoaojsl ho bdgl os plrto hoc oqu`pd fìsèd

ogpcolhd pdr oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc. Ostì koekl ho bdgl, rovost`hl ho
euord, tòjo 5 eg ho h`ìgotrd, y ujl oxtojs`õj jd gojdr ho ?> eg j`
glydr ho 1> eg ho clrbd.
Oc rovost`gòjtd ho euord tòjo uj hdfcoz quo s`rvo edgd edsturl, hosho

cl pujtl klstl cl flso ho uj`õj oj cl plrto pdstor`dr, quo os rogltlhd oj
uj lj`ccd ho euord ho lprdx`glhlgojto 8 eg ho h`ìgotrd, oc eulc l cl voz
s`rvo ho tdpo lc ogpuülrcl. L lprdx`glhlgojto <? eojtçgotrds hoc
oxtrogd supor`dr ho cl vlrl so ojeuojtrl ujl pros`ccl ho euord, sumotl pdr
eultrd roglekos, pdr hdjho so hoforì plslr cl gljd y quo hofo sor
robuclhl ho leuorhd l cl joeos`hlh ho elhl pdcèçl.
6. OG^_ÜLG@OJXD= ^lrl lhlptlr cl pros`ccl ho euord l cl gljd ho elhl

pdcèçl os joeoslr`d goh`r cl oxtojs`õj ho cl g`sgl y ljuhlrcl oj cl plrto
supor`dr ho leuorhd l cl h`gojs`õj roquor`hl, tlc edgd so hotlccl l
edjt`jule`õj=
- Uo plsl pdr oje`gl hoc pucblr l trlvàs hoc hdrsd ho cl gljd edj oc
flstõj edcbljhd kle`l lflmd.
66

- Edj oc plslhdr sdfro oc pucblr y sdfro cl plrto oxtor`dr ho cl gljd,

edj oc flstõj edcbljhd c`frogojto kle`l lflmd, so vdctol cl gljd pdr
hoflmd y so co eòrrl plrl sumotlr oc flstõj.
- Oc pucblr hofo oxtojhorso plrlcocd lc flstõj. Ostd os ho guekl
`gpdrtlje`l pdrquo porg`to glydr ale`c`hlh ho lee`õj y gomdr h`roee`õj
- oj su adrgl
Ostl usd euljhd so oxtòjho
ho ogpuülr oc frlzd.ho bdgl porg`to ut`c`zlrcl edj
cl hoaojsl
glydr ojorbçl y, sdfro tdhd, ale`c`tl su sdcturl `jgoh`ltl s` auorl
joeoslr`d
Os `gpdrtljto lsoburlrso quo oc hdfcoz ho cl edsturl hoc adrrd ho

euord quoho sògpro kle`l cl plcgl ho cl gljd, ov`tljhd cos`djos
`jjoeoslr`ls.
Oc ogpuülgòjtd puoho sor ho hds adrgls=
l. XDGL EDVXL = Uo sumotl cl hoaojsl ho bdgl pdr cl plrto goh`l hoc

flstõj, sògpro edj oc hdfcoz ho cl edsturl kle`l cl plcgl ho cl gljd
y oc pucblr oxtojh`hd l cd clrbd ho àstl, porg`tòjhd glydr edjtrdc ho
cl hoaojsl ho bdgl sdfro tdhd oj s`tule`djos oj quo so ojarojto l
porsdjls l edrtl h`stlje`l, edj pded osple`d plrl ut`c`zlrcl oj
oxtojs`õj hoc frlzd.
f. XDGL CLVBL = Uo sumotl cl hoaojsl ho bdgl cd gìs eorel hoc

oxtrogd supor`dr hdjho ostì oc rovost`gòjtd a`jlc hoc euord oj glydr
h`ìgotrd. Cl pdsè`õj ho cl gljd quo sumotl cl hoaojsl ho bdgl jd
vlrçl.
F. ^DU@E@DJOU=
<. ^VOQOJX@QL= Oj tdgl clrbl, cl dtrl gljd sumotl cl hoaojsl ho bdgl l

ujds <> eg ho cl pujtl. Àstl hofo ojedjtrlrso l cl lcturl hoc flmd
lfhdgoj edj cds frlzds roclmlhds poblhds c`borlgojto lc euorpd.
6. HOAOJU@QL= Oj tdgl clrbl so edcdel oc frlzd quo sumotl cl hoaojsl ho

bdgl poblhd lc euorpd acox`djlhd kle`l lrr`fl, hoseljsljhd oc flstõj
ojtro oc euoccd y oc kdgfrd. Oc frlzd, ljtofrlzd y oc flstõj hofoj
ojedjtrlrso cd gìs eorel hoc euorpd. Oc frlzd edjtrlr`d ostì tdtlcgojto
ost`rlhd edj cl plcgl hljhd arojto l cl lgojlzl, cds hohds mujtds y kle`l
lrr`fl. Oc euorpd ostì c`borlgojto `jec`jlhd, cl pòrjl edjtrlr`l l cl gljd
quo ogpuül cl hoaojsl ho bdgl hofo ojedjtrlrso kle`l lhocljto edj cls
pujtls ho cds pòs oj cl g`sgl h`roee`õj quo cl gljd quo so ojeuojtrl
oxtojh`hl, lgfls pòrjls ostìj c`borlgojto acox`djlhls.
65

E. XOEJ@ELU HO _UD ― ^VLEX@EL=
<. ^LVX@OJHD HO C L ^DU@E@ÕJ ^VOQOJX@QL= Uo puoho ogpumlr

kleòjhd rotrdeohor l uj tuguctd ho bojto d gljtoj`àjhdcl lczlhl plrl
ov`tlr quo so leorquo uj brupd quo jd so guostro lbros`vd.
Oj
hoc tdgl edrtl,
vòjtro edj cl pujtl
porg`tòjhd lsç hoc flstõj
lcomlr –k`jeljhd‗
l cls o c lfhdgoj,
porsdjlsojquo y flmd
dfstleucèoj oc
hospclzlgòjtd d `jtojtoj `jbroslr l ujl zdjl rostr`jb`hl.
6. ^LVX@OJHD HO CL ^DU@E@ÕJ HOAOJU@QL= U` cl lbros`õj auorl

hoe`h`hl o `jov`tlfco, so lhvòrto lc lbrosdr cl `jtoje`õj ho ut`c`zlr cl
hoaojsl ho bdgl, rotrdeohòjhd hds plsds plrl cuobd lvljzlr edj cl
pòrjl hoc g`sgd clhd ho cl gljd quo ogpuül cl hoaojsl ho bdgl,
kleòjhd edjtletd ho gljorl eruzlhl, ho lrr`fl kle`l lflmd, rotdrjljhd
l cl pdsè`õj hoaojs`vl.
Uo hofo kleor edjtletd sdfro cls plrtos ho glydr vdcugoj guseuclr
(pòrjls, bcýtods, frlzds), ov`tljhd kleorcd oj cl elfozl, euoccd d tõrlx.
Lc eohor oj su let`tuh, so hofo ov`tlr oc usd ho cl hoaojsl ho bdgl

juovlgojto. Os joeoslr`d roedrhlr quo so ostì h`sulhòjhd lc
eùhlhljd
eù hlhljd ho l
ltlelr
tlelr lc pdcèçl
pdcè çl,, jd so co o
ostì
stì lbrohòjhd j` guekd
guek d gojds
ltleljhd plrl hdg`jlrcd.
@@. XDJAL ― (^V -68)= Os uj goh`d ho usd gýct`pco ho hoaojsl, euyls
elrletorçstèl
elrletorçstèlss y vorslt`c`hlh
vorslt`c`hlh porg`toj brlhulr
brlhulr oc gojdr hlüd pds` fco . Uu
pds`fco
usd hofo rolc`zlrso ho leuorhd l cls e`reujstlje`ls quo pr`goj plrl edjtrdclr
ujl ros`stoje`l d h`sulh`r uj pdtoje`lc `jarletdr.
Oc ^V-68 os guy vorsìt`c pdr euljtd puoho ut`c`zlrso tljtd edgd oj tdgl edrtl
d tdgl clrbl hof`hd l quo cl ogpuülhurl (gljbd) jd ostì edgpcotlgojto
eojtrlhd, cd quo porg`to h`spdjor ho hds cdjb`tuhos h`st`jtls plrl rolc`zlr
gdv`gòjtds sobýj cds roquòrl oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc
L. HOUEV@Ê@ÕJ= Oc ^V-68 porg`to rolc`zlr vlr`ls tàejèls ho hoaojsl. Uu

adrgl y sumoe`õj hurljto su ogpcod prdtoboj oc ljtofrlzd edj brlj oaèle`l
y porg`toj edjtrdclr ltlquos ho pltlhl, puüd d edj dfmotds edjtujhojtos.
Xòjo cls s`buòjtos plrtos=
68

Uu posd dse`cl ojtro 8>> l ?>> brlgds, hopojhòjhd hoc gdhocd ho

alfrèle`õj. Uu edgpdsè`õj os ho pdcèlrfdjltd ho lctl ros`stoje`l, oj
lcbujds elsds edj lcug`j`d oj su plrto `jtorjl, cd quo co kleo ho lctçs`gl
ros`stoje`l. G`ho 1> eg ho cdjb`tuh y 55 gg ho h`ìgotrd. Hostlel su
ros`stoje`l l cds lbojtos ec`gìtèds edgd oc ar`d, oc elcdr y tlgf`àj l hàorojtos
t`pds ho quçgèds edrrds`vds.

F. ^DVXLF@C@HLH=
Edgd plrto hoc oqu`plgòjtd fìsèd, oc flstõj pdcè`lc ^V68 so ccovl oj oc

pdrtl tdjal quo os ujl lrbdccl ho gotlc d pcìstèd quo vl sumotl lc e`jtd pdcè`lc
y quo hoforì edcdelrso lc clhd edjtrlr`d ho cl gljd ho edjtletd hoc pdcèçl
(clhd edjtrlr`d hoc lrgl ho auobd).
a uobd).
^lrl oxtrlor oc flstõj pdcè`lc tdjal hoc e`jtd pdcè`lc, cl gljd ho lpdyd hofo
tdglr cl pujtl clrbl hoc flstõj, `jec`jìjhdcd oj ujds 8? brlhds.
^dstor`drgojto so tdgl pdr cl ogpuülhurl edj cl gljd ho edjtletd y so
oxtrlo oc flstõj edj uj gdv`gòjtd rìp`hd y ojàrbèd.
E. ^DU@E@DJOU=
<. ^DU@E@ÕJ ^VOQOJX@QL= Edj cl gljd ho edjtletd so sumotl cl

ogpuülhurl ho cl tdjal, edj oc frlzd ost`rlhd, so lpdyl a`rgogojto sdfro
oc ljtofrlzd oc soetdr clrbd hoc flstõj. Cl gljd ho lpdyd sdfro cl kof`ccl
hoc edrrolmo d c`borlgojto pdr oje`gl ho occl, y cl pujtl ho cds pòs
lc`jolhds edj cds kdgfrds.
6. ^DU@E@ÕJ HOAOJU@QL= Uo lhdptl ujl pdsè`õj ho oqu`c`fr`d, edj cl

pòrjl edrrospdjhòjto l cl gljd ho edjtletd kle`l ltrìs y oc frlzd quo
ogpuül oc flstõj pdcè`lc adrgljhd ujl C, edj cl pujtl edrtl kle`l
lhocljto,
ho cl gljdgòjtrls
kle`l cl quo oc dtrd
g`sgl frlzd so
h`roee`õj. ost`rl kle`l
Oc flstõj lhocljto
so ocovl l ujledj cl plcgl
lcturl goh`l
y so edcdel cl gljd ho lpdyd (lfòrtl) l cl lcturl hoc gljbd d
ogpuülhurl.
H. XOEJ@ELU HO _UD ― ^VLEX@EL=
<. ^LVX@OJHD HO C L ^DU@E@ÕJ ^VOQOJX@QL= Uo ut`c`zl gljtoj`àjhdcd

lczlhd edj oc frlzd hdg`jljto oj adrgl ho C, plrl ogpumlr l uj brupd ho
porsdjls quo omoreoj ros`stoje`l açsèl, kle`àjhdcds rotrdeohor, ov`tljhd
quo `jbrosoj u deupoj ujl zdjl rostr`jb`hl.
6?

6. ^LVX@OJHD
^LVX@OJHD H HOO CL ^DU@
^DU@E@ÕJ HOAOJU@QL= Oj ostl pdsè`õj, so pdhrì
E@ÕJ HOAOJU@QL=
ut`c`zlr cl tdjal edj cl pujtl hoc oxtrogd clrbd, lpdyìjhdcd edj cl gljd ho
lpdyd, –k`jeljhd‗ oj cl zdjl lfhdg`jlc plrl lcomlr l c ls porsdjls quo,
omoreòjhd ros`stoje`l açsèl, dfstleuc`zlj oc hospclzlgòjtd d `jtojtlj
`jbroslr l ujl zdjl rostr`jb`hl
O. XOEJ@
XOEJ@ELU
ELU HO F CD\_OD=
FCD\_OD
FC D\_OD LCXD =
<. FCD\_OD
- Lsugl ujl pdsè`õj hoaojs`vl (gljtojòjhd uj fuoj flcljeo) os
`gpdrtljto jd homlr quo cl ogpuülhurl b`ro oj su gljd.
- Covljto cl gljd hdg`jljto arojto ho ustoh klstl quo oc tdpo ho cl
ogpuülhurl lpujto kle`l su kdgfrd hàf`c.
- Gljtojbl su ljtofrlzd hdg`jljto lc gojds l uj puüd ho h`stlje`l
ho su arojto.
- Cl gljd ho lpdyd tdgl cl guüoel hoc frlzd hdg`jljto.
- Lsobýroso quo cl suporaèò ho fcdquod hoc flstõj ostà
edgpcotlgojto oxpuostl
oxpuostl l cl cçjol ho rròsbd
òsbd y c`borlgojto `jec`jlhl
plrl lyuhlr l hosc`zlr oc dfmotd quo bdcpol
FC D\_OD GOH@D (HOVOEKL)=

6. FCD\_OD
- Lsugl cl pdsè`õj hoaojs`vl.
- ^djbl oc flstõj ^V-68 kle`l su clhd horoekd edj su frlzd
hdg`jljto porpojhèuclr lc p`sd y su ljtofrlzd c`borlgojto
acox`djlhd l àsto.
- Oc flstõj hoforì quohlr oxpuostd edgpcotlgojto l cl cçjol ho
ròsbd.
- Oc tdpo ho cl
c l ogpuülhurl jd hoforì ostlr lpujtljhd kle`l su elfoz
elfozll
FC D\_OD GOH@D (@]\_@OVHD)

5. FCD\_OD

- Acox`djo c`borlgojto cls rdh`ccls gòjtrls su tdrsd rolc`zl uj b`rd
kle`l su clhd hàf`c.
- Oc frlzd ho su clhd auorto hofo ostlr plrlcocd lc p`sd y oc ljtofrlzd
ho gljorl porpojhèuclr.
- Oc flstõj hoforì quohlr oxpuostd edgpcotlgojto l cl c l cçjol ho
ròsbd
8. FCD\_OD FLM FLMD D=

- Acox`djo cls rdh`ccls y h`r`ml oc flstõj kle`l sus guscds d rdh`ccls, kleòjhd
uj flrr`hd, ho gljorl quo cl oc flstõj quoho porpojhèuclr lc p`sd.
61

- Cl suporaèò ho fcdquod hoc flstõj hofo ostlr edgpcotlgojto oxpuostl

l cl cçjol ho ròsbd.
- Oc ìrol boj`tlc hoforì ostlr edgpcotlgojto prdtob`hl.
- U` cl porsdjl gljtòjo cl let`tuh lbros`vl, so lvljzl edj cl pòrjl hoc
g`sgd clhd ho cl gljd quo ogpuül oc ^V-68, oaoetuljhd edjtletd ho
- gljorl
Lc eohoreruzlhl, ho lauorl
oj su let`tuh kle`ld lhojtrd.
lbros`vl v`dcojtl, so hofo `jtorrugp`r oc usd ho
cl tdjal. Voeuorho quo ustoh ostì prdtob`àjhdso y h`sulhòjhd lc
`jtorvoj`hd, jd cd ostì ltleljhd, lbrohòjhd d elst`bljhd. Hurljto tdhl
cl `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc, `jhopojhòjtogojto ho quà j`voc ho auorzl so
ut`cèo, os `gpdrtljto sobu`r vorflc`zljhd plrl edjtrdclr cl s`tule`õj.
@@@. FLUXDJ ^DC@E@LC O[XOJU@FCO= Os uj goh`d ho pdcèçl jd cotlc y so lhoeul

poraoetlgojtoo l cds pr`je`p`ds ostlfcoe`hds oj cl jdrglt`vl jle`djlc sdfro usd
poraoetlgojt
ho cl auorzl pdr cl pdcèçl, edjst`tuyo uj goh`d lux`c`lr hoc porsdjlc pdcè`lc quo
eugpco auje`djos ospoe`lc`zlhls, tljtd ho e`v`c edgd oj dporle`djos tìetèls,
plrl cdbrlr oc edjtrdc ho cds `jarletdros l cl coy y puoho sor ogpcolhd oj
hàorojtos gdgojtds ho cl dporlt`v`hlh pdcè`lc edgd goh`d plrl ccovlr l elfd
roseltos, rdgpor puortls, vojtljls, er`stlcos, ote.
L. HOUEV@Ê@ÕJ= Os uj flstõj pdcè`lc edgpuostd ho tros trlgds quo ujl voz

oxtojh`hd quohl poraoetlgojto
poraoetlgojto rçb`hd plrl sor uslhd edgd hoaojsl pdcè`lc. Uo
oxtòjho pdr `jore`l y quohl fcdquolhd pdr arèe`õj, plrl eorrlrcd flstl lpcèlr
oc flstõj porpojhèuclr lc suocd. Oj oc oxtrogd h`spdjo ho ujl pujtl s`j ìjbucds
edrtljtos d pujzljtos, y jd prosojtl eljtds j` ìjbucds v`vds quo puohlj
prdhue`r ujl cos`õj. _j guocco `jtor`dr porg`to lmustlr cl auorzl ho oxtojs`õj.
<. GDHD EOVVLHD= Adrgl h`serotl quo jd roprosojtl j`jbujl let`tuh

edore`t`vl, y puoho edjaujh`rso aìe`cgojto
aìe`cgojto edj ujl c`jtorjl ho gljd
gljd..
62

6. GDHD O[XOJH@HD= Uu lporturl prdhueo uj brlj `gpletd psèdcõbèd, brlj

pdhor ho h`suls`õj, lugojtl edjs`horlfcogojto cl h`stlje`l edj oc lbrosdr
y prdpdre`djl sobur`hlh lc porsdjlc pdcè`lc.
@Q. LOVDUDC ^@G@OJXL = Os uj ocogojtd quçgèd quo prdvdel ujl prdaujhl

`rr`tle`õj, sojsle`õj ho pèlzõj guy gdcostl y uj lrhdr bojorlc`zlhd sdfro
tdhd oj cls vçls rosp`rltdr`ls. Uu usd, edgd goh`d pdcè`lc jd cotlc, daroeo ujl
vojtlml gdgojtìjol ljto cl lbros`õj ho uj `jarletdr ho cl coy.
Q. BLU CLEV@GÕBOJD= Oc bls cler`gõbojd os uj tàrg`jd bojorlc plrl

eulcquòr edgpuostd quçgèd quo so ut`cèo plrl `jelple`tlr togpdrlcgojto
goh`ljto cl `rr`tle`õj ho cds dmds y/d hoc s`stogl rosp`rltdr`d.
Oc ogpcod y cls tàejèls ho usd ho osto goh`d ho pdcèçl so sumotlj l cls
jdrgls y h`spdsè`djos ostlfcoe`hls oj oc Gljulc ho Gljtoj`gòjtd y
Vostlfcoe`gòjtd hoc Drhoj ^ýfcèd ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý, sòjhd
àsto ho dfsorvlje`l dfc`bltdr`l plrl tdhd oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc quo plrtè`pl oj
dporle`djos ho ostl jlturlcozl.
Q@. ADVJ@X_VL ^DC@E@LC = Cl adrj`turl os uj t`pd ho edrrol ut`c`zlhl edgd
leeosdr`d edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho trljspdrtlr oc oqu`plgòjtd fìsèd pdcè`lc ho
ujl gljorl gìs oaoet`vl, yl quo porg`to tojor uj leeosd rìp`hd y aìe`c l cds
goh`ds ho pdcèçl, lhogìs ho quo tlgf`àj porg`to tojor cls gljds c`fros.
c`f ros.
Uu usd os `jh`spojslfco plrl rolc`zlr cls let`v`hlhos prdp`ls hoc sorvè`d
pdcè`lc. Ostì edjadrglhl pr`je`plcgojto pdr ujl edrrol ho edcdr jobrd, edj
aujhl plrl lrgl ho auobd, pdrtl eleor`jls, pdrtl br`ccotos ho sobur`hlh y pdrtl
flstõj
Oc àx`td ho ujl letule`õj so flsl lhogìs hoc ojtrojlgòjtd, oj pdsoor oc

oqu`pd lhoeulhd quo ov`to edrror ròsbds `jjoeoslr`ds, lsç edgd oc ho
brlhulr oc ogpcod ho cl auorzl.
Cl adrj`turl pdcè`lc hofo pdsoor edgd gçj`gd ostds goh`ds ho pdcèçl=

 • Flstõj pdcè`lc.
 • Br`ccoto ^dcè`lc.
 • Lrgl ho auobd.
 • Eleor`jl y/d gujè`õj ho roelrbl.

6;

–Cds goh`ds ho pdcèçl hofoj sor pdrtlhds oj sus rospoet`vds leeosdr`ds,

leeosdr`ds,
plrl porg`t`
porg`t`rr uj edjtrdc ho sobur`hlh y su ogpcod `jgoh`l
`jgoh`ltd.
td. Lhogìs,
Lhogìs,
puoho ccovlrso c`jtorjl,
c`jt orjl, bls p`gòjtl,
p`g òjtl, jlvlml guctùsd, s`cfltd, rlh`d‗
\_@JXL UOGLJL
CDU BV@CCOXOU ^DC@E@LCOU
Cds br`ccotos pdcè`lcos edjst`tuyoj uj ocogojtd guy ýt`c o `gprose`jh`fco hoc oqu`pd
fìsèd
coy, s`jdhoc pdcèçl.clJd
tlgf`àj sõcd porg`toj
sumoe`õj edjtrdclr
gdgojtìjol cl lee`õj
ho àsto, lbros`vl
plrl su hoc `jarletdr
lsoburlgòjtd ho cl
d trlsclhd
ljto cl lutdr`hlh edgpotojto.
Os uj goh`d ho pdcèçl quo c`g`tl oc usd ho cl auorzl y oc ogpcod ho cls lrgls ho
auobd, pdr cd quo=
 Edjtrdclj oc lee`dj
lee`djlr
lr v`dcojtd ho cl porsd
porsdjl
jl `jtorvoj`hl y ov
ov`tlj
`tlj quo àstl so
lutdcos`djo.
 Vohueoj cls pds`f`c`hlh
pds`f`c`hlhos
os ho cl porsdjl `jt `jtorvoj`hl
orvoj`hl ho lbroh`r lc po
porsdjlc
rsdjlc
pdcè`lc, blrljt`zljhd su `jtobr`hlh açsèl y cl ho sus edgplüords.
 Vohueoj cls pds`f`c`hlho
pds`f`c`hlhoss ho cl porsdjl `jt `jtorvoj`hl
orvoj`hl ho lbroh`r l tore
toreorls
orls
porsdjls.
Xdhl porsdjl quo prosug`fcogojto klyl edgot`hd uj hoc`td, hoforì sor ojbr`ccotlhl
plrl su `jgdv`c`zle`õj, rob`strd, edjhuee`õj y trlsclhd ljto cl lutdr`hlh edgpotojto.
Xlgf`àj hoforìj sor ojbr`ccotlhls cls porsdjls `jtorvoj`hls quo so ojeuojtroj
flmd oc oaoetd ho hrdbls, lcedkdc d eulcquòr ostlhd ogde`djlc lctorlhd quo
roprosojto poc`brds`hlh plrl sç g`sgd d plrl dtrds
60

_jl voz edcdelhds cds br`ccotos, jd so uslrì edjtrl cl porsdjl `jtorvoj`hl j`jbýj
dtrd goh`d ho edore`õj j` auorzl açsèl lcbujl quo ltojto edjtrl su `jtobr`hlh
açsèl d h`bj`hlh.
Cds br`ccotos so glj`puclrìj oxecus`vlgojto plrl su edcdele`õj, jujel edgd
goh`d
quo cdsho `jt`g`hle`õj
br`ccotos d kug`ccle`õj.
so ojeuojtroj c`stds Ljtos ho slc`ry lc
plrl uslrso sorvè`d
edjtlr edjso
suhofo ho voràèlr
r ospoet`vl
rospoet`vl cclvo
d h`spds`t`vd ho lporturl.
Cds br`ccotos pdcè`lcos quo usl oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý plrl
oc eugpc`gòjtd ho sus auje`djos sdj cds br`ccotos ho sobur`hlh, br`ccotos ho clzd
y cds br`ccotos hosoeklfcos.
@. HOUEV@Ê@ÕJ HO CDU BV@CCOXOU HO UOB_V@HLH= Udj oc t`pd ho br`ccotos

gìs soburds ogpcolhds oj oc sorvè`d pdcè`lc, su pdrto os dfc`bltdr`d oj ospoe`lc
plrl oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc quo eugpco auje`djos ho pltrucclmo. ^dr oc gltor`lc
ogpcolhd oj su alfrèle`õj, oc usd ho cds br`ccotos ho sobur`hlh puoho dr`b`jlr
cos`djos s` sdj glc ogpcolhds. ^dr occd, oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc hoforì pds`f`c`tlr cl
ltoje`õj gàhèl joeoslr`l oj elsd ho quo ostls cos`djos so klylj prdhue`hd.
Hofoj ostlr sògpro proplrlhds ljtos ho slc`r lc sorvè`d edj tros d eultrd
hòjtos sdfroslc`hds ho cl lj`ccl hdfco.
@@. HOUEV
HOUEV@Ê@ÕJ
@Ê@ÕJ HO CDU BV@CCOXOU HO CL ]D= Udj t`rls ho euorhl
CL]D=
koekls ho jycdj trojzlhd y uj goelj`sgd ho fcdquod. Uu usd os
oxeope`djlc, yl quo rosuctl vojtlmdsd oj s`tule`djos oj cls quo so hofo
hotojor l ujl brlj eljt`hlh ho porsdjls oj uj por`dhd ho tògpd
roclt`vlgojto edrtd. ^lrl cl c`forle`õj ho cls porsdjls, bojorlcgojto, oc
porsdjlc pdcè`lc edrtl oc clzd ho euorhl. Cl plrto gìs `gpdrtljto ho cds
br`ccotos ho clzd os oc goelj`sgd ho fcdquod (eljhlhd), quo hofo sor
edcdelhd edrroetlgojto l a`j ho sdpdrtlr oc osauorzd ho cl porsdjl
`jtorvoj`hl plrl c`forlrso ho cds clzds quo rdholj sus guüoels.
5>

(<) Hose
Hoser`
r`pe
pe`õ
`õj
j
=
<
8
6
5
< . Xdpo ho euorhl

6 . Eljhlhd
5 . Clzd ho euorhl
8 . Lmusto ho euorhl
? . Edrtlhdrl
?
@@@. HOUEV@Ê@Õ
HOUEV@Ê@ÕJ
J BV@CCOXOU HOUO
HOUOEKLFC
EKLFCOU=
OU=
Udj t`rls ho pcìstèd ho lctl ros`stoje`l, ho aìe`c pdrtlf`c`hlh, suglgojto c`borls

y ho uj sdcd usd. _jl voz edcdelhds hofoj ho sor edrtlhds edj ujl euek`ccl
ospoe`lc
ogpcolhdsplrl
pdrclporsdjlc
c`forle`õj ho clsobýj
pdcè`lc porsdjl
su lrrostlhl. Ostds
ospoe`lc`hlh br`ccotos puohoj sor
auje`djlc.

<
5
< . Eljhlhd.
8
6 . Fr`hl.
5 . Fueco.

6
8 . Edrtlhdrl
@Q. XÀEJ@ELU HO _UD=
L. H@VOEXL= Cl porsdjl `jtorvoj`hl hofo ojedjtrlrso ho osplchls l oc/cl

pdcèçl `jtorv`jòjto. Uo co hofo `jhèlr quo edcdquo sus gljds oj cl osplchl
l cl lcturl ho cl e`jturl, edj cls gljds mujtls, cls plcgls kle`l lauorl y cds
pucblros kle`l lrr`fl.
Cds br`ccotos so sumotlj edj cl gljd ho edjtletd, quohljhd cl elhojl y cds

osclfdjos a`mds hojtrd ho cl plcgl9 cls lj`ccls s`gpcos kle`l lflmd, y cls
eorrlhurls kle`l oc clhd ho oc/cl pdcèçl `jtorv`jòjto.
Oc pdcèçl sumotl cds pucblros hoc `jtorvoj`hd ccovìjhdcds kle`l sç, lcomljhd cl
uj`õj ho cls gljds ho cl osplchl hoc `jtorvoj`hd plrl quo porg`tl oc `jbrosd
5<

ho cds br`ccotos, ogpumljhd àstds sdfro cls guüoels oj uj sdcd gdv`gòjtd

ho lrr`fl kle`l lflmd9 cuobd so edcdelj cds soburds.
F. @JH@VOEXL= Edj cl gljd ho edjtletd so edboj cds br`ccotos pdr cl plrto

goh`l (osclfdjos), oc hohd çjhèo y pucblr sumotlj cds br`ccotos, pros`djljhd
cl lj`ccl s`gpco sdfro cl guüoel klstl cdbrlr oc ojbr`ccotlgòjtd.
Uo kleo b`rlr oc frlzd ojbr`ccotlhd ccovìjhdcd kle`l cl plrto pdstor`dr ho cl
e`jturl, goh`ljto cl tdgl hoc br`ccoto edj oc pucblr o çjhèo kle`l oc clhd
dpuostd ho cl tdgl `jè`lc
–Oc br`ccoto
br`c coto ho
hofo
fo sor
sor edc
edcdelhd
delhd pros`
pros`djljhd
djljhd y jd bdcpoljhd
bd cpoljhd oc frlz
frlzd
d hoc
`jtorvoj`hd ‗
–so hofo gljtojor cds hohds ho cl gljd c`fr o sumotds, klstl edcdelrco
edcdelrc o cds
br`ccotos ‗
56

– Xljtd
Xljtd oc elekod edgd oc ospdslgòjtd so edjs`horlj plrto hoc edjtletd açsèd
edj oc hotoj`hd, euljhd so trltl ho rolc`zlr oc elekod k`jelhd d tojh`hd, os
ospdslr lc hotoj`hd‗ .
roedgojhlfco pr`gord ospdslr
O[LGOJ ^LVE@LC
^LVE@LC @@
UO[XL UOGLJL
_UD HO LVGL HO A_OBD
@. HOUEV@Ê@ÕJ= Cls lrgls ho auobd y gujè`djos?8 ogpcolhls oj oc sorvè`d
pdcè`lc sdj ojtro dtrls=
 •Vovõcvor elc`fro 5;‗ U^C
 •^`stdcls elc`fro 0 gg ^f
 Lrgls ho clrbd lceljeo elc`fros ?.?1x8? gg, 2.16x50 gg y 2.16x?<gg
–OC LVX@E_CD 5 HOC HOEVOXD COB@UCLX@QD <<;1, O[^VOUL= –UÕCD UO OG^COLVÌJ

^LVL OC UOVQ@E@D ^DC@E@LC CLU LVGLU HO A_OBD L_XDV@]LHDU D
^VD^DVE@DJLHDU ^DV OC OUXLHD‗
@@. LUÔEXDU
LUÔEXDU L XOJOV OJ E_OJXL
E_OJXL ^LVL OC _UD HOC LVGL HO A_OBD
A_OBD==
L. DFM OX@QD HOC H@U^LVD= Euljhd oc pdc` pdcèçl

eçl h`splrl su lrgl jd cd kleo
plrl lsustlr, kor`r d hoslrglr . Oc h`splrd puoho rosuctlr cotlc, puos cd
kleo plrl `gp oh`r y edjtr
ed jtrdclr
dclr ccl
l lbros`õ
lbros`õjj d lgojlzl
lgojlzl quo l ltojto
tojto edjtr
edjtrll
su v`hl d cl ho dtrl porsdjl . Oc dfmot`vd os cdbrlr quo oc lbrosdr eoso su
ltlquo `coblc ho gljorl `jgoh`ltl .
–^LVL _X@C@]LV LHOE_LHLGOJXO _J LVGL HO A_OBD, EDJ UOB_V@HLH P ^VOE@U@ÕJ,

CDU ^DC@E@LCOU HOFOJ OUXLV ALG@C@LV@]LHDU EDJ CLU JDVGLU HO UOB_V@HLH,
A_JHLGOJXDU P ^DU@E@DJOU FÌU@ELU, ^VLEX@ELV CDU LUÔEXDU A_JHLGOJXLCOU HO
X@VD P CDU OMOVE@E@DU \_O GOMDVOJ U_ GLJOMD. CLU H@VOEX@QLU @JUX@X_E@DJLCOU
@JUX@X_E@DJLCOU
F. VOBCLU FÌ
FÌU@ELU
U@ELU HO UOB_V
UOB_V@HLH=
@HLH=
OUÔEÇA@ELU OUXLFCOEOJ OC EDJXVDC HO U_ XOJOJE@L P LAOEXLE@ÕJ‗
LAO EXLE@ÕJ‗
<. Hofo edjs`horlrso quo tdhl lrgl ho auobd sògpro ostì elrblhl .
Xrlto tdhl lrgl ho auobd edgd s` ostuvòrl elrblhl y c`stl plrl h`splrlr,
jd edja`à oj cl plclfrl ho dtrl porsdjl quo co h`bl quo uj lrgl ostl
hoselrblhl.
6. Jujel lpujto su lrgl oj adrgl `jjoeoslr`l l ujl porsdjl. Jd
lpujto l lcbd l cd quo jd co vl l h`splrlr, j` s`quòrl cd klbl edj oc lrgl
hoselrblhl.
5. Jd edcdquo oc hohd oj oc h`splrlhdr . U` jd kl rosuoctd oaoetulr oc
h`splrd euljhd so ostì lpujtljhd l uj dfmot`vd, oc hohd çjhèo ho cl
55

gljd ho edjtletd `rì tdtlcgojto ost`rlhd plrlcocd lc lrglzõj, s`j kleor

edjtletd edj oc h`splrlhdr.
8. Jd glj`puco s`j gdt`vd mustàèlhd oc lrglgojtd. Jd so mustàèl cl
oxtrlee`õj, glj`pucle`õj d oxpdsè`õj `jhof`hl o `jjoeoslr`l hoc lrgl,
auorl hoc porg`t`hd oj cls jdrgls y robclgojtds.
–OC LVGL HO A_OBD JD HOFO _X@C@]LVUO EDGD _J DFMOXD EDJX_JHOJXO‗
EDJX_JHOJXO ‗
^DU@E@DJOU EDJ OC LVGL HO A_OBD

@. ^DU@E@DJOU
^DU@E@DJOU FÌU@ELU EDJ OC LVGL HO A_OBD
A_OBD==
OJXVOQ@UXL= Lhdptljhd ujl pdsè`õj jdrglc, os lquoccl oj

L. ^DU@E@ÕJ HO OJXVOQ@UXL
cl quo oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc so ojeuojtrl edj oc lrgl ojaujhlhl, gljtojòjhd
cls gljds oj adrgl pls`vl y jd lgojlzlhdrl oj arojto hoc lfhdgoj, cd quo
co porg`t`rì leeohor rìp`hlgojto lc oqu`plgòjtd quo pdrtl.
^DU@E@DJ HO OJXVOQ@UXL ^DU@E@DJ HO EDJXLEXD
F. ^DU@E@ÕJ HO EDJXLEXD (^DU@E@ÕJ <)= Cl gljd ho lpdyd sdfro cl

kof`ccl hoc edrrolmo d c`borlgojto pdr oje`gl ho occl. Cl gljd ho edjtlet
edjtletdd oj
cl ogpuülhurl ho cl p`stdcl, oc pucblr lfro oc fdtõj hoc soburd ho cl aujhl, oc
çjhèo oxtojh`hd l cd clrbd ho cl plrto oxtor`dr ho cl
c l aujhl, cds hohds rostljtos
lcrohohdr ho cl ogpuülhurl ho cl p`stdcl d rovõcvor.
E. ^DU@E@ÕJ ^VOQOJX@QL (^DU@E@ÕJ 6)= Cl gljd ho edjtletd hosojaujhl
oc lrgl ogpuüìjhdcl edrroetlgojto y ccovìjhdcl l cl lcturl hoc lfhdgoj,
puhòjhd lhdptlr cl pdsè`õj oxpuostl d eufòrtl, hopojhòjhd ho cl
ovlcule`õj hoc ròsbd ox`stojto.
^DU@E@DJ ^VOQOJX@QL O[^_OUXL ^DU@E@ÕJ ^VOQOJX@QL E_F@OVXL
58

H. ^DU@E@
^DU@E@ÕJ
ÕJ HO LCOVXL
LC OVXL (^D U@E@ÕJ 5)= Ljto cl `jg`joje`l ho ujl lgojlzl,
(^DU@E@ÕJ
pord hosedjdeòjhd su prdx`g`hlh, so lhdptl cl s`buòjto pdsè`õj=
^DU@E@ÕJ HO LCOVXL
O. ^DU@E@ÕJ HO ^DXOJE@LC H@U^LVD (^DU@E@ÕJ 8)= Uo hosojaujhl oc lrgl
oxtojhòjhd cds frlzds kle`l oc dfmot`vd, lpujtljhd h`roetlgojto lc eojtrd ho cl
glsl edrpdrlc. Cl ovlcule`õj ho cl lgojlzl l cl v`hl d l cl `jtobr`hlh
hotorg`jlrì s` ox`sto cl joeos`hlh ho h`splrlr. Hospuàs ho h`splrlr, oc porsdjlc
pdcè`lc hoforì vor`﬌elr quo jd ox`stlj dtrls lgojlzls y lhdptlrì cl pdsè`õj ho
lcortl (5), ovlculjhd cl zdjl flmd su rospdjslf`c`hlh ljto pds`fcos lgojlzls
lhè`djlcos.
Cl pdsè`õj quo hofo lhdptlr oc oaoet`vd pdcè`lc rospdjho l cl ovdcue`õj hoc
ròsbd quo so ojarojto, jd joeoslr`lgojto hofo sobu`r cl soeuoje`l
hoser`tl.
Ls`g`sgd, oc lrgl jujel so ojaujhl s`j kleor ujl voràèle`õj pr`gord oj

cl pdsè`õj provojt`vl, edj cl ﬌jlc`hlh ho edgprdflr quo oc lrgl os tà
lsoburlhl (puoho sor lc soburd d hospomljhd gujè`õj ho cl roeìglrl)9
ostd tlgf`àj roauorzl cl ovlcule`õj ho cl s`tule`õj quo so ojarojtl ljtos ho
ojaujhlr ho﬌j`t`vlgojto oc lrgl.
Jd flstl quo oc pdcèçl sopl h`splrlr, s`jd tlgf`àj tòjo quo slfor euìjhd
y eõgd kleorcd, pdrquo guekls voeos sdj cds prdeoh`gòjtds pdcè`lcos
edrroetds y jd cds h`splrds cds quo prosorvlj cl v`hl y sdcue`djlj cds
prdfcogls.
^DU@E@DJ HO ^DXOJE@LC H@U^LVD

5?

^VDEOH@G@OJXD ^LVL OC _UD HOC LVGL HO A_OBD -

HOU^CL]LG@OJXD EDJ OC LVGL HO A_OBD ― ^VÌEX@EL=
A_OBD
Oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc, ljtos ho h`splrlr su lrgl ho auobd, sobu`rì oc s`buòjto

prdeoh`gòjtd=
L. @hojt`﬌elrso pcojlgojto edgd pdcèçl luj euljhd ostà ujàdrglhd.

¡LCXD ^DC@EÇL!
^DC@EÇL! d ¡OU CL ^DC@EÇ
^DC@EÇL!
L!
F. Hlr lc prosujtd `jarletdr
`jarletdr ujl eclrl lhvortoje`l ho su `jt
`jtoje`õj
oje`õj ho h`splrlr su
lrgl ho auobd, hìjhdco tògpd su﬌eòjto plrl quo cd ojtòjhl y tdgo ujl
hoe`s`õj.
¡LVVDMO OC LVGL! d
¡LVVDMO
¡U_OCXO
¡U_O CXO OC LVGL! d
¡JD UO G_OQL!
G_OQL! d
¡JD @JXOJXO VOLEE@DJLV, OUXLGDU LVGLHDU ^DHOGDU
H@U^LVLV!
–Oc usd hoc lrgl os oxeope`djlc. Uo ut`c`zl sdclgojto oj hoaojsl ho cl v`hl ‗

Osto prdeoh`gòjtd jd so omoeutlrì, s` su prìetèl erolrl uj ròsbd ho guorto
g uorto d
cos`djos brlvos plrl oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc u dtrls porsdjls. Oj elsd cl
lhvortoje`l rosuctlso ov`hojtogojto `jlhoeulhl d `jýt`c hlhls cls
e`reujs
e`r eujs tlje`ls hoc elsd, so o
ogpcolrì oc lrgl ho auobd h`roetlgojto .
gpcolrì oc
Oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý, oxeope`djlcgojto, pdhrì uslr oc

lrgl ho auobd euljhd sol ostrètlgojto joeoslr`d y sdcd euljhd dtrls goh`hls
gojds oxtrogls rosuctoj `jsu﬌eòjtos d solj `jlhoeulhls, oj cls s`buòjtos
s`tule`djos=
- Oj hoaojsl prdp`l d ho dtrls porsdjls oj elsd ho poc`brd rolc o `jg`jojto

ho guorto d cos`djos brlvos.
- Euljhd so prdhuzel ujl s`tule`õj quo `gpc`quo ujl sor`l lgojlzl plrl
cl v`hl hurljto cl edg`s`õj ho uj hoc`td plrtèuclrgojto brlvo.
51

- Euljhd so bojoro uj poc`brd rolc o `jg`jojto ho guorto d cos`djos brlvos

edgd edjsoeuoje`l ho cl ros`stoje`l daroe`hl pdr cl porsdjl quo vlyl l
sor hotoj`hl.
- Euljhd cl v`hl ho ujl porsdjl os puostl oj ròsbd rolc, `jg`jojto y letulc
pdr quòj so ostì aubljhd.
- Euljhd
pdcè`lc uso bojoro
dtrl uj poc`brd
porsdjl, rolc d `jg`jojto
pdr cl lee`õj ho guorto
ho quòj plrtè`pl ho hoc
ujlporsdjlc
rouj`õj
tuguctulr`l v`dcojtl.
–Oj elsd quo oc prosujtd `jarletdr gljtuvòrl su let`tuh v`dcojtl y oc ròsbd cotlc
os `jg`jojto, ogpcolrì oc lrgl ho auobd y, s` cls edjhè`djos cd porg`toj hoforì
rolc`zlr oc h`splrd socoet`vd oj hotorg`jlhl zdjl hoc euorpd, edj cl ﬌jlc`hlh ho
edjtrdclr cl lee`õj cotlc hoc prosujtd `jarletdr ho cl coy (…) tojòjhd oj euojtl
cl `jtojs`hlh ho cl lbros`õj d lgojlzl, cl adrgl ho prdeohor y oc poc`brd quo
roprosojtl cl porsdjl l `jtorvoj`r d cl s`tule`õj pdr edjtrdclr‗, lsç edgd oc
dfmot`vd cobçt`gd quo so pors`buo.
Euljhd so klylj prdhue`hd kor`hds edgd edjsoeuoje`l hoc h`splrd ho lrgls

ho auobd, so prdeohorì lc lux`c`d `jgoh`ltd y, ho sor joeoslr`d, –lhdpt lr cls
goh`hls joeoslr`ls plrl quo so fr`jho ls`stoje`l y sorvè`ds gàhèds l cls
porsdjls kor`hls d laoetlhls, slcvd quo ox`stlj e`reujstlje`ls quo `gp`hlj su
rolc`zle`õj‗.
Oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc, d cl uj`hlh l cl quo portojoeo, hoforì –lhdptlr cls goh`hls

joeoslr`ls plrl edgujèlr cd sueoh`hd l cds alg`c`lros ho cls porsdjls
alccoe`hls, kor`hls d l lquoccls quo ostls ýct`gls `jh`quoj, slcvd quo ox`stlj
e`reujstlje`ls quo `gp`hlj su rolc`zle`õj‗.
Oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc quo kleo usd hoc lrgl ho auobd edjtrl porsdjls, hoforì
edgujèlrso vorflc o `jgoh`ltlgojto edj sus supor`dros y hoforì –prosojtlr
uj `jadrgo l cl uj`hlh pdcè`lc edrrospdjhòjt
edrrospdjhòjto,o, `jhèljhd cls e`reujstlje`l
e`reujstlje`ls,
s, cds
goh`ds ogpcolhds, oc porsdjlc ^J^ `jtorv`jòjto, oc t`pd ho lrgls y cls
gujè`djos ut`c`zlhls, oc jýgord o `hojt`hlh
` hojt`hlh ho cds laoetlhds, cls ls`stoje`ls y
ovleule`djos rolc`zlhls.
Oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý jd puoho lcoblr dfohòje`l l

õrhojos supor`dros plrl oc usd ho cl auorzl y, oj plrtèuclr, hoc lrgl ho auobd,
euljhd hèkls õrhojos sdj glj`﬌ostlgojto `cçe`tls. Oj elsd ho klforso
omoeutlhd, tlgf`àj sorìj rospdjslfcos cds supor`dros quo hòrdj cls õrhojos
`cçe`tls. Ostds ýct`gds –(…) `jeurroj oj rospdjslf`c`hlh euljhd edjdzelj d
hofòjhd edjdeor hoc usd `cçe`td ho cl auorzl pdr oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc l sus
õrhojos jd lhdptoj cls goh`hls joeoslr`ls plrl `gpoh`r d joutrlc`zlr hèkd usd
d jd hojuje`lrdj oc koekd dpdrtujlgojto‗.
52

Oj oc omoreè`d ho su auje`õj rocle`djlhl lc usd ho cl auorzl, oc porsdjlc ho cl

^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý tòjo horoekd l –jd leltlr h`spdsè`djos u õrhojos
supor`dros plrl oc usd ho cl auorzl euljhd àstls solj gljàòstlgojto `cçe`tls d
lrf`trlr`ls‗.
Oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc jd sorì dfmotd ho j`jbujl slje`õj pojlc d lhg`j`strlt`vd

h`se`pc`jlr`l, euljhd oj eugpc`gòjtd hoc lrtçeucd <<.5 hoc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd J½
<<;1, quo robucl oc usd ho cl auorzl pdr cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý, lsç edgd
hoc Eõh`bd ho edjhuetl y cds ^r`je`p`ds fìsèds sdfro oc ogpcod ho cl auorzl y
ho cls lrgls ho auobd, so jòbuoj l omoeutlr ujl drhoj `coblc ho ogpcod ho cl
auorzl d lrgls ho auobd d hojujeòj oso ogpcod `coblc pdr dtrds pdcèçls.
@@ _J@HLH
L UOGLJL
UO^X@GL
UO^X@G
XOEJ@ELU HO @JXOVQOJE@DJ ^DC@E@LC

Cls tàejèls fìsèls ho `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc hoforìj sor ogpcolhls oxecus`vlgojto
plrl edjtrdclr d g`j`g`zlr tdhl pds`f`c`hlh ho ròsbd quo ltojto edjtrl cl `jtobr`hlh
ho cds plrtè`pljtos oj cl `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc (pýfcèd d vçet`gl, pdcèçl o `jecus`vo
oc `jarletdr).
Xdhl `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc, pdr cd bojorlc, hofo sor oaoetulhl edgd gçj`gd pdr
hds pdcèçls , hofòjhd sor pcljàèlhl lpojls so tojbl edjde`gòjtd ho occl (jd
joeoslr`lgojto oj uj hdeugojtd), hoa`jòjhd cds rdcos quo co edrrospdjhl eugpc`r
l elhl ujd ho cds pdcèçls. ^< sorì oc quo so ojelrbuo ho oaoetulr oc edjtletd edj
cl porsdjl l `jtorvoj`r9 ^6 prostlrì cl sobur`hlh rospoet`vl.
Oj elsd
oj quo cluj`jtorvoje`õj
cd pds`fco tr`ìjbucd hosol omoeutlhloj
sobur`hlh, pdreuyl
hds flso
pdcèçls l pò,ufèlrso
hofoj àstds hofoj adrglr
cds pdcèçls
`jtorvojtdros y oc `jtorvoj`hd oj oc vàrtèo d pujtd goh`d prdyoetlh
pr dyoetlhdd hoc tr`ìjbucd
@. ÔJULG@OJXD XÌEX@ED
L. ÌVOL D ]DJL HO UOB_V@HLH= Os oc ìrol hdjho oc pdcèçl tòjo oc

hdg`j`d ho cl s`tule`õj hospuàs ho ujl lee`õj ho edjtrdc quo co porg`to
g`j`g`zlr eulcquòr ròsbd plrl su `jtobr`hlh açsèl y cl ho sus edgplüords.
F. ÌVOL D ]DJL HO V@OUBD= Os oc ìrol sdfro cl eulc oc pdcèçl jd tòjo

hdg`j`d ho cl s`tule`õj, ho cl quo puoho surb`r ujl lgojlzl quo jd sol
ov`hojto d cltojto.
(pdr omogpcd, Ljtopr`dr`zlr
so hofo occd os `gpdrtljto
cl ltoje`õjufèlr
oj clsd gljds),
hotoetlr uj
l ujl porsdjl
dfmotd, ujl
ohàèle`õj d plrto ho occl, vojtljls y leeosds, elccos, vokçeucds, lj`glcos,
5;

elgpds lfòrtds, oxelvle`djos, oselcorls, edrrohdros, ote. Hofo ufèlr cds

pujtds ho ròsbd. Xdhl ìrol ho ròsbd yl hdg`jlhl so edjvòrto oj ìrol ho
sobur`hlh.
@@. LUÔEXDU @G^DVXLJXOU L XOJOV OJ E_OJXL=
F. LEX@X_H HO C L ÔVUDJL L UOV @JXOVQOJ@HL = Oc porsdjlc

pdcè`lc hofo tojor oj euojtl oc edgpdrtlgòjtd ho cl porsdjl l
`jtorvoj`r, quo puoho sor ho edclfdrle`õj, ros`stoje`l pls`vl d let`vl,
ccobljhd `jecus`vo l cl lbros`õj cotlc
E. ÔVEOÊ@ÕJ HOC V@OUBD= Osto lspoetd vl gìs lccì ho cl porsdjl

l `jtorvoj`r. Uo hofo edjs`horlr cls elrletorçstèls hoc cublr ho cl
`jtorvoje`õj (ufèle`õj, ostrueturls hosedjde`hls, elccomdjos,
ohàèle`djos, `cug`jle`õj, ojtro dtrds) quo puohlj roprosojtlr uj
ròsbd plrl cl `jtobr`hlh hoc porsdjlc pdcè`lc d ho toreords, lsç edgd
oc pds`fco
hoforì lpdydhohoflrrorls
vlcorso dtrls porsdjls lc `jarletdr.
jlturlcos Oc porsdjlc
d lrtàè`lcos pdcè`lc
quo co fr`jhoj
vorhlhord lfr`bd.
H. J@QOC HO A_OV]L L OG^COLV = Cuobd ho ujl lproe`le`õj ho cl
s`tule`õj y cls e`reujstlje`ls quo so prosojtlj oj cl `jtorvoje`õj, oc
porsdjlc pdcè`lc ogpcolrì cl auorzl ho leuorhd lc j`voc ho ros`stoje`l
ho cl porsdjl l `jtorvoj`r.
@@@. @JXOVQOJE@ÕJ L ÔVUDJLU OJCL QÇL ^DV ^DC@EÇLU L ^@O ―

^VLEX@EL= Uo klj edjs`horlhd hds s`tule`djos quo so prosojtlj oj adrgl
edt`h`ljl oj oc sorvè`d pdcè`lc= cl pr`gorl, edj a`jos ho `hojtàèle`õj, y cl
sobujhl, euljhd so trlto ho uj prosujtd `jarletdr. U`j ogflrbd, ujl jd os
oxecuyojto ho cl dtrl.
50

L. @JXOVQOJE@ÕJ EDJ A@JOU HO @HOJX@A@EL E@ÕJ= Os edjvojòjto tojor

@HOJX@A@ELE@ÕJ=
oj edjs`horle`õj cds s`buòjtos lspoetds=
- Adrglr oc tr`ìjbucd ho sobur`hlh, tdgljhd ujl h`stlje`l lprdx`glhl ho
hds frlzds oxtojh`hds, quo `gp`hl lc `jtorvoj`hd ltojtlr edjtrl cl
`jtobr`hlh açsèl ho eulcquòrl ho cds hds pdcèçls `jtorv`jòjtos. Ho ox`st`r
ujl plroh (`jguofco),
ho osplchls l àstl. oc d cl pdcèçl quo hl cl sobur`hlh hofo ufèlrso
- @jh`v`hulc`zlr eclrlgojto l cl porsdjl l `jtorvoj`r (vost`gojtl,
elrletorçstèls açsèls, soxd, ote.)
- @hojtàèlrso (slcuhd, brlhd, lpocc`hds, uj`hlh oj cl quo prostl sorvè`d),
kle`àjhdco edjdeor oc gdt`vd ho cl `jtorvoje`õj.
- Udcè`tlrco sus hdeugojtds ho `hojtàèle`õj porsdjlc, porgljoeòjhd
sògpro oj ujl let`tuh v`b`cljto, s`j hoseu`hlr oc edjtletd v`sulc.
- Voe`f`r cds hdeugojtds edj cl gljd quo jd pdrto oc lrgl ho auobd9 ostd
plrl porg`t`r quo ljto ujl ovojtulc rolee`õj puohl uslrcl edj c`fortlh ho
lee`õj.
- Lc voràèlr cds hdeugojtds, kleorcd oj ujl pdsè`õj quo jd dfstleucèo
oc hdg`j`d v`sulc, pr`je`plcgojto ho cls gljds hoc `jtorvoj`hd.
- Oaoetulr probujtls rocle`djlhls l cds hltds edjs`bjlhds oj oc
hdeugojtd ho `hojt`hlh edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho edjtrlstlrcds d adrguclr
probujtls gdhàèljhd lcbujds hltds quo porg`tlj ostlfcoeor cl
t`tuclr`hlh ho cds g`sgds. ^dr omogpcd, goje`djlrco edgd su sobujhd
jdgfro ujd quo jd co edrrospdjho.
- Eucg`jlhl cl `jtorvoje`õj s`j jdvohlh, oc pdcèçl ho edjtletd (^<)
lbrlhoeorì su eddporle`õj, hospclzìjhdso cuobd kle`l cl ufèle`õj hoc
pdcèçl ho sobur`hlh (^6), plrl quo oc eùhlhljd ro`jèò su elg`jd
ledgplüìjhdcd edj cl g`rlhl klstl eòrtl h`stlje`l.
F. E@VE_
E@VE_JUXLJE@LU
JUXLJE@LU ^LVL KLEOV _ UD HO CL A_OV]L= Oc lrtçeucd ; hoc
_UD
Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd J¾ <<;1, Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd quo Vobucl oc _sd ho cl
Auorzl pdr plrto ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý, oxprosl=
Oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý, oj cls `jtorvoje`djos pdcè`lcos

so `hojtàèl edgd tlc, `jh`v`hulc`zl l cl porsdjl d porsdjls l `jtorvoj`r y hl
ujl eclrl lhvortoje`l ho su `jtoje`õj ho uslr cl auorzl,
auor zl, edj tògpd suaèòjto
plrl quo so tdgo oj euojtl, slcvd quo osl lhvortoje`l cd pdjbl oj poc`brd
d erolrl uj brlvo ròsbd ho guorto d ho cos`djos brlvos l dtrls porsdjls,
d euljhd cl lhvortoje`l rosuctlrl ov`hojtogojto `jlhoeulhl hlhls cls
e`reujstlje`ls hoc elsd.
Oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý puoho uslr cl auorzl, oj cls

s`buòjtos e`reujstlje`ls=
8>

<. Hotojor oj acaclbrljto

lbrljto hoc`td d pdr gljhltd mu muhè`lc
hè`lc edjadrgo l coy.
6. Eugpc`r uj ho
hofor
for u õrhojos cçe`tls hèt
hètlhls
lhls pdr cls lutdr`hlho
lutdr`hlhoss
edgpotojtos.
5. ^rovoj`r cl edg`s`õj ho hoc`tds y alctls.
8. ^rdtobor d hoaojhor ffòjos
òjos murç
murçhèds
hèds tutoc
tutoclhds.
lhds.
?. Edjtrdclr l qquòj
uòj dpdj
dpdjbl
bl ros`stoje
ros`stoje`l
`l l cl lutdr`hlh.
DEXLQL UOGLJL
@Q. @JXOVQOJE@ÕJ L _J ^VOU_JXD @JAVLEXDV ― ^VLEX@EL=
Ostls `jtorvoje`djos sdj cls quo roprosojtlj uj glydr j`voc ho ròsbd plrl oc
porsdjlc pdcè`lc. ûohoj prosojtlrso hurljto oc pltrucclmo d l gàr`td ho ujl
edgujèle`õj rlh`lc d tocoaõjèl ho cl uj`hlh pdcè`lc. Oj oso sojt`hd, os ho sugl
`gpdrtlje`l quo cl `jadrgle`õj quo roelfo oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc quo vl l `jtorvoj`r
sol hotlcclhl edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho tdglr edjde`gòjtd ho cl s`tule`õj.
Ostl `jtorvoje`õj so hofo `jè`lr edj cl vorflc`zle`õj, tojòjhd oj euojtl cds

s`buòjtos plsds=
-Oc pdcèçl hofo `hojtàèlrso edgd tlc oxprosljhd oj vdz lctl=

¡LCXD ^DC@EÇL!
¡Covljto cls gljds, gçrogo!
- Kleorco slfor oc gdt`vd ho cl `jtorvoje`õj, pdr omogpcd=
–Os ustoh sdspoekdsd ho…‗ d

–kl edgot`hd oc hoc`td ho…‗
-@jhèlrco quo so co vl l `hojtàèlr y rob`strlr, plrl quo lsç puohl edclfdrlr edj
cl `jtorvoje`õj. Ho sor joeoslr`d, drhojlr quo lhdpto ujl pdsè`õj lprdp`lhl
plrl cl `jgdv`c`zle`õj togpdrlc (edcdeìjhdco cds br`ccotos) y rolc`zlr oc rob`strd
proc`g`jlr. ^lrl occd so hofoj ut`c`zlr tàrg`jds quo solj aìe`cos ho ojtojhor
edgd=
¡^DJBL CLU GLJDU UDFVO CL ELFO]L!

Hosple`d, hosple`d, trljqu`cd.
¡OJXVOCLEO U_U HOHDU! d
¡EV_EO CDU HOHDU UDFVO CL ELFO]L!
¡B@VO! d
¡HOUO Q_OCXL, HO OU^LCHLU L GÇ!
¡GLJXOJBL CL ELCGL!
8<

…OUXO OU _J ^VDEOH@G@OJXD ^DC@E@LC, OJ CL GOH@HL \_O _UXOH

EDDÔVO, CD VOLC@]LVOGDU HO GLJOVL VÌ^@HL P UOB_VL, JD
DAVO]EL VOU@UXOJE@L…
¡OU CL ^DC@EÇL!
¡^ÀB_OUO L CL ^LVOH! d
¡LVVDHÇCCOUO!
¡X@ÀJHLUO d
OJ OC U_OCD!
Uo hofo tojor ospoe`lc eu`hlhd ho gljtojor edjtrdc sdfro cls gljds hoc
`jtorvoj`hd, puostd quo cd gìs prdflfco os quo sueohl ujl lbros`õj. Jd porg`tl
quo guovl cls gljds j` hosvço cl g`rlhl s`j su lutdr`zle`õj. ^rdeuro quo oc
`jarletdr gljtojbl cls gljds cd gìs comds pds`fco hoc euorpd d ho uj pds`fco
cublr hdjho puohl tojor deuctl uj lrgl. Cls `jhèle`djos `gplrt`hls pdr oc
porsdjlc pdcè`lc lc prosujtd `jarletdr hofoj sor s`gpcos, edje`sls y dfmot`vls9
trlsg`t`hls edj eclr`hlh y homljhd quo trljseurrl uj tògpd pruhoje`lc plrl quo
oc `jarletdr d`bl, ojtòjhl y eugpcl.
_jl lee`õj quo lyuhlrì l g`j`g`zlr cds ròsbds os oaoetulr uj rob`strd v`sulc
hoc `jtorvoj`hd. Occd jds porg`t`rì ufèlr eulcquòr t`pd ho lgojlzl (lrgl u
dfmotd). Ostl lee`õj so oaoetýl oj oc gdgojtd quo oc `jtorvoj`hd so ojeuojtrl
arojto lc pdcèçl quo rolc`zl oc edjtletd vorflc, hosho cl cçjol `glb`jlr`l quo
h`v`ho cl zdjl ho sobur`hlh y cl ho ròsbd.
Edjtrdclhl cl s`tule`õj, oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc hoforì `hojtàèlrso soülcljhd su

brlhd, lpocc`hds y uj`hlh l cl quo portojoeo, lsç edgd cds horoekds quo ls`stoj
lc `jtorvoj`hd y cds prdeoh`gòjtds l rolc`zlrso edj gdt`vd ho su hotoje`õj. ^dr
omogpcd= –_stoh vl l sor edjhue`hd l (hopojhoje`l pdcè`lc), hosho hdjho pdhrì
edgujèlrso edj uj alg`c`lr y sdcè`tlr cl prosoje`l ho uj lfdblhd‗.
L. ^DU@E@DJOU ^LVL OC LVVOUXD= ^lrl oaoetulr oc lrrostd, oc porsdjlc

pdcè`lc puoho ut`c`zlr fìsèlgojto tros pdsè`djos=
<. HO ^@O=
- Ostl pdsè`õj os roedgojhlfco euljhd oj oc cublr ho cl `jtorvoje`õj

ox`sto uj gurd, plroh, ote., hdjho oc `jarletdr so puohl lpdylrso.
- Oaoetulhd oc edjtletd v`sulc o `jè`lhl cl vorflc`zle`õj, so ufèl lc
`jtorvoj`hd arojto l cds pdcèçls, l ujl h`stlje`l pruhoje`lc quo cos
porg`tl adrglr oc tr`ìjbucd ho sobur`hlh y hdg`jlr cl s`tule`õj,
`jhèìjhdco quo covljto cds frlzds, edj cls gljds tdtlcgojto lcomlhls
ujl ho dtrl y cds hohds soplrlhds.
- Kleorcd b`rlr cojtlgojto klstl hlr arojto l cl plroh.
86

- @jhèlr lc `jarletdr quo lvljeo kle`l cl plroh, mujtljhd oc euorpd l àstl,

flmljhd cds frlzds klstl cl lcturl ho cds kdgfrds oj adrgl plrlcocl lc
p`sd, b`rljhd cls plcgls ho cls gljds kle`l cds pdcèçls, gljtojòjhd
cds pòs mujtds pdr cds tlcdjos, soplrljhd cls pujtls klstl quo ostàj cd
gìs poblhds l cl plroh, cdbrljhd lsç h`sg`ju`r su ros`stoje`l.
r os`stoje`l.
- _jl voz quo
hospclzl oc `jarletdr
oj adrgl ostìloj
plrlcocl cl osl pdsè`õj,
plroh oj cçjoloc/cl pdcèçl 6 (^6)
porpojhèuclr so
l su
edgplüord, hoslrrdccljhd ujl lforturl hoc tr`ìjbucd (ufèle`õj oj C
`jvort`hl) quo co porg`tl gomdrlr oc edjtletd v`sulc edj oc `jtorvoj`hd,
pdr cd quo oc/cl pdcèçl < (^<)
( ^<) hoforì `jhèlrco quo b`ro cl elfozl oj osl
h`roee`õj.
- Oc/cl pdcèçl ho sobur`hlh (^6) oj ostl pdsè`õj hofo vorflc`zlr plrl
roelflr `jadrgle`õj y jd porg`t`r quo oc `jtorvoj`hd so edjeojtro oj
pcljàèlr ujl rospuostl v`dcojtl edjtrl cl lee`õj ho oc/ cl pdcèçl ho
edjtletd (^<).
- Oc/cl pdcèçl ho edjtletd (^<) lhdptl cl pdsè`õj ho sobur`hlh y so
hospclzl kle`l oc `jtorvoj`hd, kleòjhd edjtletd edj àsto ho cl s`buòjto
gljorl=
- Oj adrgl s`guctìjol, edcdel oc ljtofrlzd edjtrlr`d l su gljd ho
edjtletd, ufèljhd oc edhd y puüd sdfro cl osplchl
o splchl hoc `jtorvoj`hd, l cl
lcturl ho cds dgõpcltds, omoreòjhd ujl c`borl pros`õj, lc g`sgd tògpd
hofo pros`djlr edj cl plrto oxtorjl hoc pò, edjtrlr`d lc clhd quo so ccovl
oc lrgl, lgfds tlcdjos hoc `jarletdr, hospuàs ojaujhl su lrgl, tdgl
sus br`ccotos prdeohòjhd l edcdeìrsocds.
- Cuobd ho edcdelrco cds br`ccotos so prdeoho l oaoetulr uj rob`strd
g`jue`dsd hoc `jarletdr ho lrr`fl kle`l lflmd y ho horoekl l `zquòrhl d
vèovorsl.
- Cl edjhuee`õj hoc `jarletdr so puoho oaoetulr edb`àjhdcd hoc frlzd
horoekd (sògpro edjtrlr`d lc clhd hdjho so ccovl oc lrgl) pdr oje`gl
hoc edhd, omoreòjhd s` auorl joeoslr`d ujl c`borl pros`õj9 d ho lgfds
frlzds euljhd solj hds pdcèçls cds quo cd edjhueoj, `jhèìjhdco cl
h`roee`õj quo so vl l tdglr. Ls`g`sgd, pdr j`jbýj gdt`vd oc pdcèçl
sumotlrì cds br`ccotos plrl edjhue`r lc `jtorvoj`hd.
6. HO VDH@CCL=
- Os roedgojhlfco ogpcolr ostl tàejèl euljhd oc `jarletdr so ojeuojtrl

oj uj lgfòjto lfòrtd.
- Oaoetulhd oc edjtletd v`sulc o `jè`lhl cl vorflc`zle`õj, so drhojlrì lc
`jtorvoj`hd edcdelrso arojto l cds pdcèçls, l ujl h`stlje`l quo porg`tl
hdg`jlr cl s`tule`õj, adrgljhd oc tr`ìjbucd ho sobur`hlh.
- Uo co `jhèl quo covljto cds frlzds, edj cls gljds tdtlcgojto lcomlhls
ujl ho dtrl y cds hohds soplrlhds.
85

- \uo b`ro cojtlgojto klstl quohlr ho osplchls l cds pdcèçls

`jtorv`jòjtos.
- \uo oc `jarletdr so lrrdh`cco, gljtojòjhd cds frlzds covljtlhds.
- _jl voz lrrdh`cclhd, drhojlrco ojtroclzlr cds hohds ho ujl gljd edj cl
dtrl y quo cls edcdquo oje`gl ho cl elfozl9 cuobd quo erueo ujl pòrjl
sdfro cl dtrl,
edjtrlr`d sògpro
quo mujto y euljhd
cds pòs su edjtoxturl
pr`je`plcgojto açsèlycdkleorcls
cls pujtls porg`tl,ost`rlr.
elsd
- _jl voz quo oc `jarletdr ostì oj osl pdsè`õj, oc/cl pdcèçl ho sobur`hlh
so edcdelrì porpojhèuclrgojto l cl cçjol adrglhl pdr cds kdgfrds hoc
`jtorvoj`hd y su edgplüord, hoslrrdccljhd ujl lforturl hoc tr`ìjbucd
(ufèle`õj oj –C‗ `jvort`hl), quo co porg`tl gomdrlr oc edjtletd v`sulc edj
oc `jtorvoj`hd, pdr cd quo oc/cl pdcèçl ho edjtletd (^<) hoforì `jhèlrco
quo b`ro cl elfozl oj osl h`roee`õj.
- Oc/cl pdcèçl ho sobur`hlh (^6) oj ostl pdsè`õj hofo vorflc`zlr plrl
roelflr `jadrgle`õj y jd porg`t`r quo oc `jtorvoj`hd so edjeojtro oj
pcljàèlr ujl rospuostl v`dcojtl oj edjtrl hoc lee`djlr hoc d ho cl pdcèçl
ho edjtletd.
- Oc/cl pdcèçl ho edjtletd (^<) hospuàs ho ojaujhlr su lrgl, edborì sus
br`ccotos y so lprdx`glrì lc `jarletdr, lhdptljhd ujl pdsè`õj h`lbdjlc,
porg`tòjhd quo oc clhd hdjho ccovl su lrgl jd ostà lc lceljeo hoc
`jarletdr.
- Xdglr cds hohds goh`d y ljuclr ho cl gljd `zquòrhl hoc `jtorvoj`hd
(ostd puoho vlr`lr pdr cl adrgl oj quo cls
c ls klyl ojtroclzlhd oc `jarletdr),
mujtìjhdcds covogojto y omoreòjhd ujl pros`õj sdfro cl elfozl plrl
`gpoh`r quo so suocto.
- Lc g`sgd tògpd so edcdel oc pò `zquòrhd ojtro cds pòs hoc `jarletdr,
oj oc elsd ho ostlr eruzlhds.
- Xlgf`àj so omoreo pros`õj sdfro cls pujtls ho cds pòs oj elsd ho ostlr
ost`rlhds, edj cd eulc g`j`g`zlrì cl pds`f`c`hlh ho rolee`õj,
r olee`õj, prdeohòjhd
l edcdelrco cds br`ccotos.
- Cuobd so prdeoho l oaoetulr uj rob`strd g`jue`dsd hoc `jarletdr.
^dstor`drgojto, so co lyuhlrì l covljtlrso tdgìjhdcd pdr cds edhds.
- Cl edjhuee`õj hoc `jarletdr so klrì flmd cls roedgojhle`djos koekls
oj oc pìrrlad ho `jtorvoje`õj ho pò
5. XOJH@HD D OEKLHD=
- Ostl pdsè`õj os cl gìs soburl, roprosojtl gojds ròsbd d pds`f`c`hlh

ho rolee`õj hoc `jarletdr. Os cl gìs roedgojhlfco euljhd ox`stl gìs ho
uj `jtorvoj`hd.
- _t`c`zljhd cl vorflc`zle`õj so drhojlrì lc `jtorvoj`hd ufèlrso arojto l
cds oaoet`vds pdcè`lcos, l ujl h`stlje`l quo cos porg`tl hdg`jlr cl
s`tule`õj y adrglr oc tr`ìjbucd ho sobur`hlh, `jhèìjhdco quo covljto cds
88

frlzds, edj cls gljds tdtlcgojto lcomlhls ujl ho dtrl y cds hohds
soplrlhds
- \uo b`ro cojtlgojto klstl quohlr ho osplchls l cds pdcèçls quo cd
`jtorvòjoj.
- \uo so lrrdh`cco, gljtojòjhd cds frlzds ost`rlhds, plrl cuobd tojhorso
ho euf`td
ostlr vojtrlc,ho
pdr hoflmd lpdyìjhdso
su euorpd oj(jdsus gljds,hoc
dcv`hlrso clsedjtrdc
eulcosv`sulc
jd hoforìj
ho cls
gljds), s`jd soplrlhls y cd gìs comds hoc euorpd.
- @jhèlrco quo oxtòjhl cds frlzds l cl lcturl ho cds kdgfrds (oj adrgl
ho eruz) edcdeljhd oc hdrsd ho cls gljds lc p`sd edj cls plcgls kle`l
lrr`fl y quo erueo uj pò sdfro oc dtrd, acox`djljhd lgfls pòrjls kle`l
sus bcýtods.
- _jl voz quo oc `jarletdr ostì oj osl pdsè`õj, oc pdcèçl ho sobur`hlh so
hospclzlrì hoslrrdccljhd ujl lforturl hoc tr`ìjbucd, quo co porg`t`rì
oaoetulr uj edjtletd v`sulc edj oc `jtorvoj`hd oj cçjol edj cl ufèle`õj
ho su elfozl, plrl cd eulc oc/cl pdcèçl ho edjtletd hoforì `jhèlrco quo
b`ro cl elfozl oj osl h`roee`õj.
- Oc/cl pdcèçl ho sobur`hlh oj ostl pdsè`õj hofo vorflc`zlr plrl dftojor
`jadrgle`õj y jd porg`t`r quo oc `jtorvoj`hd so edjeojtro oj pcljàèlr
ujl rospuostl v`dcojtl edjtrl cl lee`õj ho oc/cl pdcèçl ho edjtletd.
- Oc/cl pdcèçl ho edjtletd lhdptl cl pdsè`õj ho sobur`hlh y so hospclzl
kle`l oc `jarletdr, lhdptljhd ujl pdsè`õj soburl, eõgdhl y acox`fco,
porg`tòjhd quo oc clhd hdjho ccovl su lrgl jd ostà lc lceljeo hoc
`jarletdr. Cuobd edcdel su pò `zquòrhd ojtro cls rdh`ccls hoc `jarletdr y
edj su rdh`ccl omoreo covo pros`õj sdfro cds pòs hoc `jarletdr,
g`j`g`zljhd cl pds`f`c`hlh ho rolee`õj, hospuàs ojaujhl su lrgl y
prdeoho l edcdelrco cds br`ccotos.
- Edcdelhds cds br`ccotos so prdeohorì lc rob`strd g`jue`dsd hoc `jarletdr.
^lrl covljtlr lc `jarletdr, so co `jhèlrì prov`lgojto quo so prdeohorì l
sojtlrcd edj juostrl lyuhl, plrl occd eruzlrì ujl pòrjl sdfro cl dtrl y
edb`àjhdcd ho cds kdgfrds cd lyuhlgds l sojtlrso.
8?

- Cuobd so co `jhèl quo roedml lgfls pòrjls kle`l lhocljto,

acox`djìjhdcls y eruzìjhdcls. Cl/oc pdcèçl soplrl sus pòrjls edcdeljhd
su kdgfrd y frlzd `zquòrhd oj edjtletd edj cl osplchl hoc `jtorvoj`hd,
sobu`hlgojto tdgìjhdcd pdr cds edhds y oj ujl sdcl lee`õj so co lpdyl
o `gpucsl plrl covljtlrcd.
- Cl edjhuee`õj
ostlfcoe`hds hoc dtrls
oj cls `jarletdr so klrì ho leuorhd l cds c`jolgòjtds
pdsè`djos.
U` hurljto ostds prdeoh`gòjtds oc `jtorvoj`hd so tdrjl v`dcojtd, oc pdcèçl ho

edjtletd so lcomlrì rìp`hlgojto ho àc, rotdrjljhd l su ìrol ho sobur`hlh
ogpuüljhd su lrgl y ro`jè`ljhd cl vorflc`zle`õj plrl rotdglr oc
prdeoh`gòjtd.
F. VOBCLU HO EDJH
EDJH_EXL
_EXL ^LVL OC _UD HO CL A_OV
A_OV]L
]L COXLC =
Oc lrtçeucd << hoc Vobclgojtd hoc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd quo robucl oc _sd ho cl
Auorzl pdr plrto ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý
ô rý ― HU. ><6-6><1-@J, oxprosl=
Oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý, oxeope`djlcgo
oxeope`djlcgojto,
jto, pdhrì uslr oc
lrgl ho auobd euljhd sol ostrètlgojto joeoslr`d y sõcd euljhd goh`hls
gojds oxtrogls rosuctoj `jsuaèòjtos d solj `jlhoeulhls, os hoe`r, oc
`jarletdr ho cl coy kleo ros`stoje`l let`vl quo roprosojto poc`brd rolc o
`jg`jojto ho guorto d cos`djos brlvos9 oj cls s`buòjtos s`tule`djos=
l. Oj hoaojsl prdp`l d ho dtrls porsdjls oj eelsd
lsd ho poc`brd rolc o `jg`jojto
ho guorto d cos`djos brlvos.
f. Euljhd so prdhuze
prdhuzell ujl s`tule`õj quo `gpc`
`gpc`quo
quo ujl sor`l lgojlz
lgojlzll plrl
cl v`hl hurljto cl edg`s`õj ho uj hoc`td plrtèuclrgojto brlvo.
e. Euljhd so bojoro uj poc`b
poc`brd
rd rolc o `jg`joj
`jg`jojto
to ho guguorto
orto d cos`djo
cos`djoss brlvos
edgd edjsoeuoje`l ho cl ros`stoje`l daroe`hl pdr cl porsdjl quo vlyl l
sor hotoj`hl.
h. Euljhd cl v`hl ho ujl porsdjl os puostl oj rròsbd
òsbd rolc, `jg`jojto y letulc
pdr quòj so ostì aubljhd. Oj ostl s`tule`õj sdcd so mustàèl oc usd ho cl
auorzl cotlc ljto quòj, oj su ku`hl, bojoro uj ròsbd
r òsbd ov`hojto, gljàòstd
o `jgoh`ltd elplz ho eluslr cos`djos brlvos d guorto. Oj j`jbýj elsd so
uslrì cl auorzl cotlc edjtrl quòj ojedjtrìjhdso `jtorvoj`hd, hotoj`hd,
rotoj`hd d roecu`hd ovlho cl lee`õj ho cl lutdr`hlh, sògpro quo ostl lee`õj
jd roprosojto uj ròsbd cotlc plrl dtrls porsdjls.
o. Euljhd so bojoro uj poc`brd rolc d `jg`jojto ho guorto hoc po porsdjlc
rsdjlc
pdcè`lc u dtrl porsdjl, pdr cl lee`õj ho quòj plrtè`pl ho ujl rouj`õj
tuguctulr`l v`dcojtl. Oc usd ho cl auorzl cotlc oj ostl s`tule`õj sdcd so
mustàèl
ogpcoljhd ljtov`dcoje`l
uj let
letdd ov
ov`hojto,
`hojto,
edj gljàòs
gljàòstd
dfmotds td opuoho
d lrgls, `jgoh`ltd,
eluslrbojorlhd
cos`djospdr qquòj,
uòj,
brlvos d
guorto.
81

E. Oj oostls
stls e`reujst
e`re ujstlje`ls
lje`ls oc
oc prdeoh`
prdeoh`gòjtd
gòjtd l sobu`r os o occ s`bu`
s`buòjto=
ojto=
l. Hosojaujhlr su lrgl, ogpuüìjhdcl provojt`vlgojto y s`guctìjolgojto
prdeohorì l `hojtàèlrso edjadrgo lc s`buòjto pìrrlad.
f. @hojtàèlrso edgd pdcèçl luj ostljhd ujàdrglhd d edj ocogojtds ho
`hojtàèle`õj ledrho l su ospoe`lc`hlh auje`djlc.
e. Hlr lc prosujtd
su lrgl `jarletdr
ho auobd, ujltògpd
hìjhdco eclrl lhvortoje`l
lhvortoje
suaèòjto`lplrl
ho cl `jtoje`õj
quo ho ogpcolr
cd ojtòjhl y tdgo
ujl hoe`s`õj.
h. U` oc prosujtd `jarletdr hopusòrl su let`tuh, oc oaoet`vd pdcè`lc prdeohorì l
su edjtrdc, `jgdv`c`zle`õj y edjhuee`õj ho edjadrg`hlh l cds
prdeoh`gòjtds v`bojtos.
o. Oj elsd quo oc prosujtd `jarletdr gljtuvòrl su let`tuh v`dcojt
v`dcojtll y oc ròsbd
cotlc os `jg`jojto, ogpcolrì oc lrgl ho auobd y, s` cls edjhè`djos cd
porg`toj hoforì rolc`zlr oc h`splrd socoet`vd oj hotorg`jlhl zdjl hoc
euorpd, edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho joutrlc`zlr cl lee`õj cotlc hoc prosujtd `jarletdr
ho cl coy.
Osto prdeoh`gòjtd
d cos`djos brlvos jd so omoeutlrì,
plrl s` su pdcè`lcos
cds oaoet`vds prìetèl erolrl uj ròsbd
u dtrls ho guorto
porsdjls, d cl
lhvortoje`l rosuctlrì ov`hojtogojto `jlhoeulhl d `jýt`c, oj euyd elsd so
ogpcolrì oc lrgl ho auobd h`roetlgojto
H. LEE@DJOU ^DUXOV@DVOU LC _UD HO CL A_OV]L= Oc lrtçeucd 0 hoc
Vobclgojtd hoc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd quo robucl oc _sd ho cl Auorzl pdr plrto
ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý ― HU. ><6-6><1-@J, oxprosl=
Edj pdstor`dr`hlh lc usd ho cl auorzl oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoforì

rolc`zlr cls s`buòjtos lee`djos=
l. Lhdptlr cls goh`hls joeoslr`ls plrl quo so fr`jho ls`stoje`l y
sorvè`ds gàhèds l cls porsdjls kor`hls d laoetlhls , slcvd quo
ox`stlj e`reujstlje`ls quo `gp`hlj su rolc`zle`õj.
f. Lhdptlr cls goh`hls joeoslr`ls plrl edgujèlr cd sueoh`hd l cds
alg`c` lros ho cl porsdj ls alccoe`hls, kor`hls d laoetlhls d l lquoccls
clss porsdjls
quo ostls ýct`gls `jh`quoj, slcvd quo ox`stlj e`reujstlje`ls quo `gp`hlj
su rolc`zle`õj.
e. ^rosojtlr uj `jadrgo l cl uj`hlh pdcè`lc edrrospdjhòjto, `jhèljhd
cls e`reujstlje`ls, cds goh`ds ogpcolhds, oc porsdjlc `jtorv`jòjto, oc t`pd
ho lrgls y cls gujè`djos ut`c`zlhls, oc jýgord o `hojt`hlh ho cds
laoetlhds, cls ls`stoje`ls y ovleule`djos rolc`zlhls
O[LGOJ ^LVE@LC @@
82

JDQOJL
JDQOJL UOGLJL
@JXOVQOJE@ÕJ HO QOKÇE_CDU
@. @JXVDH_EE@ÕJ= Cl `jtorvoje`õj l vokçeucds so rolc`zl pr`je`plcgojto oj hds
s`tule`djos= pdr `jarlee`õj lc Vobclgojtd Jle`djlc ho Xrìjs`td9 y pdr provoje`õj
ho hoc`tds y alctls. Oj eulcquòrl ho ostls s`tule`djos, oc prdeoh`gòjtd quo so
hofo ogpcolr hopojho hoc pdtoje`lc ròsbd ho cl `jtorvoje`õj. U`j ogflrbd,
sògpro hoforì kleor ho edjde`gòjtd l cl eojtrlc sdfro cl ufèle`õj ho cl
`jtorvoje`õj, cl pclel y elrletorçstè
elrletorçstèls
ls hoc vokçeucd l `jtorvoj`r=
@JXOVQOJE
@JXOVQOJE@ÕJ
@ÕJ HO QOKÇE_CDU
QOKÇE_CDU ^DV C
CLL ^DC
^DC@E@L
@E@L JLE@DJLC HOC ÔV_
@@. @JXOVQOJE@ÕJ HO QOKÇE_CDU ^DV @JAVLEE@ÕJ VJX=
Os `gpdrtljto quo oc porsdjlc edjdzel ostl gdhlc`hlh, tojòjhd oj euojtl quo

ox`sto uj edjs`horlfco jýgord ho pdcèçls quo hurljto ujl `jtorvoje`õj l uj
vokçeucd klj s`hd ltrdpocclhds pdr dtrls uj`hlhos vokèuclros.
Os `gprose`jh`fco quo oc vokçeucd
vokçeucd l `jt orvo
orvoj`r
j`r ostà ho
hotoj`hd
toj`hd y edj oc gdtdr
lplblhd.
L. ^DU@E@ÕJ HOC QOKÇE_CD

QOKÇE_C D ^DC@E@L
^DC@E@LCC (^
(^LXV_C COVD )
LXV_CCOVD
- _fèlr oc vokçeucd pdcè`lc hotrìs hoc vokçeucd l `jtorvoj`r l ujds e`jed
gotrds lprdx`glhlgojto, pord oj cl g`sgl dròjtle`õj.
- Qàrtèo ljtor`dr horoekd oj prdyoee`õj l cl plrto goh`l pdstor`dr hoc
vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd.
- Ostl pdsè`õj porg`to quo oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc euojto edj uj elrr`c ho
sobur`hlh fr`jhlhd pdr cl ostrueturl hoc vokçeucd pdcè`lc, edj cd eulc
g`j`g`zl oc ròsbd ho sor ogfost`hd pdr dtrd vokçeucd. Oc vokçeucd pdcè`lc
sògpro hofo ostlr hotrìs hoc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd.
8;

F. ^DU@E@
^DU@E@ÕJ ÕJ HO CDU OAO
OAOEX@QDU
EX@QDU ^DC@E@LCOU=
- Cuobd ho sdcè`tlrco lc edjhuetdr hoc vokçeucd l `jtorvoj`r quo so ostle`djo y
klfòjhd dftoj`hd ho cl eojtrlc `jadrgle`õj edj rocle`õj lc g`sgd,
hoseòjhoj lgfds pdcèçls. Oc/cl edjhuetdr pdcè`lc (^<) so hospclzl pdr oc
elrr`c ho sobur`hlh, gljtojòjhd oc edjtletd v`sulc hoc vokçeucd o `jecus`vo
vlc`àjhdso hoc ospomd
ccoblr l cl pdsè`õj rotrdv`sdr `zquòrhd hoc vokçeucd l `jtorvoj`r klstl
soülclhl.
- Oc/cl edjhuetdr/l (^<) so ufèlrì oj cl plrto pdstor`dr ho cl puortl hoc

edjhuetdr hoc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd, ho tlc adrgl quo co porg`tl tojor uj
edjtrdc v`sulc hoc edjhuetdr. Ho osto gdhd, s` oj elsd oc `jtorvoj`hd qu`sòrl
ogpcolr su puortl plrl ltlelrjds o `jtojtlr ujl aubl jd pdhrçl `gpletlrjds.
- Oc/cl dporlhdr/l (^6) hospclzìjhdso pdr oc dtrd clhd so ufèlrì l cl lcturl
ho cl puortl pdstor`dr horoekl hoc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd, fr`jhljhd cls
goh`hls ho sobur`hlh.
- Ostls pdsè`djos ov`tlrìj uj erueo ho auobd ojtro cds
c ds pdcèçls ljto eulcquòr
`jtojtd ho rolee`õj hoc edjhuetdr hoc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd quo lgor`to oc
ogpcod ho cls lrgls.
E. @JXOVQOJE@ÕJ=
- Oc/cl pdcèçl ho edjtletd prdeoho l `hojtàèlrso y proe`sl oc gdt`vd ho cl
`jtorvoje`õj. - Udcè`tl cds hdeugojtds porsdjlcos y hoc vokçeucd,
`jhèìjhdco quo gljtojbl cls gljds sdfro oc t`gõj d oc tlfcord hoc vokçeucd,
porgljoeòjhd sògpro oj ujl let`tuh v`b`cljto, s`j hoseu`hlr oc edjtletd
v`sulc.
- Voe`f`r cds hdeugojtds edj cl gljd quo jd ut`c`zl plrl glj`puclr oc
lrglgojtd, porg`tòjhd quo ljto ujl rolee`õj quo roquòrl oc ogpcod hoc
lrgl, so tojbl c`fortlh ho lee`õj.
- Lc voràèlr cds hdeugojtds, kleorcd oj ujl pdsè`õj quo jd dfstleucèo
juostrd hdg`j`d v`sulc, pr`je`plcgojto, ho cls gljds hoc `jtorvoj`hd.
- Oj cl `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc hofo trltlrso lc eùhlhljd edj a`rgozl y edj
ohuele`õj. U` auorl oc elsd, euljhd so torg`jo cl `jtorvoje`õj hofo
ro`jè`lrso cl e`reucle`õj soburl hoc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd, kleòjhd cls
soülcos port`jojtos.
80

- Xorg`jlhl cl `jtorvoje`õj, klfòjhd hoe`h`hd quo edjt`jýo edj su

hospclzlgòjtd, robroslr l juostrd vokçeucd cuobd ho quo oc `jtorvoj`hd
ro`jèò su glrekl.
H. ^DU@E@
^DU@E@ÕJ
ÕJ HOC QOKÇE_CD
QOKÇE_CD ^DC@E@LC (GDXDE@ECOXL).
_fèlr cls hds gdtdeècotls pdcè`lcos hotrìs hoc vokçeucd d gdtdeècotl l

`jtorvoj`r l ujds e`jed gotrds lprdx`glhlgojto, oj cl g`sgl dròjtle`õj.
_jl ho cls gdtdeècotls pdcè`lcos hoforì sor ufèlhl ho tlc adrgl quo
porg`tl edjtlr edj oc edrrohdr ho sobur`hlh plrl oc hospclzlgòjtd ho oc/cl
pdcèçl.
<. ^DC@E@L HO CDU/CLU ^DC@E@LU = Cls quo so hoser`foj oj cls

`jtorvoje`djos ho uj pltruccord.
HOE@GL UOGLJL
@JXOVQOJE@ÕJ HO QOKÇE_CDU ^DV EDG@U@ÕJ HO HOC@XD
@@@. @JXOVQOJE@ÕJ HO Q
QOKÇE_CDU
OKÇE_CDU ^DV EDG@U@ÕJ HO H
HOC@XD
OC@XD
?>

L. @JXOVQOJE@ÕJ L QOKÇE_CD EDJ ^VOU_JXDU @JAVLEXDVOU HOUHO

_J QOKÇE_CD ^DC@E@LC==
QOKÇE_CD ^DC@E@LC
<. ^DU@E@DJ
^DU@E@DJ HOC QOKÇE_CD ^DC@E@LC (^LXV_CCOVD)=
- _fèlr oc vokçeucd pdcè`lc hotrìs hoc vokçeucd l `jtorvoj`r, l ujds e`jed
-
gotrds lprdx`glhlgojt
lprdx`glhlgojto.
Oj h`lbdjlc o. vàrtèo ljtor`dr horoekd oj prdyoee`õj lc
(8?½ lprdx.),
vàrtèo pdstor`dr `zquòrhd hoc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd.
- Cls ccljtls b`rlhls kle`l cl `zquòrhl ho tlc gljorl quo quohoj
plrlcocls lc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd.
- Ostl pdsè`õj porg`to quo oc gdtdr y cls ccljtls s`rvlj ho eufòrtl l cds
pdcèçls `jtorv`jòjtos.
- Uo lhdptlrì ostl pdsè`õj euljhd oc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd so ostle`djo
lc clhd horoekd ho cl vçl, sorì cd dpuostd euljhd so ojeuojtro l cl
`zquòrhl y dpe`djlc oj uj elgpd lfòrtd.
6. ^DU@E@ÕJ HO CDU OAOEX@QDU ^DC@E@LCOU=
- ^DU@E@ÕJ <.- Oc/cl edjhuetdr/l (^<) so ufèlrì l cl lcturl ho cl ccljtl

hocljtorl `zquòrhl hoc vokçeucd pdcè`lc, ho tlc adrgl quo co porg`tl
tojor uj edjtrdc v`sulc ho cl puortl hoc edjhuetdr hoc vokçeucd
`jtorvoj`hd (^DU@E@ÕJ 6).
?<

- ^DU@E@ÕJ 6.- Oc/cl dporlhdr/l (^6) so ufèlrì hotrìs hoc vàrtèo

pdstor`dr horoekd hoc pltruccord, edjtrdcljhd oc clhd dpuostd hoc
vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd (^DU@E@ÕJ <).
- ^DU@E@ÕJ 5.- U` kufòrl uj toreor pdcèçl (oj oc lsòjtd pdstor`dr)

hoseojhorì pdr cl puortl pdstor`dr `zquòrhl (horoekl) y so ufèlrì
hotrìs ho cl pdsè`õj < edj cl g`sgl dròjtle`õj. Dtrl dpe`õj os quo
so uf`quo hotrìs hoc pltruccord dròjtlhd kle`l cl rotlbulrh`l,
fr`jhljhd cl sobur`hlh rospoet`vl.
Ostl h`str`fue`õj hoc porsdjlc pdcè`lc so hlrì euljhd oc vokçeucd
`jtorvoj`hd so ojeuojtro ostle`djlhd lc clhd horoekd ho cl vçl, s` cd
kèòrl l cl `zquòrhl so lhdptlrìj cls pdsè`djos soülclhls ojtro
plràjtos`s.
5. @JXOVQOJE@ÕJ=
Oc pdcèçl quo lhdptl cl pdsè`õj < hofo sor proaorojtogojto quòj

vorflcèo edj oc (cds) deupljto (s) hoc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd, hofòjhd
oaoetulr cls s`buòjtos lee`djos=
 @hojtàèlrso edgd pdcèçl= –Oc (cds) deupljto (s) hoc vokçeucd (`jhèlr
cls elrletorçstèls, glrel, edcdr, pclel, ote.) os cl ^dcèçl‗.
 Kleor edjdeor oc gdt`vd ho cl `jtorvoje`õj, pdr omogpcd= –Uu vokçeucd
prosojtl ujl drhoj ho elpturl pdr klfor s`hd ogpcolhd oj uj rdfd‗.
 \uà os cd quo so ro
roquòro
quòro hoc deupljto (e
(edjhuetdr).
djhuetdr). ^dr omo
omogpcd=
gpcd=
–Joeos`tlgds `hojtàèlrcd, dfohozel cls s`buòjtos `jhèle`djos‗ (sor
`gporlt`vd y ropot`t`vd, letulr edj ojorbçl).
 @jhèlr=
(l) –Ulquo lgfds frlzds pdr cl vojtljl ho su vokçeucd, ostçrocds kle`l

lrr`fl ho tlc gljorl quo go porg`tl vor cls gljds‗.
(f) –Edj cl gljd `zquòrhl edcdquo cl cclvo ho edjtletd sdfro oc toekd
ho su vokçeucd‗.
(e) –Edj cl g`sgl gljd hoslfrõekoso oc e`jturõj ho sobur`hlh‗.
(h) –Edj cl gljd horoekl y pdr cl plrto oxtorjl lfrl su puortl‗.
(o) –Hoseòjhl cojtlgojto porgljoeòjhd edj cls gljds oj lctd, h`r`ml
su g`rlhl kle`l g` porsdjl‗.
(a) –Lvljeo kle`l g` ufèle`õj‗.
?6

Euljhd oc `jtorvoj`hd so ojeuoj

 ojeuojtrotro ojtro lgfds vovokçeucds,
kçeucds, so co
drhojl quo so hotojbl y quo b`ro klstl hlr cl osplchl, oaoetuljhd uj
rob`strd deuclr hoc `jtorvoj`hd9 osto gdv`gòjtd hofo kleorcd
cojtlgojto.
_jl voz cdbrlhd occd, lgfds ppdcèçls
 dcèçls (pdsè`djos < y 5) rotrdeo
rotrdeohoj
hoj l
ujl h`stlje`l pruhojto, gljtoj`àjhdso oj oc ìrol ho sobur`hlh
(prdtoee`õj hoc vokçeucd), plrl cuobd kleor b`rlr lc `jtorvoj`hd l cl
dròjtle`õj `jè`lc y quo lvljeo kle`l cl ccljtl pdstor`dr `zquòrhl.
Oc `jtorvoj`hd hofo ssor
 or edcdelhd eorel hoc vokçeucd, ale`c`tljhd su
edjtrdc y porg`tòjhd fr`jhlr edforturl. Uo edcdel lc `jtorvoj`hd oj cl
pdsè`õj gìs lhoeulhl (rdh`ccl d tojh`hd) y so prdeoho lc
ojbr`ccotlgòjtd, rob`strd o `jtorrdbltdr`d plrl dftojor `jadrgle`õj
sdfro cl pds`f`c`hlh ho cl prosoje`l ho dtrls porsdjls oj oc vokçeucd.
Voelflhl hèkl
 hèkl `jadrgle`õ
`jadrgle`õj,
j, oc ddporlhdr
porlhdr prde
prdeoho
oho pdr ssuu clhd l
rolc`zlr su hospclzlgòjtd kle`l oc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd plrl voràèlr
cl s`tule`õj ho sobur`hlh hoc g`sgd.
Oc hospclzlgòjtd
 hospclzlgòjtd ssoo klrì oj oc sojt`hd edjtrlr`d lc rocdm. Lc ccoblr l cl
lcturl ho cl puortl hoc edjhuetdr, edborì cl cclvo ho edjtletd y
rotdrjlrì klstl cl lcturl ho cl glcotorl, hdjho hosho uj edstlhd
oaoetulrì uj edjtletd v`sulc edj su edgplüord y prdeohorì l lfr`rcl,
porg`tòjhd cl dfsorvle`õj hoc `jtor`dr pdr su edgplüord. U` jd
kufòrl jlhò, so puoho ogpcolr cl vdz= –c`gp`d‗, –hospomlhd‗, ote. Oj
?5

elsd edjtrlr`d, cl quo edrrospdjhl= –rokàj‗, –`jarletdr‗, –lrgl‗ d cl quo

so prosojto.
 Cl `jtorvoje`õj edjt`julrì ho leuorhd l coy
^lrl
^lrl kleor hoseojho
hoseojhorr l dtr
dtrdd de upljto
deupljto
- _jl voz quo yl kl rohue`hd, ojbr`ccotlhd y dftoj`hd `jadrgle`õj hoc
edjhuetdr, so lhdptl oc s`buòjto prdeoh`gòjtd= Oc pdcèçl quo so
ojeuojtro oj cl pdsè`õj 6, prdeoho l rolc`zlr cls g`sgls `jhèle`djos
quo oaoetuõ su edgplüord edj oc edjhuetdr, ufèljhd lc `jtorvoj`hd oj
cl plrto pdstor`dr hoc vokçeucd.
Ljto
Lj to ccl
l pr
prosoj
osoj e`
e`ll ho uj
u j tore
t ore ord d g
gìs
ìs d
deu
eup ljt os
p ljtos
- Uo cos `jhèlrì
` jhèlrì quo slquoj cls gljds pdr cl vojtljl hoc clhd horoekd.
- Os roedgojhlfco kleor hoseojhor, cuobd ho klfor `jtorvoj`hd lc
edjhuetdr, lc (cds) deupljto(s) hoc lsòjtd trlsord pdr cl puortl pdstor`dr
`zquòrhl (hotrìs ho cl hoc edjhuetdr) plrl g`j`g`zlr cl pds`f`c`hlh ho ujl
tdgl ho rokàj pdr oc(cds) dtrd(s) `jarletdr(s).
-uj`hlh
Ljto ostl s`tule`õj,
pdcè`lc. (JDXL=soXojor
hofo edjtlr hoocproaoroje`l
eu`hlhd, edj ocoaoetulrso
hoseojsd hofo lpdyd ho dtrl
ujd
pdr ujd).
F. @JXOVQOJE@ÕJ L ^VOU_JXDU @JAVLEXDVOU OJ GDXDE@ECOXL

HOUHO QOKÇE_CD ^DC@E@LC =
- _fèlr cls gdtdeècotls hotrìs hoc vokçeucd l `jtorvoj`r, l ujds e`jed

gotrds lprdx`glhlgojto, oj pdsè`õj h`lbdjlc (8?½ lprdx.), ujl plrlcocl
l cl dtrl9 hofòjhd quohlr cl ccljtl hocljtorl ho cl G6 l cl lcturl ho cl
plrto goh`l ho cl G< (cl gìs prõx`gl lc vokçeucd `jtorvoj
`jtorvoj`hd).
`hd).
- Cl ccljtl hocljtorl oj prdyoee`õj lc clhd hoc vàrtèo pdstor`dr `zquòrhd hoc
vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd, b`rlhls kle`l cl `zquòrhl ho tlc gljorl quo quohoj
plrlcocls lc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd.
?8

- Oc gdtdr, oc tljquo ho blsdc`jl y cls ccljtls sorv`rìj ho eufòrtl l cds

pdcèçls.
<. ^DU@E@ÕJ HO CDU OAOEX@QDU

OAOEX@QDU ^DC@E@L COU =
^DC@E@LCOU
- GDXDE@ECOXL <.- Oc edjhuetdr so prdtobo edj oc gdtdr y oc tljquo

ho cl gdtdeècotl pdcè`lc, tojhrì uj edjtrdc v`sulc ho cl puortl hoc
edjhuetdr hoc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd.
- GDXDE@ECOXL 6.- Oc edjhuetdr so ufèlrì prdtob`àjhdso edj cl ccljtl

pdstor`dr, edjtrdcljhd oc clhd dpuostd hoc vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd
@JXOVQOJE@ÕJ L ^VOU_JXDU @JAVLEXDVOU OJ GDXDE@ECOXLU

HOUHO QOKÇE_CD ^DC@E@LC =
Oj lgfds elsds (pltruccord-gdtdeècotls) so prosojtl cl s`buòjto vlr`le`õj=
U` tòjo uj plslmord sorì lc pr`gord quo hofo kleorso hoseojhor. Oc (^6) co
`jhèlrì
flmlr cls quo hoseòjhl
gljds, cojtlgojto
kleòjhd pdr oc clhd
quo so hospcleo `zquòrhd
klstl ho cl gdtdeècotl
su ufèle`õj s`j
(zdjl soburl).
??

<. @JXOVQOJE@ÕJ JDEX_VJL =

^dsè`õj hoc vokç
vokçeucd
eucd (pl
(pltrucc
truccord)
ord)==
- _fèlr oc vokçeucd pdcè`lc hotrìs hoc vokçeucd l `jtorvoj`r, l ujds e`jed
gotrds lprdx`glhlgojto, oj cl g`sgl dròjtle`õj.
- Qàrtèo ljtor`dr horoekd oj prdyoee`õj l cl plrto goh`l pdstor`dr hoc
vokçeucd `jtorvoj`hd.
- E`reuc`jl, cueos ho poc`brd y lctls ojeojh`hls.
^dsè`õj ho cds oaoet`vds pdcè` lco
lcos=
s=
- Lgfds so ufèlrìj oj cl pplrto
lrto pdstor`dr hoc pltruccord, gljtojòjhd
elhl ujd oc edjtrdc v`sulc hoc clhd edrrospdjhòjto
edrrospdjhòjto..
- U` kufòrl
kufòrl uj toreor oaoet`vd pdcè`lc (lsòjtd pdstor`dr), hoseojhorì
pdr cl puortl pdstor`dr `zquòrhl y so ufèlrì hotrìs hoc pltruccord
dròjtlhd kle`l cl rotlbulrh`l, fr`jhljhd cl sobur`hlh rospoet`vl.
- Oj ostl s`tule`õj, so kleo `gprose`jh`fco oc ogpcod ho c`jtorjls.
@JXOVQOJE@ÕJ=
Uo prdeoho `bulc quo oj cl `jtorvoje`õj hùrjl, pord edj cl s`buòjto
vlr`le`õj= Oaoetulhd oc rob`strd v`sulc, so co `jhèl lc `jtorvoj`hd quo so
h`r`ml kle`l oc pltruccord9 ujl voz quo ostì pdr trlsplslr oc elgpd
cug`jdsd ho cds alrds, prdeohorì l lcugfrlr edj su c`jtorjl d alrd kle`l
cl elrl y gljds hoc `jtorvoj`hd klstl ccovlrcd l cl plrto pdstor`dr hoc
pltruccord.
^dsè`õj hoc vokçeucd (gdtdeèc
(gdtdeècotl
otl))
- _fèlr lgfls gdtdeècotls hotrìs hoc vokçeucd l `j `jtorvoj`r
torvoj`r l uj
ujds
ds
e`jed gotrds lprdx`glhlgojto
lprdx`glhlgojto..
- Ostle`djlhls ho gljorl h`lbdjlc dròj dròjtlhls
tlhls kle
kle`l
`l oc vvàrtèo
àrtèo
pdstor`dr horoekd hoc vokçeucd l `jtorvoj`r.
- E`reuc`jl, cueos ho poc`brd y lctls ojeojh`hls.
^dsè`õj ho cds oaoet`vds pdcè`lco
pdc` e`lcoss
- Lgfds so ufèlrìj oj cl plrto pdstor`dr ho sus gdt gdtdeècotls,
deècotls,
gljtojòjhd elhl ujd oc edjtrdc v`sulc hoc clhd edrrospdjhòjto.
- U` kufòrl uj toreor oaoet`vd pdcè`lc (lsòjtd pdstor`dr), hoseojhorì
pdr cl puortl pdstor`dr `zquòrhl y so ufèlrì hotrìs hoc pltruccord
dròjtlhd kle`l cl rotlbulrh`l, fr`jhljhd cl sobur`hlh rospoet`vl.
- Oj ostl s`tule`õj, so kleo `gprose`jh`fco oc ogpcod ho c`jtorjls.
?1

^dsè`õj hoc vokçeucd (gdtdeèc

(gdtdeècotl
otl))
- _fèlr lgfls gdtdeècotls hotrìs hoc vokçeucd l `j

`jtorvoj`r
torvoj`r l ujds
e`jed gotrds lprdx`glhlgojto
lprdx`glhlgojto..
- Ostle`djlhls ho gljorl h`lbdjlc dròj
dròjtlhls
tlhls kle
kle`l
`l oc vvàrtèo
àrtèo
pdstor`dr horoekd hoc vokçeucd l `jtorvoj`r.
- E`reuc`jl, cueos ho poc`brd y lctls ojeojh`hl
^dsè`õj ho cds oaoet`vds pdcè`lcos =

oaoet`vds
- Lgfds so ufèlrìj oj cl plrto pdstor`dr ho sus gdtdeècotls,

gljtojòjhd elhl ujd oc edjtrdc v`sulc hoc clhd edrrospdjhòjt
edrrospdjhòjtoo
@JXOVQOJE@ÕJ OJ QOK@E_CDU ― ELUDU ^VDFCOGL ―
― ^VÌEX@EL
HOE@GL
HOE@GL ^V@GOVL UOGLJL
@JXOVQOJE@ÕJ OJ @JG_OFCOU
<. @jtorvoje`õj oj `jguofcos
^rdeoho oj cls s`buòjtos e`reujstlje`ls=

- Edj cl lutdr`zle`õj hoc prdpòtlr`d d pdsoohdr hoc `jguofco.
- Aclbrljto hoc`td.
- Drhoj gdt`vlhl y oser`tl ho uj muoz.
- Brlvo poc`brd ho porpotrle`õj ho uj hoc`td.
- Ostlhd ho joeos`hlh (pdr omogpcd= `jeojh`d, slcufr`hlh, ojtro dtrds).
l. Voedjde`gòjtd
Uo hofo tojor sògpro prosojto quo pdr gìs `jadrgle`õj quo so dftojbl hoc
`jguofco, cds lgfòjtos `jtor`dros edjst`tuyoj zdjls ho ròsbd porgljojto.
Ostls zdjls sdj edjtrdclhls y edjvort`hls oj ìrols soburls ujl pdr ujl. Dtrd
lspoetd l edjs`horlr os oc h`soüd y gltor`lc ogpcolhds oj su edjstruee`õj,
occd edjccovl uj trlflmd prdaos`djlc lctlgojto eddrh`jlhd, hdjho pr`go cl
?2

sobur`hlh edgd jdrgl fìsèl y so cl omoeuto edj s`b`cd, h`jlg`sgd, hostrozl

y edjtrdc ogde`djlc.
Ljtos ho pcljàèlr cl `jtorvoje`õj os edjvojòjto dftojor y voràèlr oj oc cublr

cl `jadrgle`õj edj rocle`õj lc `jguofco y l cls porsdjls quo so puohlj
ojedjtrlr oj su `jtor`dr, tojòjhd oj edjs`horle`õj cds s`buòjtos lspoetds=
- Cublr quo ostàj deupljhd pds`fcogojto cds sdspoekdsds s` ostuvòrlj oj oc

`jtor`dr.
- J`voc ho ròsbd ho cl ostrueturl.
- ^rosoje`l ho dtrls porsdjls oj oc `jtor`dr (alg`c`lros, `jqu`c`jds, ote.).
X`pd ho guofcos u dfmotds quo puohlj sorv`r ho deuctlgòjtd d ovojtulcgojto
ho plrlpotd.
- _fèle`õj ho cls puortls y vojtljls quo hlj kle`l oc oxtor`dr.

- Leeosds l cls puortls y vojtljls.
- Eored por`gàtrèd oxtor`dr.
- Dtrds pujtds ho ojtrlhl d slc`hl=
. Hoslbóos.
. U`stogls ho vojt`cle`õj.
. ûortl alcsl.
. Ìrols ho ojeufr`gòjtd y edforturl l `jgoh`le`djos
` jgoh`le`djos hoc `jguofco.
- Ox`stoje`l ho gltor`lcos poc`brdsds.

- Ox`stoje`l ho glsedtls.
Cuobd ho rolc`zlr cl lproe`le`õj hoc `jguofco os `gpdrtljto suporlr oc glydr

prdfcogl ho cl `jtorvoje`õj=
Cds pujtds ho ojtrlhl d `jbrosd. ^lrl occd so hofo edjs`horlr quo, oj elsd ho
klfor `jarletdros ho cl coy oj oc `jtor`dr, àstds slfoj quo oc `jbrosd ho cds
pdcèçls d prdpòtlr`ds hoforì kleorso pdr cls puortls y tdglrìj goh`hls plrl
`gpoh`rcd d joutrlc`zlrcd.
f. @jbrosd
Hofo sor rolc`zlhd pdr hds pdcèçls edgd gçj`gd d uj brupd ho pdcèçls quo
hoforìj h`v`h`rso oj plromls plrl pdhor kleor cl `jtorvoje`õj lgfòjto pdr
lgfòjto. Os `gpdrtljto edjs`horlr prov`lgojto=
- Ljtos ho ojtrlr, hofo hotojorso, dcor y dçr.
- Cds `jbrosds tòjoj puortls y àstls puohoj ostlr eorrlhls d lfòrtls.
- Os `gpdrtljto voràèlr s` cl puortl ostì lsoburlhl, oxpdj`àjhdso cd gojds
pds`fco.
- ^lrl cl tdgl ho cl eorrlhurl, pdr j`jbýj gdt`vd oc pdcèçl so edcdelrì arojto
l cl puortl, hoforì kleorcd l uj clhd clhd,, ho proaoroje`l lbleklhd cd gìs
pds`fco.
- U` os joeoslr`d edgujèlrso edj oc sdspoekdsd, cl edjvorsle`õj hofo
rolc`zlrcl oc pdcèçl quo so ojeuojtro gìs comds ho cl puortl.
- _jl voz lfòrtl, oc porsdjlc hofo eufr`rso yl quo puohoj klfor edcdelhd
dfmotds eorel d lpdylhds edjtrl cl puortl.
?;

- U` cl puortl lfro kle`l lhojtrd, homlr quo àstl bdcpoo cl plroh plrl
lsoburlrso ho quo jd klyl uj prosujtd `jarletdr osedjh`hd hotrìs ho cl
g`sgl. _so uj ospomd ho `jspoee`õj s` cd tuvòrl.
(<)
(<) @jbrosd h`jìgèd.
h`j ìgèd.
^rov`l l cl omoeue`õj hofo oaoetulrso ujl dfsorvle`õj hoc ìrol pdr `jbroslr
(a`jlc ho ujl plroh, cçg`to ho ujl puortl, `jbrosd ho pls`ccd u dtrd s`g`clr)
plrl cd eulc rolc`zlrì
r olc`zlrì cl s`buòjto tàejèl=
∖ G`rlhl rìp`hl.
∖ Lprdx`glrso brlhulcgojto lc j`voc a`jlc hoc lfr`bd.
∖ Ov`tlr quo
quo lcbujl plrto ho ssuu euorpd sdfroplso ososoo j`voc.
∖ Edcdelrso oj
oj ujl pdsè`õj quo porporg`tl
g`tl kleo
kleorr uj gdv`gòjtd rìp`hd ho
elfozl auorl hoc lfr`bd.
∖ G`rlhl kle`l oc dfmot`vd, puhòjhd kkleorcl
leorcl ho pò, oj euec`ccls d tojh`hd.
∖ Os roedgojhlfco
roedgojhlfco ogpco
ogpcolrlr hds ho ost
ostls
ls adrgls
adrgls,, ujl voz elhl ujl.
∖ Ostl g`rlhl
g`rlhl porg`t`rì roedjdeor oc lgfòjt
lgfòjto,
o, ho
hotoetljhd
toetljhd ìrols ho ròsbd
y pds`fcos lgojlzls.
(6) @jbr
@jbrosd
 Oc osd oj [ pdcè`lc `jtorv`jòjto so hofo ufèlr l lgfds clhds ho cl
porsdjlc
puortl, dròjtljhd sus lrgls kle`l àstl.
 Oc gìs elrletor`zlhd soülcl euìjhd kly quo gdvorso. Uo hofo rroedrhlr=
oedrhlr=
∖ Oc quo `jbroso pr`gord hoforì eufr`r cl plrto ho cl klf`tle`õj quo

bojorlcgojto ostì hoc clhd ho cls f`slbrls.
∖ _jl voz hlhl cl soülc, lgfds `jbroslj l cl klf`tle`õj kleòjhd uj
flrr`hd v`sulc y pdsè`djìjhdso oj cls rospoet`vls osqu`jls, sògpro
comds hoc glred ho cl puortl.
∖ Cls zdjls ho rospdj
rospdjslf`c`hlh
slf`c`hlh ogpòz
ogpòzlj
lj hosho cl osqu`jl dpuostl
klstl oc eojtrd ho cl klf`tle`õj, rospoet`vlgojto, lc `jbroslr l cl
klf`tle`õj.
∖ Oc pdcèçl quo tojbl
tojbl glydr lgpc`tlgpc`tuh
uh ho edforturl prdpdre`djlrì
sobur`hlh, gòjtrls quo oc dtrd rolc`zlrì oc rob`strd.
∖ ^lrl oc rob`strd so puoho ut ut`c`zlr
`c`zlr eulcquò
eulcquòrr tàejèl (rob`strd e`reuc
e`reuclr,
lr,
c`jolc, soee`djlc, pdr eulhrljto, ote.). Cd gìs `gpdrtljto os pcljàèlr,
uslr cds gàtdhds s`stogìtèds y cls tàejèls ho sobur`hlh tdtlc.
(5) @jbrosd oj M
∖ Cds pdcèçls hoforìj ojedjt
ojedjtrlrso
rlrso l lgfds clhds ho cl puortl.
∖ Oc gìs elrl
elrletor`zlhd
etor`zlhd hhll cl soül
soülcc plrl `jbros
`jbroslr.
lr.
∖ Cds hds so guov
guovojoj lc g`sgd tògp
tògpd.
d.
∖ Cls ìrols ho rosp
rospdjslf`c`hlh
djslf`c`hlh ogpòz
ogpòzljlj edj oc ogfu
ogfuhd
hd quo glrel oc
ugfrlc ho cl puortl `glb`jlr`lgojto kle`l lhojtrd ho cl klf`tle`õj. Cl
zdjl so ostlfcoeo ho adrgl e`reuclr klstl cl osqu`jl ho elhl ujd y
vuocvo lc eojtrd.
∖ ^lrl oc rob`strd so ttdgl
dgl cl osqu`jl g
gìs
ìs soburl plrl hhlr
lr edforturl y oc
dtrd pdcèçl rolc`zl oc rob`strd.
?0

(8)
(8) @jbrosd
@jbrosd pdr
p dr oc clhd clrb
clrbd
d
∖ Uo ojtòjho p pdr
dr clhd clrbd, cl glydr oxtojs
oxtojs`õj
`õj ho plroh oojj cl quo os
ostì
tì
cl puortl.
∖ Cds/cls hds pdcèçls ost
ostìj
ìj oj oc g`sgd clhd ho cl pplroh.
lroh.
∖ Oc/cl pdcèçl quo vl hocljt
hocljtoo hofo lsoburlrso quo cl puortl jd oostà stà
eorrlhl d trljelhl.
∖ Ljtos ho `jbroslr, cds/cls pdcè
pdcèçls
çls hofoj ogpuülr oc lrgl y lpuj lpujtlr
tlr
kle`l oc `jbrosd s` oc osple`d cd porg`tòrl. Oj elsd edjtrlr`d, oc/cl
pdcèçl quo vl oj sobujhd cublr lpujtlrì edj su lrgl l dtrd pujtd ho
ròsbd d lhdptlrì cl pdsè`õj ho lcortl, jujel kle`l su edcobl.
∖ Lgfds o ojtrlj
jtrlj l cl voz.
∖ \uòj vl pr`gord euf eufro
ro cl osqu`jl ddpuostl
puostl klst
klstll oc eojtrd. Oc/
Oc/cl
cl pdcèçl
quo s`buo eufro kle`l oc clhd clrbd y robrosl lc eojtrd.
(?)
(?) @@jbrosd
jbrosd pd r oc clhd edrtd
Uo ojtòjho pdr clhd edrtd, cl gojdr oxtojs`õj ho plroh oj cl quo ostì cl
puortl.
∖ Cds
∖ Lgfds pdcèç
pdcèçls
ls hofoj
prdeoh`gòjt ds houfèlrso
prdeoh`gòjtds oj ocs`g`clros
ojtrlhl sdj clhd edr
edrtd.
td.ljtor`dr.
lc
(1)
(1) @jbrosd pdr flrr`hl d b bljlhl
ljlhl ho ìjbucd (edrto
(edr to ho plstoc)
∖ _fèlhds l uj sdcd clhd ho cl puortl d j`voc ho cl p plroh.
lroh.
∖ Os joeoslr`d lhdptlr uj ujll pdsè`õj eõgdhl y soburl, puos so ostì
prosugòjhd quo lc hotoetlr ujl lgojlzl so tojhrì quo ogpcolr oc
lrgl ho auobd plrl edjtrdclrcl.
∖ Lgfds pdcèçls
pdcèçls hoforìj lcomlrso ho cds j`vocos hoc glred eeojtrlc
ojtrlc d
plroh, plrl ov`tlr quo ujl porsdjl osedjh`hl hotrìs ho occds cos
puohl lrrofltlr oc lrgl.
∖ Uo `jè`l oc lvljeo edjtrdclhd o ojj dfsorv
dfsorvle`õj
le`õj edj `glboj ho t`rd ((ll
trlvàs ho cds õrbljds ho pujtorçl).
∖ Oc lrgl ledgplül cl dfsorv dfsorvle`õj,
le`õj, oc hohd ççjhèo
jhèo hof
hofoo gljtoj
gljtojorso
orso
auorl hoc blt`ccd, roetd y plrlcocd lc bulrhlgdjto.
∖ Oc gdv`gòjtd
gdv`gòjtd os cojt cojtdd y eddrh`jlhd, pr`go
pr`gord
rd lvljz
lvljzll cl elfoz
elfozll y
plrto hoc tõrlx, cd joeoslr`d plrl `r bljljhd ìjbucd ho v`s`õj kle`l oc
1>

`jtor`dr, hospclzljhd oc pò hoc clhd kle`l oc eulc jds gdvogds klstl
cl g`sgl lcturl hoc euorpd9 cds pòs jd tòjoj pdr quà eruzlrso j`
lhocljtlrso.
∖ Osto gdv`gòjtd
gdv`gòjtd so rolc`zl kle
kleòjhd
òjhd uj eçreucd quo tòjo edgd omo oc
glred ho cl puortl d j`voc ho cl plroh.
∖ Cl dfsorvle`õj hofo sor pluslhl, gotèucdsl y prdaujhl,
porg`tòjhd `hojtàèlr ròsbds y lgojlzls.
e. Hospclzlgòjtd
Hospclzlgòjtdss
Lc sor edgujèlhd ho ujl `jtorvoje`õj oj `jguofcos d oj dtrds cublros quo
lgor`toj hospclzlrso pdr ujl zdjl jd roedjde`hl o `jsoburl, so hofo ut`c`zlr
cds pr`je`p`ds hoc pojslgòjtd tìetèd plrl ovlculr cls pds`fcos ìrols ho
ròsbd. Uo hofoj ljtè`plr cls s`tule`djos poc`brdsls y gljtojorso c`stds plrl
hoaojhorso, edjs`horljhd cds s`buòjtos lspoetds=
∖ Hospclzlrso l trlvàs ho cl rut rutll gìs soburl y edrtl, fuseljhd cl
prdtoee`õj ho lfr`bds (plrlpotds) sueos`vds y ov`tljhd oxpdjorso l
ròsbds `jjoeoslr`ds, ospoe`lcgojto, oj ìrols c`fros.
∖ ^cljolr ssògpro
ògpro cds poquoüds gdv`gòjtds l rolc`zl
rolc`zlr,
r, edjs`
edjs`horljhd
horljhd cls
pds`fcos lgojlzls quo so puohl ojedjtrlr.
∖ Osedbor cl tàejèl gìs lhoeulhl plrl hospclzlrso (edrròjhd,
elg`jljhd,
∖ Euljhd ho rdh`ccls,
so tojbl lrrlstrìjhdso,
quo hospclzlr ote.).
rìp`hl
rìp`hlgojto
gojto d suporlr dfs
dfstìeucds,
tìeucds, so
hofo ogpuülr edrroetlgojto oc lrgl, gljtojòjhd oc hohd auorl hoc
blt`ccd d lsoburljhd oc lrgl oj cl aujhl plrl ov`tlr `je`hojtos.
∖ Jd gdvor cds guo guofcos,
fcos, ostds puohoj edjtojor lcbýj h`spds`t`vd hhoo
let`vle`õj ho oxpcds`vd `gprdv`slhd d h`strlor su ltoje`õj rovocljhd su
ufèle`õj, plrl occd hoforì hospclzlrso fdrhoìjhdcds
fdrhoìjhdcds..
∖ U` hurljto oc hospclz
hospclzlgòjtd
lgòjtd oc/cl pdcèçl os sdrpros`vlgojto dfmotd ho
h`splrds ho lrgl ho auobd, hoforì sobu`r cds s`buòjtos prdeoh`gòjtds=
 Fuselr rìp`hlgojto ujl edforturl (plrlpotd). Edjs`horlr
a`rgogojto cl pds`f`c`hlh ho oaoetulr ujl rot`rlhl ostrltàbèl, s` auorl
oc elsd.
 Oj elsd
elsd ho oa
oaoetulr
oetulr ujl rot
rot`rlhl
`rlhl os
ostrltàbèl,
trltàbèl, slc`r rìp`h
rìp`hlgojto
lgojto edj cl
rospoet`vl edforturl, `jè`ljhd cl rot`rlhl pdr pujtds hàorojtos edj cl
a`jlc`hlh ho edjaujh`r lc pds`fco lbrosdr.
 U` cl `jtorvoje`õj cl omoe
omoeutl
utl uj brupd ho pdcèçls so hofo ov`tlr quo
àstds ostàj mujtds, puos edjst`tuyoj uj fcljed glydr y hàèuctlj cl
elple`hlh ho rospuostl.
 Gljtojor oc lrgl h`spdj`fco c`stl plrl su usd plrl su ogpcod
`jgoh`ltd. Oc lrgl jd hofo ostlr hoselrblhl pdrquo euljhd vlyl l
ut`c`zlrso jd klfrì tògpd plrl elrblrcl.
 Lpujtlr oc oc lrgl dròjtlhl sõcd klekle`l
`l oc dfmot`vd pdr `jgdv
`jgdv`c`zlr
`c`zlr d
edjtrdclr. Oj elsd ho jd ox`st`r ròsbd pdtoje`lc, ov`tlr lpujtlr
`jh`ser`g`jlhlgojto.
∖ Oj els
elsdd ho ufèlr lc prosu
prosujtd
jtd `j
`jarletdr
arletdr u dt
dtrl
rl pors
porsdjl
djl oojj oc `jtor`dr hhoc
oc
`jguofco, y jd daroeoj ros`stoje`l j` edjst`tuyoj lgojlzl, jd klfrì
joeos`hlh ho lpujtlr oc lrgl oj su h`roee`õj, sòjhd roedgojhlfco
lhdptlr cl pdsè`õj provojt`vl gljtojòjhd oc edjtrdc vorflc.
1<

∖ Euljhd ox`s
ox`stl
tl lfsdcut
lfsdcutll eortoz
eortozll ho uj
ujll lbros`õj, so hofo letulr
`hojtàèljhd oc j`voc ho àstl, edja`rgljhd quo rolcgojto ox`sto cl
lgojlzl, cd quo porg`to hoe`h`r oc j`voc ho rospuostl y letulr oj oc
glred ho cds ^r`je`p`ds fìsèds hoc usd ho cl auorzl y lrgls ho auobd
Mlgìs so hofo edcdelr oc hohd sdfro oc blt`ccd hoc lrgl, s` jd so tòjo
cl `jtoje`õj ho h`splrlr.
∖ Oc tògpd joeoslr`d plrl quo oc hohd so hos hoscèo
cèo ho cl pdsè`õ
pdsè`õjj ho
sobur`hlh klstl oc blt`ccd os gçj`gd.
∖ _jd ho cds gly glydros
dros prdfcogls hurljto cds hospclzlgòjt
hospclzlgòjtds ds oj cds
dporlt`vds os oc ròsbd ho sor lceljzlhd pdr cds h`splrds ho cds prdp`ds
edgplüords. Cl eddrh`jle`õj prov`l y oc pcljolgòjtd ho cl `jtorvoje`õj
sorìj aujhlgojtlcos plrl oc `jerogojtd ho cl sobur`hlh, oj cl goh`hl
quo ale`c`tlrì oc edjde`gòjtd ho cl ufèle`õj ho cds edgplüords y
hàèuctlrì cl deurroje`l ho auobd eruzlhd.
∖ Os `gpdrt
`gpdrtljto
ljto roslctlr quo ho
hojtrd
jtrd ho cds ohàè`ds d oj cdelcos eorrlhds
y oj s`tule`djos edj ocovlhd ostràs, cls goh`hls ho sobur`hlh hofoj
sor rohdfclhls, tdgìjhdso oj euojtl oc lugojtd ho cds ròsbds quo so
hl oj ostls e`reujstlje`ls
e`reujstlje`ls..
∖ U` hurljt
hurljtoo oc hospclzlgòjt
hospclzlgòjtdd dt
dtrd
rd pdcèç
pdcèçll eruz
eruzll su cçjol ho tt`rd,
`rd, lhd
lhdptlr
ptlr
cl pdsè`õj provojt`vl, roufèìjhdso oj uj juovd s`t`d ho gljorl quo
cds hds jd ostàj oj cl g`sgl cçjol ho t`rd y puohlj h`splrlr sus lrgls
s`j `jedjvojòjtos s` auorl joeoslr`d.
∖ Os roe
roedgojhlfco
dgojhlfco quo cl/oc ppdcèçl
dcèçl so hospcleo ýjèlgojto euljhd oc
edgplüord so ojeuojtro oj cl pdsè`õj ho sobur`hlh d edforturl, ostd
porg`to quo sògpro ox`stl lcbuòj proplrlhd l hoaojhor lc oqu`pd.
∖ U` hurlj
hurljto
to oc hospclzlgòjtd cl/oc pdcèçl os ltlelhd edj lrgl ho auobd,
lquoc quo ostuvòrl oj su edforturl hofo `hojtàèlr y edjtrdclr
e djtrdclr oc ltlquo
h`splrljhd edjtrl oc sdspoekdsd.
∖ Lc plslr pdr ujl vojtljl, oc pr`gor oaoet`vd pdcè`lc hofo plslr
rolc`zljhd ujl tdgl ho ìjbucd klstl ccoblr lc dtrd clhd ho cl vojtljl.
Euljhd ostd deurro, oc sobujhd pdcèçl hofo lyuhlr oj cl sobur`hlh.
Euljhd oc pr`gor pdcèçl yl klyl plslhd, àsto hofo gljtojor cl
sobur`hlh y oc sobujhd pdcèçl plslrì pdr hoflmd hoc j`voc ho cl vojtljl.
h. ^lslh`zds
Udj edjs`horlhds ìrols ho ròsbd. ûohoj sor uslhds plrl hds a`jos=
(<) Hospclzlrso kle`l uj cublr ospoeçaèd.
- Uo rolc`zl pdr lgfds clhds hoc plslh`zd.

- Euljhd os `jh`v`hulc, ujd lv lvljzl
ljzl y oc dtrd cd eufro, hhofòjhd
ofòjhd
oaoetulrcd oj adrgl lctorjlhl. U` os s`guctìjod, hofoj kleorcd oj
adrgl plrlcocl, hàoroje`ljhd sus ìrols ho rospdjslf`c`hlh.
- Xdhl vojtljl, puortl, trlblcuz d eulcq
eulcquòr
uòr ddtrd
trd le
leeosd
eosd ox`stojto sdj
pujtds ho ròsbd, hofòjhd sor edjtrdclhds porgljojtogojto.
- Uo hofo pdjor ltoje
ojtrolfòrtls. ltoje`õj
`õj pr`je`plcgojt
pr`je`plcgojtoo oj pu
puortls
ortls lfòrtl
lfòrtlss d
16

- Uo hofo
hofo ppcljolr
cljolr ujl rutl ssoburl
oburl ho rot
rot`rlhl
`rlhl ttìetèl,
ìetèl, rotdrjljhd lc ìro
ìroll
ho sobur`hlh gìs eoreljl.
- Ostl tàejèl lugojtl cl pds`f`c`hlh ho hoaojsl.
(6) ^dsè`djlrso oj oc plslh`zd euljhd so vl l rolc`zlr oc `jbrosd l ujl

klf`tle`õj.
- _fèlhd oc porsd
porsdjlc
jlc pdcè`lc oj oc plslh`zd, prdeohorìj ho lleuorhd
euorhd l
cd hoser`td oj cls tàejèls ho `jbrosd.
o. Oselcorls
Hojtrd ho uj `jguofco oc edjtrdc ho ujl oselcorl os ujl lee`õj ho brlj
ròsbd y poc`brd. Cl eddrh`jle`õj, edgujèle`õj y eddporle`õj sdj
lfsdcutlgojto joeoslr`ls.
joeoslr`ls. Cl tàejèl l ogpcolrso so hoforì ledjhè`djlr
lc t`pd, ostrueturl y ufèle`õj ospoeçaèl ho cl oselcorl, tojòjhd ospoe`lc
eu`hlhd oj cds hoseljsds. U` so tòjo korrlgòjtls ho dfsorvle`õj hoforìj
sor ogpcolhls.
Os joeoslr`d quo cls/cds pdcèçls ostàj prdtob`hds y proplrlhds plrl
hoaojhorso ljto uj ovojtulc ltlquo. Cls proelue`djos roaorojtos l cl
sobur`hlh oj cds hospclzlgòjtds hofoj sor `jtojsàèlhls oj cl oselcorl,
hosho cl lprdx`gle`õj edj hoa`jè`õj prov`l ho cds pujtds ho dfsorvle`õj
plrl elhl pdcèçl.
(<) Kle`l lrr`fl

Ox`sto glydr ròsbd oj edjtrdclr ujl oselcorl kle`l lrr`fl. ^dr cd tljtd,
os joeoslr`d quo, oj su hospclzlgòjtd, cds pdcèçls dfsorvoj cls
s`buòjtos robcls=
- Lgfds pdcèçls hoforìj lpujtlr sus lrgls kle`l oc osple`d supor`dr
ho cl oselcorl, edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho tojor uj edjtrdc v`sulc ho cl g`sgl.
- Cl/oc pdcèçl
pdcèçl quo vl hocljto ssoo plrl
plrlpotl
potl y edjtrdcl oc osp
osple`d
le`d oojtro
jtro oc
`jbrosd y oc pr`gor hoseljsd.
- Cl/oc pdcèçl quo vl hotrìs so pd pdjo
jo oojj pds
pdsè`õj
è`õj ho h`splrd, roedstlhd
l ujd ho cds clhds ho cl oselcorl y h`r`bo su lrgl kle`l cl plrto
- supor`dr d a`jlc
U` kufòrl
kufòrl ho cl
c lpdcèçl,
uujj ttoreor
oreor g`sgl,lhdptl
`jè`ljhd lsç su hospclzlgòjtd.
cl g`sgl pdsè`õj pord roedstlhd
oj cl plroh.
- Uo sufo
sufo cojtl
cojtlgojto
gojto rocovìjhdso oj eelhl lhl uufèle`õj
fèle`õj qquo
uo kl
klyl
yl s`
s`hd
hd
edjtrdclhl y hljhd edforturl lc quo so ojeuojtrl lhocljto.
(6) Kle`l lflmd

- _j/ujl pdcèçl eufro pljdrìgèlgojto kle`l oc a`jlc ho cl oselcorl,
gòjtrls quo oc dtrd so hospclzl lpujtljhd kle`l lflmd plrl ccoblr lc
pr`gor hoseljsd.
- _jl voz
voz oj oc hoseljsd, `jspoee`djl pdr g`rlhl rì rìp`hl,
p`hl, bljlhl ho
ìjbucd d pdr goh`d ho uj oqu`pd
oqu` pd ospoe`lc= ospomd d s`g`clros, oc dtrd
clhd ho cl flrljhl d zdjl ho dfsorvle`õj edjtrlr`l, quohìjhdso
plrlpotlhd oj occl y eufròjhd cl prõx`gl zdjl ho ròsbd.
- Oc/cl pdcèçl
pdcèçl quo hhll so
sobur`hlh
bur`hlh hhosho
osho cl plrt
plrtoo su
supor`dr,
por`dr, ssoo hos
hospclzl
pclzl
klstl oc hoseljsd y lpujtl kle`l lflmd, eufròjhd tdhls cls ìrols ho
15

poc`brd quo roprosojtoj ujl lgojlzl d ròsbd l cl `jtobr`hlh ho cds

`jtorv`jòjtos.
- ^lrl elhl hoseljsd so ut`c`z
ut`c`zll oc g`s
g`sgd
gd gàtdhd
gàtdhd.. Os `gpdrtljto
gljtojor oj dfsorvle`õj y v`b`clje`l oj elhl ìrol erçtèl.
HOE@GL UOB_JHL
a. @jtorvoje`õj
@jtorvoje`õj oj oqu`pds=
Euljhd cl s`tule`õj cd lgor`to y so ovlcýo cl rolc`zle`õj ho ujl `jtorvoje`õj
ho glydr ojvorblhurl, cd `holc os quo sol omoeutlhl pdr oc oqu`pd tìetèd
ho cl uj`hlh ospoe`lc`zlhl.
U`j ogflrbd, lc jd ox`st`r ujl h`spdj`f`c`hlh `jgoh`ltl ho ostls uj`hlhos,
àstl hoforì sor rolc`zlhl pdr oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc prosojto oj oc cublr. ^dr
occd, os `gpdrtljto edjdeor cl edjadrgle`õj ho uj oqu`pd.
- Oc jýgord ho pdcèç
pdcèçls
ls ho uj oq
oqu`pd
u`pd ho `jtorvoje`õj roquor`hd os hhoo 5 d
8 edgd gçj`gd, gòjtrls quo oj cls gìs edgpcomls oc jýgord tojhrì
quo sor glydr.
- Uo h`v`ho
h`v`ho oj hds brupds= oc ho roedjde`gòjt
roedjde`gòjtdd (V), ojelrblhd ho ``jè`lr
jè`lr
oc `jbrosd ho
sobur`hlh y rob`strd9 y dtrd ho sdpdrto
cds `jtorv`jòjtos, (U), ho
cl eustdh`l quocdsso`jtorvoj`hds
ojelrblrì ho cl
y cls
edgujèle`djos.
- @jecus`vo euljhd
euljhd sõcd kly hds pdcèçls, hofo lpcèlrso cl g`sgl
drblj`zle`õj tìetèl (uj pdcèçl ho roedjde`gòjtd y dtrd ho sdpdrto).
- Oj lgfds elsds, cds brupds tojhr tojhrìj
ìj quo sor ost ostrueturlhds
rueturlhds y
drblj`zlhds edj cds er`tor`ds ho h`se`pc`jl tìetèl.
- Osto prdeoh`gòjtd
prdeoh`gòjtd hofo sor ut`c`z
ut`c`zlhd
lhd sd
sdfro
fro tdh
tdhdd eul
euljhd
jhd ccob
ccobuoj
uoj cds
roauorzds, cds quo hofoj sor drblj`zlhds flmd ostds er`tor`ds tìetèds.
b. Edjadrgle`õj
Edjadrgle`õj ho cds oqu`pds
- V< Voedjde`gòjtd ujd=
Oc/Cl pdcèçl quo euojtl edj glydr oxporòje`l y hostrozl.
- V6 Voedjde`gòjtd hds=
Oc/cl pdcèçl osedb`hd pdr oc V< hof`hd l cl joeos`hlh ho uj poraoetd
ojtojh`gòjtd y edja`ljzl ojtro occds. Hofo prodeuplrso
- ospoe`lcgojto
U< Udpdrto ujd=pdr cl sobur`hlh hoc V<.
18

Os cl ufèle`õj roedgojhlfco plrl oc rospdjslfco hoc oqu`pd pdcè`lc,

ale`c`tìjhdco lhdptlr cls goh`hls dporle`djlcos y lhg`j`strlt`vls plrl
oc àx`td ho cl g`s`õj, hofòjhd sògpro gljtojorso oj edjhè`djos ho
edjtrdclr cls lee`djos hojtrd y auorl hoc cdelc ho cl `jtorvoje`õj.
- U6/ U5 /U8 Udpdrto hds, tros, eultrd…=
Uo ojelrblrìj ho cl edforturl ho cls ìrols rov`slhls, ostlrìj ltojtds l cl

sobur`hlh ho cds pdcèçls quo ostìj lc arojto, tdgljhd oc edjtrdc ho cds
`jtorvoj`hds y prdeohòjhd l su `jgdv`c`zle`õj, rob`strd y trlsclhd `jè`lc,
lsç edgd l cl prdtoee`õj ho cl rotlbulrh`l. Ltojhorìj h`roetlgojto cls
dròjtle`djos hoc U<.
k. Edgujèle`õj
Euljhd so letýo tìetèlgojto, tojòjhd edjeòje`l hoc prdeosd gojtlc hoc
sdspoekdsd lbros`vd, so hofo tojor oc gìx`gd eu`hlhd plrl jd sor
cdelc`zlhd. Oj oso sojt`hd, cl edgujèle`õj ojtro pdcèçls hofo sor
eu`hlhdsl. Oj s`tule`djos ho ròsbd, oj elsd so ut`cèo cl vdz plrl
edgujèlrso edj su oqu`pd, hofoj kleorso susurrljhd. Oc vdcugoj ho cl
rlh`d hofo ostlr cd gìs flmd pds`fco. Ho sor pds`fco so hofo ut`c`zlr uj
lurèuclr oj oc dçhd.
ho cl sdrprosl. Xdhd
Oc rlh`d hofoostlr
puoho kleorso plrl gljtojor cl vojtlml tìetèl
soplrlhd.
_jl fuojl lctorjlt`vl sdj cls soülcos ho gljd, pdrquo porg`toj ujl
edgujèle`õj oaèòjto ojtro oc oqu`pd, alvdroeòjhd cl sdrprosl. Cls
soülcos ho gljd hofoj sor s`gpcos y ostlr fòj ojtrojlhls plrl quo jd
klyl prdfcogls. Lc oaoetulr ujl soülc lsobýroso ho quo su edgplüord
roe`f`õ y ojtojh`õ cl edgujèle`õj s`j klfor hosv`lhd su ltoje`õj ho cds
pujtds ho dfsorvle`õj.
`. _sd ho ospomd
Ox`stoj oj cl letulc`hlh oqu`plgòjtds pdcè`lcos flslhds oj oc ogpcod ho
ospomds (por`sedp`d, pcljekl ho `hojtàèle`õj, ospomd tìetèd, ojtro dtrds).
Uu usd fr`jhl glydr sobur`hlh lc porsdjlc pdcè`lc, puos ov`tl oxpdjor
plrto hoc euorpd plrl rolc`zlr cl dfsorvle`õj, ale`c`tljhd su gljtoj`gòjt
gljtoj`gòjtdd
oj cl zdjl ho lfr`bd d plrlpotd.
Os `gpdrtljto tojor prosojto ostls roedgojhle`djos bojorlcos oj tdhds

cds elsds=
- U` so ojeuojtrlj edj guek

guekls
ls ìrols ho poc`b
poc`brd
rd os `gpdrtljto os
osporlr
porlr
oc lpdyd.
- Lc oseueklr uj h`splrd, so hofo oaoetulr ujl rot`rlhl tìetèl kl
klstl
stl cl
zdjl quo so tojbl lsoburlhl edjtrdclhl.
- Jujel so hofo lslsug`r
ug`r quo uj cublr jd roprosoj
roprosojtltl ròsbd d poc`brd, s`
àsto jd kl s`hd rov`slhd prov`lgojto.
- Oc hospclz
hospclzlgòjtd
lgòjtd jd hofo oaoet
oaoetulrso
ulrso pdr oc eojtrd ho cls oselcorls.
- Os `gpdrtljto
lsoburlhd plrlquo oc oc
ov`tlr oqu`pd
ru`hd quo so ccovoquo
`jjoeoslr`d ostàhoclto
hof`hlgojto
juostrl
pdsè`õj.
1?

HOE@GL XOVEOVL
XOVEOVL UOGLJL
_J@HLH @@@
GLJXOJ@G@OJXD
GLJXOJ@G@OJXD HOC DVHOJ ^ÝFC@ED
^ÝFC @ED
Hosho oc pujtd ho v`stl jdrglt`vd, so ojtòjho pdr drhoj pýfcèd cl v`boje`l ho cls
coyos y hoc pr`je`p`d ho lutdr`hlh. Hosho oc pujtd ho v`stl aìetèd, drhoj pýfcèd os
oc ostlhd roclt`vd ho trljqu`c`hlh y sobur`hlh quo ro`jl oj cds osple`ds pýfcèds y
hogìs cublros ho edjv`voje`l kugljl, oj dfsorvlje`l ho cls coyos y oc rospotd l
cl lutdr`hlh. Cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc os rospdjslfco ho blrljt`zlrcd, gljtojorcd y
rostlfcoeorcd.
Oc horoekd ho rouj`õj, gljàostle`õj y prdtostl sdj horoekds kugljds quo cl
Edjst`tue`õj ^dcçtèl y cds `jstrugojtds @jtorjle`djlcos ho horoekds kugljds
roedjdeoj.
Cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hofo gljomlr cls rouj`djos pýfcèls ho edjadrg`hlh edj cds
pr`je`p`ds ho coblc`hlh, joeos`hlh y prdpdre`djlc`hlh. Cls rostrèe`djos quo so
`gpdjblj l cls rouj`djos klj ho flslrso oj cls jdrgls hoc horoekd jle`djlc y jd
hofoj `rlaoetlr
gìs lccì
ojho cd joeoslr`d
adrgl plrl blrljt`zlr
hosprdpdre`djlhl cl plz y ochodrhoj.
cds horoekds Ls`g`sgd,quo
cls porsdjls jd
plrtè`plj oj cl rouj`õj. Oc rospotd y cl prdtoee`õj hoc horoekd l cl v`hl, l cl c`fortlh
y l cl sobur`hlh ho cls porsdjls rov`stoj plrtèuclr `gpdrtlje`l oj osto sojt`hd. Ostd
`jecuyo oc hofor ho prdtobor cls rouj`djos pleçaèls edjtrl letds v`dcojtds edgot`hds
pdr dtrds, pdr omogpcd oj oc elsd ho edjtrlgljàostle`djos edjtrlr`ls v`dcojtls.
Cl ^dcèçl hofo lfstojorso ho ogprojhor lee`djos ho auorzl edjtrl

gljàostle`djos pleçaèls.
Oj cls s`tule`djos rocle`djlhls edj oc drhoj pýfcèd, so hofo hlr pr`dr`hlh l cls
tàejèls ho edgujèle`õj, jobde`le`õj y rohuee`õj ho edjacètds. Edj osto a` j, cds
pdcèçls hofoj roe`f`r elple`tle`õj sdfro oc gdhd ho edgujèlrso lprdp`lhlgojto
edj cds drblj`zlhdros y cds gljàostljtos, edjtlr edj oqu`pds ho edgujèle`õj
lhoeulhds y slfor eõgd ogpcolrcds.
Oj osto sojt`hd, tlgf`àj os suglgojto `gpdrtljto ocob`r edrroetlgojto oc
oqu`plgòjtd y cls lrgls . Oc lspoetd açsèd ho cds lbojtos hoc drhoj jd hofo sor
lgojlzljto j` edjtr`fu`r ho dtrd gdhd l erolr ujl ltgõsaorl kdst`c. Ostl
edjs`horle`õj tlgf`àj so lpcèl lc usd ho lrgls ho auobd oj s`tule`djos ho
v`dcoje`l. Oj cl glydrçl ho cds elsds, oc ogpcod ho lrgls ho auobd jd edjtr`fuyo l
rostlfcoeor cl plz y oc drhoj o `jecusd puoho ogpodrlr ujl s`tule`õj yl elõtèl. ^dr
cd tljtd, plrl cls s`tule`djos ho drhoj pýfcèd, cls lrgls ho auobd jd hofoj
edjs`horlrso ujl korrlgòjtl tìetèl, s`jd uj ýct`gd roeursd
r oeursd ho usd oxeope`djlc oj
rospuostl l s`tule`djos `jh`v`hulcos quo lgojlzlj edj eluslr guortos d kor`hls
brlvos y hofoj ut`c`zlrso oxecus`vlgojt
oxecus`vlgojtoo euljhd tdhds cds dtrds roeursds rosuctlrdj
`joaèleos.
11

DÔVLE@DJOU HO DVHOJ ^ÝFC@ED
Cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý tòjo edgd auje`õj gljtojor y rostlfcoeor oc drhoj
pýfcèd, sòjhd joeoslr`l ujl letule`õj prdaos`djlc y sustojtlhl oj cds horoekds
kugljds lpcèlhds l cl auje`õj pdcè`lc, blrljt`zljhd cl hoaojsl ho cl porsdjl, cl
sdeòhlh y oc Ostlhd. ^lrl eugpc`r ostl auje`õj, cl letule`õj pdcè`lc hofo flslrso
oj ujl lhoeulhl h`roee`õj, drblj`zle`õj y omoeue`õj ho ccls
ls dporle`djos pdcè`lcos.
Os joeoslr`d edjtlr edj oc pdtoje`lc kugljd suaèòjto, hof`hlgojto elple`tlhd,
ojtrojlhd y oqu`plhd, porg`t`àjhdco oc usd ho cl auorzl l trlvàs ho cds goh`ds ho
^dcèçl, ho gljorl coblc, joeoslr`l y prdbros`vl.
L. H@VOEE@ÕJ HO CLU C LU DÔVL

DÔVLE@DJOU
E@DJOU
<. Ostì l elrbd ho cds hàorojtos j`vocos ho edgljhd (Lctl H`roee`õj, H`roee`õj
Omoeut`vl ho Dporle`djos, H`roee`djos Ospoe`lc`zlhls, H`roee`djos Xorr`tdr`lcos
y Moalturls ho Vob`õj) quo lsugoj cl rospdjslf`c`hlh `jst`tue`djlc ho
suporv`s`õj y edjtrdc ho leuorhd l cds dfmot`vds, ostrltob`ls y pdcçtèls hoc soetdr.
6. H`spdjoj cl adrgucle`õj ho cds ^^/DD, cds g`sgds quo hoforìj tojor edgd
sustojtd cl Lproe`le`õj ho
@jtoc`boje`l letulc`zlhl.
letulc`zlhl. Cd quo porg`t`rì ovlculr cl glbj`tuh hoc ovojtd l trlvàs
ho cl poreope`õj
ojeuojtro hoc ròsbd
oj fuojls y lsç pdhrì
edjhè`djos açsèlsh`spdjor hoc pdtoje`lc
y gojtlcos, kugljd
elple`tlhd, quo soy
ojtrojlhd
oqu`plhd plrl osto a`j.
5. Uuporv`slj quo oc lee`djlr pdcè`lc so flso oj cl jdrglt`v`hlh v`bojto plrl
blrljt`zlr oc rospotd ho cds horoekds aujhlgojtlcos ho cls porsdjls. Uo tdglrì
roaoroje`l oc Gljulc ho Horoekds Kugljds lpcèlhds l cl auje`õj pdcè`lc (VG
J½ <8?6-6>>1-@J hoc 5< ho glyd ho 6>>1).
8. Edjtrdclj quo oj oc eugpc`gòjtd ho cl g`s`õj, oc usd ho cl auorzl, oc ogpcod hoc
pdtoje`lc kugljd y ho cds roeursds cdbçstèds so lmustoj l cls h`roet`vls y pcljos
ostlfcoe`hds.
E. DVBLJ@]LE@ÕJ HO CLU
C LU DÔVLE@DJOU
DÔVLE@DJOU
Uo ojelrbl ho cds Edgljhds Dporlt`vds quo roe`foj cl g`s`õj ospoeçaèl ho

blrljt`zlr, gljtojor y rostlfcoeor oc Drhoj ^ýfcèd.
<. ^CLJ@A@ELE@ÕJ HO CLU C LU DÔVLE@DJOU
l. Oaoetulr oc ljìc`s`s dfmot`vd ho cl Lproe`le`õj ho @jtoc`boje`l y letulc`zlr
porgljojtogojto cl `jadrgle`õj.
f. ^cljàèlr, eddrh`jlr, `jtobrlr y dròjtlr cls `jadrgle`djos y roeursd
roeursdss plrl oc
hoslrrdccd ho cls dporle`djos.
e. Volc`zlr uj ostuh`d prov`d ho cl zdjl ho dporle`õj quo porg`tl ostlfcoeor
oc j`voc ho ròsbd y pujtds erçtèds l a` j ho h`spdjor cl ls`bjle`õj hoc
porsdjlc suaèòjto plrl oc edjtrdc ho cls glsls.
h. Ostlfcoeor cl cçjol ho edgljhd oj cl omoeue`õj ho dporle`djos, hos`bjljhd
uj jobde`lhdr pr`je`plc edj su oqu`pd ho sdpdrto lsç edgd cds brupds
ospoe`lcos ho lrrostd y ho rospuostl edj lrgls ho auobd.
o. adrtlcoeor
Lsoburlr cds
oc pr`je`p`ds
ogpcod hoc ho pdtoje`lc
provoje`õjkugljd oj eljt`hlh suaèòjto plrl
y h`suls`õj.
12

a. Hotorg`jlr cls vçvçls

ls ho lprdx`gle`õj, pujtds hhoo edjeojtrle`õj
edjeojtrle`õj,, rutls y zdjls
ho ropcòbuo hoc porsdjlc pdcè`lc, cds cublros ho hotoje`õj ho cls porsdjls
l sor `jtorvoj`hls lsç edgd cds edrrohdros kuglj`tlr`ds ho leeosd ho
sdedrr`stls `jtorv`jòjtos.
` jtorv`jòjtos.
6. EDDVH@JLE@ÕJ
EDDVH@JLE@ÕJ OJ CL CLU U DÔVLE@DJO
DÔVLE@DJOU U ^DC@E@LC
^DC@E@LCOU. OU.
l. Eddrh`jlr porgljojtogo
porgljojtogojto jto edj cls lutdr`hlhos roedjde`hls, cçhoros,
roprosojtljtos y h`r`bojtos ho cds brog`ds oj edjacètd, edj cl plrtè`ple`õj
ho cds Edgljhds ho cls uj`hlhos ho roauorzd d lpdyd edgprdgot`hls edj
cl a`jlc`hlh ho ov`tlr cls oxpros`djos ho v`dcoje`l.
f. Hotorg`jlr edjmujtlgojto cds `t`jorlr`ds, kdrlr`ds y lee`djos l rolc`zlr,
kle`àjhdcos edjdeor cds horoekds quo cos ls`stoj, cls rostrèe`djos ho ostds
y sus dfc`ble`djos oj rocle`õj edj cds horoekds ho h o cds hogìs.
e. Oaoetulr cls eddrh`jle`djos edj oc G`j`stor`d ^ýfcèd edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho
lsoburlr, ho leuorhd l cls e`reujstlje`ls, cl plrtè`ple`õj ho sus
roprosojtljtos oj cl `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc.
5. EL^LE@XLE@ÕJ P OJXVOJLG@OJXD
OJXVOJLG@OJXD HOC ÔVUD ÔVUDJLC.
JLC.
l. Cds Õrbljds ho @jstruee`õj omoeutlrìj porgljojt
porgljojtogojto
ogojto cl elple`tle`õj y
ojtrojlgòjtd
kleòjhd àjals`shocojporsdjlc
oc edjtrdc ^J^ oj cds lspoetds açsèd y psèdcõbèd,
ho ogde`djos.
f. Oj cl elple`tle`õj y ojtrojlgòjtd so hoslrrdcclrìj tàejèls y tìetèls
rocle`djlhls l adrgle`djos ho edjtrdc ho guct`tuhos, ogpcod hoc oqu`pd, usd
ho lrgls ospoe`lcos (osedpotls cljzl bls y osedpotl ho elzl edj
porh`bdjos ho bdgl) y lbojtos quçgèds (flcdjos cljzl bls, brljlhls y
elrtuekds cler`gõbojds y dtrls sustlje`ls quçgèls ut`c`zlhls plrl edjtrdclr
l cls porsdjls).
e. Cl `jstruee`õj hofo edjs`horlr, ojtro dtrds, cds edjtoj`hds ho cds ^r`je`p`ds
fìsèds sdfro oc ogpcod ho cl auorzl y lrgls ho auobd y oc Eõh`bd ho
edjhuetl plrl auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds
ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy.
h. Cds Õrbljds ho @jstruee`õj ho cls uj`hlhos ospoe`lc`zlhls oj
gljtoj`gòjtd y rostlfcoe`gòjtd hoc drhoj pýfcèd, hoslrrdcclrìj eursds
h`r`b`hd lc porsdjlc ^J^ ho dtrls uj`hlhos quo puohl sor ogpcolhd oj ostls
tlrols.
8. EDJXVDC, U_ÔVQ@U@ÕJ P OQLC OQLC_LE@ÕJ
_LE@ÕJ ÔVGLJOJXO HOC
HOULVVDCCD HO CLU CL U DÔVLE@DJ
DÔVLE@DJOU. OU.
l. Ljtos, hurljto y hospuàs hoc hoslrrdccd ho cls dporle`djos so oaoetulrì su
edjtrdc, edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho dfsorvlr y voclr pdr oc ostrètd eugpc`gòjtd hoc
h`soüd ho cl dporle`õj, ostljhd oj edjhè`djos ho pdhor oaoetulr
gdhàèle`djos s` oc elsd cd lgor`tl.
e. Uuporv`slr oc hoslrrdccd ho cls dporle`djos plrl cl tdgl ho hoe`s`djos
dpdrtujls quo porg`tlj oc eugpc`gòjtd ho cl g`s`õj.
h. Leeohor, roedp`clr y eojtrlc`zlr oc gltor`lc luh`dv`sulc dftoj`hd ho cl
omoeue`õj ho cls dporle`djos pdcè`lcos plrl su pdstor`dr ljìc`s`s y
ovlcule`õj.
1;

E. OMOE_E@ÕJ HO CLU DÔVLE@DJOU

l. Os lsug`hl pdr tdhd oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc quo plrtè`pl h`roetl d `jh`roetlgojto
oj cls dporle`djos ho gljtoj`gòjtd
f. hoc drhoj pýfcèd, hofòjhd joeoslr`lgojto eugpc`r edj cls s`buòjtos
h`spdsè`djos=
<. LJXOU
l. @jadrglr lc porsdjlc pdcè`lc oc t`pd ho dporle`õj l rolc`zlrso, cl cçjol ho
Edgljhd, oc cublr hdjho so oaoetulrì y cl poreope`õj hoc j`voc ho ròsbd
ho cl g`sgl.
f. Qoràèlr quo oc porsdjlc ostà lhoeulhlgojto oqu`plhd.
e. ^rovor oc ogpcod ho oqu`pds ho a`cgle`õj quo porg`tlj porojj`zlr cds
koekds adrtlcoeòjhd cl ov`hoje`l ho cl `jvost`ble`õj.
h. @jstru`r lc porsdjlc pdcè`lc quo oc oqu`pd quo pdrtl (br`ccotos, hoaojsl ho
bdgl, elseds, oseuhds, trlmo ljt`gdtçj, lbojtos quçgèds d lrgls
ospoe`lcos) os ho HOAOJUL y jd ho ltlquo y sorì ogpcolhd ýjèlgojto
euljhd cls e`reujstlje`ls cd roquòrlj d so h`spdjbl pdr cl Cçjol ho
Edgljhd.
o. Vo`torlr cls h`spdsè`djos edj rocle`õj lc usd hàoroje`lhd y prdpdre`djlc
ho cl auorzl flslhl oj cds pr`je`p`ds ho coblc`hlh, joeos`hlh y
prdpdre`djlc`hlh.
6. H_VLJXO
l. Jd lsug`r oc hoslrrdccd ho cl dporle`õj pdcè`lc edgd prdfcogl porsdjlc
edj oc a` j ho ov`tlr rolee`djos v`dcojtls.
f. Ovlculr oc edgpdrtlgòjtd ho cds gljàostljtos edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho
ostlfcoeor cl pds`f`c`hlh ho ogpcolr oc Oqu`pd ho Jobde`le`õj.
e. ^r`dr`zlr oc j`voc provojt`vd hoc ogpcod ho cl auorzl euljhd so h`sporsoj
rouj`djos jd v`dcojtls.
h. Ovlculr cl plrtè`ple`õj ho gumoros, j`üds, lje`ljds, porsdjls edj
h`selple`hlh u dtrds brupds
o. vucjorlfcos hojtrd ho cl gljàostle`õj edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho lhdptlr cds
goh`ds ho h`suls`õj, prdtoee`õj y/d edjtrdc gìs lhoeulhds.
a. Lhvort`r vorflcgojto ho cl `jtoje`õj ho uslr cl auorzl edj tògpd suaèòjto
plrl quo àstl sol tdglhl oj euojtl, tojòjhd oj edjs`horle`õj quo, oj cl
10

glydrçl ho cds elsds, cl lhvortoje`l hoc usd ho cl auorzl jd flstl plrl

h`sporslr l cl guct`tuh.
b. Ogpcolr cls tàejèls y tìetèls ho gljtoj`gòjtd hoc drhoj pýfcèd, lsç
edgd oc ogpcod ho cl auorzl ho gljorl prdpdre`djlc, euljhd cl let`tuh
v`dcojtl ho cds gljàostljtos bojoroj brlvo lctorle`õj hoc drhoj, hlüds l
cl prdpòhlh d lbros`õj l cls porsdjls (e`v`cos d pdcèçls).
k. Ov`tlr oc ogpcod ho gltor`lc cler`gõbojd oj `jgoh`le`djos ho
ohàèle`djos hdjho so edjbrobuoj porsdjls edj glydr ròsbd ho suar`r
cls edjsoeuoje`ls ho cds lbojtos quçgèds, tlcos edgd kdsp`tlcos, ls`cds,
edcob`ds, ote.
`. Oc ogpcod ho cls osedpotls ho porh`bdjos ho bdgl y cljzl bls hofo sor
oaoetulhd pdr porsdjlc hof`hlgojto elple`tlhd y ojtrojlhd plrl tlc a` j
ho edjadrg`hlh edj cls h`roet`vls v`bojtos.
m. ^lrl h`sdcvor l cl guct`tuh os roedgojhlfco prdeohor pdr oc clhd gojds
edgpletd d quo darozel gojdr ros`stoje`l, lhdptljhd adrgle`djos ho
edjtrdc ho guct`tuhos. Ho ostl gljorl so pdhrì h`v`h`rcl y h`sporslrcl oj oc
sojt`hd d h`roee`õj ho cl vçl quo so klyl prov`std.
i. Gljtojor cl h`se`pc`jl oj cls adrgle`djos lsç edgd oj oc ogpcod hoc oqu`pd
y gltor`lc, hogdstrljhd uj lctd brlhd ho proplrle`õj.
c. Jd lrrofltlr fljhordcls
jd oxleorflr cds ìj`gds,dc`g`tìjhdso
pljelrtls lc
ut`c`zlhls
hoedg`sdpdrhocds gljàostljtos
dfmotds plrls
edjtujhojto
edjtujhojtos
d pujzd edrtljtos quo puohlj sor ut`c`zlhds edjtrl cls porsdjls (e`v`cos d
pdcèçls).
g. Ogpcolr cl auorzl ýjèlgojto edjtrl cds `jh`v`huds `hojtàèlhds quo
darozelj ros`stoje`l açsèl y/d lbrohlj lc porsdjlc pdcè`lc edj cl a`jlc`hlh
ho cdbrlr su rohuee`õj y edjhuee`õj l cl hopojhoje`l pdcè`lc, rospotljhd
su h`bj`hlh.
j. Jd kleor usd ho cl auorzl edjtrl cls porsdjls quo kuyoj d eloj gòjtrls
edrroj y quo jd plrtè`plj oj koekds v`dcojtds.
d. Jd lrrdmlr edjtrl cds gljàostljtos dfmotds edjtujhojtos (pòhrls, plcds,
a` orrds, ote.) quo ostàj lc lceljeo d quo solj cljzlhds lc porsdjlc pdcè`lc,
gljtojòjhd cls adrgle`djos tìetèls y ogpcoljhd lhoeulhlgojto cds
oqu`pds ho prdtoee`õj.
pr dtoee`õj.
p. Uõcd oj e`reujstlje`ls oxtrogls, euljhd poc`brl ho gdhd `jg`jojto su
v`hl d cl ho toreords, sorì cobçt`gd oc usd ho eulcquòr goh`d l su lceljeo
plrl prdtoborcls.
q. Homlr ho ut`c`zlr cl auorzl `jgoh`ltlgojto lc eoso ho cl ros`stoje`l d
v`dcoje`l, lhdptljhd cls edrrospdjhòjtos goh`hls ho sobur`hlh.
r. Lc ogpcolr cl auorzl (usd ho cl hoaojsl ho bdgl, lbojtos quçgèds y lrgls
ospoe`lcos) so hlrì euojtl ho su `jtorvoje`õj goh`ljto oc plrto
edrrospdjhòjto y, ho sor oc elsd, ho cl ox`stoje`l ho hotoj`hds, kor`hds d
guortds, lsç edgd hoc hotor`drd hoc oqu`pd pdcè`lc.
s. ^rdeurlr ls`stoje`l l cls porsdjls quo rosuctoj cos`djlhls y ovleulr l cds
kor`hds l cds eojtrds ho ltoje`õj gàhèl gìs prõx`gds, lhogìs ho
blrljt`zlr cl ox`stoje`l ho edrrohdros kuglj`tlr`ds y oc leeosd ho
sdedrr`stls.
U` so prosojtlsoj
t. letulrìj oj flso koekds
l sus dedjde`gòjtds
s`tule`djos jdyprov`stls, cds Moaos
oxporòje`l, Dporlt`vds
h`spdjòjhd cls
goh`hls joeoslr`ls edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho suporlrcds.
2>

6. HOU^_ÀU
l. Oj elsd ho klfor hotoj`hds, àstds hofoj sor trlsclhlhds `jgoh`ltlgojto

l cds cublros ostlfcoe`hds ho leuorhd l cds prdeoh`gòjtds dporlt`vds
v`bojtos.
f. Ho ox`st`r hotoj`hds, cos`djlhds d guortds, edgujèlr ho `jgoh`ltd l sus
alg`c`lros.
e. Oj j`jbujl e`reujstlje`l cls porsdjls lrrostlhls d hotoj`hls sorìj dfmotd
ho tdrturl j` ho trltds eruocos, `jkugljds d hobrlhljtos.
h. Oc Moao Dporlt`vd adrguclrì oc plrto y/d `jadrgo hljhd euojtl hoc ogpcod
ho cl auorzl (usd ho cl hoaojsl ho bdgl, lbojtos quçgèds y lrgls
ospoe`lcos) kleòjhd edjstlr, ho sor oc elsd, cl ox`stoje`l ho kor`hds d
guortds y cls goh`hls tdglhls.
o. Uo rolc`zlrì ujl ovlcule`õj a`jlc ho elhl `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc hostleljhd
cls adrtlcozls y hof`c`hlhos.
HOE@GL
HOE@GL E_LVXL UOGLJL
GLJOMD HO EV@U@U
L. EV@U@U=
Os cl lctorle`õj brlvo hoc drhoj pýfcèd, prov`s`fco d `gprov`s`fco, dels`djlhl

pdr lee`õj kugljl d ho cl jlturlcozl quo puoho laoetlr cl v`hl o `jtobr`hlh ho
cls porsdjls, cl prdpòhlh pýfcèl d pr`vlhl, cls rocle`djos `jtorjle`djlcos hoc
Ostlhd d cl sobur`hlh jle`djlc, hogljhljhd ujl rospuostl ospoe`lc ho cl
^dcèçl y, oj lcbujds elsds, cl `jtorvoje`õj ho cls gìs lctls lutdr`hlhos hoc
bdfòrjd.
Cl rospuostl l cl er`s`s so hlrì oj ltoje`õj hoc horoekd `jtorjle`djlc ho cds
horoekds kugljds, cls jdrgls jle`djlcos y dtrls jdrgls roclt`vls l cl auje`õj
pdcè`lc, edgd cds ^r`je`p`ds fìsèds sdfro oc ogpcod ho cl auorzl y ho lrgls ho
auobd. Flmd j`jbujl e`reujstlje`l d s`tule`õj pýfcèl ho ogorboje`l pdhrìj
quofrljtlrso hèkds pr`je`p`ds.
F. J@QOCOU HO VOU^_OUXL
<. Lctd
Lctd ròsbd
ûoho sor rosuoctl pdr cls auorzls prdp`ls ho cl edg`slrçl hoc soetdr u dtrl
uj`hlh pdcè`lc.
6. Lctçs`gd
Lctçs`gd ròsbd
Oj ostls s`tule`djos so roquòro cl `jtorvoje`õj h`roetl ho uj`hlhos
ospoe`lc`zlhls ho cl ^dcèçl. ûoho edgprdgotor cl `jtorvoje`õj ho cls gìs
lctls lutdr`hlhos hoc soetdr.
5. Vòsbd oxtrldrh`jlr`d
Os joeoslr`l
puhòjhd cl plrtè`ple`õj
edgprdgotor ho dtrds soetdros
cl `jtorvoje`õj y drblj`sgds
ho cls gìs hoc Ostlhd,
lctls lutdr`hlhos hoc
bdfòrjd.
2<

8. Vòsbd
Vòsbd oxeope`d jlc
U`tule`õj quo edgprdgoto cl sobur`hlh jle`djlc d laoetl cls rocle`djos
`jtorjle`djlcos hoc Ostlhd. ^dr tljtd, cl rospuostl l osto j`voc ho er`s`s
sògpro edgprdgotorì cl `jtorvoje`õj ho cls gìs lctls lutdr`hlhos hoc
bdfòrjd oj eddrh`jle`õj edj drblj`zle`djos `jtorjle`djlcos u dtrds ostlhds.
Cds j`vocos ho rospuostl ho cl ^dcèçl so ojglrelj oj cds pr`je`p`ds hoc usd ho

cl auorzl hoslrrdcclhds oj osto gljulc y ostìj oj rocle`õj h`roetl lc brlhd ho
lgojlzl.
E. H@UXV@F_E@ÕJ XÌEX@EL
<. Edrhõj `jtor`dr= Ov`tl cls aubls, edjtòjo l cds sdspoekdsds o `jgdv`c`zl.
6. Edrhõj oxtor`dr= Erol uj ìrol hospomlhl,
h ospomlhl, s`j porsdjls j` trìaèd.
5. ûjtd ho edjtrdc ljtor`dr= Moao Dporlt`vd <.
8. ûjtd ho ojeuojtrd= Hdjho `jbroslj d slcoj cls porsdjls `jvdcuerlhls 6.
?. Oqu`pd joeoslr`d.
1. Jobde`lhdros.
2. Oqu`pd ho `jtorvoje`õj.
;.
0. Oqu`pd
Oqu`pdhoho`jvost`ble`õj.
sobur`hlh.
<>. Oqu`pd ho arljedt`rlhdros.
<<. ôrrds.
<6. Lgfuclje`ls.
<5. Fdgfords.
H. ^VDEOH@G@OJXD ^LVL OC GLJOMD HO EV@U@U

Jd dfstljto quo tdhl er`s`s roquòro ujl rospuostl
r ospuostl ospoe`l
ospoe`lcc ho cl ^dcèçl, so hofo
tojor oj euojtl quo lquoccds oaoet`vds pdcè`lcos quo `jtorvòjoj `jè`lcgojto
hofoj lhdptlr cds s`buòjtos plsds=
<. Edjtojor
Lhdptljhd cls goh`hls joeoslr`ls plrl hotorg`jlr oc osple`d bodbrìaèd quo
ostì edgprdgot`hd y quo edjst`tuyo cl zdjl ho ròsbd, ov`tljhd su oxpljs`õj
y ovleuljhd lc pýfcèd.
6. L`sc
L`sclr
lr
Ostlfcoeòjhd uj porçgotrd ho sobur`hlh quo porg`tl edjtrdclr cls
edgujèle`djos, ufèle`õj hoc puostd ho edgljhd, sorvè`ds ho slcuh,
fdgfords, ote. so `gpoh`rì oc leeosd ho porsdjls lmojls lc ovojtd, ale`c`tljhd
cl slc`hl y ovleule`õj ho cl zdjl ho ròsbd.
5. Jobde`lr
Os oc edjmujtd ho lee`djos pcljàèlhls y drhojlhls quo porg`toj `jtorvoj`r
hojtrd hoc glred ho cl coy edj oc prdpõs`td ho porsulh`r l uj prosujtd `jarletdr,
l a` j ho blrljt`zlr cl v`hl o `jtobr`hlh ho cls porsdjls y rosdcvor edj àx`td cl
er`s`s.
26

@G^DVXLJXO= cls jobde`le`djos hofoj ostlr l elrbd ho uj jobde`lhdr prdaos`djlc

ho cl pdcèçl. L alctl ho àsto, lsugo cl rospdjslf`c`hlh oc oaoet`vd pdcè`lc quo roýjl
edjhè`djos plrl hosogpoülrso edgd tlc. Jujel hofo lsug`r osto rdc oc
rospdjslfco hoc brupd. Uo hofoj edjs`horlr cls plutls quo l edjt`jule`õj so
`jhèlj plrl letulr edgd jobde`lhdros jd ojtrojlhds.
O. B_ÇL ^LVL JOBDE@LHDVOU JD OJXVOJLHDU

<. X`pd ho elusljto
l. Hoc`jeuojto edgýj.
f. Hoc`jeuojto –prdaos`djlc‗.
e. ôrsdjl edj h`selple`hlh gojtlc.
h. Xorrdr`stl.
6. U`tu
U`tu le`djos ho tdgl
t dgl ho rokojos.
l. ^dcçtèd.
f. Ude`lc.
e. Er`g`jlc.
h. ^sèdcõbèd.
o. Xorrdr`stl.
5. Uobur`
Uobur`hlh
hlh hoc jobde`lhdr
l. Jd oxpdjorso.
f. _slr eklcoeds flcçstèds.
8. Oqu`
Oqu`pd
pd
l. Xocàadjds (edjvoje`djlcos y/d eocuclros).
f. Gobìadjds (pdrtìt`cos d hoc vokçeucd pltruccord).
?. Cd quo so hofo kleor

l. Jdgfrlr l uj sobujhd jobde`lhdr.
f. ^rdeurlr jobde`lr l trlvàs ho ujl cçjol tocoaõjèl.
e. Xdglr jdtl ho tdhd cd sueoh`hd.
h. Ostlfcoeor ujl rocle`õj plrl cuobd edgojzlr l trlflmlr oj cl sdcue`õj.
o. @hojtàèlrso edj su jdgfro, s`j brlhd.
– JDUDXVDU‗.
a. Uògpro edjvorslr usljhd oc tàrg`jd –JDUDXVDU‗.
b. Volee`djlr edj sojs`f`c`hlh ljto cls ogde`djos hoc elusljto.
k. Xrljsg`t`r edj cl vdz sojt`gòjtds ho edgprojs`õj, lg`stlh, elc`hoz y
rospotd.
`. H`strlor lc elusljto euljhd ostà pdr eugpc`rso uj pclzd ho tògpd a` mlhd.
m. Uògpro `jtojtlr
`jtojtlr bljlr tògpd.
i. Uubor`r por`õhèlgojto quo hofo hotojor d lelflr edj ostl s`tule`õj.
c. ^cljàèlr cl ojtrobl ho lc`gojtds, gohè`jls, rdpl, ote.
g. Oc jobde`lhdr jd hofo ojtroblr cls edsls, s`jd dtrl porsdjl.
j. Oclfdrlr oc pclj ho edjt`jboje`l ljto ujl pds`fco rojhè`õj.
1. Cd quo jdocs oedjtletd

l. @bjdrlr hofo kleor edj rospdjhorco).
(sògpro oc elusljto
f. H`seut`r.
e. Ojdmlrso.
25

h. ^robujtlr pdr sus ox`boje`ls.

o. Leoptlr ox`boje`ls s`j kleor euost`djlgòjt
euost`djlgòjtds.
ds.
a. ^rdgotor lcbd quo jd so puohl eugpc`r.
b. Ostlfcoeor uj tògpd cçg`to.
k. ^rosojtlrso edgd oc quo vl l tdglr cls hoe`s`djos.
`. _slr cls plclfrls –sç‗ d –jd‗ (sògpro ogpcoo –tlc voz, –qu`zìs‗, –os hàçe`c‗).
m. Leoptlr v`dcoje`l
v`dcoje`l d lgojlz
lgojlzls
ls edjtrl cds elusljtos.
i. Hlrco hrdbl, lcedkdc, lrgls.
c. @jtorelgf`lr porsdjls.
HOE@GL
HOE@GL \_@JXL UOGLJL
XÀEJ@ELU
XÀEJ@ELU F
FÌU@ELU
ÌU@ELU HO EDJX
EDJXVDC
VDC AÇU@ED
Os ho v`tlc `gpdrtlje`l tojor prosojto quo tdhl `jtorvoje`õj pdcè`lc so rolc`zl edj
uj gçj`gd ho hds (>6) oaoet`vds pdcè`lcos y oj oc edjtrdc açsèd jd kly oxeope`õj
ho ostl robcl.
Lgfds oaoet`vds pdcè`lcos hoforìj rolc`zlr oc edjtrdc v`sulc hoc `jtorvoj`hd oj
ospoe`lc cls gljds, gljtojòjhd cl cçjol `glb`jlr`l quo cos porg`to h`st`jbu`r cl
zdjl ho ròsbd y cl zdjl soburl.

Udclgojto euljhd dtrds goh`ds rosuctoj `joaèleos d jd blrljtèoj ho j`jbujl
gljorl oc cdbrd hoc rosuctlhd prov`std y oc j`voc ho rros`stoje`l
os`stoje`l daroe`hl pdr oc `jarletdr
so tdrjl oj ujl ros`stoje`l açsèl9 os hoe`r, oj uj hoslaçd açsèd quo fusel `gpoh`r
su rohuee`õj, `jgdv`c`zle`õj y/d edjhuee`õj9 so prdeohorì l tàejèls ho edjtrdc
açsèd.

<. Edjtrd
Edjtrdcc ho Frlzds
Ostl tàejèl porg`to trljsadrglr cl zdjl ho ròsbd oj zdjl soburl plrl oc porsdjlc
pdcè`lc.
Cl/oc pdcèçl arojto

h`lbdjlcos ho edjtletd (^<) y cl/oc U`
lc `jtorvoj`hd. pdcèçl
^< hoso sobur`hlh
ojeuojtrl(^6)
( ^6)
oj so edcdelrìj
h`lbdjlc oj lgfls
horoekl hoc
`jtorvoj`hd edj su gljd horoekl vl l sumotlr cl guüoel horoekl hoc `jtorvoj`hd y
^6 sumotlrì edj cl gljd `zquòrhl cl guüoel `zquòrhl hoc `jtorvoj`hd.
28

Oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc, s`guctìjolgojto, edcdelrì oc frlzd c`fro, l gljorl ho

ojbljeko, pdr hoflmd hoc frlzd hoc `jtorvoj`hd l cl lcturl ho ccll zdjl lx`clr, fuseljhd
homlr oc frlzd oxtojh`hd hoc `jtorvoj`hd oj pdsè`õj h`lbdjlc kle`l lflmd poblhl lc
tõrlx hoc pdcèçl y cl plcgl ho cl gljd hoc `jtorvoj`hd kle`l lauorl.
Acox`õj ho guüoel
guü oel
^lrtòjhd ho cl tàejèl ho edjtrdc ho frlzds, euljhd oc `jtorvoj`hd ocovl cl
ros`stoje`l pobljhd sus frlzds kle`l su poekd, ujd d lgfds pdcèçls edcdelrìj cds
edhds hoc `jtorvoj`hd l cl lcturl ho su zdjl lx`clr plrl sumotlrcds ojtro oc frlzd y cl
plrto cltorlc hoc su tõrlx (lcturl ho cls edst`ccls). U`guctìjolgojto
U`guctìjolgojto,, cl/ oc pdcèçl quo
rolc`zõ cl glj`dfrl, edj cl plcgl ho cl gljd hoc frlzd ho ojbljeko, rolc`zlrì cl
pros`õj sdfro oc hdrsd ho cl gljd (lcturl ho cds juh`ccds) hoc `jtorvoj`hd oj uj tògpd
ho tros (>5) l (>8) sobujhds edgd gìx`gd kle`l lflmd.
Xdrs`õ j ho guüoel.- U` cds frlzds hoc `jtorvoj`hd ostìj rçb`hds y sus edhds jd so
Xdrs`õj
acox`djlj, ujd d lgfds pdcèçls hoforìj rolc`zlr pros`õj, edj su frlzd ho ojbljeko,
l cl lcturl hoc fçeops hoc `jtorvoj`hd edj cl `jtoje`õj ho ov`tlr quo c`foro cl
oxtrog`hlh.
Uobu`hlgojto, oc pdcèçl quo rolc`zõ cl glj`dfrl d lgfds elgf`lrìj oc lblrro ho cl

guüoel l ujl tdgl `jh`roetl, sumotljhd cl gljd hoc `jtorvoj`hd pdr cl plrto oxtorjl
(hdrsd), mujtljhd sus hohds, quohljhd
quohljhd cl gljd ho ^< l cl lcturl ho cds juh`ccds. ^6
vl l sumotlr oc frlzd s`j sdctlrcd oj j`jbýj gdgojtd.
^< hosc`zl cl gljd ho ojbljeko pdr oje`gl hoc ljtofrlzd hoc `jtorvoj`hd, plrl
sumotlrso pdr hoflmd ho su prdp`d ljtofrlzd.
^<, tojòjhd oc edjtrdc ho cl oxtrog`hlh supor`dr hoc `jtorvoj`hd, `jè`lrì cl tdrs`õj

ho guüoel oj uj tògpd ho tros (>5) l (>8) sobujhds edgd gìx`gd, ccovljhd cds
hohds oj h`roee`õj hoc kdgfrd ho àc g`sgd.
Ls poett ds `g
Lspoe `gpd
pdrr tljtos
tlj tos l td glr oj e uojtl
uoj tl hur
h urljt
ljtoo oc e dj
djtr
trdc
dc a çs`
çsèd
ed
Oj cls tros tàejèls, ujl voz quo oc `jtorvoj`hd so ojeuojtro edjtrdclhd, oc ^6 ccovlrì
l alvdr ho cl lrtèucle`õj oc frlzd hoc `jtorvoj`hd kle`l cl lcturl ho cl e`jturl,
edjtrdcljhd oc ljtofrlzd y cl guüoel, prdeohòjhd l edcdelr oc br`ccoto oj oc frlzd
edjtrdclhd y osporlrì l ^< quo ccovo oc dtrd frlzd hoc `jtorvoj`hd kle`l ltrìs plrl
eucg`jlr oc ojbr`ccotlgòjtd.
Cl (oc) pdcèçl quo lpcèl cl tàejèl jd hofo dcv`hlr quo cl vorflc`zle`õj hurljto tdhd
oc prdeoh`gòjtd os ho sugl `gpdrtlje`l hlhd quo oj tdhd gdgojtd hofo
edgujèlr cd quo oc `jtorvoj`hd hofo kleor. Ostd edjtr`fu`rì l quo oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc
puohl brlhulr h`sg`ju`r cl `jtojs`hlh ho cl tàejèl d ocovlrcl klstl quo cl porsdjl
hopdjbl su let`tuh.
Oc edjtletd edj cl porsdjl `jtorvoj`hl ocovl oc ròsbd kle`l oc porsdjlc pdcè`lc, pdr
cd
ylquo
quoso hofo
edj sorpuoho
ostls suglgojto eu`hlhdsd
lbroh`rcd oj oc edjtrdc ho cls gljds hoc `jtorvoj`hd
açsèlgojto.
2?

Uògpro so hofo tojor prosojto quo ujl tàejèl glc ogpcolhl puoho eluslr
cos`djos ho edjs`horle`õj oj cl porsdjl `jtorvoj`hl, pdr cd quo os ho sugl
`gpdrtlje`l oc ojtrojlgòjtd edjstljto ho cls tàejèls l ogpcolr oj ostls
s`tule`djos.
¡UOL A@VGO! ¡UOL M_UXD! ¡UOL EDVXÀU!
EDVXÀU!
U_UXOJXLE@ÕJ
U_UXOJXLE@ÕJ HO
HO XVLFL
XVLFLMDU
MDU L^C
L^C@ELX@QDU
@ELX@QDU
O[LGOJ A@JLC
21

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^lrl, gomdr `custrle`õj so prdyoetl cds s`bu`ojtos v`hods=

Lprdflhl pdr cl Lslgfcol Bojorlc ho cls Jle`djos _j`hls (<>H@E<08;).

Oj ltoje`õj l cds a`jos hoc Gljulc ho Horoekds Kugljds lpc`elhds oj cl

–edjmujtd ho prorrdblt`vls y pr`je`p`ds, ho leoptle`õj uj`vorslc,

–sdj c`fortlhos d horoekds `jkorojtos l tdhls cls porsdjls, s`j

–GLU @G^DVXLJXO \_O EDJEO^X_LC@]LV CDU HOVOEKDU K_GLJDU OU

∖ ^rdtobor cds horoe

F. EDH@BD HO EDJH_EXL ^LVL A_JE@DJLV@DU OJELVBLHDU HO

Lprdflhl edj Vosdcue`õj J¾58/<10 hoc <2H@E<020, edjt`ojo DEKD (>;)

^lrl cl DJ_, cl oxpros`õj "auje`djlr`ds ojel

g`c`tlros, yl solj uj`adrglhls d jd, d auorzls ho sobur`hlh hoc Ostlhd, so

edjs`horlrì quo cl hoa`j`e`õj ho auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r

oc hosogpoüd ho sus tlrols.

Cds auje`djlr`ds ojelrblhds ho kleor eugpc`r cl coy quo tojblj gdt`vds

Lhdptlhd pdr oc detlvd Edjbrosd ho cls Jle`djos _j`hls sdfro provoje`õj

62 ho lbdstd lc 2 ho sot`ogfro ho <00>. Edjstl ho 61 lrtçeucds.

Oc elrìetor aroeuojtogojto poc`brdsd ho cl clfdr pdc`e`lc, quo lgojlzl l cl

lutdprdtoetdr, pdr omogpcd, oseuhds, elseds, eklcoeds l pruofl ho flcls y

Q`b`clje`l ho porsdjls flmd eustdh`l d hotoj`hls=

Elcàèle`djos, elple`tle`õj y lsosdrlgòjtd

lpt`tuhos àtèls, psèdcõbèls y açsèls lprdp`lhls plrl oc omoreè`d

@@@. LJXOEOHOJXOU JLE@DJL

Cl Edjst`tue`õj ^dcçt`el hoc ^orý, lr tçeucd

F. HOEVOXD COB@UCLX@QD <<;1 ― HOEVOXD COB@UCLX@QD \_O

ûfcèlhl oc <1LBD6><? oj oc h`lr`d –Oc ôruljd‗ , edj cl a`jlc`hlh ho

ospoeça`elgojto cl aleuctlh hoc usd cl auorzl, ostlfcoeo robcls murçh`els quo

Xòjo lceljeo l tdhd oc porsdjlc ho cl ^dcèçl Jle`djlc hoc ôrý oj s`tule`õj

E. HOEVOXD U_^VOGD J¾><6-6><1-@J VOBCLGOJXD HOC HOEVOXD

Vobclgojtd quo t`ojo pdr dfmotd hoslrrdcclr y ostlfcoeor cds prdeoh`g`ojtds,

H. GLJ_LC HO HOVOEKDU K_GLJDU L^C@ELHDU L CL A_JE@ÕJ

Oc G`j`stor`d hoc @jtor`dr, hl eugpc`g`ojtd l cd h`spuostd oj cl sobujhl

O. Edgprojho `jadrgle`õj sdfro lspoetds hdetr`jlr`ds y jdrglt`vds ho cds

hoc ôrý. Ls`g`sgd, ostlfcoeo prdeoh`gòjtd y tàejèls quo porg`toj

A. COP 5>188 (<2LBD6><2)- GDH@A@ELE@ÕJ HOC LVXÇE_CD 8, COXVL E

Cl gdh`a`ele`õj lc Lrtçeucd 8, lgpc`l oc edjtoxtd hoc pr`je`p`d ho

B. COP. J¾ 5<><6 (62GLV6>6>) COP HO ^VDXOEE@ÕJ

–Lrtçeucd 6>.- Ostì oxojtd

<<. Oc porsdjlc ho cls Auorzls Lrglhls y ho cl ^dc`eçl Jle`djlc hoc ^orý

HOEVOXD COB@UCLX@QD J¾<<;1

OC _UD HO CL A_OV]L P CL A_JE@ÕJ ^DC@E@LC

OJ CL A_JE@ÕJ ^DC@E@LC, OC A@J JD M_UX@A@EL CDU GOH@DU

@. EDJE O^XDU FÌU@EDU= Juostrd Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd <<;1 ― Hoerotd

Os cl dfc`ble`õj hoc porsdjlc pdc`e`lc oj oc omore`e`d ho cl lutdr`hlh quo

O. @JXOVQOJE@DJOU P D^OVLE@DJOU ^DC@E@L

- @JXOVQOJE@DJOU ^DC@E@LCOU= Os oc letd `jkorojto hoc porsdjlc

- D^OVLE@DJOU ^DC@E@LCOU= Udj let`v`hlhos hof`hlgojto

@@. LVVOUXD P HOXOJE@ÕJ= Juostrd Vobclgojtd hoc Hoerotd cob`sclt`vd quo

^lrt`euclrgojto so hofo tojor oj euojtl=

Oj sojt`hd ostr`etd cl hotoje`õj pdc`e`lc os cl pr`vle`õj oxeope`djlc ho cl

X`ojo edgd dfmot`vds gìs edgujos cds s`bu`ojtos=

- Ccovlr l ujl porsdjl ljto cl lutdr`hlh edgpotojto plrl quo àstl

Cl edjh`e`õj ospoe`lc ho cl gumor ostì roedjde`hl y prdtob`hl oj hds t`pds ho

lhdcoseojto sorì hotoj`hd d pr`vlhd ho su c`fortlh. Uo oxecuyoj cds elsds ho

Ls`g`sgd, oc Hoerotd Cob`sclt`vd

Xdhds cds koekds oj quo plrt`e`poj gojdros ho ohlh sdj edja`hoje`lcos. Oj

@. ^V@JE @^@DU HOC _UD HO CL A_OV]L= Oc usd ho cl auorzl pdr oc porsdjlc ho

Ho leuorhd l cds ostìjhlros `jtorjle`djlcos sdfro horoekds kugljds

L. COBLC @HLH= Cl coblc`hlh `gpc`el cl sumoe`õj ho cl auorzl pýfc`el lc

<. OC DFM OX@QD COBLC = Os cl a`jlc`hlh l cl quo so h`r`bo oc usd ho cl

6. CDU GOH@DU COBLCOU HO ^DC@EÇL = Udj cls lrgls, oqu`pds,

5. CDU GÀXDHDU= Edjst`tuyoj cl adrgl ho letule`õj pdc`e`lc oj oc

F. JOEOU@HLH= Oc usd ho cl auorzl oj oc eugpc`g`ojtd hoc hofor os joeoslr`d

Vospotlr oc pr`je`p`d ho joeos`hlh `gpc`el, ls`g`sgd, homlr ho omoreor cl