1 ·2 ·

Cartesian Coordinate System Energy = E = m(r + r 2ϕ2) + U(r)

2
∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f = x̂ + ŷ + z ̂ r0 2EL 2 L2
∂x ∂y ∂z Orbits: = 1 + e cos ϕ; e = 1+ ; r0 =
r mα 2 mα
x̂ ŷ ẑ α
Ellipse: Major radius a =
r⇥F= @x @y @z 2|E|
Fx Fy Fz
m
Time period T = πα
Spherical Coordinate System 2 | E |3

∂f ∂f ̂ ∂f
∇f = r̂ + θ+ ϕ̂ equations in cartesian coordinates
∂r r∂θ r sin θ∂ϕ
x2 y2
ellipse: + 2 = 1; Parabola y = a x 2;
1 r̂ r✓ˆ r sin ✓ ˆ a 2 b
r⇥F= 2 @r @✓ @
r sin ✓ x2 y2
Fr rF✓ r sin ✓F hyperbola: 2 − 2 = 1
a b

Cylindrical Coordinate System 3D: Sylindrical coordinate system

∂f ∂f ̂ ∂f ·
∇f = ρ̂ + ϕ + ẑ v = r· = ρ· ρ̂ + ρ ϕ ϕ̂ + z· ẑ
∂ρ ρ∂ϕ ∂z · ·· ·
a = ··r = ( ρ·· − ρ ϕ2)ρ̂ + (ρ ϕ + 2ρ· ϕ)ϕ̂ + ··z ẑ
⇢ˆ ⇢ˆ ẑ
1 3D: Spherical coordinate system
r⇥F= @⇢ @ @z
⇢ · ·
F⇢ ⇢F Fz v = r· = r· r̂ + r θ θ ̂ + r ϕ sin θ ϕ̂
· · ·· · ·
2D a = ( ··r − r θ 2 − r ϕ2 sin2 θ)r̂ + (r θ + 2r· θ − r ϕ2 sin θ cos θ)θ ̂
·· · ··
· · ··
a = ( ··r − r ϕ2)r̂ + (2r· ϕ + r ϕ)ϕ̂ +(r ϕ sin θ + 2r· ϕ sin θ + 2r θ ϕ cos θ)ϕ̂

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