DRAFT

July 09, 2008

STANDARDS / MANUALS / GUIDELINES FOR

SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT

SPONSOR:
MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Electro Mechanical Works

GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF

CONTROL, SCADA AND PROTECTION
SYSTEM FOR SHP UPTO 25 MW

LEAD ORGANIZATION:
ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects  
 CONTENTS

Page No.

1. Control System 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.1.1 Purpose 1
1.1.2 Unit Type 1
1.1.3 Application 1
1.1.4 Operation and Control 1
1.1.5 Interconnection 2
1.2 References 2
1.3 Technology 3
1.4 Control function of control in a hydropower plant 3
1.4.1 Turbine Control 3
1.4.2 Generator Control 3
1.4.3 Plant Control 4
1.5 Considerations for Selecting Control System 4
1.6 Computer Based Control of Hydroelectric Station 8
1.7 Computer Based Control System For Power Plant Above 5 MVA 8
1.7.1 Functional Capabilities 8
1.7.2 System Architecture, Communication and Databases 11
1.7.3 Control Data Networks 11
1.7.4 Man-Machine Interface (MMI) 11
1.7.5 Hardware 12
1.7.6 Grounding 12
1.7.7 Static Control 12
1.7.8 Control and Monitoring Plant Equipment 12
1.8 Computer Based Control System For Powerhouses upto 5 MVA 14
1.8.1 PLC Based System 14
1.8.2 PC based Integrated Generation Controller 18
1.8.3 Micro processor based control for micro hydel 18
2 Protection & Metering 18
2.1 Protection System 18
2.2 Protective Relay Technology 19

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects  
2.2.1 Microprocessor based Multifunction Relays 19
2.2.2 Benefits of Microprocessor Relays 19
2.2.4 Disadvantages. 20
2.2.5 Interconnection of SHP with Grid 20
2.2.6 Protection relays for SHP 21
2.3 Monitoring and Protection for generating Units above 3 MW 21
and upto 25 MW
2.3.1 Generator 22
2.3.2 Power Transformer 22
2.3.3 33 kV Line Protection 22
2.3.4 Bus Zone Protection 23
2.3.5 Station Transformer Protection 23
2.3.6 Metering System 23
2.4 Monitoring and Protection for Generating Units above 100 kW 26
and upto 3 MW
2.4.1 Turbine 26
2.4.2 Generator 26
2.5 Monitoring and Protection for Micro hydel systems 27

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects  
 Selection of Control, SCADA and Protection System
for SHP upto 25 MW
1. Control System

Control, automation and monitoring system in a hydroelectric power plant is associated

with start and stop sequence for the unit and optimum running control of power (real and
reactive), voltage and frequency. Data acquisition and retrieval is used to cover such
operations as relaying plant operating status, instantaneous system efficiency, or monthly
plant factor, to the operators and managers. Type of control equipment and levels of
control to be applied to a hydro plant are affected by such factors as number, size and
type of turbine and generator. The control equipment for a hydro power plant include
control circuits/logic, control devices, indication, instrumentation, protection and
annunciation at the main control board and at the unit control board for generation,
conversion and transmission operation including grid interconnected operation of small
hydro stations. These features are necessary to provide operators with the facilities
required for the control and supervision of the station’s major and auxiliary equipment.
In the design of these features consideration must be given to the size and importance of
the station with respect to other stations in the power system, location of the main control
room with respect to the equipments to be controlled and all other station features which
influence the control system. The control system of a power station plays an important
role in the station’s rendering reliable service; this function should be kept in mind in the
design of all control features.

1.1 Scope

1.1.1 Purpose: The purpose of this guide is to provide guidance for selection of control,
automation and monitoring system of SHP upto 25 MW by developers, manufacturers,
consultants, regulators and others. The guide includes selection of technology extent of
automation and monitoring system for different categories (micro, small upto 5 MW and
above 5 MW to 25 MW) that is economical, easy to adopt and sustainable feasible and
essential for safe operation.
1.1.2 Unit Type: SHP turbines and AC generator may be of any type commercially available
as per following guides

a) Selection of SHP turbine and governor

b) Selection of SHP generator and excitation system

1.1.3 Application: Small hydro units are commonly applied in situations where associated
civil, construction work and costs are minimal. These applications include canal fall
schemes, hilly hydros diversion schemes and new impoundment structures that can be
inexpensively built.
1.1.4 Operation and Control: Small hydro units are provided with equipment and circuitry to
enable unattended operation.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 1 
1.1.5 Interconnection: Small hydro units are generally connected to the local grid system, and
are connected either directly or through a main transformer, frequently at a
distribution/sub transmission sub station. The unit may supply a portion, or all, of its
output to a local private load, and any surplus may be supplied to the local grid. Special
interconnection requirements are set by each state to prot4ects its equipment, system and
personal. The interconnection requirement should meet guidelines for interconnection
with grid.

1.2 References

This guide should be used in conjunction with the following publications/standards.

IEC: 62270 – 2004 – Hydroelectric power plant automation – Guide for computer based
control
IEC: 1116 –
IEEE: 249 – 1996 – IEEE guide for computer based control system for hydroelectric
power plant automation
IEEE: 1010-1987 – Guide for Control of Hydroelectric power plant (ANSI)
IEEE: 1020-1988 – Guide for control of small hydroelectric power plants (ANSI)
IEEE: 1046-1991 - Guide for distributed digital control and monitoring for power plants
(ANSI)

The guidelines are based on the following:

a) Technology recommended under UNDP-GEF Project for Himalayan range SHP
project. These recommendations were made by AHEC (Alternate Hydro Energy
Centre) as Indian consultant based on specific recommendations of M/s Mead and
Hunt – US consultant; M/s MHPG Group of European Consultants; World
Literature review and local experience.
a) UNDP/world bank recommendation for cost effective irrigation based Mini
Hydro Schemes in India under Energy Sector Management Assistance
programme (ESMAP) by standardization of designs and equipment.
b) “Economic Computer Controls for Low Head Hydro” by R. Thapar and D.A.
Perrault; WATERPOWER’85, U.S.A.
c) Thapar, Rakesh, et.al, “Microprocessor Controller for a small Hydroelectric
System”, I.E.E. October, 1986.
d) “Microcomputer Based Control and Monitoring Systems”; DIGITEK INC. 11807,
North Creek Pkwy, So. Bothell, WA 98011 U.S.A. – Technical Literature.
e) “Small Hydro-Electric – Technology for Economic Development” by O.D.
Thapar, Presented in Eleventh National Convention of Electrical Engineers and
Seminar on Environmental Friendly Electric Power Generation- Nov. 1995,
Roorkee.
f) Report on study and design and development of Model SHP based self sustained
projects - E & M Equipment standardization and cost reduction Vol. III (a)
prepared by Alternate Hydro energy Centre, IIT Roorkee for Power finance
corporation Ltd. – 2002.
g) Design of al large number of SHP projects for different states and organization.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 2 
 1.3 Technology

Upto 1980s, control of a hydro plant’s generating units was typically performed from
governor panel or unit control switchboard. If the plant had multiple units, a centralized
control board was provided. The unit control board and centralized control board using
relay logic contained iron vane meters, hardwired control switches, and hundreds of
auxiliary relays to perform the unit start/stop and other control operations. All the
necessary sensors and controls required to operate the unit or units were hardwired to the
unit control board and/ or centralized control board, allowing operator to control the
entire station from one location. Data acquisition was manual.

Modern systems still permit control of the entire plant from a single location. Modern
control rooms utilize the far more cost-effective computer based automation which
implies (IEEE: 1249 definition) use of computer component, such as logic controllers,
sequence controllers, modulating controllers and microprocessors in order to bring plant
equipment into operation, optimize operation in a study state condition and shut down
the equipment in the proper sequence under safe operating conditions.

This includes programmable logic controllers (PLC’s) for control system and PC monitor
and hard disc for data display and data acquisition system and distributed computer
control systems with graphic display screens to implement a vast array of control
schemes. The SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) control scheme also
provides flexibility in control, alarming, sequence of events recording, and remote
communication that was not possible with the hardwired control systems. Data
acquisition, storage and retrieval is provided by the computer.

1.4 Control function of control in a hydropower plant may be cateogrized into the following:

1.4.1 Turbine Control

This is the speed/load control of turbine in which the governor adjusts the flow of water
through the turbine to balance the input power with the load. With an isolated system; the
governor controls the frequency. In interconnected system, the governor may be used to
regulate the unit load and may contribute to the system frequency control.. In case of
micro plants in the range of micro hydel (100 kW unit size), load control is also used,
where excess load is diverted to dummy load to maintain constant speed.

1.4.2 Generator Control

This is the excitation control of synchronous generator. The excitation is an integral part
of a synchronous generator which is used to regulate the operation of the generator. The
main functions of excitation system of a synchronous generator are:

1. Voltage control in case of isolated operation and synchronising

2. Reactive power or power factor control in case of interconnected operation.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 3 
1.4.3 Plant Control

Plant control deals with the operation of the plant. It includes sequential operations like
start up of the machine, excitation control, synchronization, loading of unit under
specified operating conditions, normal and emergency shutdown, etc. The mode of
control may be manual or automatic and may be controlled locally or from remote
location. Plant control usually include monitoring and display of the plant conditions.
Schematic overview of the plant controls are given in Figure 1.4.

1.5 Considerations for Selecting Control System

Governor and control systems for small hydro units especially in developing countries
have to be selected keeping in view the following.

ii) Traditional mechanical flow control governor with mechanical hydraulic devices
is complex demanding maintenance and high first cost. Further performance
requirements of stability and sensitivity i.e. dead band, dead time and dashpot
time especially for interconnected units may not be possible with mechanical
governors.

iii) The manpower as available for operation is unskilled and further adequate
supervision is not feasible.

iv) Load factors for stand-alone micro hydels are usually low which affects economic
viability.

v) Cost of speed control and automation with electronic analaog flow control
governors, unit control and plant control is high. These systems require attended
operation and are mostly based on large capacity hydro units. This is making most
of the units very costly and uneconomical to operate. Experience in successful
operation of analog electronic control system in India for SHP is not good.

vi) Electronic digital flow control governors can take up plant control functions.

vii) Flow control turbine governors are expensive and not recommended for small
hydro units in micro hydel range. Electronic load control governing system with
water cooled hot water tanks as ballast loads for unit size upto 100 kW be used.
This will make a saving of about 40% on capital cost. If the thyristor control
(ELC) is used then the alternator needs to be oversized upto 2% on kVA to cope
with the higher circulating current included. Accordingly, in case of small units
upto 100-150 kW size elimination of flow control governors by digital shunt load
governor (electronic load controllers) will make these units economically viable
and properly designed will eliminate continuous attendance requirement.
viii) Data storage function can be added to the digital governors.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 4 
 ix) The dummy loads in the Shunt Load Governors (ELC) can be useful load system
or can be used for supplying domestic energy needs.

x) Analog electronic governors and plant controllers are also used for small hydro
auto synchronizing and for remote control and monitoring of system.

xi) Digital generation controllers were evolved to take care of speed control, unit
control and automation, unit protection and generation scheduling and have been
successfully in operation for over ten years.

xii) PLC based system are reliable and suitable for hasrh conditions. These have been
in operation in India and abroad.

xiii) Dedicated PC based systems for complete generation control can be easily
adopted for data acquisition and storage at low cost and can also be adopted to
SCADA system. Customized software is used in these systems which inhibits
wide spread use. Future systems using PC as controller and for SCADA with open
architecture and use of commercially available software is recommended for
economy and wide spread use.

Comparison of various options for control systems are given in table 1.5

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 5 
 Fig. 1.4

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 6 
 1.5 Comparison of various options for control system, including turbine governing supervisory control and data acquisition
S. Turbine Gov. and Unit size Mode Suitability Cost including Gov. control, Recommendati Remarks
No. Controller Type of protection, SCADA data Aq., on
kW operati Turbine Unit Data storage SCAD Storage and Retrieval (see note-1)
on Gov. Unit Prot. and Retrieval A
control
Capital O&M

1. Mech. Flow control Gov. 50-100 Iso. 9 At high extra cost Very high High without Not
SCADA recommendation
Grid 9
100-500 & Iso. 9
above
Grid 9
2. Load control governor 50-100 Iso. 9 Suitable At extra cost Low Low Not considered
Grid 9
Do not available
Digital load
100-500 Iso. See note control governor
3 may be developed
×
for SCADA
Grid Not feasible

3. Analogue, Electronic 50-100 Iso. Suitable At high extra cost Very high cost Not
Gov. & Plant Controller Grid recommended
Above 100 Iso. High Moderate to
high
Grid
4. PLC integrated controller Iso. Suitable Low Moderate Recommended
with SCADA by PC
SHP 100 kW
to 5 MW Grid

5. PLC digital governor with Above 5 Iso. Suitable High Moderate Recommended
plant controller and MW See not 2 for units above 5
SCADA with redundant Grid MW
PC

6. Data Logger with PLC 5 to 100 kW Iso. Data not available Low Moderate Recommended
load controller Grid
7. PC based integrated 100 kW to Iso. Suitable – Indigenous system not available Low Medium Recommended
system for governing; 25000 kW with high speed
plant control protection PC suitable for
and metering harsh area
Grid

Notes: 1. Cost normalized with main and backup SCADA system.

2. Dedicated digital controller for Gov. and plant control with PC based SCADA backup.
3. Recommended in conjunction with partial water flow control

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 7 
1.6 Computer Based Control of Hydroelectric Station

1.6.1 Current practice for control of hydroelectric plants is based on the combination of
computer based and non-computer based equipment utilized for unit, plant and system
control.

1.6.2 Methods of control:- Local, centralized and offsite modes of operation and supervision as
per IEC 62270 and IEEE 1010 and recognized by industry is given in table 2.1. Control
as defined in the table 1.6.2 with details of control interface for plant equipment based on
modern practice are discussed and control system design in accordance with standards
mentioned.

Table 1.6.2 – Summary of control hierarchy for hydroelectric power plants

Control Subcategory Remarks

category
Location Local Control is local at the controlled equipment or within
sight of the equipment
Centralized Control is remote from the controlled equipment, but
within the plant
Offsite Control location is remote from the project
Mode Manual Each operation needs a separate and discrete initiation;
could be applicable to any of the three locations
Automatic Several operations are precipitated by a single
initiation; could be applicable to any of the three
locations
Operation Attended Operator is available at all times to initiate control
(supervision) action
Unattended Operation staff is not normally available at the project
site

Method of control; control hierarchy extent of computerization recommend for different

categories are discussed.

1.7 Computer Based Control System For Power Plant Above 5 MVA

1.7.1 Functional Capabilities

Functional capabilities summarised below may be provided to the extent economically

feasible.

i. Computer based automation system should permit operation of power plant,

switchyard, outlet works, Inlet valves etc. from a single control point.
ii. Manual/Local control should be provided by equipment located near the
generating unit. The local unit computer (PLC) should be part of the equipment.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 8 
 iii. Automatic unit start/stop control sequencing should be part of computer based
automation. Automation system should include capability to provide diagnostic
information so as to isolate the problem and get the unit on line as fast as possible.
iv. Auto synchronising should be computer based. There is no objection to provide
synchronising function as internal to the automation system. Check synchronising
relay should be provided for security.
v. The computer system shall optimise individual unit turbine operation to enhance
unit operation in respect of following:

a) Efficiency maximization - gate position, flow, unit kW output, unit

reactive power output.
b) Minimization unit vibration or rouges running zone - gate position, unit
vibration.

STATION OPTICAL
TO REMOTE FIBRE UNIT 1 SART/STOP SEQUENCING
CONTROL COMMUNICATION LOCAL/MANUAL
NETWORK (DUAL) CONTROL SYNCHRONIZING
CENTRALISED TRASHRACK CONTROL
CONTROL PLC BLACK START CONTROL
UNIT AUXILIARIES CONTROL
USER GOVERNOR/EXCITATION CONTROL/STATUS
INTERFACE UNIT LOAD CONTROL
UNIT ANNUNCIATION
UNIT METERING
UNIT RELAY STATUS
UNIT FLOW DATA
UNIT 2 CONDITION MONITORING
LOCAL/MANUAL
CONTROL
INDIVIDUAL UNIT CONTROL
SWITCHYARD CONTROL
STATION SERVICE CONTROL PLC
& MONITORING USER
PLANT REAL POWER CONTROL INTERFACE
& MONITORING
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL
WATER & POWER OPTIMIZATION
AUTOMATIC GENERTAION CONTROL
SWITCHGEAR AND RELAY STATUS STATION
REPORT GENERATION SERVICE
DATA LOGGING/TRENDING LOCAL
HISTORICAL ARCHIVING CONTROL

USER
INTERFACE

SWITCHYARD
CONTROL

PLC
USER
INTERFACE

POWER HOUSE

Fig. 1.7.1

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 9 
 LOCAL CONTROL SYSTEM

PROTECTION
SYSTEM

STATION
COMMUNICATION
LINK

PROCESS
COMPUTER PROCESS (UNIT,
BASED INTERFACE SWITCHGEAR
CONTROL GATES, ETC.)

LOCAL
USER
INTERFACE
BACKUP
CONTROL

Fig. 1.7.2

c) Minimization of cavitation: Gate position, flow, Hydraulic head, turbine

manufacturers cavitation curve.
d) Black start control - this may including starting emergency generator.
e) Centralised Control – Individual units, switchyard, station service control,
plant voltage/Var control, water and power optimization; Forebay level
control.

vi. Data acquisition capabilities

vii. Alarm processing and diagnostics
viii. Report generation
ix. Maintenance and management interface
x. Data archival and retrieval
xi. Data access
xii. Operator simulation training
xiii. Provision of frequency relay for this operation in stand alone or in an isolated
island for this purpose are should be made

Relationship of local centralized and off site control function as per IEC: (62270-2004)
guide in fig. 1.7.1 & 1.7.2.

A typical block diagram of computer based control system for 2 x 10 MVA Mukerian
Stage –II powerhouse with offsite control is attached 1.7.3 A provision for a
programming station with back up for operation is also included as redundant system.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 10 
1.7.2 System Architecture, Communication and Databases

i. Open architecture system should be followed in accordance with IEEE-1249-

1996. Interface or operating standards for the following shall be intimated and
should comply with ISO/IEC 12119/IEEE 802.

Hardware interconnectivity
Time stamping of data,
Communications
Operating system
User Interface
Data base

i. Each of these elements should be capable of being replaced by or communicate with

system elements provided by other vendors.
ii. The scope of the bidder is not limited to the parts & components explicitly identified
here in and shall have to provide any and all parts/components needed to meet the
functional requirements laid down herein or are necessary for satisfactory operation
of the plant.

1.7.3 Control Data Networks

Local area networks (LANs) should be configured to IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) standard.

Commercially available software should be used as far as possible.

1.7.4 Man-Machine Interface (MMI)

The operator’s station of the station controller (SCADA system) should have an elaborate
and friendly man-machine interface. A 19” or larger monitor should be provided for the
display. Provision should be made for connecting a second colour monitor in parallel.
The screen displays should be suitably designed to provide information in most
appropriate forms such as text, tables, curves, bar charts, dynamic mimic diagrams,
graphic symbols, all in colour. An event printer should be connected to PC of the
SCADA system. Events should be printed out spontaneously as they arrive. Provision
should be made to connect and use another printer simultaneously. Touch control screen,
voice and other advanced modes of MMI are desired and should be preferred. The entire
customization of software for MMI and report generation should be carried out. A
windows based operating system should be preferred.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 11 
 Fig. 1.7.3 – Redundant computer based control system for 2 x 10 MW Mukerian Stage II with remote control for stage I
(proposed by M/s BHEL)

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 12 
1.7.5 Hardware

Input/output system should have following capabilities.

i. Portability and the exchange of I/O cards from one I/O location to another. This
can reduce spare parts requirements.
ii. Availability of I/O cards to be replaced under power. This avoids the need to
shutdown an entire I/O location to change one card.
iii. Sequence-of –Events (SOE) time tagging at the I/O locations; accuracy and
resolution.
iv. Availability of I/O signal types and levels that support the field device signals to
be used.
v. Support of redundant field devices, capability for redundant I/O from field device
to the database and operator interface.
vi. I/O diagnostics available at the card, e.g., card failure indicating LEDs, or through
software in the system.

1.7.6 Grounding

Each equipment rack in which automation system components are located should be
separately connected to the powerhouse ground mat by a large gauge wire.

Shielded cables should be used for analog signals between the transducers and the
automation system. Each shield should be tied to the signal common potential at the
transducer end of the cable. If there are termination or junction boxes between the
transducers and automation system, each shield circuit should be maintained as a separate
continuous circuit through such junction or termination boxes.

1.7.7 Static Control

Equipment should be immune to static problems in the normal operating configuration.

Anti-static carpet and proper grounding for all devices that an operator may contact
should be provided.

1.7.8 Control and Monitoring Plant Equipment

Information and control signal for proper control and monitoring of the required from the
following main and auxiliary/associated equipment and shall be provided as tentatively
detailed alongwith the equipment and out lined in this paragraph. Deviation will be
intimated in the bid 25% spare capacity for inputs and output shall be provided.

The control system shall receive input signals from main equipment such as the turbine
or the generator, and from various other accessory equipment, such as the governor,
exciter, and automatic synchronizer. Status inputs shall be obtained from control
switches and level and function switches indicative of pressure, position, etc, throughout
the plant. The proper combination of these inputs to the control system logic will provide

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 13 
 outputs to the governor, the exciter, and other equipment to start or shutdown the unit.
Any abnormalities in the inputs must prevent the unit’s startup, or if already on-line,
provide an alarm or initiate its shutdown.

i. Generator
ii. Generator field excitation equipment
iii. Generator terminal equipment (Line and Neutral side)
iv. Unit generator breaker equipment
v. Turbine
vi. Governor
vii. Generator cooling
viii. Service air
ix. Service water
x. DC power supply
xi. AC auxiliary power supply
xii. Water level monitoring
xiii. Fire protection

1.8 Computer Based Control System For Powerhouses upto 5 MVA

Most of the small powerhouses in the range have the control room at the same level as
the machine hall. Accordingly the unit control and supervisory control functions can be
provided in the control room.

1.8.1 PLC Based System

One PLC integrated controller per unit may be provided for unit control, governor
control, unit control, supervisory control and data acquisition and remote control
provision AVR and measuring units and auxiliaries.

Separate controllers may be provided for switchyard, common auxiliaries etc.

Remote/Supervisory control and data acquisition all the unit may be provided by one PC.

The recommended control system is shown in drawing 1.8.1. Manual control facility is
provided on PLC panel.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 14 
 See note-1

Fig. 1.8.1 Typical Configuration for Computerized Hydro Station (proposed for SHP)
Note-1 In case machine level and station level is same, manual/automatic control panel
be combined with unit PLC panel

PLC integrated unit controller with PC for supervisory control data acquisition and
remote control facilities for Triveni canal fall SHP with provision for remote control of 3
nearly canal fall plants.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 15 
 Fig. 1.8.2 – System Configuration Triveni SHP project (Punjab)`(Canal based)
(Provided by M/s ALSTHOM)

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 16 
 PC based system for unit control, governor control and other functions provided for Sobla powerhouse is attached as drawing
1.8.3 is a cheaper alternative but lacks redundancy which can be provided by spare cards for each type.

Fig. 1.8.3

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 17 
1.8.2 PC based Integrated Generation Controller

Integrated governor and plant control system are discussed in guidelines for selection of
turbine and governing system.

PC based integrated generation controller capable of following function was developed

by M/s Digitek of USA and M/s Predeep Digitek in India for SHP.

• Governor speed control

• Automatic sequencing for start up and shutdown including synchronizing
• Automatic sequencing for emergency shutdown
• Data recording and reporting
• Alarm enunciators
• Full remote control and monitoring
• Control via terminal keyboard
• Water level control
• Flexible architecture
• Modular card system
• Ability to communicate with other microprocessor based equipment
• Alarm and status logging
• Data logging at user selected intervals
• Event recording
• Line protection- frequency and voltage
• Generator protection - voltage, current, reverse power, differential, loss of field

Digitek USA integrated generation controller was installed in Sobla ( 2 x 3000 kW) SHP
in U.P. Generator and line protection and meytreing was however provided by
conventional meters and electromagnetic relays as shown in figure 1.8.3.

1.8.3 Micro processor based control for micro hydel

Electronic load controller and monitoring systems as recommended in micro hydel

standards should be provided.

2 Protection & Metering

2.1 Protection System

Forced outage due to faults in power system components e.g. generating unit, transformer bus
bars, sub station and transmission lines affect reliability of power supply. Increasing spare
capacity margins and arranging alternative circuits to supply loads are provided to take care of
such failures. For minimum isolation following a break down the system is divided into zones
controlled by switchgear in association with protective gears. Switchgear is designed to interrupt
normal and fault current. Protection gear must recognize an abnormal condition and operate to
secure its removal with the minimum disturbance to normal system operation. Protective gear

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 18 
defines all equipment necessary for recognizing; locating and initiating the removal of a fault or
abnormal condition from the power system and includes a relay or group of relays and
accessories to isolate electrical installation (machine, transformer etc.) or to activate a signal.
Accessories are current and voltage transformers, shunts, d. c. and a. c. wiring and auxiliary
devices necessary to secure successful operation.

2.2 Protective Relay Technology

Protective relay technology has changed significantly in recent years. Induction disk relays for
each individual protective function were normally used. Individual solid state static relays for
protective function were introduced in the decade 1980-1990 and IS 3231-1965 was accordingly
revised in 1987.

2.2.1 Microprocessor based Multifunction Relays: Microprocessor based multi function

relays are now being introduced. Advantage claimed for these relays are as follows:

i) Self-monitoring of operating status on continuing basis and to alarm when to function.

ii) Multiple protective functions in one relay reduces panel space and wiring end.
iii) Self calibration by software programming
iv) Programmable set point by software programming

Microprocessor relaying has gained widespread acceptance among both utilities and consumers.
The relay functions are the same as those in electromechanical and solid-state electronic
relaying, but microprocessor relays have features that provide added benefits. Microprocessor
relays may have some disadvantages, however, so that there are additional considerations when
these are applied for protection in SHP.

2.2.2 Benefits of Microprocessor Relays: The benefits of microprocessor relays include the
ability to combine relay functions into economical unit. Where an electromechanical
overcurrent relay may be only be a single phase device, a microprocessor relay will often
include three phases and a neutral. It could also include reclosing, directional elements,
over/under voltage, and over/under frequency. A microprocessor generator relay could
include differential, overcurrent, negative, sequence, frequency, voltage, stator ground,
and other protective functions. Similarly, a microprocessor transformer relay might
combine differential and overcurrent protection. A transmission line relay could combine
multiple zone phase and ground distance elements, over current fault-detectors, pilot
scheme logic, and reclosing. An electromechanical scheme will normally consist of
individual relays for each zone of phase and ground protection, separate fault-detectors,
and additional relaying for pilot scheme logic. These same devices can include
nonrelaying functions such as metering, event recording, and oscillography. All of these
functions are contained in an enclosure that requires less space than the combination of
elays and other devices they duplicate.

A microprocessor relay has self-monitoring diagnostic that provide continuous status of

relay availability and reduces the need for periodic maintenanace. If a relay fails, it is
typically replaced rather than repaired. Because these relays have multiple features,

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 19 
 functions, increased setting ranges, and increased flexibility, it permits stocking of fewer
spares.

Microprocessor relay also have communication capability that allows for remote
interrogation of meter and event data and fault oscillography. This also permits relay
setting from a remote location. The relays have low power consumption and low CT and
VT burdens. They also increase the flexibility of CT connections. For instance,
microprocessor transformer differential relays can compensate internally for ratio
mismatch and the phase shift associated with delta-wye connections.

All of these features have economic benefits in addition to the lower initial costs and
potentially reduced maintenance costs that microprocessor relays have when compared to
individual relays.

2.2.4 Disadvantages: The operating energy for most electromechanical relays is obtained from
the measured currents and/or voltages, but most microprocessor relays require a source of
control power. Another disadvantages is that the multifunction feature can result in a loss
of redundancy. For instance, the failure of a single-phase overcurrent relay is backed up
by the remaining phase and neutral relays. In a microprocessor scheme, the phase and
neutral elements are frequently combined in one package and a single failure can disable
the protection. Similarly, a microprocessor generator/transformer package that has both
differential and overcurrent relaying provided less redundancy than a scheme comprising
separate relays. The self-disgnostics ability of the microprocessor relay, and its ability to
communicate failure alarms, mitigates some of the loss of redundancy. It may also be
economical to use multiple microprocessor relay.

Microprocessor relays require more engineering in the application and setting of the relay
though less work in the panel design and wiring. The increased relay setting flexibility is
accompanied by an increase in setting complexity that requires diligence to avoid setting
errors. Also, some relays have experienced numerous software upgrades in a short period
of time. Microprocessor relays have relatively shorter product life cycles because of the
rapid advance in technology. As a result, a specific microprocessor relay model may only
be available for a relatively short period of time. As a failure may require replacement
rather than repair, it may not be possible to use an exact replacement, which may require
more engineering and installation work. Although less frequent testing may be required,
when it is, it requires a higher level of training for the technician and more test equipment
than is normally used with electromechanical relays in order to obtain the full benefit of
all the features of the microprocessor relay. The self-monitoring capability of these relays
is only effective if the alarm output can be communicated to a manned location such as a
control center. Also, the remote communication ability assumes there is a communication
channel available to the relay.

2.2.5 Interconnection of SHP with Grid

A similar issue exists concerning the communication capability of microprocessor relays

in SHP. Both the utility and the consumer can benefit from the communication capability.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 20 
 In particular, the recorded history of events can be very useful in analyzing relay
operations after a fault. However, for both to communicate directly with the relay will
require special considerations. Both the utility and the consumer may be required to
purchase software license for the communication software if that software is propriety.
Also, they will both need to maintain the same versions of the software. The
communication settings, such as modem baud rate, will have to be mutually agreed on.
Some relays have security passwords, which restrict access. There may be one password
to permit read only access to meter and event records and a different password to make
changes. Although both parties may have read only access, ideally only one party should
have the necessary access to make setting changes.

2.2.6 Protection relays for SHP

i) The application of relays must be coordinated with the partitioning of the

electrical system by circuit breakers, so that least amount of equipment is
removed from operation following a fault, preserving the integrity of the balance
of the plant’s electrical system.
ii) Generally, the power transmitting agency protection engineer will coordinate with
the utility protection engineer to recommend the functional requirements of the
overlapping zones of protection for the main transformers and high voltage bus
and lines. The utility protection engineer will determine the protection required
for the station service generators and transformers, main unit generators, main
transformers, and powerhouse bus.
iii) Electromechanical protective relays, individual solid state protective relays, multi-
function protective relays, or some combination of these may be used as
appropriate for the requirements.
iv) individual solid state protective relays and/or multifunction protective relays offer
a single solution for many applications plus continuous self diagnostics to alarm
when unable to function as required. Multi-function protective relays may be cost-
competitive for generator and line protection when many individual relays would
be required.
v) When multi-function relays are selected, limited additional backup relays should
be considered based upon safety the cost of equipment lost or damaged, repairs
and the energy lost during the outage or repairs if appropriate.
vi) When redundancy is required, a backup protective relay with a different design
and algorithm should be provided for reliability and security.
vii) Generators, main transformers, and the high voltage busbar are normally
protected with independent differential relays (above 1000 kW unit size).

2.3 Monitoring and Protection for generating Units above 3 MW and upto 25 MW

The following protection may be provided by using integrated numerical generator

protection relay on generator, generator transformers and feeders. Back up electromagnetic
relays with instrument transformers may be provided as mentioned below:

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 21 
2.3.1 Generator

1. Generator Differential Protection (87G)

2. Negative Phase Sequence (46) (Phase Unbalance)
3. Generator Reverse Power Protection (32)
4. Voltage Restrained Over Current Protection (51V)
5. Stator Earth Fault Protection (64 G)
6. Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)
7. Over /Speed (electrical) Protection (12G)
8. Rotor Earths Fault Protection (64R)
9. Over Voltage Protection (59)
10. Fuse failure Protection (97) on PTS
11. Under voltage (27)
12. Check synchronizing

Following additional back up electromagnetic relays from different set of CTs and PTs be
also provided.

1. Voltage restraint overvurrent relay

2. Stator earth fault

Following Mechanical Protections are proposed

1. Embedded Temperature detector (PT-100) in stator core and in bearing for
indication, alarm, recording and shut down of the unit.
2. Governor oil pressure low.
3. Over speed mechanical for normal and emergency shut down.

2.3.2 Power Transformer

1. Generator transformer differential protection ( 87 GT)

2. Over current and earth fault protection with high set Inst. Element (50/51,64)
3. Stand by earth fault protection (64GT) on 33 kV side.
4. T/ F Winding Temperature High Alarm/ Trip (49T)
5. T/ F Oil Temperature High Alarm/ Trip (38T)
6. Buchholtz relay

Following additional back up electromagnetic relays from different set of CTs and PTs be
also provided.

2.3.3 33 kV Line Protection

1. Phase comparison/distance relays for 66 kV and above

2. Digital Directional over current and earth fault relay with high set unit
(50/51,64).
3. Under voltage (27)

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 22 
 4. Over voltage (59)
5. Over/ under frequency (81)
6. Reverse Power Relay
7. Check Synchronizing

Back up electromagnetic, Directional over current and earth fault relay with high set unit

2.3.4 Bus Zone Protection

Differential Bus Zone Protection with check features are proposed.

2.3.5 Station Transformer Protection

1. Fuse set on 33 kV side.

2. Digital over current and earth fault relay with high set unit on B.T. side. (50/51, 64).

2.3.6 Metering System

Power generated shall be metered at generator terminal through metering CT and PT. The
power transferred to 33 kV feeder shall also be metered though CTs and PT. Following
metering equipments shall be provided on relevant panels.

1. kW meter
2. kWh meter
3. kVA meter
4. Ampere meter
5. Voltmeter
6. Power factor meter
7. Frequency/speed meter
8. Temperature meters.

A typical single line diagram is shown as figure 2.3.1 and Unit Metering and relaying is
shown as figure 2.3.2.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 23 
 TO 33 kV SUBSTATION TO 33 kV SUBSTATION
NOMENCLATURE
40 -------- LOSS OF EXCITATION RELAY
41G -------- EXCITATION BREAKER
L.A. 45G -------- FIELD SURGE PROTECTION
L.A.
51 -------- OVER CURRENT RELAY
51V -------- OVER CURRENT VOLTAGE RESTRAINT RELAY
51D -------- DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY
E/F -------- EARTH FAULT RELAY
59 -------- OVER VOLTAGE RELAY
//
/ P.T.
// / P.T.
63 -------- BUCHHOLZ RELAY
64F -------- ROTOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
64G -------- STATOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
PS CLASS FOR BUS
64T -------- BACKUP POWER SYSTEM E/F RELAY
PS CLASS FOR BUS
DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL 87G -------- GENERATOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
87GT -------- GEN. TRANSFORMER E/F RELAY
CT CT 25 -------- CHECK SYNCHRONISING
CORE-1, 5P10 CORE-1, 5P10 46 -------- NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY

CT CT
CORE-2, METERING CORE-2, METERING
ACC.CLASS 1-0 ACC.CLASS 1-0

52-3 52-5

LEGEND
331661132 kV BUS 52-6
ISOLATING SWITCH

HV CIRCUIT BREAKER

LINK

CT CT
TRANSFORMER

41G
EXCITATION BREAKER WITH
52-1
DISCHARGE RESISTOR
52-2

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

CT 5P10 CT POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

GENERATOR GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER-1 87GT TRANSFORMER-2
64T 51 64T LIGHTNING ARRESTOR

SATTAION AUX. T/F FUSE

51 EARTH
87GT 87GT
11 KV BREAKER

DG SET

11 KV CIRCUIT 11 KV CIRCUIT
BREAKER 11-1 BREAKER 11-2

CT TO P.T.
CT TO P.T.

EXCITATION EXCITATION RECTIFIER

CONTROL RECTIFIER
P.T. BRIDGE P.T. CONTROL BRIDGE
CT CT

P.T. P.T.
41G
41G
GENERATOR-
G1 GENERATOR-2 G2
45G
PS CT PS CT

5P10 CT
5P10 CT

PS CT CT
PS
FIG. 2.3.1 TYPICAL SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 24 
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 25 
 33 K.V. BUS NOMENCLATURE

GENERATORS
CT
NOTES 12 CENTRIFUGAL SPEED SWITCH
12G ELECTRICAL OVERSPEEDC RELAY
25 CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY
1.THE SCHEME MAY BE MODIFIED TO SUIT ACTUAL 26AU/AI AIR COOLER (OUTLET/INLET)
BREAKER EQUIPMENT ORDERED AIR TEMPERATURE
52-1
2.COMMON TRIPPING RELAYS FOR SIMILAR 26G TEMPERATURE DETECTORS FOR
FUNCTIONS WILL BE PROVIDED WITH LOCK FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
OUT FACILITIES, SIGNAL TYPE CURRENT 26GS STATOR WINDING TEMPERATURE
RELAYS FOR DISCRIMINATION OF FAULTS ARE
PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED IN THE 32 REVERSE POWER RELAY
87T INDIVIDUAL CIRCUITS OF COMMON TRIPPING 33AB AIR BRAKE POSITION INDICATION
RELAYS . 33CW/80CW COOLING WATER VALVE POSITION/FL
64T
3.TRIPPING BLOCK DIAGRAM DOES NOT INCLUDE 38 BEARING TEMPERATURE DEVICE
63T FIRST STAGE ALARMS 38-2
5P10
4.DETAILS OF R.T.D. (RESISTANCE
TEMPERATURE 38GT GUIDE BEARING TEMPERATURE
CT
DETECTORS) ARE AS UNDER : 38QB BEARING OIL TEMPERATURE
(A) GENERATOR STATOR WINDINGS - 12 NO. 38THT THRUST BEARING TEMPERATURE
38T (B) GENERATOR THRUST BEARING - 2 NO.
87 GT (C) TURBINE GUIDE BEARING - 2 NO. 40 FIELD FAILURE RELAY
GEN.TRANSFORMER
50/51 5. UNIT-2 IS SAME AS UNIT-1 45F FIELD SURGE PROTECTION
CT 46 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE RELAY
PS 47 PHASE SEQUENCE CHECK RELAY
LINK (FOR SYNCHRONIZING)
48 INCOMPLETE SEQUENCE RELAY
C.T. 5P10 50/51 T TARNSFORMER OVERCURRENT RELAY
51V INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT
250 kVA
WITH VOLTAGE RESTRAINTRELAY
11/.415 kV
TO 86 EB 11 KV 60 VOLTAGE BALANCE RELAY
11-1 GENERATOR 63 GOVERNOR LOW OIL PRESSURE SWITC
BREAKER 51/64
63FG FIRE EXTIGUISHING SYSTEM OPERATIO
87 GT 51 EX C.T. 63QTH THRUST BEARING HIGH PRESSURE OIL
SYSTEM START INTERLOCK/FAILURE A
RECTIFIER 63 T MAIN TANK OVER PRESURE SWITCH
TRANSFORMER 63 TX AUXILIARY RELAY
64G GROUND VOLTAGE RELAY - STATOR
25 64F ROTOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
47
TO P.T. 65SN SOLENOID SPEED NO LOAD
65SL SOLENOID SHUT DOWN
59 71QBH/L BEARING OIL LEVEL(HIGH/LOW)
THYRISTOR STATIC 86 EA LOCKOUT RELAY ELECT. GROUP "A"
BRIGES EXCITATION LOCKOUT RELAY ELECT. GROUP "B"
86 EB

SYNCH.
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR 86 MA LOCKOUT RELAY MECH. GROUP "A"
AND CONTROL 86 MB LOCKOUT RELAY MECH. GROUP "B"
87G GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
S.S.
FROM EXCITOR 2 87T TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
F F SYNCHRONISING
TO 86 EB
SOCKET EXCITERS

. VAR.COMP
PT PT L L
27
V
31
41G
51 EX
EXCITATION RELAY
GENERATOR FIELD BREAKER
INSTANTANEOUS TIME OVER
CURRENTRELAY
FROM BATTERY

59 OVER VOLTAGE RELAY

31

..
EQUIPMENT

64F GROUND VOLTAGE RELAY - FIELD

FLASHING

S.S. EX. V V 86 EX LOCKOUT RELAY

LDC LINE DROP COMPENSATION
CONTROL LCD
FIELD

RUN INC OER OVER EXCITATION RELAY

.. S.S.
KWH
F F
PAR COMP PARALLEL COMPENSATION

METERING

.. S.S.
38THT
THERMOSTAT
R.T.D.
38QB
60

BLOCKS 50/51V
& 40 ON LOSS
OF RELAY
FM

KVAR
SYN

MANNUAL SYN. PANEL

A
FM
RECT
AMMETER
FREQUENCY METER
TEMPERATURE MEASURING
AND RECORDINGINSTRUMENT
71QBH/L GENERATOR GUIDE POTENTIAL SUPV. SUPERVISORY
& THRUST BEARING TZ TRANSDUCER
V VS KW
63 FIRST V VOLT METER
QTH SURGE STAGE VARM VAR METER
12 39V 63T
63FG 26G ARRESTOR ALARM VS VOLT METER SWITCH
V A 33AB RECT PF WHM WATT HOUR METER
63TX WM WATT METER
41G
G CT A3 38 63 48 MISC 27L
66 K.V. SYSTEM
UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY
64F 30
12G TRIP 52-1, & 41G ANNUNCIATOR RELAY
50/51DN DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT
TURBINE SHUTDOWN
AND GROUND FAULT RELAY
26AO/AI 59
26GS AND ALARM 51 H INSTANTANEOUS TIME OVERCURRENT
OER TURBINE 86 MA PHASE RELAY
33CW/80CW GUIDE BEARING 62 TIMING RELAY
R.T.D. 51V 46 40 32 62L
38TG -DO-
TO 64T H.V. SYSTEM STAND BY GROUND FAULT
38QB 86 MB 81H HIGH FREQUENCY RELAY
86 EB TRIP 52-1 & 41 G
71QBH/L TURBINE SHUTDOWN 81L LOW FREQUENCY RELAY
87G 86H LOCKOUT RELAY
, PENSTOCK GATE 87GT GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
PS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
CT CLOSURE AND ALARM
94 GENERATOR TRIP RELAY
5P 10 38-2 12 12G MISC 52-1 66 K.V. BREAKER
CT TRIP 52-1 & 41 G
TURBINE SPEED
CT 86 EB
NO LOAD
AND ALARM

LINK 86 EA
TRIP 52-1 & 41 G
RELEASE CO2,
TURBINE SHUT
2
1

DOWN WITH ALARM

DISTRIBUTION 64G
TRANSFORMER

FIG. 2.3.2 TYPICAL UNIT METERING SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

1
2

RESISTOR
RATED 15 SEC.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 26 
2.4 Monitoring and Protection for Generating Units above 100 kW and upto 3 MW

Monitoring and protection with two levels of protection and recommended as follows in
SHP as per IEC-1116.

2.4.1 Turbine

In principle, two levels of protection can be specified: alarm and tripping.

Elements to be considered are:

(a) speed of rotation;

(b) oil level in the bearings;
(c) circulation of lubricant;
(d) oil level of the governor system;
(e) oil level of the speed increasers;
(f) bearing temperature;
(g) oil temperature of the governor system;
(h) oil temperature of speed increasers;
(i) oil pressure of the governor system;
(j) circulation of cooling water

Immediate tripping is required for items a), c), i) and j). Items b), d), e), f), g) and h) may
have an alarm annunciated first if the station is manned allowing corrective action to be
taken, but in any case, in the absence of corrective action, tripping will eventually follow.
In some cases, braking is used to reduce the time to standstill.

It is recommended that two independent overspeed shut-down devices be used on larger

units which might not be designed for continuous runaway.

2.4.2 Generator

The following are normally monitored.

(a) stator temperature;

(b) overcurrent (stator and rotor);
(c) earth fault with current limits (stator and rotor);
(d) maximum and minimum voltage;
(e) power reversale)
(f) over/under frequency;
(g) oil level in the bearing sump;
(h) bearing temperature;
(i) cooling air temperature.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 26 
 Immediate tripping is required for items (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f). Items (a), (g), (h) and (i)
may have an alarm annunciated if the station is manned allowing corrective action to be
taken, but in any case, in the absence of corrective action, tripping will eventually follow.

Depending on the individual case, heating equipment to prevent condensation may be

required.

It is advisable to consider differential protection when the size of the generator and/or its
environment justifies it.

The instruments and devices generally recommended for monitoring and protection are
as follows: voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, energy meter, power factor meter,
tachometer, hours of operation counter, synchronizer, water-level and/or pressure
indicator, turbine opening indicator, emergency stop device, short-circuit current
protection, overcurrent protection, reverse power relay, frequency monitor, voltage
monitor, bearing monitor.

Metering and Relaying single line for typical SHP of various system is shown in.

Monitoring and control and data acquisition system (SCADA system) can be a part of the
P.C. based digital governor and generation control equipment. Provision of data storage
of one month with 16 MB of Ram memory and a 540 to 850 MB Hard Drive as part of
the PC based governing and control system should be provided. This data could be
retrieved on a floppy drive after one month for examination. As the communication links
develop the data can also be transmitted via a Modem to a remote point for examination
and supervisory control.

Typical single line diagram for synchronous generators is attached as figure 2.4.1 and
Asynchronous generator as figure 2.4.2.

2.5 Monitoring and Protection for Micro hydel systems

Monitoring and Protection as recommend in micro hydel standards be provided.

Micro hydel (100 kW) may be provided with series overcurrent and short circuit
protection (M.C.C.D); Residual current breakers for earth fault protection and surge
protection equipment. A typical 50 kW micro hydel single line diagram showing
protection is attached as Fig. 2.5. MCCB could be provided with shunt trip coil for
providing over voltage; overcurrent and nonbalance load trip as a part of shunt load
governor if possible.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 27 
 Protection
LA 27 Under voltage relay
49 Under frequency
81 Over frequency relay
See note 5 32 Reverse power relay
51V Overcurrent voltage
restraint relay
64G Stator earth fault relay
V
46 Phase Unbalance relay
25 Check Synchronizing Relay
64F Rotor Ground fault relay
51F Field excitation Overcurrent
Indication

V Voltage
See note 1
SYNCHRONIZER 25
A Current

kW Power
50 51

LA kVA
Reactive power
STATION SEE NOTE-4 r
SUPPLY FOR
AUXILIARY
kWh Energy

81 49 27V 59

kVA
R

51 32 46 kWh kW A
V

51 BRUSHLESS
F EXCITATION
v (SEE NOTE -3)
Synchronous EXCITATION
VOLTAGE
Generator G REGULAION

64
F NOTE:
64 1. Generator circuit breaker may be installed on low
See note-2 voltage side of the transformer
G
2. Distribution transformer type earthimg may be provided
if power supply at generation voltage is not required.
3. May use static excitation esp. for larger units.
4. Lightning arrestor at transformer terminals may be
omitted for single unit SHP
5. Station service transformer may be tapped from
generator leads if LV side breaker is provided.
6. Differential protection may be provided for unit sizes above 750
kW and for units below this size if environment justified

FIG. 2.4.1 Single Line Diagram - Synchronous Generator

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 28 
 To Existing 33 kV line
(300 m)

Protection
Lightning Arrestor

27 Under voltage relay

49 Under frequency
81 Over frequency relay
32 Reverse power relay
51V Overcurrent voltage
restraint relay
64G Stator earth fault relay
46 Negative sequence relay
PT 33/110

50
Indiaction

V Voltage

A Current

kW Power
STATION
SUPPLY FOR kVA
AUXILIARIES
r
Reactive power

kWh Energy
27

kVA
r

50/
32 kWh kW A
51

G
NOTE:
1. The circuit breaker may be installed on LV side of transformer
64
2. Capacitor bank may be provided on HV side before HV
G
breaker so that it is switched on and off with breaker
EARTHING 3. Lightning arrestor on transformer terminals may be omitted for
RESISITOR single phase SHP.

FIG. 2.4.2 Single Line Diagram - Asynchronous Generator

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 29 
 62

Grid Feeder-1

27
81 H
81 L
LEGEND
R esidual C urrent
Operated C ircuit B reaker

As As 81L-Freq Relay (Low)

A A
81H-Freq Relay (High)
MC C B W ith
Shunt Trip C oil MC C B 27-Under Voltage Relay
62-Timing Relay
A- Ammeter
V
F-Frequency Meter
Vs V-Voltmeter
F 32-Reverse Power Relay
LA-Lightning Arrestor
kWh-Kilo Watt Hour Meter
3
kW h
kW h MCCB-Moulded Case
A Circuit Breaker
32 As A
MCB-Miniature Circuit
Breaker
F F F F F F or
MC B
LA
Surge Protection

Controller
Module

Triacs

H eater Module G

50 kW 415 V

FIG. 2.5

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 30