Professional Documents
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Not only can we get better at writing intent, we must do so in a manner that
enables our up-echelon commanders to take advantage of the creativity,
ingenuity, and style of their subordinate commanders. First, commanders
must take back the responsibility for thinking about and crafting their own
intent. The Naval Planning Process (NPP) has whittled away the
commander’s role in the process of analyzing a mission, developing courses
of action, and creating a written order, and the commander’s role must be
restored.4 Second, commanders must personalize their intent and ensure it
reflects their vision of the unfolding operation, not the staff’s version of
same. Successful intent statements are plain language attempts at a
commander’s visualization of the battle. It lays the foundation and provides
the framework for all that unfolds.5 Finally, commanders need to be
developed for effective leadership in an environment where mission
command is the norm. In an era where communication is ubiquitous and
spans of control are ever-growing, the information demands of higher
headquarters grow as well. This is making it more and more challenging to
define commander’s business.
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As Gen. Dempsey described it, “In mission command, the commander must
understand the problem, envision the end state, and visualize the nature
and design of the operation.”10 Intent should reflect a commander’s
personal and deep understanding of the mission. It should describe how
subordinate units and warfighting functions come together to bring about a
desired effect against an enemy force. It is, in its purest form, visualization.
It communicates in clear terms for subordinate commanders how the
boundaries and conditions around which a battle ahead should unfold.
Intent communicates roles, success, failure, and pace. It describes to
subordinate commanders and their staffs what is required to make
decisions and who can make them and even how to act in the absence of
further orders. Milan Vego has offered rules of thumb in drafting intent,
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Admiral Chester W. Nimitz achieved this in his famous Calculated Risk letter
in the days leading up to the Battle of Midway.12 In a mere five sentences,
he was able to communicate when it was appropriate for Rear Admirals
Frank J. Fletcher and Raymond A. Spruance to commit their forces to
action.13 Nimitz artfully told his commanders simply to avoid attack unless
you know you can win. With that clear direction in hand, they took off to
Midway and made the decisions necessary to turn the tides of the war.
Faced with the same resource challenge associated with the commitment of
combat power during our own work-ups, we struggle to make it that clear.
Nimitz understood it from the strategic through the tactical level. Fletcher
and Spruance were tactically competent, their strike forces ready to take
the fight to the enemy. Nimitz was aware of how this engagement was
sequenced in time and space throughout his area of operations. He knew
what failure meant to the remainder of the campaign in terms of residual
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Modern commanders keep a lot of plates spinning. There are horizontal and
vertical relationships to foster within and beyond the immediate
organization. There are allies and partners that need to be brought into the
fold and enabled. As a local commander looks to the fight two echelons up
and attempts to tap into the developing situation, even with the best staffs
and the most refined process, it gets harder and harder to know what
decision lies ahead and how commanders must work together to solve
them. The time available to think and reflect is at a premium. A
commander’s span of control affects his ability to influence subordinates
directly. These challenges impact a commander’s ability to craft clear and
meaningful intent. Buying back time through efficient and effective
communication and developing our senior leaders for these challenges can
mitigate some of this risk.
As a best practice, deliberate use of the battle rhythm and the various voice
and video tools available can alleviate some of these pressures. As the
battle rhythm drives the commander’s decision cycle, it can be used to
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Conclusion
Nimitz, Fletcher, and Spruance are tall figures for senior leaders to emulate.
Though the environments they commanded in were markedly different in
many ways, they wrestled with many of the same issues we wrestle with
today. Their formations were large and diffused over many miles. And while
communication methods improved over time, they were still left with fog
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But none of them sailed with the same retinue of staffs, processes, and
methods of communication that we sail with today. Yet they still succeeded
with crafting plans that synchronized forces in space and time, and in a
manner that created effects that employed resources effectively and
efficiently. Simple written notes to each other created a shared
understanding of the mission at hand and the roles of the forces assigned.
Captain Bill Shafley is a career Surface Warfare Officer and currently serves
as Commodore, Destroyer Squadron 26, and Sea Combat Commander for
Eisenhower Carrier Strike Group. He has served on both coasts and
overseas in Asia and Europe. He is a graduate of the Naval War College’s
Advanced Strategy Program and a designated Naval Strategist. These views
are presented in a personal capacity.
References
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2012,” p. 4.
https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/missioncommandw
hitepaper2012.pdf.
3. For the tenets of Mission Command, see ADRP 6-0 (2012). p 2-1.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 36.
13. Ibid.
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15. SWOS Major Command and the Major Command Course at NLEC are
the two predominant courses for SWO Major Commanders. Over the
course of 4 weeks, both courses do their best to provide these
opportunities, but they are not enough.
16. See Heather Venerable’s recent work regarding education and Senior
Officers. http://cimsec.org/playing-to-win-crafting-a-creative-strategic-
vision-for-maritime-superiority/.
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