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1. One hundred blue points and 100 different red points in the plane are
given no three of which are collinear. Is it possible to pair up the blue
and red points so that none of the 100 segments connecting the pairs
intersect?
3. There are three sizes of boxes available, large, medium, and small.
There are 11 large boxes. Inside some of these boxes are placed 8
medium boxes and the other large boxes are left empty. Inside some
of the medium boxes are places 8 small boxes and the other medium
boxes are left empty. After this there are 102 empty boxes altogether.
How many boxes are there in all?
5. The first quadrant is decomposed into squares for the following game.
Some of these squares are occupied by counters. A position with coun-
ters may be transformed to another position according to the following
rule: if the neighboring squares to the right and above a counter are
both free, it is possible to remove the counter and replace it with coun-
ters at both these free squares. The goal is to have all the shaded
squares free of counters. Is it possible to reach this goal if the initial
position has just one counter in the lower left hand corner?
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Exotic Arithmetic, 2020 Invariants
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8. You have three piles of stones containing 5, 49, and 51 stones. You can
join any two piles together into one pile and you can divide a pile with
an even number of stones into two piles of equal size. Can you ever
achieve 105 piles each with one stone?
(a) 2 is in S,
(b) if n is in S, then 2n is also in S, and
(c) if n is in S, then n + 7 is also in S.
(d) no other numbers belong to S.
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Exotic Arithmetic, 2020 Invariants
How many of the first 1000 positive integers have the property that
f k (n) = f ◦ f ◦ . . . ◦ f (n) = 16?
11. The numbers 1 to 100 are written on a board. Select a pair of them
a and b, and replace them with a + b + ab. After 99 moves of this
type, there is just one number left. What can it be? Must it be that
number. For this operation and those below, check for associativity
and commutativity.
(a) a ⊗ b = a + b + 1.
ab
(b) a ⊗ b = a+b
.
√
(c) a ⊗ b = a2 + b 2 .
(d) a ⊗ b = log(10a + 10b ).
(e) a ⊗ b = (a − 1)(b − 1) + 1.
(f) a ⊗ b = (a + 1)(b + 1) − 1.
(g) a ⊗ b = gcd(a + 1, b + 1) − 1.
12. A game is played with tokens according to the following rule. In each
round, the player with the most tokens gives one token to each of the
other players and also places one token in the discard pile. The game
ends when some player runs out of tokens. Players A, B, and C start
with 15, 14, and 13 tokens, respectively. How many rounds will there
be in the game?