se pas saan 257. The br BAC; an AD ae planed oer as sown in i. 257 aly the asemoly soe Maeno movement he jot #4 prevented by {ics Raion sv Calle the ress mech a od th Fre the ut AE when tease ue oppo the lod = 10 ps. Fora ste ar 4 = 03 in and E = 29% 1p Pete alumigum br, 4» 08 in? and Ea tx 0 pe Figure 257 2.6 THERMAL STRESSES {sis wll known hat changes in tmperature cause bodes to expand or contact, the amount ofthe linear deformation, Br, being expressed by the ration apm abia7) ag, in which ais the coecient of lner expansion, Zs the length, and ST isthe temperntare chang. [ln SI is usally exprested in units of meters per meter er depres Celis f temperature change, hats, m/e). tn US.Cstomary {nis he unt for are inches pr iach pe depre Fahrenheit of temperature hands tit inn. "F)), Sbtting these waits ito Eq (2-14) shows the ‘imersiona si of fy to be the same a hat ofthe length L. Te ntenpeature deformation is permitted to oceu iy 8 by the use of sno jon nolo or tres wl be induced i the srctore, But in some isc mos ol be eal to permit these temperature deformations the resul. Js tht internal ores ae erated that resi them. The streses cause by these {nena forces ae known ae thermal stress. ') general procedure fo computing the loads and stresses caused when tempersire deformation i revented is outined in these ses 1. Imagine the stroture rived of al applied loads and constant 30 that emperature deformations can orcs oe). Represet these defor mations on sketch, and exangerat ter eft. 2. Nov imap suficient load spied 10 the structure o resort tthe Specie condone of restraint. Represent these loads and corespond- Ing load defmations on the sketch for step I 3. The pometieelations between the temperature and load deformations ‘on the stetch pve equations tht together with the equations of a ‘auilbriom, may be solved for al unknown quanties The following examples usta thew steps appli in several diferent ‘ype of probleme. WLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 2S. meld 25 mo ue eet als had on i ‘Scone ofthe od e120 sama = 117 uml °C) and E> 3ODORL Se amin) at he wal ari a a te wall spate Seton ‘Para Imai the is conse om he rt wal Temperate de fot he er A eget dese acto fee Pall Pt produce hell defrmon dy. Prom he eth of ormaan e ‘Se ha p= ya oq rs Phot want ~ Ma om wich we He = Eat) = (200% 1411.9 10°40) ~ 936% 108 Nim? Note that cen out fhe peeing euain indting ht the ss i bak ‘ese, asset fin boron level be as shown To tach ten fhe [Sook we acod oul ter expanded eds trough the oad erations sd ‘Rcby wens ft land esa Py ithe eel apd bone, respecte. Te fe od dng fhe loki Fi. ees the eal and pont et of the frst y he oe pon te eck ‘rom the deiatios shown ng 215, ebtin he fowing ome aon bets the defor hte = wears (Bjarne the sauerarvE mes é ° 2 oa ce Be dE Mame Figure 245 Detormations £t — Lf leva (65 x 1092x100) + FA 10 x 10-y9q100) + — PE ‘ AKI001 + Fea 165 em THD ‘Spina CHR te Petes 0 © ieee ni eal elie ae Gai ee ® enn oe he agate sip fr Fe mane tha be oad Py 28 opposite tat ste bone eel in compen ad sual pio at nade to pent buclng [ed ‘Use he itn Prob. 259, determine the temperature nest hie ll the lad tobe appa bythe se de Saito: tsa ting oe any of he el tine inte orc ‘aml, ppt thes as Ota oa ps Iago ions oo the Bock and banging ety in Fa -16- temper ns he ‘een bento band Sir he bron oer na the lve of he te rds mist ‘cine wh he uesteedexaned ea be rons ie rds ao bea the ae ete se rls mut go hogs ond detain yee ty he pu tach which mtb 60D Te oppor ewe of Bockoa on oie! sie ere 4 motte |e Hy From Fate emerson betwen be deformations it Arkh tetany tan (2 fom wich et 400. (or10 90147) = 5 x oraxaT + Oe is evident tt» eter temperate wl ate the booze to ph sain te pl Back, hereby caste compesion of the tone. Tks ona PROBLEMS 26, A sel od with oneal are of 0.25 in? sshd etm oie rin The esl ed a 70°F 1201, Wht wl the ses "FAL wa ‘Siete wal the ewe zr? Asante e = 63 > 10 inn-"F) and Peer es Ane o= 100s; T= 953°F 22, ster ed eens gs wl al ais ene od f 00 N {530°C I the alll en nt excnd 150 MPa at 20°C, what i the ‘inion dacnetr fhe og? Ase «= 117 pmn°C) and E> 200 GPa 263, Set alton a 10m longa eid wi acl of3 mma pert of TS°C. At wha temperte lth rls jst tue? What ex wold noe {ie ison temper thre wre tal earn? Assume a= 11.7 finiin: Chand = 200 GPa 244, sero 3 lon with rset ares 00.25 in? ised bce 0 fd pat, The tale foe in 120 ba 40°F. Using B= 29% 10 pan = 43210 in fin“) eal) te temper at which he seth har il 1 al and) the temperature at wich tbe sen wil eer. Mar a) A) 68°F 265, 6 rome ba 3 moog wth» croxsetol f 20 mi! pli! ween ‘ho Fp wala abown in Fig Ps. Ata temper fate gap = 25 um, Find te temperature st which th compre oe ther wl be 35 ‘Mo Use a= 180% 10" mit") and = 0 GPs =in | Fen ts Cea he nce in sues fx each seat of he comgount tar shown in ‘vopelding and that ie bari stably braced against bucking reer Se ‘temperate 80°,» ele 12mm tick 8 90 me ce at is 1 be Sheu ona lcrctve dine whl? in ameter at Br ve te hos ‘ih ata empertre of °C. Determine the ota! sue betwen the ie {hd what the ssomby cols to 25°C: Nepet the elation fhe wil (Shes y the prema ofthe ire Aone = 117 ames") and E = 200 OP “Toei bar Cin Fie P-268 i pina at 8 aed aac 1 the ro wer ‘ee tly he bu Rao an he eal od estes ee Deri theses Th lumina rd ithe leper fhe wel od dese by {O°C Neg! he weg bar ABC 2 ent ecitemim sa) agree itee rman TRAN, 269, Assbown in Fi. P26, tee in ap beeen the aumius brad the ih ab SECT ty two come tum AT 0°G, An O18 om, Never he et Pine Jo ceuule he asin each od when the emer te asembly SR eaSe'osec Fores copper tar 4 $00 mE = 120.GPo and = ebm. °0) Forte suminam 4» 400 m= 70GP4, 06 9 =231 one cago z 7 iene 208 0. Atvonz seve espped vera! ol and eli pace Wy 4 ntti ero to proce ail tof 2000 pti the Doma. Forte sec at A = 078 ePp e ay I pa and a = 65% 10 sain), Fr the bronze Seer, ee Moiese s 128 lhpanda~ 105 10"ia(in7F) fer tecgeratre he of 100°, de les neh materia “a. A rid bat foal night i spponed a shown in Fi. P27. 1117 = OH ‘Site the enperntre hua at wi couse he tes nse Sel rod 10 be 8 Mb Aue coven feat expansion ae 17 ye "C) fo se a 19 ure) fr bree an BC ‘gue P27 12d PIT. 272 or the mel in Prob. 27, nd he stein ech ro i hte a BOC ater kad = 1201 api 273, The composi bar shown ia Fa, 273 i ry tached 1 unyeena upp ‘Ans fre Pe $0 tg apd a °F Compute he tres in cach tea Ci2orr Asus a= 69% Han 7 fre and 128 10a." fr auminus| Ans 9 S94 a ou = 161 e Borys BEBiot pie Pees rr adea Sibi ot 216A wa temper i te aes td eens Po. 23h ‘nets oper eat ‘5: ns hoon tar mpg nan to ore own ats ie pt billy serfs te enpctse cage ot ‘iene ce cer of inte Bro A Be subjected tothe chenge in temperature. oy f= lode [a= Baerimo) Pee P25 276, Fo md a ty spon mimo 1 Mg show Fe. P27, ‘os coment onto ech ar ae ‘copra Oe keene” IkDomtmr"Ouel f wOGr ae reas ewer“ srsmexe saat SUMMARY Ail lads cause uniform rest dstbusion thai computed by on nd elongations determined from aa Pk m os Remember tht Bq (24) i valid only for homogeneous materi of constant ‘ss setin, aly faded fo sees below the proportional limi. ‘Axa loads cause changes in lateral dimensions that ae determined by Poisons ratio. Far eases in which soc Iteraldeirnations are resrled, ooke's aw fr biaxial or axial stress must be wd Sucre that are composed of two oF more materials of ae statically {indeterminate aresolve by applying the equations of sate equitrum incom Siaion wih tonal exitons cin rom he ome aon bce Tica sere erty doerinng te esc Gen ‘thermal deformations : y= abian) ow and the elastic deformations tht are used, in combination with the equations ‘of static equilibrium, toe the various problems that may be encountered Chapter 3 Torsion 9-1 INTRODUCTION AND ASSUMPTIONS In this chapter we consider the derivation and appition of the twig oF sion problem only im connection with crear sats oF Gosed thine Vs The ewig of nonirearsbals isso complex that we shall nly ste Whe formula at ae usd Toron ie our iniaduction tothe problems of variable srs. Although ener they ofthese problemi comple, application consis litle se than sbi ven vals i the forilas soa 1 Be derived, ands fit sie The gover technique ose in ll exes of nonuniform stress tution oulined i hese steps 1. Determine the slatonsbxewsen stress that ae compatible withthe ‘eformations, fom a sdy ofthe clastic deformations produced by 8 ‘pected load, pus the application of Hooke’ lam, Sch relation ae own a he equations of compatibility 2. Obiain additional lations beoween the stress, by applying the com: ‘ions oF equim wa fee-body diagram ofa porton of he Dy These reais, esling from std of he equine between eX teal appli Tosa the tel essing frees ovr an explo section, are calls the equations of enim 3. Be aur tha the soltion ofthe equations in steps and 25 consistent ‘it the loading coadiions athe ssface ofthe Bods. This is known ms sulle the Boundary codons In the theory of elasticity, itis shown that slition sting these three spss unique tat he oa pose solution. Th deriving the torsion formals, we ake the following sumptions. These suinpions may be proved mathematically, and some may be demons tperimentaly Tas fst wo apply ony fo sats of crear setion 1, Cirular sections remain cular. 2: Plane vection remain plane and do not warp, 3; The projection upon transverse section of aight rail ins in he section cemaine saiht i 6s