Professional Documents
Culture Documents
KEY POINTS
• Esters are a functional group commonly encountered in
organic chemistry. They are characterized by a carbon bound
to three other atoms: a single bond to a carbon, a double
bond to an oxygen, and a single bond to an oxygen. The singly
bound oxygen is bound to another carbon.
• Ester names are derived from the parent alcohol and the
parent acid. While simple esters are often called by
their common names, all esters can be named using the
systematic IUPAC name, based on the name for the acid
followed by the suffix "-oate."
Cont.
• The odors of flowers and the odors and flavors
of fresh fruits are a result of a complex mixture
of many chemical compounds, but one of the
major constituents is a type of compound called
an ester.
Nomenclature
The word "ester" was
coined in 1848 by German
chemist Leopold Gmelin,
probably as a contraction of the
German Essigäther, meaning
acetic ether.
Ester names are derived from
the parent alcohol and acid.
In the case of esters formed from common carboxylic
acids, more colloquial terms are sometimes used. For
example, ethanoic acid is more commonly known as acetic
acid, and thus its esters contain "acetate" instead of
"ethanoate" in their names. Other such substitutions include
"formate" instead of "methanoate," "propionate" instead of
"propanoate," and "butyrate" instead of "butanoate."
Properties of Esters
*Polar
-Less than alcohols, carboxylic acids
-Soluble in water
*Smell Fruity
*Can form Polymers
Esters are more polar than ethers, but less so than alcohols. They
participate inhydrogen bonds as hydrogen bond acceptors, but cannot act
as hydrogen bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols and carboxylic
acids. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-
solubility, depending on the length of the alkyl chains attached. Since they
have no hydrogens bonded to oxygens, as alcohols and carboxylic acids do,
esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than
carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.
Condensed Structural Name Melting Boiling Point Aroma
Formula Point (°C) (°C)
HCOOCH3 methyl formate −99 32
Esters are produced when carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols
in the presence of an acid catalyst. The catalyst is usually
concentrated sulphuric acid. Dry hydrogen chloride gas is used in
some cases, but these tend to involve aromatic esters (ones where
the carboxylic acid contains a benzene ring).
Saponification
1.
3.
Cyclic Esters
A cyclic ester is called a lactone. IUPAC names of lactones are
derived by adding the term lactone at the end of the name of the
parent hydroxycarboxylic acid it came from.
Lactones
Lactones are usually named according to the precursor acid
molecule (aceto = 2 carbons, propio = 3, butyro = 4, valero = 5, capro =
6, etc.), with a -lactone suffix and a Greek letter prefix that specifies the
number of carbons in the heterocyle — that is, the distance between
the relevant -OH and the -COOH groups along said backbone. The first
carbon atom after the carbon in the -COOH group on the parent
compound is labelled α, the second will be labeled β, and so forth.
Therefore, the prefixes also indicate the size of the lactone ring: α-
lactone = 3-membered ring, β-lactone = 4-membered, γ-lactone = 5-
membered, etc.
The other suffix used to denote a lactone is -olide, used in substance class
names like butenolide, macrolide, cardenolide or bufadienolide
Caprolactone
Butyrolactone
Propiolactone
Uses and Examples of Esters
There are various uses of esters.
1. Esters that are have fragrant odors are used as a constituent of
perfumes, essential oils, food flavorings, cosmetics, etc
2. Esters are used as an organic solvent
3. Natural esters are found in pheromones
4. Naturally occurring fats and oils are fatty acid esters of glycerol
5. Phospoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules
6. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive
properties
7. Polyesters are used to make plastics
8. Esters are used to make surfactants
E.g. soap, detergents