ASSIGNMENT OF BACTERIA

DOCTOR (ALVANDI )

COLLECTED BY MUHAMMAD KHALIL HASSAN

STUDENT NUMBER : 96198306

 FIRST SECTION
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek is a person that in 1964 discover millions of tiny animalcule that he
observed in teeth scarping…rain water , after that Otto Muller and in 1864 Friedrich Henle
found germ theory , and finally Robert Koch and Lousi pasterr confer the theory in 1870.

MICROBIOLOGY: the study of living thing too small to be seen without amplification such as
{bacteria ,fungi , virus, protozoan}

They have three domains (types) :we can classifying those based on {rRNA}Eukaryote
,prokaryote

The prokaryote properties which is unicellular and has not nuclei smaller than eukaryote

TOXINOMIC RANKS: in prokaryotic respectively is {kingdom - division – class – family -genus -

species}

We cane classify by variety and biovare, morphovor, serovar,and types{phage typ ,,patho typ]

BACTERIA STRUCTURE
1-Cytoplasem – nucleoid - plasmid - ribosome granules

2-cell envelop (cytoplasm membrane, cell well ,capsule)

3- appendayges (flalagellum..pilli)

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN BACTERIA AND HUMAN CELL IS

bilore phospholipide and has not cholesterol just has ( myco
plasma) have cholesterol and also do has not mytochondrya

types of bacteria G positive and G negative

G negative has Cell well and Lipoprotein and pre plasmic space and Gram staining with
safranin.

G positive has Cell well with cytoplasmic membrane and Much more peptedo glycan and Gram
staining with crysto violet
 SECOND SECTION
Spore: spore-forming by some different of bacteria but two types of them cause disease like:
obligate aerobic genus bacillus and obligate anaerobic genus clostridium , (G+) bacteria are
very severe for producing disease .

(thermoactinomyces_ sporolactobacillus _ sporosarcina_ sporoto maculum_sporomusa_

sporohalobater) these types don’t cause diseases.

Normal form of bacteria which is (vegetative) cell accretion by sporangium after return in the
favorable environment that they can germination.

Spore bacteria : don’t produced ATP but produced ADP, the spore bacteria cytoplasm have
dipicolinic acid .

component of spore :

1-core =cytoplasim but low of material and ribosome but confused with dipicolinic acid due to
resistance of drying bacteria
2-inner membrane which second wall
3-spore wall in the outer peptidoglycans
4-outer membrane has LPS

Bacterial Metabolism: consists of chemical processes that occur in a cell and has 2 form:

1-Anabolism: synthesis of more complex compounds and use of energy .

2-Catabolism: break down a substrate and capture energy .

1-Autotroph use CO2 for producing energy don’t have produced disease like (photosynthetic
bacterial and chemoautotrophic bacterial)
2-hetrotroph which have two type (aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration) like(parasite
and saprophyte)and bacteria due to pathogenesis and opportunistcs.

BACTERIA GROWTH CURVE

1-Lag phase :in this phase growth of bacteria is very low and don’t make new number but
prepared enzyme .

2..Exponential phase : the growth phase equity or per log(logarithmic

phase )number of growth is large and the number of death very low .

3..Stationary phase : the stagnation or dwelling phase the number of

growth equity of number death bacteria and live of bacteria like
diagram liner and prepared malicious like antibiotic and used for
producing antibiotic much of bacteria .

4..Declin: in the phase number of death much than growth bacteria

because bacteria prepared the amount of malicious higher than of enzyme growth.
 THIRD SECTION
Antibiotics: produced by a microorganism or similar substance produced wholly or partially
chemical synthesis ,which in low concentration ,inhibits the growth of other microorganisms.

Anti bacterial spectrum : range of activity an antimicrobial against bacteria and thy have tow
type

1-Broad spectrum :inhibitory a variety of (G+&G)bacteria.

2-narow spectrum activity is limited

Antibiotic combination : combination of antibiotics that may be used to therapy and treatment of
poly microbial infection and achieve a synergistic killing effect like: (antibiotic antagonism and
antibiotic synergism and lactams hydrolyzes the beta lactam)

SELICTIVE INHABITION/TOXICITY

For producing antibiotic shoud be relative rather than absolute and due to differences between
eukaryotes and prokaryotes and harm microorganism not the host.

Pincillins-cephalosporins-cyphamyci and lactam and isoniazid are Bind PBPs inhabit

peptidogliycan and Inactivation beta lactam and Inhabit mycolic acid synthesis and bacteria
Change target of synthesis peptidogly and Change binding site and Decreased penetration.

Sulfonamides-dapsone is Antimetabolite inhabit dihydropterote synthesis and bacteria

Decrease uptake of the antibiotic.

bacteria have some properties for resistance of antibiotics (drug inactivation – decrease
permeability –activation drug pomp – change binding site –alternative metabolic pathway )

2..type of antibiotic (bacteriostatic or bactericidal) and type of bacteria (G+ or G-) some
antibiotic activation for G+ but do not active for G- because of large molecular only penetration
to the G+ the have peptidoglycan,like(vancomycin..tetracyclin)like(vancomycin..tetracyclin)

Metronidazole: The antimicrobial properties of metronidazole stem from the reduction of its nitro
group by bacterial nitroreductase, thereby producing cytotoxic compounds that disrupt the host
DNA.

Clofazimine : lipophilic antibiotic that binds to mycobacterial DNA. It is highly active

against M. tuberculosis. The treatment is Mycobacterium leprae.

Pyrazinamide: Pyrazinamide (PZA) is active against M. tuberculosis at a low pH, such

as that found in phagolysosomes. The mechanism isPZA exerts its effect is unknown.
 FOURTH SECTION
STERILIZATION: means to free an object or substance from all life of any kind.
Sterilization should be distinguished from disinfection, which means the killing or
removal of organisms capable of causing infection that may not necessarily result in
sterilization.

Sterilization has 2 types physical and chemical and gas sterilant.

1-Physical sterilant: that is sterilization used steam under pressure or dry heat and three
parameters are critical (time exposure to steam and temperature and amount of
moisture )
Widely used inexpensive and non toxic and reliable method of sterilization.

Type of physical sterilant (steam under pressure 121c*or 132c*for various time
intervals)

Dry heat(1 h at 171c* , 2 h at 160c*, 16 h at 121c*) and filtration (0.22 to 0.45mM pore
size) and UV radiation ,ionizing radiation a variable exposure to microwave and gamma
radiation.

2-Gas sterilant : they have some gas using for sterilization like (Ethel oxide_ Hydrogen
peroxide).

Hydrogen peroxide vapors oxidizing nature sterilization of instruments dos not produce
toxic by product plasma gas but Ethylene oxide gas color less and soluble in water the
sterilization process is relatively slow and influenced by concentration gas ,and it is
flammable explosive and carcinogenic to laboratory animals .

effectively hydrogene associated with concentration3%to6%kills most bacteria and

10%to25%kill all organism .

3- Chemical sterilant : that is chemical agents used to sterilization like (acetic acid and
oxygen)are nontoxic b but (aldehydes ) 2 best known are formaldehyde and
glutaraldehyde used to sterilant that is low concentration bacteriostatic but to higher
can kill all organism and exposure of skin or mucosa membrane and toxic but
glutaraldehyde is less toxic.

DISINFECTION

microbes are destroyed by disinfection procedure although more resilient organisms

can survive and have been categorized as high level ,intermediate and low level
classification by the instrument and procedure surgery and location work.
Some type of material used to disinfection instruments like halogens(iodine compound
and chlorine compound ) which is very effective for all micro organisms and pathogen.

An antiseptic is a substance that stops or slows down the growth of microorganisms.

They’re frequently used in hospitals and other medical settings to reduce the risk of
infection during surgery and other procedures.

If you’ve ever witnessed any type of surgery, you probably saw the surgeon rubbing
their hands and arms with an orange-tinted substance. This is an antiseptic.

Different types of antiseptics are used in medical settings. These include hand rubs,
hand washes, and skin preparations. Some are also available over the counter (OTC)
for home use.