Class VIII - Science

Chapter 11 - Force and Pressure

1. Crop Production and Management

2. Microorganisms : Friend and Foe

3. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

4. Materials : Metals and Non-Metals

5. Coal and Petroleum

6. Combustion and Flame

7. Conservation of Plants and Animals

8. Cell - Structure and Functions

9. Reproduction in Animals

10. Reaching the Age of Adolescence

11. Force and Pressure

12. Friction

13. Sound

14. Chemical Effects of Electric Current

15. Some Natural Phenomena

16. Light

17. Stars and the Solar System

18. Pollution of Air and Water

FORCE
A push or a pull acting on a body is called force..
Living and non- living things can apply force.
To apply a force on an object interaction between object and source of force is necessary.
Examples: To kick ball we need to push it, to pick the book we need to pull it, and to lift the box we
need to push it.

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EXPLORING FORCES
The measurement of strength and amount of force is called magnitude of force.
Two or more forces on the same object can be applied in the same direction and opposite
direction.
1. When forces are applied on an object in the same direction-

When two or more forces are applied in the same direction, then the net force is the addition of
magnitude of both the forces.

Example- When two persons push the box in the same direction with the magnitude of
forces of each 5N, then resultant force will be- Net force- 5N + 5N= 10N (In the direction of
applied force).

2. When two forces are applied on an object in the opposite direction-

When two or more forces are applied over an object in the opposite directions, the net force is
the di erence of magnitude of two forces.

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 Example- When two persons push the box in the opposite direction with the magnitude of
forces of each 4 N, then resultant force will be- Net force: 4N - 4N= 0N (Box will not move)

EFFECT OF FORCES

1. Force can change the state of motion: An Object can be in two states.
Rest: When an object is not moving i.e. a stationary object is called in the state of rest. For
example - A ball or books kept on the table and not moving.
Motion: A moving object is called in the state of motion. For example - a moving car, a
moving bus, etc.
A Force can move a stationary object. A force can speed up, decrease the speed and change
the direction of a moving object. Force can stop a moving object. Finally we can say that force
can change the state of motion
2. Force can change the shape of an object

Example:

Above examples show how use of force in di erent ways can change the shape of the
object.
So we can say that forces can change the shape of an object.
TYPES OF FORCE
(1) CONTACT FORCE

Force that comes into action after the interaction between objects is called contact force.
Contact force works on the point of contact.
Example - pushing a car, hitting the ball, kicking a ball, etc.
Muscular force, friction force are types of contact force.
(a) Muscular force
Force due to the action of muscles is called muscular force.
Force resulting because of action of muscle is called muscular force.
Examples - pushing the object like school bag or lift the dumbles for exercising, we use the
muscular force.

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(b) Friction Force:
Forces of friction arise between the surfaces of two objects.
Always acts on all moving object and its direction is always opposite to the direction of
motion.
Force of friction comes into action only after interaction between two objects, thus, it is a
type of contact force.
Example: Due to force of friction between the surface of the ball and the ground that brings the
moving ball to rest.

(2) NON- CONTACTING FORCES

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Force due to without interaction between two objects is called non-contact force. For example; a
magnet can pull an iron nail from a distance.
Magnetic force, Electrostatic force and Gravitational force are examples of non-contact force.
(a) Magnetic Force
A magnet can exert a force on another magnet without being in contact with it.
The force exerted by a magnet is an example of a non-contact force.

Example: Opposite pole of two magnets attract each other and same pole repel each other.
(b) Electrostatic Force

When a charged body exert a force on another charged or uncharged body is called
electrostatic force.
A positively charged body attracts a negatively charged body and repels a positively charged
body without coming in contact, thus it is a non-contact force.

(c) Gravitational Force:

This force is exerted by earth, moon, sun and other planets to others.
Since, earth attracts all objects even without coming in contact, thus gravitational force is a
non-contact force.
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Example: When we release an object from a height, it falls over the ground because of
gravitational attraction of earth.

PRESSURE
The force acting per unit area of a surface is called pressure or we can say force per unit area is
called pressure.

Pressure = Force / Area

From this formula, we can say Pressure is indirectly proportional to the area, thus *pressure
decreases with increase in area and increases with decrease in area.*

Example -
When we cut an apple, we need to use the sharp edge of the knife instead of blunt knife
because the sharp edge of knife has small surface area and we need to exert less force with
high pressure to cut the apple.
When we put a nail into a wooden board, the pointed end of the nail is kept at the front. The
pointed end of the nail has very small surface area and this enables us to apply a greater
pressure with the applied force.

PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUID AND GAS

Liquid and gas can also exert pressure on inner walls of the container in which they are kept.
When air is lled, a rubber balloon gets in ated from all sides. This happens due to air or gas
exerts pressure over inner walls of the balloon.
Water starts leaking if there is a pore in the bottle. This happens due to water exerts
pressure over the walls of the bottle.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Our atmosphere is made of di erent types of gases. Since gases exert pressure, thus
Pressure exerted by air (present in atmosphere) is called atmospheric pressure.
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 The weight of air in a column of the height of the atmosphere and area 10 cm x 10 cm is as
large as 1000 kg. The reason we are not crushed under this weight is that the pressure inside
our bodies is also equal to the atmospheric pressure and cancels the pressure from outside.
A pressed rubber sucker on a plane surface does not come o because of

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