Running head: TRAINING CITIZEN SCIENCE COORDINATORS FOR BIOBLITZ EVENTS

Training Citizen Science Coordinators for Bioblitz Events

Joan Miller

California State University, Monterey Bay

December 8, 2017

IST522 Instructional Design

Dr. Jeanne Farrington

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Training Citizen Science Coordinators

The California Academy of Sciences (CAS), located in San Francisco’s Golden Gate

Park, employs a team of two scientists who coordinate the academy’s citizen science initiatives.

Citizen science is a global movement through which scientists and non-scientists alike make

observations of flora and fauna, and collect data to help answer some of our planet’s most

pressing questions. As part of this initiative, the academy conducts several yearly bioblitzes: a

gathering of scientists, citizen scientists, land managers, teachers, families and more, working

together to find and identify as many different species as possible, all in one day. With the

increasing popularity and frequency of bioblitz events, this small team at the academy needs a

streamlined way to train volunteer coordinators to plan and run the events in their local

communities. As a pilot for developing an online training method we decided to focus on a

particular bioblitz event, Snapshot Cal Coast, which documents coastal biodiversity along the

California Coast, with an emphasis on intertidal zones in marine protected areas (MPAs).

The asynchronous e-learning course described in the following pages details an approach

to training volunteer coordinators to successfully run Snapshot Cal Coast events. Coordinators

will take this course prior to a follow-up webinar with the CAS citizen science team to answer

any remaining questions. The team enjoys engaging in some webinars, but would like to be

more targeted in what they spend time teaching, and hope that this course will significantly

reduce training time given that the team has many other work responsibilities and very limited

funding for their citizen science initiatives. CAS also anticipates that this training will help

volunteer coordinators to feel more confident about running their own bioblitz events without

CAS staff being present. There are no pressing time constraints. The next Snapshot Cal Coast
TRAINING CITIZEN SCIENCE COORDINATORS FOR BIOBLITZ EVENTS 3

event will be held in June of 2018, and since CSUMB MIST students will not yet have finished

relevant capstone courses by then, the final version of this course will not be utilized until the

training begins for the 2019 event. The only perceived constraint is a lack of resources, as there

is no budget for the development of this learning intervention.

Analysis

Needs Assessment

The California Academy of Sciences began coordinating bioblitzes in 2013. During the

past five years they’ve worked with over 1000 participants who together have made more than

35,000 observations of 2300 species. Snapshot Cal Coast is a subset of their overall bioblitz

efforts that began in 2016, yet in its first two years alone there were over 85 total events. The

CAS citizen science team also consults and trains coordinators on many additional events.

Successfully planning this many events with this number of participants requires a well-trained

pool of volunteer coordinators. Though there are some coordinators that return yearly, there are

many new coordinators that must be trained for each event. Even those who are returning may

need to brush up on the required skills, updated species lists, and new technologies required to

successfully plan and run a bioblitz. CAS finds that they are spending an inordinate amount of

time on phone calls and webinars training volunteer coordinators, and that despite training

efforts, the citizen science team is often asked questions on the day of an event about how to

perform certain tasks that were covered in these earlier conversations.

Well trained coordinators are essential because CAS representatives are unable to be

present at all of the Snapshot Cal Coast events. For example, this year out of about 60 events that

took place in one week, CAS was only present at 15 of them. CAS would like the coordinators to
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be more self-sufficient in running bioblitz events, including choosing a site, recruiting citizen

volunteers, training their volunteers, coordinating the event, recording accurate field

observations, and the ability to explain the significance of collected data. We’d also like to

consolidate the training into a single online course to increase access to widely dispersed

learners, to make the training available on an as-needed basis, to speed up training time, and

increase the shareability of resources. Though not the primary goal, the online course and

website may incidentally be used as a tool to recruit people who have not yet participated in or

lead bioblitzes before, but who are curious about them and potentially interested in adopting a

site and forming teams of their own.

The performance gap that causes long webinar training sessions and difficulties on the

day of the events is mainly due to a lack of knowledge and skills on the part of the volunteer

coordinators. New coordinators must learn many details about how to set up and run a bioblitz

event. Volunteers may not have an adequate science background to be able to successfully

identify species, or to put the significance of the data into context. All coordinators must be

trained on how to use iNaturalist, a social network, website and app that is used for collecting

and sharing biological data from citizen scientists worldwide, and is the data collection hub for

Snapshot Cal Coast. The platform has changed somewhat over the years and become easier to

use, but return coordinators must be updated on functionality changes each year. Coordinators

must also learn naturalist skills such as where to locate species, how to identify them and how to

photograph them. The citizen science team loves what they do and is thrilled with their success

at involving the public in conservation issues and research. There is no lack of motivation on

their part to improve upon their training methods, however constraints still exist due to lack of

time and funding.

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Interviews with the CAS citizen science team provided the information necessary for this

assessment. Zoom videos of past webinar trainings for Snapshot Cal Coast were reviewed,

which provided additional information on the learner audience and what stumbling blocks and

other issues were encountered during the calls. In future design phases, past volunteer

coordinators will fill out an online survey about their training experiences, followed by a few

targeted follow-up phone conversations to clarify results from the survey. The focus will be to

hear from the learners themselves what difficulties they’ve had not just with the training, but in

transferring what they learned to training their own volunteers, and to the actual field events

themselves.

A review of literature and scholarly articles about the history, current practice and

relevance of citizen science provided a useful context for this training. Some of this background

material will be provided on the training website for informational purposes, but it is not an

instructional component.

A training website with an embedded learning module will be developed for the learners

to initiate (or remind) them how to run a successful bioblitz, including: how to recruit and

motivate local volunteers, how to train volunteers to make scientific observations, how to pick a

field site, a review of coastal ecology, how to use iNaturalist to record and share observations,

how to help volunteers identify species, how to find and recruit other potential partners and team

leaders, how to promote your event using social media, how to run the event and what gear is

needed, and how to follow up with your participants.

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Main Organizational Goal(s)

The main organizational goal for this training is to save time on the part of the citizen

science team at the California Academy, whose budgets and time are stretched to the limit with

multiple projects and their own scientific research. As a part of the academy’s overall scientific

and conservation goals, these scientists would also like to improve the quality, participation in,

and visibility for all of their citizen science initiatives.

Main Learner Goal(s)

Learners who participate in this training and volunteer at a Snapshot Cal Coast event, or

really in any citizen science effort, have an opportunity to perform real, meaningful scientific

observations. This training will show them firsthand what happens to the data they collect, how

scientists use the data to understand how species ranges are changing over time, and how that

information helps them to create policy changes that protect the natural world. Scientists cannot

do this work alone, there simply is not enough manpower, nor resources to pay for the collection

of this much data (Cohn, 2008). Working together, we can learn a lot more about our coast.

Through our training for and participation in the Snapshot Cal Coast program, our volunteer

coordinators will learn to connect people of all backgrounds to the outdoors, and to inspire

everyone to protect biodiversity while at the same time generating invaluable data that scientists

can actually utilize.

Learner Analysis

Members of the citizen science department at the California Academy of Sciences were

interviewed about their primary audience, the volunteer coordinators (learners). They are a mix

of parks interpreters, docent coordinators, professors, educators, tribal leaders, Audubon Society
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leaders, activists, students, advocacy organization leaders, and volunteer coordinators for other

organizations. The learners are primarily college-educated professionals and many of them work

for non-profits that focus on marine science education. Many have strong connections to the

California coast and oceans, protecting them and teaching people about them, but they do not all

have science backgrounds. Though it is generally preferable that the volunteer coordinators have

some marine science background, no prerequisite skills, knowledge or abilities are expected of

our target audience. Many coordinators return to attend multiple bioblitz events, so this primary

audience is comprised of both new and experienced coordinators, but CAS has determined that

both groups can benefit equally from the same online training intervention. One reason for this

is that return coordinators sometimes need to brush up on the skills we are teaching new

coordinators, or may need to learn about newly updated “most wanted species lists,” and/or

changes to the iNaturalist platform. The other reason is that the CAS citizen science team does

not historically delineate between these groups in their trainings, and doesn’t intend to. This is a

more casual training, since most bioblitz coordinators are unpaid, there is no monetary gain

involved in this effort, nor high stakes for a lack of mastery of this skill set.

A secondary group of learners was identified, that is, the volunteers, which we will call

“participants” in order to avoid confusing them with the volunteer coordinators. Participants are

usually somewhat science literate, since most groups mobilize from a known pool of community

volunteers that enjoy nature and ecology. There is a wide range of ages in this pool, with most

older than 40. At this point it is unclear whether we will be able to include specific training for

the participants in this learning module, given the time constraints of the module itself, and the

fact that most participants join the effort on the day of the event, rather than attending training

sessions prior to the event. Nevertheless, it is our intent that some portions of this module be
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adaptable for use by volunteer coordinators to train participants if they should choose on their

own to conduct some pre-event training.

Coordinators and participants at bioblitz events are typically interested in science, love

their local coastline and marine protected areas, and are devoted to helping the public to better

understand the need to protect biodiversity, so motivation is high. Also, bioblitz events typically

take place over a 24 to 48-hour period so it’s a high energy, highly concentrated event which

most find to be very motivating. All learners have observation skills, but need some

encouragement to use them. Many Snapshot Cal Coast volunteers and participants have coastal

ecology experience, and most have phones or cameras to record observations with, but they need

iNaturalist training, as well as training to improve their intertidal exploration skills. Coordinators

who are not familiar with the scientific process, data collection or marine ecology will need to

learn more about those subjects prior to collecting data in the field.

Context Analysis

Interviews with the citizen science team at CAS made it clear that an asynchronous e-

learning design is the only viable way to deliver this training due to the disbursement of the

learners, and the benefit of allowing volunteer coordinators to train when and where they want

to. Many learners belong to groups, such as nature-oriented museums, conservation

organizations, and teachers with students, and the leaders of those groups may choose to conduct

a learning session with their coordinators and participants as best fits their organization’s

schedule. Learners will need to have access to a computer and the internet to take the training, as

well as for the follow-up webinar to discuss any remaining issues. The citizen science team has

not found computer access to be a problem in the past. There will be from 15 to 25 coordinators,

and anywhere from 50 to 100 or more participants during the next Snapshot Cal Coast event this
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summer. The coordinator’s site locations are located up and down the California coast, with

events typically happening in the following counties and regions: Del Norte, Humboldt, Sonoma,

Marin, San Francisco Bay Area, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa

Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego.

Content Analysis

This e-learning module is required by CSUMB to take one hour for the user to complete. An

hour is also a good length of time for engaging our audience without overwhelming them. Given

this one hour timeframe, we narrowed down the training to these essential topics:

1. Meaningful Participation: what do coordinators need to know to participate meaningfully

in a bioblitz / citizen science effort, and how should they communicate that to their

participants?

2. iNaturalist: what it is and how to use it.

3. How to be an Effective Naturalist: what species to look for, where to find them, and how

to photograph them for proper identification.

4. A Day in the Life of a Bioblitz: what to expect, how to plan for it, how to publicize the

event.

This learning intervention is a bit unusual in that it is not mandated by any authority, nor is it tied

to safety regulations or any obvious profit. The learners voluntarily choose to learn how to do

this. However, large turnouts at these events, and successful data gathering by citizen scientists,

can certainly help fulfill CAS’s mission: [to be a] renowned scientific and educational institution

dedicated to exploring, explaining and sustaining life on Earth. Successful bioblitzes can

potentially help CAS and their Snapshot Cal Coast partners to secure research grants for further

citizen science initiatives. Though assessments will be made to determine that learning has taken
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place, complete mastery of this information is not required. Mastery is very helpful, but not

required.

Design

Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, learners should be able to successfully manage their own

bioblitz event without CAS staff being present. This is the terminal objective for the entire

course. The terminal objectives of the modules below then become the enabling objectives for

this final outcome. All modules are in the cognitive domain except for module 1, which may be

considered the affective domain.

 Module 1 Terminal Objective (Declarative): Describe Meaningful Participation in a

Bioblitz Event.

Coordinators will be able to write a short essay from memory, explaining what citizen

science means, and why citizen science is important to the scientific community, as well

as the general public. The description must include 3 out of 5 main concepts described in

the reading.

 Module 2 Terminal Objective: iNaturalist: What it is and How to Use it?

1. Enabling Objective: Choose the correct steps for downloading the iNaturalist app

and creating a new bioblitz project page with 100% accuracy.

2. Enabling Objective: Given a date and time stamped, geotagged photo of an

identified California coastal marine species, complete the steps to upload the

“observation” (the photo and its data) via a smart phone to the iNaturalist network

with 100% accuracy.

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3. Enabling Objective: Given a problem scenario within iNaturalist (such as geo

tagging information did not automatically upload, or the observation did not

upload successfully), coordinators analyze the problem and correct it with 90%

accuracy.

 Module 3 Terminal Objective: Becoming an Effective Naturalist.

1. Enabling Objective: Tidepool etiquette/Protecting wildlife

From memory, coordinators will be able to list 3 to 5 tips for tidepool etiquette

that is congruent with those found in the Snapshot Cal Coast pocket guide (a job

aid).

2. Enabling Objective: Where to look for species (particularly most wanted species)

Given a “most wanted species” guide with habitat information, coordinators will

be able to determine the most likely locations (for example, on a piece of

seaweed, in the sand, under and overhang) for the different major phyla, with

100% accuracy.

3. Enabling Objective: How to photograph species for correct identification (ID)

Given 3 sample photographs of select species (1 set for each phylum) on the

“most wanted species list,” coordinators will specify which photo is the most

useful for ID purposes, and choose the correct explanation. Explanations should

be congruent with those in the module, any quiz errors will be used as a learning

activity.
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4. Enabling Objective: Identifying attributes of “most wanted species”

Using a “most wanted species guide” coordinators identify species in 21 photos

by filling in the blank next to each photo with the common name for the species

with 75% accuracy.

(Note: Coordinators and participants do not have to correctly ID species because

the iNaturalist platform assumes experts will review all photos for correct ID)

 Module 4 Terminal Objective: A Day in the Life of a Bioblitz

1. Enabling Objective: Coordinators will create a sample Eventbrite registration page for

their planned (or imagined) event according to standards set by the Eventbrite site.

2. Enabling Objective: Coordinators will create a Facebook page for their planned (or

imagined) event that conforms with provided sample Facebook page from a previous

Snapshot Cal Coast event.

Test Instruments

The testing methods utilized in this module are a combination of short essay answers,

matching and fill in the blank quizzes, and demonstration activities. The module tests will be

designed to give immediate feedback on almost all activities so that the answers themselves will

be instructional, rather than strictly corrective. Though much of the learned information could be

quantified and evaluated closely, mastery of these objectives is not necessary due to the

volunteer nature of this endeavor, and because this is supposed to be an enjoyable, fun activity

that participants will want to repeat. Any essay answers can be evaluated in the follow-up

training webinar on an as-needed basis.

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Media and Delivery System

The Snapshot Cal Coast training will be an asynchronous e-learning module, with a

scheduled follow-up webinar between the CAS citizen science team and volunteer coordinators

in order to ask additional questions or clarify procedures. Asynchronous e-learning works well

for this situation because the volunteer coordinators are scattered throughout California, and

there is no budget for training or travel. An asynchronous module also allows prospective

coordinators to take the training on their own schedule and on an as-needed basis. Though more

instructional design time is typically needed to develop an asynchronous training, it will benefit

CAS to have material that can be easily adapted to other citizen science efforts as they evolve or

are newly created, or as the personnel running these events changes.

This online training module will use photos of flora and fauna to train volunteer

coordinators to identify the most sought-after species for the scientific community. A visual aid

showing a large selection of commonly seen coastal marine species will be created and sent to

each coordinator to share with volunteers on site. Short video clips of past bioblitz events will be

utilized in the e-learning module to depict how the events are run, and how to make proper

scientific observations. Participants will be required to use their own smart phones loaded with

the iNaturalist application to practice the process of recording and uploading scientific

observations. Social media/networking will be used solely for promotional purposes.

Instructional Strategies and Activities

Agenda

Overview (embedded in website)

1. State the purpose of the learning module (the terminal objective)
2. Introduce the topics of the training session
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Module 1: Meaningful Participation (Adobe Captivate)

1. What is citizen science, how long has it been around?
2. Why is citizen science needed (relevant)?
3. What is a bioblitz event, and what is Snapshot Cal Coast?
4. Who uses this data and how do they use it?
5. Why is citizen science important to all of us (the community)?
Engagement Activity: (Captivate)
Short Essay: How to talk to volunteers about the importance of citizen science.

Module 2: iNaturalist: What it is and How to Use it. (PowerPoint presentation with graphic
visuals, within Captivate) Already existing content from iNaturalist team.
Engagement Activity: (Captivate)
Quiz that tests coordinator’s ability to download and use the iNaturalist app, and to
troubleshoot problems with uploading an observation.

Module 3: Becoming an Effective Naturalist. (Captivate slides and embedded video)

1. Tidepool etiquette: How to not hurt the flora and fauna
2. How to make coastal scientific observations (including where to find species and how to
photograph them, already existing photos).
3. Most wanted species identification (including background information on scientific
significance).
Engagement Activity: (Captivate)
Quiz that tests tidepool etiquette, where to look for species, how to photograph species,
identifying attributes of most wanted species

Module 4: Running a bioblitz. (Captivate with slides and/or video of past Snapshot events)
1. How to recruit partner organizations, team leaders, experts and participants
2. How to pick a good location, date & time
3. Create an Eventbrite page for the event for participant registration
4. Promotion and Outreach
5. Gear needed on location and how to run the day
Engagement Activities: (Captivate)
1) Coordinators write a short essay about how they might recruit experts, leaders and
participants in their local area, and discuss ideas for a good location. This will be
reviewed by CAS staff.
2) Quiz: simple quiz testing knowledge of how to properly set up an Eventbrite page for
their event

Summary: Thank you to participants for their dedication to the environment. Links to additional
information and resources located on this website and others.
TRAINING CITIZEN SCIENCE COORDINATORS FOR BIOBLITZ EVENTS 15

Development and Implementation

Major Deliverables
Deliverables for the described course include the following materials:

1. An Adobe Captivate training course embedded within an informational website

2. A video depicting “a day in the life” of a Snapshot Cal Coast event

3. A video or slideshow (in Captivate) explaining how to make good naturalist observations

(pending budget considerations)

4. A “most wanted species” and “tidepool etiquette” pocket guide (job aid) using existing

photos and information.

5. A PowerPoint presentation that briefly introduce CAS’s citizen science team, bioblitz

efforts, and an introduction to Snapshot Cal Coast in particular. (If funding and time will

allow, we will produce a video for this instead).

6. A PowerPoint presentation on how to use iNaturalist (graphics and information already

exist)

The Captivate lesson will be part of a larger website that will include additional

information that will not be addressed by this IDD. This will include things like: background

information on previous Snapshot Cal Coast success’, examples of the scientific outcomes that

Snapshot Cal Coast has contributed to, a larger species database with photos, maps of species

ranges along the coast, additional information about how to set up and wrap a session location,

and information about CAS’s Snapshot partners such as the MPA Collaborative Network.

Development Plan

The next Snapshot Cal Coast event will be held in June of 2018, and since CSUMB

students will not yet have finished relevant capstone courses by then, the final version of this
TRAINING CITIZEN SCIENCE COORDINATORS FOR BIOBLITZ EVENTS 16

course will not be ready before that event. However, portions of the course will be tested and

analyzed by the group of volunteers that are training for the 2018 Snapshot Cal Coast event, and

participation in the event will allow for filming and further research to be utilized in the final

product. There is no funding for this course development, so any photography or filming that

takes place will be paid for out of pocket. Already existing media will be used whenever

possible.

Implementation Plan

This e-learning module applies to self-study and thus is not moderated by a teacher,

trainer or facilitator. As administrators, the CAS citizen science team will provide links to the

module and website to interested parties, and will require the training for all new volunteer

coordinators. The team will be available to answer questions at any time, but hope to

concentrate the questions to a single follow-up webinar. One member of the CAS citizen science

team has a PhD in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and over 7 years of experience in citizen

science, while the other has a master’s degree in biology and over 8 years of experience in

citizen science. Both will work closely with me in the design of this module and will not require

training to utilize it. They are prepared to make updates to the lesson as items such as the “most

wanted species” change, or when there are functionality changes to the iNaturalist platform.

Evaluation

Formative Evaluation

In order to evaluate my module, I will first solicit feedback from my subject matter

experts (the CAS citizen science team), as well as a few other select coastal scientists, after they

analyze the course for completeness, accuracy and effectiveness. Completed portions of the

training will also be tested by both repeat and new coordinators preparing for the 2018 Snapshot
TRAINING CITIZEN SCIENCE COORDINATORS FOR BIOBLITZ EVENTS 17

Cal Coast events. A review of student’s engagement activity answers, as well as having them

participate in a short survey, will give me the feedback needed to make appropriate changes to

the content and address any usability issues. Participation in CAS’s follow-up webinars will also

allow for discussion and reactions to the module.

Summative Evaluation

For the summative evaluation, I will send out a questionnaire to the volunteer

coordinators who participated to assess their reaction to the finished module. I will also perform

an exit interview with the CAS citizen science team after this learning module has been

implemented and at 5 to 10 Snapshot Cal Coast events have taken place to assess whether they

feel that the coordinators at those sites performed better than in previous years. I will not be

conducting transfer, payoff or ROI evaluations for this course.

TRAINING CITIZEN SCIENCE COORDINATORS FOR BIOBLITZ EVENTS 18

Appendix A

Sample Test Questions

Two Declarative Test Items

1) Write a short essay explaining what citizen science means, and why citizen science is
important to the scientific community, as well as the general public.

2) Identify the species in these 21 photos by filling in the blank next to each photo with the
common name for the species.

Two Procedural Test Items

1) Using your iPhone, set the proper privacy settings (so the photo will automatically be
geotagged) and take a photo of any plant or animal. Upload your observation to the
iNaturalist website, making sure all required fields are filled in. Finish by verifying that
your observation has been successfully uploaded.
(Note: there are separate procedures for Android phones and web-based observations that
are almost identical, but I didn’t want to complicate matters by including them all here).

2) You have volunteered to coordinate a Snapshot Cal Coast bioblitz event at the Point
Reyes State Marine Reserve on July 18th starting at 10am. You want to open the event to
the public but have to control the number of volunteers to under 25 due to site
accessibility restrictions. Create an iNaturalist project page for the event including a link
to a corresponding Eventbrite registration page. Finally, create a basic Facebook page for
the event and invite your network to view it.
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References

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citizen science: Examining evidence and next steps, Biological Conservation (2016),

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Cohn, J.P., (2008). Citizen Science: Can Volunteers Do Real Research? BioScience, 58 (3), 192-

197.

Francis, J et al., (2017). The World Is a Park: Using Citizen Science to Engage People in Parks

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Ackerly (Eds.), Science, Conservation, and National Parks (275-293). The

University of Chicago Press.

Piskurich, G. M. (2015). Rapid instructional design: Learning ID fast and right (3rd ed.).

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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