use them. Main caracteristcis A special type of auxiliary verb; They alter or complete the meaning of the main verb; They express ideas such as capacity, possibility, obligation, permission, prohibition, probability, supposition, request, and desire. They can also indicate the level of formality in the conversation. They do not take “s” for the third person singular. Main modal verbs
CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT,
MUST, SHALL, WILL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO, and WOULD. CAN One of the most commonly used modals in English. It can express ideas such as capacity, permission or request. Examples:
She can speak French. (capacity)
He can come in now. (permission)
Can you lend me your pen, please?
(request) COULD It expresses possibility, past ability as well as suggestions and requests. Examples:
Extreme rain could cause the river
to flood the city (possibility)
John could run very fast when he
was younger (past ability) We could go to an ice-cream parlor or stay home and watch a movie. (suggestion)
Could I use your cell phone for a
moment? (request) MAY It is most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or ask for permission. Examples: Maria may be at school or at home. (possibility)
May he leave the room with me?
(asking for permission)
Yes, he may leave the room with you.
(giving permission) MIGHT It is more commonly used to indicate possibility. However, it can also be used to make suggestions or requests; this is a rare use, though. Examples:
Your backpack might be under the desk.
(possibility)
You might go to the Bodódromo during
your visit. (suggestion)
Might I open the door?
(request – British standard) MUST It can be used to talk about certainty, that is, something you are almost sure is true. Moreover, it can be used to talk about obligation, prohibition, necessity or strong recommendation. Examples:
She must be sick. She never gets
late to school. (probability)
Students must pass an entrance
examination to study at this school. (necessity) You must drink a lot of water to protect your voice. (strong recommendation)
Sarah, you must always do your
homework. (obligation) SHALL It indicates a future action. It is more commonly used with the first person singular and plural (I and we) often found in suggestions, promises, or predestinations. Examples:
Shall we set the table? (suggestion)
I shall never leave your side. (promise)
She shall become our next queen.
(predestination) WILL It is more commonly used to talk about future situations. Nonetheless, it can also be used to talk about the present when we want to make a request. It is also used in situations in which we make instant decisions. Examples:
I will call you later. (future action)
Will you close the window, please?
(request)
I loved that T-shirt! I’ll take it. (instant
decision) SHOULD This modal is more commonly used to give recommendations or advices. It can also be used to talk about obligation as well as expectation. Examples:
When you have many classes, you
should take a bottle of water with you. (recommendation)
You should focus more on your
assignments. (advice) I should be at work before 7pm. (obligation)
At this moment, they should already
be in New York. (expectation) OUGHT TO It is used to advise or make recommendations. It can also express assumption, expectation, or strong probability when the context implies that something is deserved. Examples:
She ought to stop eating red meat.
(recommendation)
Sam ought to get a promotion.
(expectation – because he deserves it) Those apartments ought to increase in value due to the construction of the new mall. (assumption)
You ought to know. (Alanis Morissette’s
1995 hit “You Ought to Know”. WOULD It is more commonly used to create conditional verb tenses. In addition, it can be used to make offers, requests, and talk about past habits. Examples:
If I were you, I would not do that
again. (2nd conditional)
Would you like some cake? (offer)
Would you turn down the volume, please? (request)
We would swim in the dam for
hours when we were kids. (past habits) Other modals which can be used to make conditional sentences: could, might, will and should.
If I knew her name, I might tell.
I could have told you the truth if you had listened to me. If I should see him, I’ll give him the message.