Organic Chemistry notes:

Chapter 1

1-9A Resonance Hybrid

Resonance structure – Different drawing structure but the same compound.

Delocalized – changing the position of the electron to another atom but it has the same electron FOR
STABILIZATION and MULTIPLE BONDS

Ex. Acetic Acid becoming Acetate Ion

Combined representation: if the two-resonance structure has the same positive charge on an atom.

Analogy: Horse and a donkey.

Major (more stable) and Minor (less stable) Resonance Contributors: resonance structure but different
in energy

Ex. Formaldehyde

Rules in finding out the minor and majors

1. Many octet rules as possible

2. Many Bond of different atoms

3. The ionized one has a stronger electronegative

Chapter 1-10A-B

 Condensed structural formula – no individual bonds (CH3CH3)

- It could have drawn double and triple bond

 Line-Angle formula – Carbon on line endings and Nitrogen, Oxygen and halogens are shown.

Chapter 1-11

Empirical Rule: Get all the percentage -> make the percentage into GRAMS -> divide it with atomic
weight -> all of the quotient will be divided smallest mole -> multiply it to how many.

Chapter 1-12

 Arrhenius Acids – Produces Hydronium ion or PROTON

Arrhenius Bases – Produces Hydroxide ion (Presence of “ate” and OH

pH – measured by negative logarithm of the presence of H3O or PROTON.

 Bronsted-Lowry Acid – Proton donor

 Bronsted-Lowry Base -Proton Acceptor

Bronsted-Lowry Acid/Base -> Conjugate Base/Acid

Acid Dissociation constant (To know the strength of the acid)

HA- Acid

Weaker acid = Larger Pka Values

The stronger an acid, the weaker its conjugate base.

The weaker an acid, the stronger its conjugate base.

Acid–base reactions favor the weaker acid and the weaker base.

Structural effects on Acidity

- Electronegativity (Increase)

- Size (Increase)

- Number of resonance structure (Increase)

- Inductive effect (Number of the bonds on the acid group) (Increase) Note: more halogens and
closer to it = HIGHER ACID

1-14 Lewis Acid and Base ( NO PROTONS INVOLVED)

Lewis Base – Donating the nonbonding electrons (Nucleophile (Giving all the electorns to the empty
NUCLEUS ORBITAL)

Lewis Acid – Accepting the electron pair to form new bond (Electrophile)

- More focused on formation of a bond to other molecules (Using Curved arrow formalism (showing
a pair of electrons of nucleophile moving to electrophile)

Essential Terms

acid-dissociation constant (Ka) - The equilibrium constant for the reaction of the acid with water to
generate H3O+.

acids and bases

(Arrhenius definitions)
 acid: dissociates in water to give Hydronium (H3O+)
 base: dissociates in water to give Hydroxide
(Brønsted–Lowry definitions)
 acid: proton donor
 base: proton acceptor
 (Lewis definitions)
 acid: electron-pair acceptor (electrophile)
 base: electron-pair donor (nucleophile)