ICONTEC AIS U.S. Customary Units 624.196 2002 EDITION 353}, “B4e4ac. Is-1Essential Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Buildings Copyright © 2002, American Concrete Institute. [Alrights reserved chiding rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic of mechanical device, printed, written, o ora, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge of rieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained {rom the copyright proprietors, First printing, October 2002 ISBN 0-87031-091-7353} Reg: 46400 —_ aciisy international °® International Publication Series IPS-1 Essential Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Buildings (For Buildings of Limited Size and Height, based on ACI 318-02) U. S. Customary Units 2002 Edition‘There are numerous organizations around the world that develop information on all aspects of concrete technology, design, construction, and repair. AS a service to our members and other concrete professionals, ACI International presents its International Publication Series. The ACI International Publication Series is intended for use by individuals who are competent to evaluate the signiicance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibilty for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute, the Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certiicacién, and the Asociacién Colombiana de Ingenieria Sismica disclaim any and all responsibilty for the content. These institutions shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising there from. The American Concrete Institute's Engineering Staff will review and take appropriate action on all ‘comments and suggestions received. Members and nonmembers of the Institute are encouraged to assis in enhancing the accuracy and usefulness of ACI documents. IPS-1 was produced by a joint technical committee of the Institulo Colombiano de Normas Técricas y Certificacién (ICONTEC) and the Asociacién Colombiana de Ingenieria Sismica (AIS) that drafted the information contained in it. This document was drafted in both English and Spanish, and in SI and US Customary units. During the dralting process, suggestions for improvement were received from members of ACI, ICONTEC, AIS, and other international technical organizations. American Concrete Institute has rot perlormed a review following procedures of the Technical Activities Committee (TAC) and has not adopted or approved this information. This is the first publication of the English version; a Spanish translation is available through ICONTEC. Copyright © 2002 by American Concrete Institute, Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificacién, and Asociacién Colombiana de Ingenieria Sismica All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. «> eis act ICONTEC Ais American Concrete Institute Instituto Colombiano de Asociacién Colombiana de Normas Técnicas y Certificacién Ingenieria Sismica P.O. Box 9094 Carrera 37 N° 52.95 Carrera 20 N” 84-14 Oficina S02 Farmington Hill Michigan 48333- Bogota, D. C., Bogota, D. C., ‘90931 ‘COLOMBIA ‘COLOMBIA USA Phone: Phone: Phone: (int + 1+ 248) 818-3700 (ot + 87° 1) 315-0377 (int + 57 + 1) 530-0826 Fax Fax Fax: (int +1 +248) 818-3701 (nt + 87 + 1) 222-1435 (int + 57 + 1) 530-0827 web page: ‘web page: Email www aci-int org www icontes.0r9.c0 ais @uniandes.edu.co Keywords: aggregates; beam-column frame; beams (supports); building codes; cements; columns (supports); compressive strength; concrete construction; concrete slabs; construction joints; continuity (structural); cover; curing; drawings: earthquake resistant structures; embedded service ducts; flexural strength; floors; footings; formwork (construction); frames; joints (junctions); joists; loads (forces); materials; mixing; mix proportioning; moments; placing; quality contol, reinforced conerete; reinforcing sleels; serviceability; shear strength; shearwalls; spans; specifications; splicing; strength; strength analysis; stresses; structural analysis, structural concrete; structural design; structural integrity; T-beams; torsion; walls; water, welded wire fabric.Essential Requirements for RIC Buildings Essential Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Buildings (For Buildings of Limited Size and Height, based on ACI 318-02)Essential Requirements for RIC BuildingsEssential Requirements for RIC Buildings Foreword Publication of Essential Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Buildings is the result of an agreement between he American Concrete Institute and two Colombian Institutions: the Institulo Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certficacién (Colombian Institute for Technical Standards and Certification) and the Asociaciéa Colombiana de Ingenieria Sismica (Colombian Association for Earthquake Engineering) The document was motivated by frequent worldwide criticism that curtent reinforced concrete codes might be unnecessarily sophisticated for some uses, such as small low-rise structures. The need for guidelines and minimum requirements for the design and construction of structures that fallin these categories is felt throughout the world. The document is expected to be especially useful in the education and training of young engineers in reinforced concrete design A.useful precedent for the drafting committee was the simplified rules for design and construction of ‘masonry ane- and two-story dwellings contained in some building codes. Current knowledge on reinforced concrete behavior obtained through experimentation and experience, and its status and dissemination as a structural material used worldwide, made the task of development of a simplified design and construction document, not only feasible, but challenging, ‘Among the subjects covered are: aggregate size; allowable soil bearing capacity; analysis and design; beams; bearing strength; columns; combined footings: concrete cover, concrete curing: concrete mixing ‘and transportation; concrete mixture proportions: concrete quality, mixing, and placing; concrete strength evaluation; constriction joints; definitions of terms used, design and constructions procedure; design for ‘axial load with flexure; design for flexure; design for shear; development length and splicing of Feinforcement; drawings and specifications, durability requirements; embedded pipes; flexural and axial loads; focr systems; footings; form removal, formwork; foundation mats; foundations; geotechnical investigaton; girders; grade beams; inspection; joists; lateral load resistance; layout of the structural system; mit states; loads (dead, lve, rain, snow, wind, earthquake, and soil lateral pressure); materials for reinforced concrete construction; minimum depth for members; one-way and two-way slabs; proj specifications; reinforcement details; retaining walls; shear and torsion; shear walls; slab systems; slab- column systems; slabs-on-grade; special provisions for seismic design; spread footings; stairways and ramps; slandard hooks; strength and serviceability; structural drawings; wall footings; walls; water tanks. The following features were the general guidelines for the Essential Requirements for Reinforced Conerete Buildings: + The aim of the document is to provide rules for the design and construction of common, low-rise stuctures of small to medium floor areas. + The design rules are based on simplified accepted strength models; other limit states are ‘accounted by specified dimensional requirements. The minimum dimensional requirements. contained in the document are intended to replace the need for more-sophisticated analysis and design procedures, ‘+ Material and construction requirements are aimed al available steel grades and concrete of medium strength that could be site mixed. + The document is self-contained; therefore, loads and simplified analysis procedures are included 2s well as geotechnical exploration requirements to be used in defining a soil bearing capacity and minimum acceptable construction practice guidelines. + Earthquake-resistant requirements are based on the use of structural concrete walls (shear walls) that limit the lateral deformations of the structure and provide lateral strength. The document is written in mandatory language. + Where explanatory non-mandatory material was required, this material was included at the ‘appropriate places and a special cursive type font was employed to indicate the non-mandatory character, iteEssential Requirements for RIC Buildings + Ina departure from traditional code-related publications, the document contains graphs and graphical explanations + Requirements are introduced in the order needed in the course of a design. + The design can be carried out using solely the document and a hand calculator without need for a computer. * For international use, S! Metric and US Customary Units versions in English and a SI Metric version in Spanish of the document were produced Acknowledgments Ieontec-AIS Joint Draiting Committee The draft of the document was produced by a Joint Committee of Icontec - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certiticacion (Colombian Institute for Technical Standards and Certification) and AIS - Asociacién Colombiana de Ingenieria Sismica (Colombian Association for Earthquake Engineering). The members of this Joint-Committee were: Luis Enrique Garcia Nélson Sanchez (Chairman) (Secretary) Guittermo Alonzo José Miguel Paz Mauricio Sanchez Gilberto Areiza Marco Puc Jorge Segura Omar Dario Cardona Roberto Rochel Pedro Theran ‘Augusto Espinosa Carlos Alberto Rodriguez Luis Yamin’ Diego Jaramillo Daniel Rojas The following individual members of ACI offered useful comments and suggestions during the drafting of the document: ‘Shuaib Anmad David P. Gustafson Jack P. Moehle Sergio Alcocer Bilal Hamad Vilas S Mujumdar John E. Breen Neil M, Hawkins James S. Pierce James R. Cagley Kenneth C. Hover Basile G, Rabat t W. Gene Corley Richard E. Klingner Julio A. Ramirez Juan P, Covarrubias James O. Jirsa Mete A. Sozen David A. Fanella Dov Kaminetzky Richard Stehly Werner Fuchs James G. MacGregor James K. Wight John Glu Leslie D. Martin Min-Hong ZhangEssential Requirements for RIC Buildings Table of contents Foreword Acknowledgments : I Table of eottents, = I : —— INTRODUCTION. — — 7 Chapter 1— GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3 1.0 — NOTATION. ~ 3 4.4. — SCOPE, = : 3 1.2 — PURPOSE - 3 1.3 — LIMITATIONS. 3 1.4 — SUPPORTING CODES AND STANDARDS. 5S 1.5-— DEFINITIONS. 5 1.6 — DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE 7 5 1.7 — LIRMT STATES 7 1.8 — STRENGTH LIMIT STATE DESIGN 7 1.9 — SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE DESIGN, 8 1.40 — APPLICABLE STANDARDS wo... a 1.11 — A WORD OF CAUTION. 7 Chapter 2 — DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURE. 7 old 2.1 — DEFINITIONS. —— : : W 2.2 — NOMENCLATURE 18 2.3 — ABBREVIATIONS. von Chapter 3— STRUCTURAL SYSTEM LAYOUT. Ss BS 3.0 — NOTATION 25 3.1 — DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS: 25 3.2— GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 26 3.3 — STRUCTURAL LAYOUT... : 26 3.4 — FEASIBILITY UNDER THE ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS 29 Chapter 4— LOADS, = at 4.0 —NOTATION 31 4.1— GENERAL : —— sn 4.2— LOAO FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS. : 32 4.3 — MASS AND WEIGHT : 33 44 — WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 33 45 — DEAD LOADS wrnnsnse ni : 33 4.6 — LIVE Loaos. : 39 4.7 — ROOF LIVE LOADS. 33 4.8 — RAN LOAD... 7 39 4.9— SNOW LOAD. . sen 4.10 —WINO FORCES. veo a 4.11 — SEISMIC FORCES... a 43 4.12 — SOIL WEIGHT AND LATERAL PRESSURE. 45 Chapter 5 — GENERAL REINFORCED CONCRETE REQUIREMENTS. aT 5.0 — NOTATION, nl 5.1— GENERAL. : aT 5.2 — MATERIALS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE i 48 5.3 —MINDAUM AND MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT BAR DIAMETER... a 49 ‘5.4— CONCRETE COVER FOR REINFORCEMENT nn) 5.5 — MINMUM REINFORCEMENT BEND DIAMETER st 3.6 — STANDARD HOOK DIMENSIONS. : ve 5.7 — MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE - = 53 5.8 — DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, LAP SPLICING, AND ANCHORAGE OF REINFORCEMENT = 53 5.9 — LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT ne) 5.10 — TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT... a 8.12 — AXIAL LOADS WiTHt OR WITHOUT FLEXURE. : os? 5.13 — SHEAR. . — 60 5.14 — GEARINGEssential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 6 — FLOOR SYSTEMS vn 60~—NOTATION 63 6.1— TYPES OF FLOOR SYSTEMS es 62 —~ SELECTION OF THE FLOOR SYSTEM 69 6.3 — REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY. 59 5.4 — ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY LOAD PATHS. - . 70 6.5 — NUM DEPTH FOR FLOOR SYSTEM MEMBERS nm {66 TRIAL DIMENSIONS FOR THE FLOOR SYSTEM... = - 73 67—FLOOR FINISH 74 68—DUCTS, SHAFTS, OPENINGS, ANO EMBEODED PIPING 4 (Chapte:7— SOLIO SLABS SUPPORTED ON GIRDERS, BEAMS, JOISTS, OR REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS.....77 1.0 NOTATION. 7 7.1 — GENERAL - 78 72—L0Ans me 8 7.3 = DETAILS OF REINFORCENENT. ra 7.4 — SHEAR STRENGTH Is 75 —SLAB BETWEEN JOISTS a3 7.8 — CANTILEVERS OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON GIRGERS, BEANS, OF WALLS a 1.7 — ONE-WAY. SINGLE-SPAN SOLID SLABS SPANNING BETWEEN GIRDERS, BEANS, ‘OR REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS. : 86 7.8 ~ ONE-WAY SOLID SLABS SUPPORTED ON GIROERS, SEAMS, OR WALLS, WITH TWO OR MORE SPANS. 38 7.9— TWO-WAY SOLIO SLABS SPANNING BETWEEN GIRDERS, BEAMS, OR REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS... 91 (Chapter 8 — GIRDERS, BEAMS, AND JOISTS. sett 80—NOTATION 101 81 GENERAL ‘no 82—LoADS - 103, 8.3 —TyPEs OF REWFORCEMENT 108 8.4— LONGITUDINAL REINFORCENENT : ~ 105 8 5 — TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT 118 8.6 — JOISTS ANO BEAMS SUPPORTED BY GIRDERS 119 8.7 —GROERS THAT ARE PART OF & FRAME 123 Chapter — SLAB-COLUMN SYSTEMS. seed D 8.0 NOTATION, “129 98.1—GENERAL 129 82—LOADS 130 93 — DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS 130 9.4 — DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT nga 9.5—SHEAR STRENGTH ~ 135 9.6 —AINMUM SLAB THICKNESS AS REQUIRED BY PUNCHING SHEAR. 138 9.7 —NINEAUM SLAB THICKNESS AS REQUIRED BY BEAN-ACTION SHEAR cae 9.8 — FLEXURAL REQUIREMENTS. 180 9.9— CALCULATION OF SUPPORT REACTIONS saa Chapter 10 — COLUMNS. 145 100 — NOTATION. 145 10.1 GENERAL 15 102 —Loaps 146 103 — DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS, 17 10.4— DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT. — 149 10.5 FLEXURAL REQUIREMENTS, Cass 10.6 — SHEAR. : sr 10.7 — CALCULATION OF THE FOUNDATION REACTION se (Chapter 11 — LATERAL-FORCE RESISTANCE eSB 11.0 NOTATION omer 11.4 GENERAL. 160 11.2 LATERAL FORCES, = - 160 11.3 — LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM . ces 114 —MINIMUM AMOUNT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS —— res 11.5 — SPECIAL REINFORCING DETAILS FOR SEISMIC ZONES: Nes 11.8 — INTERACTION WITH NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS... ae arD (Chapter 12— REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS. et 181 120 NOTATION 7 oat 12.1 GENERAL 181 122—Loaps. : : = 81 123 — OMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS. : teaEssential Requirements for R/C Buildings 12.4 — DETALS OF REINFORCEMENT. ssn : bose BS: 125 — FLEXURAL REQUIREMENTS... = oo zs 137 126 — SHeaRREQUREMENTS . ——— aa. 12.7 — CALCULATION OF THE REACTIONS AY THE FOUNDATION 183 (Chapter 19 — OTHER STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. —— 13.0—NOTATION i. 13.4 — STARWAYS All RAMPS. : 13.2 WATER TANKS ons = ——— Chapter 14— FOUNDATIONS... 18.0 NOTATION 14.1 — SOILIVESTIGATION. : 7 142 — ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE... — 143 — SETREMENT CRITERIA... : 14.4 — DIMENSIONING FOUNDATION MENOERS . = 14.5 — SPREAD FOOTINGS... 145 — WALL FOOTINGS, ———— = om e 14.7 — COMBINED FOOTINGS 2 14.8 — PLES AND CAISSONS.. - : 149 —FOOmNGS ONPILES... e 14.10 — FOUNDATION MATS. 3411S RETANING WALLS. 1412 — GRADE BEAMS (FOUNDATION BEAMS). 14.13 — SLABS.ON.GRADE..... Chapter 15 — ORAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS. os ese BRB 15.1 —~ GENERAL es - 225 15.2 — STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS : : : 205, 15.3 — PROLECT SPECIFICATIONS : . coer Chapter 16 — constRUCTION. o . — 229 18.0— NOTATION a - Soo 46.1 INTRODUCTION... : 229 16.2 — CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONINNG : - 21 18.3 — PLACING OF REINFORCEMENT... : : 233 10.4 — CONCRETE niIXING AND TRANSPORTATION. wane 16.5 — CONCRETE STRENGTH EVALUATION. : 238 16 6 — CONCRETE CURING... “aa 16.7 — FORM REMOVAL... | ae 168 INSPECTION, : : - 2 Cag Chapter 17 — REFERENCED STANDARDS AND REPORTS 17.1 — STANOARDS 17.2 — NONREFERENCED RELATED DOCUMENTS APPENDIX — COMPARISON OF ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS TO AC!318.02, IBC 2000, AND ASCE 7-98.Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Introduction. Essential Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Buildings INTRODUCTION The Essential Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Buildings (see 1.4) is based on the 2002 “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02) and Commentary (ACI 318R-02),” developed by the American Concrete Insitute, the 1898 “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-88). developed by the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the year 2000 “International Building Code (IBC 2000),* developed by the International Code Council ‘The quaiiy and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard specifications. The document is written in mandatory language and the requirements are drawn in such a manner that any structure designed and buill following the document will in principle, meet the Codes and Standards ‘on which the “Essential Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Buildings” was based. All mandatory material in the Essential Requirements has been printed in Helvetica, the same font in which this paragraph is set [This paragraph is set in Times New Roman, italic, and all portions of the text corresponding to non-mandatory ‘material ure enclosed in brackets and printed in this font.) ‘The document presents the material in an order that follows the design procedure with the requirements being introduced when the designer will need them in the course of the design. The Essential Requirements uses the load combination and load factors as presented in Chapter 9 of ACI 318-02. Inthe 2002 ACI code, the 1999 code load factor combinations and strength reduction factors were revised and moved to Appendix C. The load combinations contained in Chapter 9 of ACI 318-99 were replaced with those of ASCE 7-98 (see 1.4). The strength-reduction factors were replaced with those of the 1999 Appendix C. These new strength-reductions factors are lower than those contained in Previous editions of ACI 318, from 1971 to 1999, except for the factor for flexure that was maintained equal. The changes were made to further unify the design profession on one sel of load factors and: combinations and to facilitate the proportioning of concrete building structures that include members of ‘materials other than concrete.Essential Requirements for R/C BuildingsEssential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapler 1 — General Requirements CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 4.0 — NOTATION R, = nominal strength in terms of flexure, axial load, shear or bearing strength, s, nominal load effect based on load, i u Fequired strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces. 4 = slrength-reduction factor. See 1.8.3. % = lead factor for load effect i. 1.1 — SCOPE ‘The Essenial Requirements are intended for the planning, design, and construction of reinforced concrete structures to be used in new low-rise buildings of restricted occupancy, number of stories, and area, 1.2 — PURPOSE ‘The purpose of the Essential Requirements is to provide a licensed civil engineer or architect with Sufficient information to perform the design of the structural reinforced concrete members that comprise the structural framing of a low-rise building that complies with the limitations established in 1.3, The rules of design as set forth in the present document are simplifications of the more detailed requirements contained in the standards mentioned in 1.4 4.3 — LIMITATIONS The Essential Requirements shall be used only when the building being designed complies with all the limitations set forth in 1.3.1 to 1.3.10. 1.3.4 — Use and occupancy 1.3.1.1 — Permitted uses and occupancies. Table 1.1 lists occupancy groups and subgroups, indicating for each one of them if the use of the Essential Requirements is permitted, 1.3.1.2 — Mixed occupancy. Itis permitted to design buildings of mixed occupancy using the Essential Requirements when all the types of occupancy in the building are permilted in Table 1.1 1.3.2 — Maximum number of stories The maximum number of stories for a building designed using the Essential Requirements is five, including the story at the level of the ground, without counting the roof or the basement. The maximum allowable number of basement levels is one. 1.3.3 — Maximum area per floor ‘The area per floor shall not exceed 10 000 f 1.3.4 — Maximum story height The maximum story height, measured from the floor finish to the floor finish of the story imme below, shall not be greater than 13 f.Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 1 — General Requirements 1.3.5 — Maximum span length The span length for girders, beams, and slab-column systems, measured cenler-to-center of the Supports, shall not exceed 30 fl 1.3.6 — Maximum difference in span length Spans shall be approximately equal, and the shorter of two adjacent spans shall be at least 80% of the larger span, exceptiin elevator and stair cores. 1.3.7 — Minimum number of spans There shall be at least two spans in each of the two principal directions in plan of the building. Single ‘Spans shall be permitted in one- and two-story buildings if the span length does not exceed 15 ft 1.3.8 — Maximum cantilever span For cantilevered girders, beams, or slabs, the cantilever span shall nol exceed 1/3 of the length of the first interior span of the member. 1.3.9 — Maximum slope for slabs, girders, beams, and joists When sloping slabs, girders, beams, or joists are used, the slope of the member shall not exceed 15 degrees, 1.3.10 — Maximum slope of the terrain The slope of the terrain where the building is located shall not exceed, in any difection, a rise of the terrain — in the length of the building in that direction — equivalent to the story height of the first story, without exceeding 30 degrees. Table 1.1 — Permitted uses and occupancies Tesopany re Decopanay Subgroap Ponmied Ta] Peed waning eas, lens nd faa SRDS rm AZ| Botting hav sn assay ooh wih capac essaP TOD pESAS Bnd Group A— Assembly |_&-3 | not having a stage Me Fe | Areas SN POO and ar 7. AS_[ Amusemen! pats, bleachers. grandstand, and sac no. = Swany erase a ocx orpsessna crass cong Bang and Group 8 — Business 8 | crinking establishments with lass than 50. occupants — compe Use or eaustona pupae Educational E — Faery [EA] Wanna nog Ray mana ves ieee ements F-2 | Heavy industries using heavy machiner NO == Nanulohsing, processing. gneaton, 0 age oT aT: Wal Grow H—Hazardous | _H_| consttule a physical or heath hazard NO TA | Resident bard and cre nies YES 12 respi - nO Group !— Institutional | 731 prisons. jails, eformatories, and detention cenlers YES Te Bayes elias YES Growpi = Mercantila | M| Olay ad sle of waTRORaE a | Holl Raving an asso can wit apa eas TTD parsons Bnd Ret | pot having a slage ves Grow R— Residentiat | RE | Aparimen bulngy and GRaMaTRE YES fea [ Rowse YES Ret Reidel caaTapS eT BESS YES Gans S:1-| Storage o haar orFaeardo materia nO we s—Storape Ss] See orga aera 1 = U [ites vatr sup sys and joer Goneraing pis ne rou UT Wally and TT Garages Torvehcies wah caan topsat apis 100018 YES cous UT Garages for trucks of more than 4000 Ib carrying capacity NO WEssential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 1 ~ General Requirements 1.4 — SUPPORTING CODES AND STANDARDS When the limitations of 1.3 are met, this document is intended to be a simplification to the corresponding ‘equirements contained in following codes and standards: + Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02); + Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-98); and + International Building Code (IBC 2000). 4.5 — DEFINITIONS ‘Terms for general use are presented in Chapter 2, Definitions and Nomenclature. 1.6 — DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE 1.6.1 — Procedure The design procedure comprises the steps listed in Table 1.2. See also Fig. 1.1 Table 1.2— Design procedure steps ‘Step A | Veriication that the limitations for using the Essential Requiremenis are mat] Chaplers 1 Definition of the layout in plan and height of the structure. and 3 ‘Step B | Calculation of all gravity loads that act on the structure, excluding the Chapter 4 selfweight of the structural members, ‘Step ¢ | Definition of an appropriate floor system. depending on the span lengihs and | Chapler 6 the magnitude of the gravity loads. ‘Step D | Trial dimensions for the slab of the floor system Chapters 6, Calculation of the selfweight of the system and design of the members that | 7, and 9 Comprise it, correcting the dimension as required by the strength and serviceability limit states, complying wih the requirements for slab systems with beams, or slab-column systems. ‘Step E | Trial dimensions for the beams and girders (needed) Chapters 6 Calculation of the selfweight of girders, beams, and joists. and 8 Flexural and shear design of the beams and girders, correcting the dimensions a5 required by the strength and serviceability limit states, ‘Step F | Trial dimensions for the columns, Chapter 10 Verification of column slenderness through the use of minimum dimensions. Calculation of the selfweight of the columns. Design of the columns for combination of axial load and moment and shear. Correcting the dimension as required by the strength and serviceability mit states. ‘Step G | Ilateraltoads such as earthquake, wind, or lateral earth pressure exis, hel’ | Chaplera magnitude and point of application to be established; otherwise the designer may proceed to Step | ‘Step H | Preliminary location and trial dimensions for reinforced concrete walls capable | Chapters of resisting the lateral loads, and 12 For earthquake forces, the influence of the walls selfweight is evaluated. Flexure and shear design of the reinforced concrete walls. ‘Step t_| Design of the stainways, ramps, tanks, and retai Chapter 13 ‘Step J | Loads at the foundation level are determined. Chapter 14 Definition of the foundation system is performed, Design of the structural members of the foundation. ‘Step K_| Production of the structural drawings and specifications: Chapter 15 ‘Step L | The structure is built complying with the construction and inspection Chapter 16 sequirements.Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 1 — General Requirements | { | ‘Start L Definition of ie structure ee Definition of the loads , Floor slabs —t Giaers LT Columns ® Sructar walls Foundation Change member ‘sectons and Ace serosa, le ne dimensions Toads if on? necestary Sivctural ravings i Consiructon Fig. 1.1 — Design procedure 1.6.2— Design documentation ‘The design steps shall be fully recorded in the following documents: 4.6.2.1 — Calculation record, The structural designer shall document all design steps in a calculation record, This record shall contain, as a minimum, the following: (a) (b) (©) (a) (e) cu) ‘The general structural requirements of the project, as defined in Chapter 3; A description of the structural system used: Loads used; Characteristics, strength, and fabrication standards for all structural materials; Justification of all design computations; and ‘Sketches of the reinforcement layout forall structural membersEssential Requirements for RIC Buildings Chapter 1 — General Requirements 1.6.2.2 — Geotechnical report. The geotechnical repo shall record, as @ minimum, the soit investigation performed, the allowable bearing capacily ofthe soil, the lateral soil pressures required for design of any soil-retaining structures, and all other information required in Chapter 14. 1.6.2.3 — Structural drawings. The structural drawings shall include all the plans required by Chapter 15 for constuction of the building, 1.6.2.4 — Project specifications. The project specifications shall include all the construction specifications described in Chapter 15, 1.6.3 — Precast concrete components Ut shal be permitted to use precast concrete components, including prestressed concrete, manufactured in off-site facities. Such components shall be designed by a licensed professional in accordance with the codes and standards listed in 1.4. Calculations shall be reviewed by the designer of record (see 1.2), and included inthe Calculation record (see 1.6.2.1). Detailing and placing drawings conforming to 15.2.2 shall be furnished and included as part of the Structural drawings (see 1.6.2.3). Manufacture of precast components shall be done in a facility with demonstrated capability of producing qualily products, 4.7 — LIMIT STATES ‘The design approach of the Essential Requirements is based on limit states, where a limit state is a condition beyond which a structure or member becomes unfit for service and is judged either to be unsale (oF no longer useful for its intended function. The designer shall verify that the following limit states are accounted for in the resulting structure: {a) Strength limit state; and (b) Serviceabilty limit state, The following are considered implicily in the design procedure: (a) Structural integrity: (b) Lateral load story drift {¢) Ourabitity; and (@) Fire resistance 1.8 — STRENGTH LIMIT STATE DESIGN 1.8.1 —General {In the strength limit state design, the structure and the structural members are dimensioned to have design strength at all sections at least equal to the required strength calculated for the factored loads and forces, using the load combinations as described in Chapter 4 ‘The basic requirement for strength limit state is: (4) To allow forthe possibilty that the resistances may be less than computed, and the load effects could be larger than computed, strength-reduction factors, 6, less than one, and load factors, 7, generally greater than one, are used: RZ Sy 1S. (1-2) R,, stands for nominal strength and S stands for load effects based on the loads described in Chapter 4. Therefore, the strength limit state design format requires that:Essential Requirements for RIC Buildings Chapter 1 — General Requirements Des h 2 Required Factored Strength (3) $+ (Nominal Strength) 2 U (ay where the required strength is U = °Si+ 1.8.2 — Required strength ‘The required strength, U, shall be computed by multiplying service loads or forces by load factors, using the load factors and load combinations in 4.2. 4.8.3 — Design strength ‘The design strength provided by a member; its connections to other members; and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, and shear; shall be taken as the nominal strength multiplied by a strength- reduction factor, 4. The nominal strength shall be calculated for each particular force effect in each of the member types at the defined critical sections, The following strength-reduction factors, §, shall be used: (a) Flexure, without axial load eo 4=0.90 {b) Axial tension and axial tension with flexure $= 0.90 (c) Axial compression and axial compression with flexure Columns with ties and reinforced concrete walls ..... @ = 0.65 Columns with spiral reinforcement. 4=0.70 (4) Shear and torsion... sve GF OTS {e) Bearing of concrete 065 1.9 — SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE DESIGN Serviceability limit states correspond to conditions beyond which specified performance requirements for the structure, or the structural members, are no longer met. The compliance with the serviceability limit state is obtained indirectly through the observance of the limiting dimensions, cover, detailing, and construction requirements. These serviceability conditions include effects such as: (2) Long-term environmental effects, including exposure to aggressive environment or corrosi of the reinforcement; (©) Dimensional changes due to variations in temperature, relative humidity, and other effects; (c)_ Excessive cracking of the concrete; (4). Excessive vertical deflections; and {e) Excessive vibration, 1.10 — APPLICABLE STANDARDS 1.10.1 — General ‘The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards cited in the Essential Requirements are listed below with their serial designation and are declared part of the Essential Requirements, 1.10.2 — ASTM Standards ASTMA 82-97a Standard Specification for Stee! Wire, Plain, for Concrete ReinforcementEssential Requirements for RIC Buildings Chapter 1 — General Requirements ASTM A 1841 A 184M-96 Standard Specification for Fabricated Deforméd Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A 185-97 Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A 242 / A242M-00a Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel ASTM A 496-97a Standard Specification for Stee! Wire, Deformed, for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A 497-99 Standard Specification for Stee! Welded Wire Fabric, Deformed, for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A615 / A615M-00 Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A 706 Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A767 1 A767M-00b Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A775 / A 775M-00 Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars ASTM A 864 / A 8844-99 Standard Specification for Epoxy Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire Fabric for Reinforcement ASTM A 934 / A 934M-00 Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars ‘ASTM A 996 / A 996N-00 Standard Specification for Rail-Steel and Axle-Steel Deformed Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM C 31/C 31M-98 Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field ASTM C 33-99a Standard Specifications for Concrete Aggregates ASTM C391 C 39M-99 Standard Method of Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens ASTM C 42 C 42M-99 Standard Test Method for Oblaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete ASTM C 94/ C 94M-00 Standard Specifications for Ready-Mixed Concrete ASTM C 109/C 109M-99 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or $0-mm Cube Specimens) ASTM C 143 /C 143M.98 Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete ASTM C 144-99 Standard Specification for Aggregate for Masonry Mortar ASTM C 150-99a Standard Specification for Portland Cement ASTM C 172-99 Standard Method of Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete ASTM C 192/C 192M.99 Standard Method of Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory ‘ASTM C 260-00 Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete.Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 1 — Generat Requirements ASTMC 494 / C 494M-99a Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete ASTM C 496-96 Standard Test Method for Spliting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens ASTM 567-99a Standard Test Method for Unit Weight of Structural Lightweight Concrete ASTMC 595-00 Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements ASTMC 618-99 Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete ASTM C 685-98a Standard Specifications for Concrete Made by Volumetric Batching and Continuous Mixing ASTM C 845-96 Standard Specification for Expansive Hydraulic Cement ASTM 989-99 Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-Fumace Stag for Use in Concrete and Mortars ASTMC 1017 /C 1017M-98 Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete ASTMC 1218/C 1218M-99 Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete ASTMC 1240-00 Standard Specification for Silica Fume for Use in Hydraulic-Cement Concrete and Mortar 1.11—A WORD OF CAUTION Although the requirements contained in the Essential Requirements were developed to produce, when properly used, a reinforced concrete structure with an appropriate margin of safely, these requirements, are nota replacement for experienced engineering, For the structure designed by the Essential Requirements to atlain the intended margin of safely, the document must be used as a whole, and altemative procedures shall be used only when explicilly permitted in the document. The minimum dimensioning requirements as prescribed in the Essential Requirements replace, in most cases, more detailed procedures prescribed in the supporting codes and standards listed in 1.4 The licensed professional designing a structure by the Essential Requirements shall have training and a minimum appropriate knowledge of: structural mechanics, statics, strength of materials, structural analysis, and reinforced concrete design and constuction, 10Essential Requirements for RIC Buildings Chapter 2— Definitions and Nomenclature CHAPTER 2 — DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURE 2.1 — DEFINITIONS. The folowing terms are defined for general use. Admixture— Material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement, used as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during it's mixing to modify its properties, Aggregate — Granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, and iron blast-furnace slag, used with 2 cementing medium to form a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar. Aagregate, lightweight — Aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 70 Ibift? or less. Concrete manufactured using lightweight aggregate is nol covered by the Essential Requirements. Allowable stress design — & method of proportioning structural members such that elastically computed Stresses produced in the members by nominal loads do nol exceed specified allowable stresses (also called working stress design). Anchorage — Device used to connect a non-structural element to the structural framing, Bar diameler, nominal —For deformed bars, it shall be taken as the diameter of a plain bar having the ‘same area Base of structure — Level at which seismic motions are assumed to be imparted to a building, This level does not necessarily coincide with the ground level. Beam — Rhorizontal, or nearly horizontal, structural member supported atone point (such as a Cantilever) or more points, but not throughout its length, transversely supporting a load, and subjected primarily to flexure. See also girder. Bearing capacity of the underlying soil — Maximum permissible working stress on the foundation soil that Provides adequate safely agains! bearing failure of the soil or foundation settlement of such magnitude as to impair the structure. Bending moment — The bending effect at any section of a structural element; itis equal to the algebraic ‘sum of the moments of the vertical and horizontal forces, with respect to the centroidal axis of a member, acting on a free body of the member. Boundary elements — portions along wall edges strengthened by longitudinal and transverse ‘reinforcement. Boundary elements do not necessarily require an increase in thickness of the wall Cement — Materials, specified in the corresponding referenced ASTM standards, that have cementing value when used in concrete either by themselves, such as portland cement, blended hydraulic cements, ‘and expansive cement, or such materials in combination with fly ash, other raw or calcined natural Pozzolans, silica fume, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, or all three. Column — Vertical member with a ratio of height-to-least lateral dimension exceeding three, used primarily to support axial compressive load. Collector elements — Elements that serve to transmit the seismic inertia forces within the diaphragm to ‘members of the lateral-force resisting system. "Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 2 — Definitions and Nomenclature ‘Combined footing — Footing that transmits to the supporting soi the load carried by several columns or walls See also footing. Conerete — Mixture of portland cement and any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, with or without admixtures. Concrete mixture proportioning — The proportions of ingredients that make the most economical use of available materials to produce mortar or concrete of the required properties. Concrete, specified compressive strength off — Compressive cylinder strength of concrete used in design and evaluated in accordance with the appropriate ASTM standards, expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). Whenever the quantity {/ is under a radical sign ( Jf ), square root of numerical value only is intended, and result has units of psi. Concrata, lightweight — Concrete containing lightweight aggregate. This type of concrete is not covered by the Essential Requirements Compression reinforcement — Reinforcement provided to resist compression stresses induced by flexural moments acting on the member section, Confinement stiup or tie — See hoop. Construction documents — The written, graphic, electronic, and pictorial documents describing the design, locations, and physical characteristics of the project required to verify compliance with the standard Contract documents — Documents comprising aspects of the required work and the results and products thereof, including plans, specifications, and project drawings. : Contraction joint — Formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete structure to create a weakened plane i and regulate the location of cracking resulting from the dimensional change of different pats of the : structure, Corrosion — Destruction of metal by a chemical, electrochemical, or electrolytic reaction within its ; environment Cover, concrete — The least distance between the surface of embedded reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete. Crosstie— Continuous reinforcing bar having a 135° seismic hook at one end and a hook not less than 90° with al feast a six-diameter extension at the other end. The hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars. The 90° hooks of two successive crossties engaging the same longitudinal bars shal be alternated end for end. Curing — Action taken to maintain moisture and temperature conditions in a freshly placed cementitious mixture to allow hydraulic cement hydration and (if applicable) pozzotanic reactions to occur so that the potential properties of the mixture may develop. Curing is performed by keeping the concrete damp for a Period of ime, usually several days, starting from the moment itis cast, in order for the cement to be provided with enough water to harden and altain the intended strength. Appropriate curing will greatly reduce shrinkage, increase concrete strength, and reduce surface cracking. Curing time will depend on temperature and relative humidity of surrounding air, the amount of wind, the direct sunlight exposure, the type of concrete mixture used, and other factors Curtain wall — Walls that are part of the fagade or enclosure of the building. See also partons. 12Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 2 — Definitions and Nomenctature Deformed inforcement — A reinforcing bar with a manufactured pattern of surface ridges intended to ‘reduce slip and increase pullout resistance of bars embedded in concrete. The following steel reinforcement is considered deformed reinforcement: deformed reinforcing bars, welded plain wire fabric, ‘and welded deformed wire fabric conforming to the appropriate ASTM standards. Depth of member, h— Distance in a flexural member, measured from extreme compression fiber to the extreme tension fiber. Design load combinations — Combinations of factored loads and forces. Design strength — The product of the nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor, 4. Development length — Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section, Development length for a bar with a standard hook — Shortest distance between the crilical section (where the strength of the bar is to be developed) and a tangent to the outer edge of the 90° or 180" hook. Differential settlement — Due to loads, the lowering in elevation of various parts of a foundation by different amounts, Effective depth of section, d — Distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, Embedment length — Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section. Engineerlarchitect — Engineer, architect, engineering firm, architectural firm, or engineering and architectural firm, issuing project drawings and project specifications, or administering work under the contract documents. Buildings and other structures that are intended to remain operational during and ynmental event from wind, snow, or earthquake. Essential faciities after an extieme em Factored loads and forces — Specified nominal loads and forces multiplied by load factors, Fire resistance — The property of a material or assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it; as applied to elements of buildings, itis characterized by the abilily to confine a fire or, when exposed to fire, to continue to perform a given structural function, or both, The concrete cover is a function of the number of hours of exposure to the fre. Flange — The widened portion of an I, T, or similar cross-section in the top or bottom part separated by the web. See also web. Flexural reinforcement — Reinforcement provided to resist the tensile stresses induced by flexural ‘moments acting on the member section. Floor system — Structural members that comprise the floor of a story in a building, including girders, beams, joists, and the stab that spans between them or the slab only where itis directly supported on columns, as in slab-column systems. Footing — A structural element that transmits loads directly to the soi Formwork — Total system of support for freshly placed concrete including the mold or sheathing that contacts the concrete as well as supporting members, hardware, and necessary bracing, 13Essential Requirements for RIC Buildings Chapter 2 — Definitions and Nomenclature Foundation — The structural elements through which the load of a structure is transmitted to the earth. Foundation beam (grade beam) — A reinforced concrete beam, usually at ground level, that strengthens, or siffens the foundation or supports overlying construction, Foundation, mat — A continuous footing supporting an array of columns in several rows in each direction, having a slab-like shape with or without depressions or openings. Girdor — A targe beam, usually horizontal, that serves as a main structural member. See also beam. Grade beam — see foundation beam. Grade slab — A slab, continuously supported by ground, that serves either as an internal trafic surface or 25 partof the foundation, Gravily loads — Loads that act downward and are caused by the acceleration of gravity acting on the mass of the elements and content that cause the dead and live loads. Hook — Bend at the end of a reinforcing bar. It is defined by the angle that the bend forms with the bar as 90°, 180°, or 135° hooks. Hoop — Closed stirrup, tie, or continuously wound spiral. A closed sirup or lie can be made up of several reinforcement elements, each having seismic hooks at both ends. A continuously wound spiral shallhave a seismic hook at both ends. Isolation joint — A separation between adjoining parts of a concrete structure, usually a vertical plane, at 1a dasignd location so as to interfere least with performance of the structure, yet allow relative movement in three directions and avoid formation of eracks elsewhere in the concrete and through which all or part of the bonded reinforcement is interrupted. Integiiy, structural — In the event of damage to a major supporting member or an abnormal loading event, the necessary structural redundancy and ductility to confine the resulting damage to a relatively ‘small area, and to improve the structure's overall stability. Joist— A comparatively narrow beam used in closely spaced parallel arrangements to suppor floor or roof slabs, Lap splice — A connection of reinforcing steel! made by lapping the ends of bars, Lateral-force resisting system — Portion of the structure composed of members proportioned to resist forces related to lateral loads. Loads — Forces or other actions thal result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and other variable or permanent contents, environmental effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads. Load effects —Forces and deformations produced in structural members by the applied loads, Load factor — A factor that accounts for deviations of the actuat load from the nominal load, for uncertainties in the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect, and for the probability that more than one extreme load will occur simultaneously. Itis the factor by which a service load is multiplied to determine a factored load used in the strength-design method, 14Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 2— Definitions and Nomenclature Limit state — A condition beyond which a structure or member become’ unfit for service and is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state) Live load — The load superimposed by the use and occupancy of the building no seismic, or dead load. \cluding wind, Longitudinal reinforcement — Reinforcement parallel to the length of a concrete member. ‘Modulus of elasticity — Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material Negative moment — A condition of flexure in which top fibers of a horizontally placed member are subjected to tensile stresses. Negative reinforcement — Steel reinforcement resisting a negative moment that is placed in the upper Part of the section of the member. ‘Nominal loads — The magnitudes of the loads specified in Chapter 4 (dead, live, soil, wind, snow, rain, flood, and seismic), ‘Nominal strength — The capacity of a structure or member to resist the effects of loads, as determined by Computations using specified material strengths and dimensions and formulas derived from accepted principles of structural mechanics or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled models, allowing for ‘modeling effects and differences between laboratory and field conditions. Nonstructural elements — The architectural, mechanical, and electrical components and systems permanently attached to the building, Occupancy — The purpose for which a building or other structure, or part thereof, is used or intended to be used. Partitions — & nonstructural interior wall that spans horizontally or vertically from support to support. The supports may be the basic building frame, subsidiary structural members or other portions of the partition system, Pedestal — Upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimension not exceeding three Permanent loads — Loads in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. See also nominal loads. Pile — A timber, concrete, of steel structural element, driven, jetted, or otherwise embedded on end in the ‘ground for the purpose of supporting a load or compacting the soil Pile cap — A structural member that is placed on top of a group of piles and used to transmit loads from the structure through the pile group into the sol Plain conerete — Structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement than the minimum, ‘amount specified for reinforced concrete, Plain concrete is not covered by the Essential Requirements, Plain reinforcement —Reinforcement that does not conform to the definition of deformed reinforcement. Positive moment — A condition of flexure in which, for a horizontally placed member, the top fibers are. subjected to compression stresses. 15Essontial Requirements for RIC Buildings Chapter 2 — Definitions and Nomenclature Poslive reinforcement —Steel reinforcement resisting a positive moment that is placed in the lower part of the section of the member. Precast concrete — Structural concrete element cast elsewhere than is final position in the structure. Precast concrete is not covered by the Essential Requirements, except as described in 1.6.3 Prestressed concrete — Structural concrete in which intemal stresses have been introduced to reduce. potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting from loads. Prestressed concrete is not covered by the Essential Requirements, except as described in 1.6.3. Project drawings — Drawings that, along with the project specifications, complete the descriptive information for constructing the work required to in the contract documents. Project specifications — Written documents that specify requirements for a project in accordance with the ‘service parameters and other specific criteria established by the owner. See also Specifications. Reinlorced concrete — Structural concrete reinforced with no less than the minimum amounts of reinforcement Reinforced concrete walls — Walls proportioned to resist combinations of shear, moments, and axial : forces. A shearwall is a reinforced concrete wall Reinforcement —Steel bars, wire, or mesh wire, that are embedded in concrete in such a manner that they and the concrete act together in resisting forces, Reshores — Shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or other structural member after the original forms and shores have been removed from a larger area, thus requiring the new slab or structural ‘member to deflect and support its own weight and existing construction loads applied before the installation of the reshores. See also shores. Required factored strength — Strength of a member or cross section required to resist factored loads or 1 related internal moments and forces in specified load combinations, Relaining wall — Wall built to hold back earth Seismic hook — Hook on a stirrup, hoop, or crosstie having a bend not less than 135° with a six-diameter {but not less than 3 in.) extension that engages the longitudinal reinforcement and projects into the interior of the stirrup or hoop. Seffweight — Weight of the structural member, caused by the material that composes the member. Service load — All loads, static or transitory, imposed on a structure, or element thereof, during operation of a facility (without load factors.) Settlement — Downward movement of the supporting soil. ‘Shear — Internal force acting tangential to the plane where it acts, also called diagonal tension. ‘Shear reinforcement — Reinforcement designed to resist shear or diagonal tension stresses. ‘Shell concrete — Concrete outside the transverse reinforcement confining the concrete core. ‘Shores — Vertical or inclined support members designed to carry the weight of the formwork, concrete, land construction loads above. ‘Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement — Reinforcement designed to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses in concrete. 16Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 2 — Definitions and Nomenclature Slab — Amolded layer of reinforced concrete, flat, horizontal (or nearly 60), usually of uniform but sometimes of variable thickness, ether on the ground or supported by beams, columns, walls, or other framework Solid slab — Slab of uniform thickness ‘Span length — Horizontal distance between supports of a horizontal structural member such as a slab, joist, beam, or girder. Specificatons — Written document describing in detail the scope of work, materials to be used, method of instalation, and quality of workmanship. See also Project specifications. Specified lateral seismic forces — Lateral forces corresponding to the appropriate distribution of the base shear force, for seismic-resistant design, Specified wind forces — Nominal pressure of wind to be used in design, Spiral reinforcement — Continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix Spread footing — A generally rectangular prism of concrete, larger in lateral dimensions than the column (oF wall it supports, to distribute the load of a column or wall to the subgrade. See also footing. Stirrup — Reinforcement used to resist shear and diagonal tension stresses in a structural member; 'ypically bats, wires, or welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) either single leg or bent into L, U, or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to or al an angle to the longitudinal reinforcement. (The {erm *stirups"is usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural members and the lerm “ties” to those in compression members.) See also tie. ‘Story height — Vertical distance from the floor finish of a story to the floor finish of the story below. Strength, éesign — Nominal strength multiplied by a strength-reduection factor, ¢ Strength design method - Method of proportioning structural members so thal the computed forces produced in the members by the factored loads do not exceed the member design strength (also called load and resistance factor design method or simply LRFD). ‘Strength-reduetion factor, ¢ — Capacity-reduction factor (in structural design); a number less than 1.0 by which the strength of a structural member or element (in terms of load, moment, shear, or stress) is Fequired tobe multiplied to determine design strength or capacity. Stress — Intensity of force per unit area. ‘Structural concrete — All concrete used for structural purposes including plain and reinforced concrete. ‘Structural diaphragms — Structural members, such as floor and roof slabs, that transmit inertial forces induced by seismic motions. Tank — Container for the storage of water or other fluids. Temporary faciitiess — Buildings or other structures that are to be in service for a limited time and have a limited exposure period for environmental loadings. Tie — Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A continuously wound bar or wire in the form of a circle, rectangle, or other polygon shape without re-entrant corners is acceptable. See also stirup. 7Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 2— Definitions and Nomenclature Tie elements — Elements that serve to transmit inertia forces and prevent separation of building components such as footings and walls, Transverse reinforcement — Reinforcement located perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the member, ‘comprising stirups, ties, and spiral reinforcement Wall — Member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces. See also reinforced concrete wal. Web — Thin vertical portion of an |-shaped section that connects the flanges. See also flange. Wire — Reinforcing bar of small diameter. Wire mesh— Welded wire fabric reinforcement. Work — Entire construction or separately identifiable parts thereof that are required to be furnished under the contract documents. Work is the result of performing services, furnishing labor, and {umishing and incorporating materials and equipment into the construction in accordance with the contract documents, Working stress — Maximum permissible design stress using working-stress design methods. Yield strength, f, — Specified minimum yield strength or yield point of reinforcement. Yield strength or yield point shall be determined in tension according to applicable ASTM standards. 2.2 — NOMENCLATURE a= depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress block, in. a= distance from edge of wall footing to the resultant of soll reaction in wall footing, in AL effective seismic peak ground horizontal acceleration in rock for short periods of vibration, expressed as a fraction of gravity. ¢ area of an individual reinforcement bar or wire, in? area of core of spirally reinforced compression member measured to outside diameter of spiral, in? = bearing area of concrete, in? contact area of footing with soil, ft? gross area of section, or area of concrete only excluding area of voids, in? AV = area of additional hanger reinforcement where beams are supported by girders or other beams, in? > ig effective cross-sectional shear area within a joint in? component, or cladding, wind exposed surface area, ft area of longitudinal tension reinforcement, in? area of longitudinal compression reinforcement, in? steel area at the extreme face of column or reinforced concrete wall, minimum area of longitudinal tension reinforcement, in? steel area at the side face of column or reinforced concrete wall, in? {otal area of tongitudinal reinforcement, in.? wind exposed surface area, ft? area of shear reinforcement, in? width of member width of compression flange of member, in. perimeter of critical section for two-way shear (punching shear) in slabs, in Width of column section. in. smallest pian dimension of capital or drop panel, in. width of compression face of member, in. web width of section, or wall width, in 18Essential Roquirements for RIC Buildings 8 is Cw Gy a Chapter 2 ~ Definitions and Nomenclature = short horizontal dimension of footing, in = component, or cladding, wind surface pressure coeticiont wind surface pressure coefficient coefficient defined in 4.11.4 = effective depth of section, taken as distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, in. = nominal diameter of reinforcing bar or wire, in distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, in outside diameter of spiral reinforcement, in dstance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression reinforcement, in dead loads or related internal moments and forces of resultant applied to footing in direction parallel to, in ty of resultant applied to footing in direction parallel to in eccentricity, measured in x direction, between story center of lateral stifness and point of pplication of story lateral forces acting in y rection, in = eccentricity, measured in y direction, between story center of lateral slifiness and point of application of story lateral forces acting in x direction, in. selsmic loads of related internal moments and forces ‘modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi specitied compressive strength of concrete, psi square root of specified compressive strength of concrete, the result shall have units of psi ‘equred average compressive strength of concrete used as the basis for selection of concrete proportions, psi extieme fiber compressive stress due to factored loads at edges of structural walls, psi speciied yield strength of reinforcement, psi probable spectied maximum strength of reinforcement, psi (_r = 1254) Specified yield strength of transverse or spiral reinforcement, psi loads due to weight and pressure of Nuids with well-defined densities and controllable ‘maximum heights or related internal moments and forces toll lateral at-rest soil force, Ib = seismic site coefficient for short periods of vibration equivalent static wind force for components and cladding acting normal to wind exposed surface, Ib total lateral active sol force, 1b equivalent static wind force acting normal to wind exposed surface, Ib wind or seismic force applied at level or x, eespectively, ID factored lateral force applied to wall at level ior x, respectively, fb acceleration due to gravity, 386 inJs* overall depth or thickness of member, oF height of section of member, or outside diameter of circular section, in. mean roof height for wind design, measured over terrain, in depth of soil against retaining wall in. vetical distance measured from bottom of supporting girder to bottom of supported beam, in = depth of column, or dimension of column in direction parallel to gider span, in largest plan dimension of capital or drop panel or pedestal, or change of thickness in slepped fogings. in. = flange thickness, in height above base to level ior x, respectively, ft clear vertical distance between lateral supports of columns and wal, in. = stoy height of floor i measured from floor finish of story to floor fish of story immediately below, in total depth of supporting girder. in height of wall from base to top. in. loads due to weight and pressure of sol, water in soi, oF other materials, or related internal moments and forces, 19Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 2 — Definitions and Nomenclature tong horizontal dimension of footing, in ‘moment of inertia of column section, in.* slory total rotational stfiness wall lateral sltiness in direction x and y, respectively, Ibn. See Eq, (11-6) active soil pressure coelicient passive soil pressure coefficient at-est soll pressure coefficient center-to-center span length; shortest distance between adjacent parallel column centerines, in column confinement length, in length of span in direction of moments, measured center-to-center of supports, ia length of span transverse to ¢,, measured center-o-center of supports, in length of clear span in short direction of two-way slabs or in direction of moments, measured face-to-face of beams or other supports, in length of clear span in tong direction of two-way slabs, measured face-to-face of beams or ‘ther supports, in development length, in. length of clear span measured face-to-face of beams or other supports, in. length of clear span in long direction of two-way systems, measured face-to-face of supports or beams, in horizontal length of wal, in fe loads oF related internat moments and forces roof live load or related internal moments and forces {otal factored moment at section, bin Unfactored overturning moment due to lateral forces at base of structure , Ibi. factored overturning moment due to lateral forces at base of structure, Ibi. factored moment in short direction in two-way slabs, Ibn. per unit slab width factored moment in long direction in two-way slabs, Ibn, per unit slab width ‘nominal moment strength al section at balanced conditions, bin Unfactored overturning moment due to lateral forces for story ior x, respectively, factored story moment due to lateral forces at slory ior x, respectively, Ibi, ‘nominal moment strength at section, Ib in, probable flexural strength of member at joint face, computed using fy and § of 1.0, Ibn factored moment at section, Ibin factored positive moment at section, tb:n, factored positive moment at section, Ib-in. per unit slab width factored negative moment at section, Ib in. factored negative moment at section, bin, per unit slab width factored moment at section in x direction, tb-in, factored moment at section in y direction, tin factored overturning moment due to lateral forces for story x, tb in number of central columns in story in direction under consideration, forthe whole structure ‘number of edge columns in story in direction under consideration, for the whole structure number of blows in standard penetration test (SPT) average soil standard penetration test resistance, measured in number of blows per foot of penetration, averaged over upper 100 ft of soil profile tnfactored pressure for braced retaining walls, psi unfactored active pressure, psi Unfactored concentrated dead load applied directly to member, tb Uunfactored concentrated lve load applied directly to member, unfactored passive pressure, Ib/t? factored concentrated load applied directly to member, tb 20Essential Requirements for RIC Buildings Chapter 2 — Definitions and Nomenclature factored design pressure for retaining walls, lb/ft? rest, of active lateral soil pressure at depth z, lb/ft? soil plasticity index, equal to difference in percentage of moisture content at liquid limit and at plastic timit Nominal compression, without flexure, or axial load strength at section, Ib factored compression load on wall boundary element, including seismic effects, Ib unfactored dead load axial force at section, Ib nominal compression axial load strength af section at balanced conditions, Ib Uunfactored live load axial force at section, tb ‘fominal axial load strength at given eccentricity, tb ‘maximum compression nominal axial load strength at section, Ib ominal tension, without flexure, or axial load strength al section, Ib factored tension force on wall boundary element, including seismic effects, Ib factored axial load, Ib factored concentrated load, Ib factored axial load at given eccentricity, Ib ‘maximum vertical load applied to footing not including wind or seismic, tb ‘maximum vertical load applied to footing including wind or seismic overturning effects, Ib overburden pressure, or unfactored gravity loads applied directly to slab in mat foundations, tort Unfactored allowable bearing capacity of soil, Ib/t® standard cone penetration resistance in cone penetration test (CPT), Ibift Uunfactored dead load per unit area, Ibi? wind velocity pressure at height h over terrain, Ib/ft Unfactored live load per unit area, Ib/ft? factored load per unit area, lb/ft? unconfined compression strength of soil, Ib/f? factored net soil reaction pressure on footing, toi? factored uniformly distributed reaction from si2b on supporting girder, beam, or reinforced : concrete wall, Ib/ft ! R= response modification factor related to energy dissipation capacity in inelastic range of seismic ‘esistant structural system R ‘ain load of related internal moments and forces R, ominal strength in terms of flexure, axial load, shear or bearing strength Ry reaction from lateral soil pressure at story i, Ib R factored reaction from supported structural member, Ib spacing of transverse reinforcement measured along axis of member, in spacing between stirrups, in 5 = center-to-center spacing of wall reinforcement, in. center-to-center spacing between parallel joists, in shear strength of undrained cohesive soil, vf” Sa = spacing of skin reinforcement, in, snow load or related internal moments and forces value of elastic acceleration design response spectrum, for damping ratio of 5% of eriical, expressed as fraction of acceleration of gravity nominal load effect based on load, structural vertical member cross-sectional dimension in direction x and y, respectively, in. cumulative effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, and shrinkage- ‘compensating concrete unfactored story torsional moment due to lateral forces at base of structure, Ib'in, factored story torsional moment due to lateral forces at base of structure, Ib-in unfactored story torsional moment due to lateral forces at story i or x, respectively, Ib-in. factored torsional moment at section, Ib-in. factored story torsional moment due to lateral forces at story i or x, respectively, I required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces aEssential Requirements for RIC Buildings Chapter 2 — Definitions and Nomenclature basic wind speed, mph, corresponding to 3 s gust speed at 33 ft above ground in exposure Category C unfactored story shear due to lateral forces at base of structure, Ib factored story shear due to lateral forces at base of structure, Ib nominal shear strength provided by concrete, Ib unfactored story shear due to lateral forces at story i or x, respectively, Ib factored story shear due to lateral forces at story i or x, respectively, Ib nominal shear strength at section, tb ‘nominal shear strength at section provided by transverse reinforcement, Ib seismic design base shear, fb factored shear, Ib wind design base shear, Ib moisture content of the Soil, percentage unfactored dead load per unit member length applied directly to the member, lb/ft Unfactored lve load per unit member length applied directly to the member, Ibit factored load per unit member length applied directly to the member, lb/ft part of W corresponding to story ior x. respectively, Ib wind loads or related internal moments and forces {otal building weight for seismic design, Ib, see 4.11.3.3 {otal factored uniformly distributed design load per unit member length, tote story lateral stifness center coordinates in directions x and y, respectively, in depth of soil, ft parameter of Ea. (5-3) factor affecting equivalent shear force due to unbalanced moment at column-stab connection inEq. (9-3) horizontal angle between normal to wind exposed surface and wind direction, deg {action of load that travels in short direction in two-way slabs-on-girders {action of load that travels in long direction in two-way slabs-on-girders ratio of clear spans in long to short direction of two-way stabs ratio of long side to short side of footing vertical angle between normal to wind exposed surface and horizontal line, deg unit weight of material, bit load factor for load effect 4 factored unbalanced moment at column-girder joint or wall girder joint, Ibn. additional factored unbalanced moment at column-slab connection, Ibi. factored design shear force from development of probable flexural capacity of membér at faces of joints. ib factored shear force due to unbalanced moment at column-slab connection, tb increase in wall factored shear due to torsional effects, Ib factor to calculate punching-shear strength, see 9.5.4.3 ratio of longitudinal tension reinforcement Abd) ratio of longitudinal compression reinforcement Abd) ratio of horizontal shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of vertical section maximum ratio of longitudinal flexural tension reinforcement ‘minimum ratio of longitudinal flexural tension reinforcement ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to core volume confined by spiral reinforcement (measured out-to-out) ratio of total longitudinal reinforcement area to gross concrete section area Aul(o-b) ratio of vertical reinforcement in reinforced concrete walls strength-reduction factor, see 1.8.3 22Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 2— Definitions and Nomenclature = angle of intemal friction of soil sum of lowest flexural strengths (pM) of columns framing into joint, Ibn sum of flexural strengths (pM,) of girders framing into joint, Ib in = sum of factored concentrated loads within span, Ib sum of factored reactions from supported structural members at same story Ib 2.3 — ABBREVIATIONS ACI American Concrete Institute ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials col. column deg degrees Eq. equation Eqs. equations Fig. figure ft feet in. inch ib pound tong. longitudinal max. maximum min. tinimur mph miles per hour No, number P9. page sf pounds per square foot (Ibitt?) Psi pounds per square inch feink. reinforcement sec. second supp. support ‘yp. typical yd yard 23Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings 24Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 3— Structural System Layout CHAPTER 3 — STRUCTURAL SYSTEM LAYOUT 3.0 — NOTATION hy = story height of floor i measured from floor finish of story to floor finish of story immediately below, in, £ = center-to-center span length; shortest distance between adjacent parallel column centerlines, in, 3.1 — DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS, ‘The building structure shall be divided into components as described by 3.1.1 through 3.1.5: 3.1.1 —Floor system ‘The floor systern consists of the structural members that comprise the floor of a story in a building. In Chapter 6, the different types of tloor systems are described. The floor system can include girders, beams, joists, and the slab that spans between them or the slab only, where itis directly supported by columns, as in slab-column systems. 3.1.2 — Vertical supporting members ‘The vertical supporting members hold up the floor system at each story and carry the accumulated gravity loads downto the foundation of the structure. Vertical supporting members shall be either columns or reinforced concrete walls. 3.1.3 — Foundation The foundation comprises the structural elements through which the load of a structure is transmitted to the earth. includes members such as spread footings, combined footings, foundation mats, basement ‘and retaining walls, and grade beams. The foundation members are described in Chepter 14. Deep foundations, such as piles, caissons, pile footings, and caps, are beyond the scope of the Essential Requirements. 3.1.4— Lateral-force resisting system The lateratforce resisting system comprises the structural members that, acting jointly, support and transmit tothe ground the lateral forces arising from seismic motions, wind, and lateral earth pressure. The floor system acts as a diaphragm that carries in its plane the lateral-force from the point of application to the vertical members of the lateral-force resisting system. The vertical members of the lateral-orce resisting system, in turn, collect the forces arising from all floors and transmit them down to the foundation and through the foundation to the underlying soil. The main vertical members of the lateral-force resisting system shall be reinforced concrete walls. 3.1.5 — Other structural members Other structural members that are part ofthe structure of the building and are covered by the requiremenis of the Essential Requirements are stairways, ramps, water tanks, and slabs on grade. 25Essential Requirements for R/C Buildings Chapter 3 — Structural System Layout at 9 yO 3.2— GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3.2.1— Architectural requirements ‘A general architectural program of the building shall be coordinated with the structural designer before the structural design begins. The general architectural program shall include the following items as a rminimum: (1) Plan geometry and dimensions of all the floors of the building; (2) Elevation of the building and the terrain, including the basement, if any; (3). Type of roof, its shape and slopes, the type of water-proofing, the means to facilitate the runott of water from rain and melting snow or hail, and the location of drainage gutters; (4)_Use of intemal spaces of the building, its subdivision, and means of separation, in all stories; (8) Minimum architectural clear height in all floors (6) Location and dimensions of stairways, ramps, and elevators; (2) Type of building enclosure, internal partons, architectural and non-structural elements; and (8) Locations of ducts and shaits for ullities such as power supply, lighting, thermal control, ventilation, water supply, and wastewater, including enough information to detect interference with the structural members. 3.2.2— General structural requirements Based on the general architectural program information, the structural designer shall define the general structural requirements for the building being designed. The general structural requirements include the {ollowing items as a minimur (1) Intended use of the building: (2) Nominal loads related to the use of the building: . @) loads defined by the owner; (4) Design seismic motions, ifthe building is located in a seismic zone; (5) Wind forces appropriate for the site; (6) Forces from snow, hail, or rai (7). Fire rating requirements; (8) Type of roof and associated loads when not built of reintorced concrete; (9) Site information related to slopes and site drainage: (10) Allowable soil-bearing capacity and recommended foundation system derived from the geotechnical investigation and additional restrictions related to expected settlement; (11) Environmental requirements derived from local seasonal and daily temperature variations, 1 humidity, presence of deleterious chemicals, and salts; (12) Availability, type, and quality of materials such as reinforcing bars, cement, and aggregates; (13) Availability of formwork materials; (14) Availabilty of a testing lab for concrete mixture proportioning and quality control during construction; and (15) Availability of qualified workmanship. 3.3— STRUCTURAL LAYOUT 3.3.1 — General structural layout The structural designer shall define a general structural layout in plan, including all information that is common to all levels of the structure. See Fig. 3.1. The general structural layout in plan includes: (1) dimensioned axis grid, or centerlines, in both principal directions in plan, located at the intersection of the vertical supporting members (columns and reinforced concrete walls); (2) These axes shall intersect at the location of the vertical supporting members (columns and reinforced concrete walls); 26