R. K. MALIK'S JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X NEWTON CLASSES Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results in terms of percentage selection www.newtonclasses.net WAVES [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS — XI TARGET CBSE |. The patterns which move without the real physical transferor flow of matter asa whole are called waves. For example, while We speak, the sound (known as sound waves) moves outward from us, without any flow of ar from one part of the medium to another the disturbances produced in ar are much less obvious and only our ears ora microphone can detect them. 2. There are mainly three types of waves (2) mechanical waves, (b) electromagnetic waves, and () matter waves. Mechanical waves obey Newtons laws and they exst in material media Electromagnetic waves, unlike the mechanical waves, do not require any medium for thelr propagation, Allelectromagnetic waves travel through vacuum atthe same speed of light c= 299,792/458 m/s) ‘The waves that are associated with moving electrons protons, neutrons, other particles, and even with atoms and molecules are called matter waves as we commonly think of these as constituting matter. When the consents fa medium esilt perpendicular the erection af wave propagation ts alle transverse waves. \When he constituents fa medium asllate along the direction of wae propagation, scaled longitudinal waves, When a wave moves rom one plnt of medium to another points called traveling oF progressive wave 1. On the surface of water, the waves are of two types (a) eapllay waves and) gravity waves. |. The dsplacament ration oa sinusoidal wave propagating inthe postive x-direction expressed as yt) = asin ~ ot + where a's the amplitude ofthe wave (which is also denoted by yq and A), ks the angular wave number, «isthe angular frequency, (kx ~ ot + ¢)\sthe phage, and ¢ I the phase constant or phase angl ‘The dstance between two consecutive points of the same phase at a civen time of a progressive wave is called wavelength, which is denoted by 2. The wavelength in a stationary wave Is twice the distance between the two consecutive nodes of antinodes. Unit of wavelenath is meter (mand ts dimension is. ‘The time taken by any element ofthe medium to move through one complete oscillation is called the period T of oscillation cof a wave, whichis related tothe angular frequency wby 2 Frequency » (which is also denoted by fof a wave is defined as 1/T, which seated to angular frequency by Speed ofa progressive wave: Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0661-2682623, 9635608812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NET2 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 17 Speed of transverse wave on astretched stings Setby the properties af the sng. The speed ona sting with tension Tard linear mass densty is expressed as v E ra ‘Sound wave is a longitudinal mechanical wave which travels through solid, liquid, or gases. The speed v ofa sound wave in a ‘uid with bulk modulus (8) and density (p) is expressed as Ina metallic bar, the speed of longitudinal waves is given by [As B= yP the speed of sound in gases is expressed as v= Ve |. Principle of superposition of waves: n the same medium, when two or more waves travers, the displacement of any element of ‘the medium isthe algebraic sum ofthe displacements due to each wave: ‘When two sinusoidal waves on the same string show interference, adding or canceling according to the principe of superpost tion, and f the two are traveling in the same direction and have the same amplitude and frequency but afer in phase by a phase ‘constant g the results single wave wth the same frequency ar stro (s0s}9) (eran +44) In this case, f $'=0 oF an integral multiple of 2m, the waves are exactly in phase and the Interference is constructive and if = m they are exactly out of phase and the interference is destructive ‘traveling wave, ata rigld boundary ora closed end, is reflected with a phase reversal, but the reflection at an open boundary takes place without any phase change. For an incident wave, on,t) = asin ~ oh Forthe reflected wave, at a rigid boundary. we have ylrth= ~asintbr + ot) For reflection atan open boundary is ybesth= asinths + 0 Standing waves are produced by the interference of two identical waves moving in opposite directions. Fora string with fixed lends the standing waveis expressed by ylat)= Rasinge}cos ot. Standing waves are characterized by fixed locations of zero displacement called nodes and fixed locations of maximum displace ‘ments called antinades. The separation between the two consecutive nodes or antinodes is /2. A stretched string of length L fixed at both the ends vibrates with frequencies given by va, for net, In which, the set of frequencies are called the normal modes of exiltion of the system. The oscillation mode with lowest fe ‘quency i called the fundamental mode or the first harmonic. The second harmonic i the osclation mode with n= 2,etc.For a pipe of length Lith one end open and other end closed (such as air columns) vibrates with frequencies given by in which the set of frequencies are the normal modes of oscillation of such a system. The lowest frequency given by v/AL is the fundamental mode othe fist harmonic Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2635608812, 7546845949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWAVES [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS —X1 25. Astrng (of length L) fixed at both ends, or an ar column closed at one end and open atthe other end, vibrates with frequencies called its normal modes. Each ofthese frequencies sa resonant frequency of the system. 226, When two waves, having slightly different frequencies (v, and v3) and comparable amplitudes, are superposed, the outcome Is. called beats: the beat frequency is given by change in the observed frequency ofa wave, when the source and the observer move relative to the medium, Is called Doppler effect. For sound, the observed frequency, vs given in terms ofthe source frequency, vy, by Where vis the speed of sound through the medium, vs the velocity of observer relative tothe medium, and vs the source veloc. Ity relative to the medium. In using this formula, velocities from the direction of observer to source should be treated as postive land those opposite to it shouldbe taken to be negative ‘TEXTBOOK EXERCISES 1. Use the wave equation tofind the speed ofa wave given by y (x, £) = (2.00 mm)|(20.m)x ~(405"KP. Solution The wave expressed by the equation y(xt) = (2.00 mm)(20 mx — (4.05) of the form Har — ot) with angular wave number = 20 mv" and angular frequency © = 4 rad/s. Thus the speed of the wavels = w/k = (40rad/5\/20 mr) = 0.205 2. Use the wave equation to find the speed of a wave given in terms of the general function Act: yxt) (30m) + (6057) Solution The wave ylxt) = (4.00 rom) (30% "kx + (605° sof the form Hx — ot) with angular wave number k = 30m and angular frequency @ = 60rad/s. Thus, the speed of the waves k= (6.0 10d/s)/(30"r") = 0.20 m/s 3. Awave has an angular frequency of 110 rads and a wavelength of 1.80 m. Calculate (a) the angular wave number and (b) the speed ofthe wave, Solution (a) The angular wave number's, ke Bg 7 () The speed of the wave is dao _ (BO mitt rad/s) a) 4. A transverse sinusoidal wave is moving along a string in the postive direction ofan a-axis with a speed of 80 mvs. At ¢=0, the string particle at x= 0 has a transverse displacement of 40cm from its equllrium position and fs not moving. The maximum trans- verse speed of the string particle at x= 0 is 16 m/s. a) What i the frequency ofthe wave? (b) Whats the wavelength ofthe wave? yb = J sine ae + gs the form of the wave equation, what ae (cy (dk () af) ¢ and (g) the corectcholceof signin front of Solution {a)Recaling the simple harmonic motion relation up, we have walt 010 ved = 315s = 400 radi. {b)_ Using {(@)Theampltude ofthe transverse displacement syn = 40 m= 40x 10m, (@) Thewave numbers k=22/2=50rad/m. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES {e) The angular frequency, as obtained in pat) is @ = 16/0.040 = 4.0 10? rad/s. (8) The unction describing the wave canbe writen as y= 0040sin(5x ~ 4000 + ¢), where distances are In meters and time is in seconds We adjust the phase constant ¢ to satisfy the condltion y= 0.040 at Therefore, sin 6= 1,for which the simplest’ roots ¢ = 0040 sin( 5x ~ 40 + 5) {a} Thesignin front of ois minus. 5. A sinusoidal wave moving along a string i shown twice in Fig. 14.1, a5 crest A travels inthe postive direction of an x axis by dis- tance d = 6.0 cm in 4.0 ms. The tick mark along the avis are separated by 10 cm; height H = 6.00 mm. ifthe wave equation is of the form yt) = ys ct), what ae (a) yy (6) ke, and (€) the correct choice of signin front ofa? Solution {8} The amplitude y, is half ofthe 6.00 mm vertical range shown in the figure, that, yn = 3.0mm, (b) The speed of the wave is v= d/t= 15 mvs, where d= 0,060 m and t= 0.0040 s. The angular wave number Is k= 28/2 where 2.5 0.40. Thus, 222 2 oem i= 16 40 (€) The angular frequency is found from = hy= (6 radi) 15 mis) = 24 1025", (€)_ We choose the minus sign (between kx and at in the argument ofthe sine function because the wave Is shown traveling to the right (nthe +x direction) Therefore, we obtain Y= yin kt) 0.0030 sn (16424 x 10°, ‘6 A sinusoidal transverse wave of wavelength 20 cm travels along a string inthe postive direction of an xx. The displacement y ofthe string particle at x= 0 i given in Fig. 14.2 asa function of time t. The scale of the vertical axis i set by y,= 40 em, The wave ‘equation is to bein the form yi t)= sin t+ 4. (a) At t=O, sa plot of y versus xin the shape ofa postive sine function or a negative sine function? What are (b) Yr (lk (do () () the sign infront ofc, and (g) the speed of the wave? () What the transverse velocity ofthe particle atx=Owhen t= 5.03? lem) % Solution ‘The general expression fora sinusoidal wave traveling along the +x rection fs Wx1)= Yusha ~ at +4) (a) Figure 142 shows that at x= 0, 0,¢) = ya sin(~at + 4) is a positive sine function, thats y(0,t)= +yq sin ot. Therefore, the [hase constant must be §= a. Att=0, we then have 11%,0)= ym inl + 2) =~ Sok, which isa negative sine function. A plot of yx 0) is depicted onthe right. Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWAVES [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS —X1 From Fig, 143, we see thatthe amplitude is = 0m. ‘The angular wave number is given by k= 23/4 = 2/10 = 031 cm ‘The angular frequency is = 23/T = 5 ‘As found in part (a) the phase s¢ = x rad. ‘The signs minus since the waves traveling in the +x m)sin[ 14m + 145%). ‘Thus ifone ofthe waves has the form ylx,t) = yg sinUex + at) the other wave must have the form y'.x0) = yy sinkx ~ al The sgn in front of efor yx.) sinus. . In Fig 146, isa small loudspeaker driven by an audio oscilator wit a frequency that Is varied from 1000 Hz to 2000 Hs, and D is a cylindrica pipe with two open ends and a length of 45.7 cm, The speed of sound in the aefilled pipe is 344 vs.) Athow many frequencies does the sound from the loudspeaker set up resonance inthe pipe? What are the (b)Iowest and (c second lowest frequencies at which resonance occurs? Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Figure 14.6 Solution {a} Since the pipe is open at both ends there are displacement antinodes at both ends and an integer number of half: ‘wavelengths fit into the length ofthe pipe IfLsthe pipe lenath and 2s the wavelength then 1 = 2L/n, where nian integer. fis the speed of sound, hen the resonant frequencies are given by v= v/A.=nv2L. Now = 0457 m, so ve n(344 m/s/2(0457 m) = 37640 He. ‘To ind the resonant frequencies that le between 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz, fist set f= 1000 He and solve form, then set = 2000 Hz {and again solve forn. The results are 2.66 and 5.32, which imply that n= 3,4 and 5 are the appropriate values of. Thus, there ate three frequencies. (b) The lowest frequency at which resonance occurs isn = 3. Therefore, v= 3(3764 Hs) = 1129 Hz (@)_Thesecond lowest frequency at which resonance occurs is y=4(3764 Ha) = 1506 He 14. A violin string 300 cm long with linear density 0,650 g/m is placed near a loudspeaker that is fed by an audio oscilator of variable ‘frequency Its found that the string s set into osclation only atthe frequencies 880 and 1320 Hz asthe frequency ofthe oscilator |s varied over the range 500-1500 Hz What i the tension inthe string? Solution The string fied at both ends 50 the resonant wavelengths are gen by 2=2U/n, where Lf the length ofthe sng and misan integer. The resonant frequencies ae given by v= = W2L, where vis the wave speed on the sting, Now, v= JT7u, where Tis the tension in the string and ss the linear mass deny ofthe string, Thus, v= (n/2LN/u. Suppose the lower frequency is ass0- ciated with = andthe higher frequency assocated with n= + 1-There ae no resonant reqencies Between, YOU KNOW thatthe integers associated with the gven fequencis fer by 1.Thus v= (a/2U)VT7H and iF afr air F we eae ane ale “Thismeans v2 ~ v= (/2LNFTa and T= 40 ,(v, ~ vy? = A{0.300m(04650 x 10-* kg/m)'320He ~ B80H2? = 45.3N. 15. Two identical piano wires have a fundamental frequency of 600 Hz when kept under the same tension, What fractional increase in the tension of one wire wil lead tothe occurrence of 6.0 beats/s when bath wires osclate simultaneously? Solution Each wires vibrating in its fundamental mode, so the wavelength s twice the length ofthe wire (2= 2) and the frequency is dual? wea ayy where v= (7 ithe wave sped forthe wr, is the esion nthe wie, and isthe near mass dey of the wre Suppose the tension in one wires Tand the osilation frequency of that wires. The tension in the other wite is T+ ATand its fequency Is v= Youwant to calculate A77T for v, = 600 Hz and v= 606 Hz. Now, v, = (V2LWT/s and v, = (V2) + AT/n, 50 ‘hisleads to AT/T = (v/v)? — 1 = (606 2)(6002)F — 1= 0.020. Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWAVES [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS —X1 16. A state wooper chases a speeder along a straight road; both vehicles move at 160 km/h. The stten on the trooper’ vehicle pro: «duces sound at a frequency of 500 Hz Whats the Doppler shift in the frequency heard by the speeder? Solution In the general Doppler shift equation, the troopers speed isthe source speed and the speeder’ speed is the detectors speed. The Doppler effect formula is given by from which we have seams 444mis Sms 444 mi 117 In Fig. 147, French submarine and a US submatine move toward each other during maneuvers in motionless water inthe North ‘Atlantic The French sub moves at speed = 50.00 kr and the US sub atv, = 70.00 kh. The French sub sends out a sonar sig nal (sound wave in wate) at 1.000 x 10" Hz Sonar waves travel at 5470 kh a) What i the signals frequency as detected by the US sub? (b] What frequency’s detected by the French sub inthe signal reflected back to it by the US sub? v scone Mitigucursiiiitiiniiey Piece percent cc oy 4 Figure 14.7 Solution ‘We denote the speed of the French submarine by u and that ofthe US sub by (a) The requency as detected bythe US sub 5470 keh + 70.00 evs $470 keh - 800%, (©) tthe French sub were stationary the frequency of the reflected wave Would bev, = w+ u¥— us. Sinee the French sub ‘moving toward the reflected signal with speed u, then = 1022 « 10? He (£232) = mo pay LEH) my lttuli) 000 0H sann.s70 + 7.00 vans =a {54705470 - 70.00) = 1045 10H SECTION | ‘= Transverse and Longjtudinal Waves ‘= Displacement Relation in a Progressive Wave ‘= Speed ofa Traveling Wave (1 Alelecromapnetc waves ave trough vacuum tthe Same sped of ht c= 290792458 ms (2) Theduplocument rion re shuslelwew popepengin fe pestvesdecton jv expresed a Wx, t) = a sinker — aot + @), vier asthe amplitude of he wave As the angulr wave number othe nga frquency,~ at + 4) th pass ‘and isthe phase constant or phase angle. Unit of wavelength is meter (m) and Is dimension is. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES The time taken by any element ofthe medium to move through one complete osilationis called the period Tot oscillation ‘of a wave, wich related tothe angular frequency by a38, Frequency vofa wavels defined as 1/7, which related to angular frequency by ‘Speed ofa transverse wave on stretched sting set by the properties ofthe string. The speed onastring with tension Tang linear mass density sis expressed as ‘Sound wave longitudinal mechanical wave which travels through solids, liquids, or gases. The speed v ofa sound wave in a ‘ui with bulk modulus () and density (ps expressed as ve & ip Inametallicbar the speed oflongitudinal waves is glven by ?, the speed of sound in gases is expressed as Conceptual Problems 1 Light waves can be polarized but sound waves cannot be. Why? Solution We know thatthe waves that are transverse get polarized and the waves that waves are categorized a longitudinal waves, they cannot be polarized. 22. Why does sound travel faster in ron than in ale? Solution ‘The speed of sound is dependent on the elasticity and the density ofthe medium through which it travels, Sound travels faster in iron than in alr since the elasticity and density of ron are greater than that of ar (and other liquids or gases 3. What willbe the speed of sound ina perfectly rigid rod? Solution “The speed of sound waves in perfectly rigid body willbe infinity. 4. Sound travels faster in warm air than in old ait. Why? Solution The speed of sound in warm ars greater than that in cold alr We know that the speed of sound waves increases with increase in the density ofthe medium. Since warm aris dense than the cod ai, the speed of sound wave n warm alts greater than the speed ‘of sound wave in cold alt, Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWAVES [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS — XI u 5. Awave moves on a string with a constant velocity, Does this mean thatthe particles ofthe string always have zero acceleration? Justify your answer. Solution ‘Awave moves ona string with constant velocity tis not correct to conclude tha the particles ofthe string always have zero accel= ration. Is important to distinguish between the speed of the waves on the sting, Var and the speed of the particles in the String, Veer The wave Speed Yaqe Is determined by the properties ofthe string, namely, the tension inthe string and the linear ‘mass density ofthe string. These properties determine the speed with which the disturbance travels along the sting. The wave speed wil remain constant as long as these properties remain unchanged, ‘The particles inthe string osclate transversely in simple harmonic mation withthe same amplitude and frequency asthe source ofthe lsturbance. Like ll particles in simple harmonic motion, the acceleration of the particles continually changes. Ii 2210 when the particles pass through their equlbrium postions and isa maximum when the particles ae at ther maximum dis- placements from ther equilibrium postions ‘Awire i strung tightly between two immovable posts. Discuss how an increase in temperature affects the speed ofa transverse wave on this wire Give your reasoning, ignoring any change inthe mass per unit length ofthe wre. Solution ‘Avie is strung tightly between two immovable posts. The speed ofa transverse wave on the wite is Glen By Vea = YF) ‘The wire wll expand because ofthe increase in temperature. Since the length ofthe wie increases slightly, wil sag, andthe ten sion in the wie wll decrease. We know thatthe speed ofthe wave is directly proportional tothe square root of the tension in the Wire. we ignore any change inthe mass per unit length ofthe wie, we can conclude that when the temperature is increased, the speed of waves on the wie will also decrease ‘rope of mass mis hanging down from the celing. Nothing Is attached to the loose end ofthe rope. A transverse wave is traveling ‘on the rope. As the wave travels up the rope, does the speed of the wave increase, decrease, or remain the same? Give a reason for your choice. Solution ‘Arope of mass mis hanging down from the celing, Nothing i attached tothe loose end ofthe rope. A transverse wave i traveling up the rope. ‘The tension in the rope isnot constant. The lower portion of the rope pulls down on the higher portions ofthe rope. If we Imagine thatthe rope is divided into small segments, we see thatthe segments nesr the top ofthe rope are being pulled down by ‘moce weight than the segments near the bottom. Therefore, the tension inthe rope Increases as we move up the rope, The speed ‘ofa transverse wave on the rope is given by the equation Vame = yT/m/I)-As the tension Tin the rope Increases, the speed of the wave increases, Therefore, as the transverse waves travel up the Tope, the speed ofthe wave increases. What causes the rling sound of thunder? Solution ‘The multiple reflection of sound that resulted by the lightning effect causes the rolling sound of thunder, (Can two astronauts tak onthe surface ofthe Moon as they do on the Earth? Explain Solution Sound waves require material medium to propagate. On Earth, while talking, ai in the atmosphere of Earth serves asthe mate- ial medium for propagation of sound waves. We know that on Moon there is no existence of atmosphere and therefore in the absence of air(or any other material medium), sound waves cannot travel. Hence, when two astronauts try to talkon the surface of the Moon, the sound produced by one astronaut would not be heard by the othe 10. Longitudinal waves are also called pressure waves. Comment, Solution We know that when a longitudinal wave travels through a medium, it propagates inthe form of compressions and rarefactions. Hence, propagation of longitudinal waves involves changes in pressure and volume of ar. Therefore, longitudinal waves ae also called pressure waves. 11, Transverse waves ae not produced in liquids and gases. Why? Solution When a transverse wave propagates through @ medium, it forms crests and troughs (Fig. 148) and the shape of the medium changes: We know that liquids and gases do not posses elasticity of shape and therefore transverse waves cannot propagate ‘through liquid gases, however they can propagate through the surface ofthe liquids but cannot propagate inside liquids and gases. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES cost = Sar Teoh Figure 14.8 112, Whereis the velocity of sound more -in fresh water orn sea water? Explain Solution The sea water is denser when compared with the fresh water and since sound waves are material waves, the speed of sound Increases with increase in density ofthe medium, Hence, the velocity of sound is more in sea water than fresh water. 113, Wehear two distinct sounds on placing our ear atone end ofthe metalic pipe when the other end s being hammered. Why? Solution When the metalic pipe is hammered at one end, two distinct sounds are heard: (1) one sound through the metallic pipe layer Itself which reaches our ears faster and (2) the other sound through the air medium, which reaches after an interval of time. Since these two sounds reach our ears after an interval oftime, It appears that we hear two distinct sounds. ‘Additional Problems 1. A stretched wire emits a fundamental note of 256 He. (a) Keeping the stretching force constant and (b) reducing the length of wire by 10.m, the frequency becomes 320 Hz. Calculate the orginal length ofthe wit. Solution The frequency of fundamental notes given by (Case (a): We have v = 256Hz. Therefore, using Eq, (1), wehave Case (b}: Here, on decreasing the length by 10 cm, the frequency of vibration ofthe wire becomes 320 Hz. Therefore, if 0 acho Dividing Ea, 3) by Eq 2), we calculate the original length ofthe wie as follows: ie Eg 356" HT T=10" 4 2. The equation ofa progressive wave, where time ris in Second and distance xis in meters is given at follows: § = Acos240(t ~ (x/312). Whatare the values ofthe following quantities forthe wave? (a) Velocity ofthe wave. (b) Frequency of oscilation.() Phase difference between two positions 0.50 m apart Solution ‘The equation fora progressive wave with time ¢ (in seconds) and distance xin meters) is given by = Acraa fy) = Aes 208) CCompating the given equation with the general equation ofthe wave that i given by coo 27! - 262) 3 L= 50cm Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWAVES [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS —X1 (a) The velocity ofthe wave is calculated as Ataris _ ae 7 x20" § {b)_ The frequency ofthe waveis calculated as 1 “7 x70 (0) Phase diference between the two positions 0.50 m apart is calculated as 2e_ yg 2XSX0S_ 120 vans “987 3 312 to Fane rad = 2205" - The equation of a transverse wave traveling in a rope Is glen by y= 10 sin x(0.01x~ 2.00, where y and x are in em and tin seconds. Find the amplitude, frequency, velocity, and wavelength of the wave. Solution ‘The equation of transverse wave traveling ina rope is given by y=103in (0018-200. ‘Comparing Eq, (1) withthe general equation for progressive wave that i given by 24) ‘we get the amplitude r= 10 cm, Comparing the coefficient of, we get the wavelength ofthe wave as 2 2s 2 2 700M = A= ooue = oor Comparing the coefficient of t,we get the velocity ofthe wave as = 200m, 2s vers The frequency ofthe wave s calculated as follows vy _ 200cmV5 _ ay, => Jom =" During earthquake, both longitudinal and transverse waves are produced having speeds 4.0 km/s and 8.0 km/s, respectively. the fist transverse wave reaches the seismagraph 8 min after the arrival of first longitudinal wave, find the distance ofthe position, where the earthquake occurred, Solution Speed of transverse waves Is v; = 40k; speed of longitudinal waves Is v2 =80km/s. Let d be the distance of the ‘selsmograph from the position of the occurrence of earthquake. The time taken by transverse wave to travel the dstance d is obtained as tis given thatt, = t, + 8min. Therefore, Using Eqs. (1) and @), we get harmonic wave traveling along the postive direction of x axis Is represented by the equation £ = 0.3 x 10-*cos{(220/7it - 157%] where & tand x are in centimeter, seconds, and meter, respectively. Deduce the (a) amplitude, (b) wavelength, and (c time perio. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Haron avers the postive econ cts heny eon ge0an104cof ‘Comparing E,(1) with the general equation ofthe wave that i given by roral'P) 110 (@)_ Comparing Eqs (1) and (2), the amplitude ofthe wave is given by r= 03 x 10cm, (b)_ Using Eq, 3) the wavelength of the wave is obtained as. 2e 2314 is 137 (0 Using Eq, (4), the time period ofthe wave is calculated as =4em. Ix 7314 T= 10 = “16 19985. ‘6. The equation forthe transverse wave on a string is, = 4sin2f(t/0.05) ~(x/50)] with length expressed in cm and time in second. Calculate the wave velocity and maximum particle velocity. Solution Te equation forthe transverse wave on a string is given as = 4sin2r( of =3) “The general equation for progressive wave is given a5. ae 2 - 208) ‘Comparing Eqs (1) and (2, we get the amplitude ofthe wave as r= 4 cm. Comparing other terms, we have de oe ‘The wave velocity is calculated as 30 aos ‘The maximum particle velocity is obtained as follows: = s[omr(ois-5) {abs- 8) tee h = Acos 2 = 4xix 02 cm/s = 5024m/s. 7. A source of sound is placed at one end of an iron bar 2 km long and two sounds are heard atthe other end at an interval of 56s. Ifthe velocity of sound inalris 330 m/s, find the velocity of sound in iron. Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWAVES [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS —X1 Solution ‘The sound travels through both air and iron; therefore, two sounds are heard. The time taken by the given source of sound in air is calculated as Distance __2km__ 2000m 1 Velocity” ~ 330m/ ~ 330m/s ~ 605% We know that the time interval between the two sounds i 5.6 s and sound travels faster In ron. Therefore, the time taken by the diven source of sound to travel 2km in ron fs obtained as 1, = 6065-565 = 0465, The velocity of sound in rons calculated as follows: Distance 2km _ 2000m "Time ~ 0465 ~ 0465 The distance between two points ona stretched string ls 20 cm. A progressive wave of frequency 400 Hz travels on the string with velocity of 100 mis. Caleulate phase diference between the points. Solution Velocity ofthe wave i v= 100 mvs alstance between the two points (path difference) s Ax = 20cm frequency ofthe progressive waveis v= 400Hz.The wavelength ofthe wave s calculated as ¥ 100M = 25mm, v7 aogHe = 025) = 4348/6 ew ‘The phase difference between the points I calculated as ops vane ii) -25B() orem 19. A string of mass 2.50 kgs under a tension of 200 N. The length ofthe stretched string s 2.0m. the transverse jerks struck at ‘one end of the string, how long does the disturbance take to reach the other end? (ncerr) Solution ‘Mass of the string is M = 2.50 kg; tension in the string is T=200 Ni length of the string Is /=20.0 m; mass per unit length is obtained as M 250 aM = 250 - o125ig/m ‘The velocity (v) of the transverse waves struck on the string is given by fr. [200 UE ets =a = ome ‘Therefore the time taken by the disturbance to reach the other ends calculated 3s, 120 role Boass 10. stone dropped from the top ofa tower of helght 300 m high splashes into the water ofa pond near the base ofthe tower. When \sthe splash heard at the top given thatthe speed of sound in airis 340 mvs? (g = 98 m/s") (NCERT) Solution Height of the towers =300 nti voc ofthe stone vo =O; acceleration ofthe stone is a= 9=98 m/s: speed of sound inairis 340 ms. The tine, taken by the stone to strike the water nthe pond using the second equation of mation obtained as, folow: svat pat 00 % vg. Therefore, the speed of sound in ‘most aris greater than that in dry at Thus, ina gaseous medium, the speed of sound increases with humidity. 13, You have eat that a traveling wave in one dimension i represented bya function y =f; 1) where x and t must appear in the combination (e-0 or Gr+ 0)that i, = i +i) s the converse tue? Examine the following functions fory/can possibly repre sent a traveling wave: (a) (x vt () log[ e+ vg] 4) Vr + vt (wceRT) Solution The converse (a) The function (ve doesnot represent a wave. For x=0 and ¢=0, ths function becomes 0, Therefore, forx=0 and ¢=0, the function represents a point. () The function log[ x + 2x] represents a wave. For this function becomes log 0, which is equal to =. Since this function doesnot converge to afte vale for 0, jtrepresentsa traveling wave. {The function V(x + ¥t) doesnot representa wave. Since this function does nat converge oa fie value forx=0 and ¢=0,t does notrepresent traveling wave ‘The converse ofthe given statement snot true. The vital quirement fora function to represent a traveling waves that it should remain fie forall values of xand t ‘At emits ultrasonic sound of frequency 1000 kHz In at ifthe sound meets a water surface, what isthe wavelength of (a) the teflected sound, (b) the transmitted sound? Speed of sound in iris 340 m/s and in water 1486 vs. (NCERT) Solution (a) Frequency of the ultrasonic sound Is v= 1000 kHz = 10% Hz: speed of sound in airs vy= 340 mvs. The wavelength of the reflected sound, 2 s obtained as 34x 104m (b) Frequency ofthe ultrasonic sound is v= 1000 kHz = 10* Hz; speed of sound in water Is v= 1486 mvs. The wavelength of the transmitted sound, Ay is given as 1486 10" 15, A hospital uses an ultrasonic scanner to locate tumors in a tissue. What is the wavelength of sound inthe tissue in which the speed ‘of soundis 1.7 km/s? The operating frequency ofthe scanner is 42 MHz (NCERT) Solution ‘Speed of sound inthe tssue is v= 1.7 kn/s= 1.7 x 10! mvs. Operating frequency ofthe scanner Is v= 4.2 MHz= 4.2 10* Hz. The wavelength of sound in the tissues given vo 17«00 Tet 1x10, 16. transverse harmonic wave ona string is described by y(x,t) = 30sin 36t + 0.018% + x/4), where xand yare in cm and tin The positive direction of xs fom lef to right. (a this a traveling wave o a stationary wave? fits traveling, what are the speed and direction ofits propagation? (b) What are its amplitude and frequency? (c) What the intial phase atthe origin? (d) What isthe least distance between two successive crests in the wave? (NCERT) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Theequton apogee ave vg fom gh tol gent he pace ncton etiosn(ats ko werave yet) = 20an( e001 7) a (9 Campana Ean 2 na. 2 ee ng ve ont fm Gola ng a.) (2), we have w= 36 rad/s and k= 0.018 m".Weknow that ve and Aso, veva “Therefore, the speed ofthe given traveling wavels calculated as 2):( ot = etme sme “This traveling wave propagates from right to let. Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2), we have amplitude ofthe given wave as. % 107m; frequency of the given wave Is obtained as follows: Bano Bae (2) Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2), we find thatthe initial phase angle as, = S73 = 57H o-8 (4) Tredstance between two successive crest or troughsis equal tothe wavelength othe wave Wavelengths aluated as flows: a2 =s Dr 2314 k “ois 117. For the wave described inthe Additional Problem 16, plot the displacement ()) versus () graphs for x= 0, 2 and 4 cm. What are the shapes of these graphs? In which aspects does the oscillatory motion in traveling wave differ from one point to another: ampi- tude, frequency, or phase? (NCERT) Solution Allthe waves have different phases. The transverse harmonic wave given inthe problem s sas 24889 cm =349m =35m, y4,1)= 30sin( 360 + 0018 + 5). the equation reduces to 10,2) = 203n(36¢ + 5) ae 2 6 soradis 3 7=% Using the diferent values of as listed in Table 14.1, let us plot y versus t raph as shown in Fig. 149. llth graphs are sinusoidal, Forx= 0, x= 2,and.x™ 4, the phases ofthe three waves get changed, which s due tothe reason thatthe amplitude and frequency ate the same for any change inx Table 14.1 to = x g a nen) 2 : Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWAVES [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS —X1 18, For the traveling harmonic wave y(xt)= 20cos2r(10t ~ 0.0080x + 0.35, where x and y ate in cm and tin s. Calculate the phase difference between oscilatory motion of two points separated by a distance of) 4m, (o) 5m, (c)A/2, and (d)3A/4. _(NCERT) Solution, Equation fora traveling harmonic wave s given by 1) 20 cos 210 - 0.0080 + 0.35) =20.05 (20et-0016m+ 0.7011, where 0.0160" s the propagation constant (k,2cm isthe amplitude (c), 20 rads the angular frequency (a Phase differences = 32/4, wehave pate in a ‘traveling harmonic wave ona string is described by y(x) = 7.5sn(0.0050x + 12t + x/4) What are the displacement and veloc- Ityofexcilation ofa point at x= 1 em, and t= 1? this velocity equal tothe velocity of wave propagation? (b) Locate the points of the sting which have te same transverse dsplacements and velocity as thex= em pointat= 25,5 and 115 (NceRT) Sotution (0) Thetamonin igen by tas) 758n(aotsor 12164) setae yit)= 75s 0080 +12 $) =75:n(120080 + 3) 75.0 & 180 41279 = 733.18" 200504 iw “4 M4 1279100 = Therefore, yO.) = 75sin(73281 5 < 0.2217 = 1.66275 = 1.663em. “The velocity of the ocilation ata given point and times calculated as follows: {r5sin(a00sox + 121+ 4)] = 75 12cn( 000504 121+) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘Aux Vemandt= 15,wehave v= 09 =,0co(1205 64) = cans) ‘The equation fora propagating wave's given by Wat) = asinthe + 00 + 9, where — * Speedis given by Where @ = 12rad/sandk = 0.0050". Therefore, pt ‘0056 ‘Therefore, the velocity ofthe wave oscilation atx = 1 em and t= 1s not equal tothe velocity ofthe wave propagation. Wavelength is calculated as, 2400 emis = 24/5 2x3 243.14 « 1256em=1256m. Thus; allthe points at distances 12 (n {and soon), that 1256 m, 25.12 m,.. and $0 on for x= 1 cm, have the same displacement as the x= | cm points att= 25,5 sand 115. 20. A narrow sound pulse for example, a short pip by a whistle is sent across a medium. a) Does the pulse have a definite () fre quency, i) wavelength, i) speed of propagation? (b) the pulse ates 1 after every 205, thats the whistle is blown fora spit of second after every 20), is the frequency ofthe note produced by the whistle equal to 1/20 or 0.05 Hz? (weer) Solution {a} _{) The pulse does not havea definite frequency. (a) The pulse does not have adefiite wavelength. ii) The pulse has a definite speed of propagation, Te nartow sound pulse does not havea fixed wavelength or frequency. However, the speed of the sound pulse remain the same, hich sequal to the speed of sound in that medium. {b) The short beep produced after every 20 s does not mean that the frequency of the whistle is 1/20 or 0.05 Hz. It means that (0.05 Hzisthe frequency ofthe repetition ofthe beep of the whistle |- Earthquakes generate sound waves inside the earth. Unlike a gas the earth can experience both transverse (5) and longitudinal (P) sound waves. Typically the speed ofS wave Is about 40 ks, and that of P wavels 8.0 kr. A selsmograph records Pand S waves from an earthquake, The fst P wave atives 4 min before the fist S wave, Assuming the waves travel straight line, at what dis- tance does the earthquake occur? (NCERT) Solution Let wand v; be the velocities of Sand P waves, respectively, and Lbe the distance between the epicenter and the seismograph, We have: Lew o Wt a ‘where t, and are the respective times taken by the § and P waves to reach the seismograph from the epicenter. It is given that km/s and v,= 4 km/s. From Eqs. (1) and (2), we have ite= vate 4-8 tate Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWAVES [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS —X1 IRisalso given that and = 2% 240 = 480 s.From Ea, (2), the distance at which the earthquake occurs fs calculated as =x 240= 1920km, SECTION IL ‘= Principle of Superposition of Waves. = Reflection of Waves = Beats = Dopp — Prommuuss axa uay (1) Principle of superposition of waves: in the same medium, when two or more waves traverse the displacement of any element ofthe medium s the algebraic sum ofthe dsplacements due to each wave: Siam (2) When two sinusoidal waves on the same sting show interference, adding or canceling according to the principle of superpos tion, andthe two are traveling in the same direction and have the same amplitude and frequency but ifr in phase by a phase constant the results single wave with the same frequency ax vin) (aaor} una +14) fr an integral multiple of 2x, the waves are exactly in phase and the interference is constructive and if = x they are exactly out of phase and the interferences destructive. (3) A traveling wave, at rigid boundary ora closed end, is reflected with a phase reversal, but the reflection at an open boundary takes place without any phase change. Foran incident wave, ibe.) = asin ~ at. For the reflected wave ata rigid boundary is 0.0) = ~asin(lr + 0) For reflection atan open boundary is y.0e,1)= asin + ot (4) Standing waves are produced by the interference of two identical waves moving in opposite directions. Fora string with Fixed ends, the standing wave ls expressed by ylxt} = Basin kcos at (5) Standing waves are characterized by fixed locations of zero displacement called nedes and fxed locations of maximum displace- ‘ments called antinodes. The distance between the two consecutive nodes orantinodes|s/2.A stretched string of length fixed at both the ends vibrates with frequencies given by ve™, for n=t2s, In which, the st of frequencies ae called the normal modes of scllation of the system, The oscillation mode with lowest fre- {quency is called the fundamental mode othe first harmonic. The second harmonic isthe oscilation mode with =2,c-Fora pipe of ngth {with one end open and other end closed (such as air columns vibrates with frequencies given by ve(n+3)z. for n= 0123. In which the st of frequencies are the normal modes of oscillation of such a system. The lowest frequency given by WAL isthe fundamental mode othe fist harmonic. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (6) When two waves, having slightly different frequencies (and v,) and comparable amplitudes are superposed, the outcome is 324 Hz) and itcan be vs = 31BHz (which is <324 He) 112, Explain why (or how) (a) ina sound wave, a dlsplacement node Isa pressure antinode and vice versa, (b) bats can ascertain dis: tances, directions, nature and sizes of the obstacles without any eyes (ca violin note and star note may have the same frequency, yetwe can distinguish between the two notes, (2) slid can support both longitudinal and transverse waves, but only longitudinal ‘waves can propagate in gases, and () the shape of a pulse gets distorted during propagation ina dispersivemedium. (NCERT) Solution (2) A point where the amplitude of vibration isthe minimum and pressure isthe maximunn tis called a node; however a point ‘where the amplitude of vibration is the maximum and pressure is the minimum is called an antinode. Therefore, a displace- ‘ment node s nothing buta pressure antinode, and vice versa. {b) Bats emit very high-frequency ultrasonic sound waves, These waves get reflected back toward them by obstacles. A bat receives a reflected wave (frequency) and estimates the distance, diection, nature, and size ofan obstacle with the help of its brain senses. The overtones produced by a sitar and a violin, and the strengths ofthese overtones, are different. Therefore, we can distn- ‘uish between the notes produced by a star anda violin even f they have the same frequency of vibration. Since solids have shear modulus, they can sustain shearing stress. Since fluids do not have any definite shape, they yield to shearing stress. The propagation of a transverse wave Is such that it produces shearing stress ina medium. The propagation ‘of such a wave Is possible only in solids, and not in gases. Both solids and fluids have their respective bulk modull. They can sustain compressive stress, Hence longitudinal waves can propagate through solids and fds. ‘pulse is essentially isa combination of waves having different wavelengths. These waves travel ina dispersive medium with diferent velocities, depending on the nature ofthe medium. This results inthe distortion of the shape of awave pulse. 3. Atran, standing a the outer signal ofa rallway station blows a whistle of frequency 400 Hzin stil aca) What the frequency ofthe whistle fora platform observer when the tran () approaches the platform with a speed of 10 mis, (i) recedes from the platform with 1 speed of 10 m/s (b) What isthe speed of sound in each case? The speed of sound in stil aircan be taken as 340s, (NCERT) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES {0} () Frequency ofthe whistle v= 400 He: speed ofthe train is vy= 10 mis speed of sound Is v= 340 mvs The apparent fre- ‘quency (ofthe whistle asthe train approaches the patform is calculated as, v= (eta ee sits s0= arate (a) The apparent frequency (”) ofthe whistle as the train recedes from the platform s given by the relation (tac }= (sig) «to mas anh (8 Theapprrt cane nthe evened cody the eve motions the source nthe cba Thee theta pce a econ tere un Toe he pend ond bt tec mars he st Som “V4 Attain, standing ina station yar, blows a whistle of fequency 400 Kz instil a. The wind stats blowing inthe direction from the Yatd tothe station with ata speed of 10 mvs. What are the frequency, wavelenath, and speed of sound for an observer standing on the station’ platform Is the situation exactly identical to the case when the ars stil andthe observer runs toward the yard ata speed of 10/3? The speed of sound instil ar canbe taken as 340 mvs. (wcERT) Solution For the stationary observer: Frequency ofthe sound produced by the whistle Is v=.400 Ha; speed of sound is 340 mvs velocity ofthe wind is v= 10 m/s, ‘As there is no relative motion between the source and the observer, the frequency ofthe sound heard by the observers the same as that produced by the source, thats, 400 Hz. The wind is blowing toward the observer. Hence, the effective speed of the sound increases by 10 units which i obtained as Therefore, the wavelength, 2 ofthe sound heard by the observer is calculated as Ye = 350 an too For the running observer: Velocity ofthe observers v,= 10 mvs. The observer i moving toward the source. AS a result ofthe relative motions ofthe source ad the observe theresa change in frequency (v).Thsis given by 1875, 20) (485510) 00-41 760 Since the aic low fs considered stil, the effective speed of sound is obtained as 340+0=340m5. Since the source iat rest the wavelength (of the sound does not change, thats, remains tobe 0.875 m, Hence, the given two ‘tuations ae not exactly identical. ‘One end of along string of linear mass density 80x 10" kg/m is connected to an electrically driven tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz. The other end passes over a pulley and sted toa pan containing a mass of 90 kg Te pulley end absorbs al the incom- ing energy 50 that reflected waves at this end have negligible amplitude. At t= 0 the lft end (fork end) ofthe string x=0 has zero vansverse dsplacement (y= 0) and is moving along postive y direction. The amplitude of the wave 5.0 cm. Write down the transverse deplacement yas function of x and tthat describes the wave on the string. (NCERT) Solution - ‘The displacement equation ofa traveling wave propagating along the postive y direction is given by the dsplacement equation yet) asin wt bo. 0 Linear mass density sw = 80 x 10" kg/m: frequency ofthe tuning forkis v= 256 Hz; amplitude of the waves 2=005 m, a "Mass ofthe pan is m = 90 kg; tension inthe string s obtained as Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETWAVES [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS—X1 The velocity of the transverse wave, is obtained as =f ein 0 ‘The angular frequency ofthe transverse wave, «i obtained as x 3.14256 = 16085 @= 16x10" rad, ‘The wavelength ofthe transverse wave, iis obtained as ‘The wave propagation constant, kisobtained 3s Pa 6% k= oem CO Substituting the values from Eqs. (2), (3), and (4) in Eq. (1), we get the transverse displacement yas funetion of x and t that Gescribes the wave on the string as, (7,1) = 0.05 sin (1.6 10% 4.840), [ASONAR system fixed in a submarine operates ata frequency 40.0 kHz An enemy submarine moves toward the SONAR with 2 ‘speed of 360 knv/h What isthe frequency of sound reflected by the submarine? Take the speed of sound in water to be 1450 m/s. (NCERT) Solution Operating frequency ofthe SONAR system Is v= 40 kHz; speed ofthe enemy submarines given as y= 360 kan/h = 100 m/s. ‘Speed of sound in water is v= 1450 mv. The source Isat rest and the observer (enemy submarine) is moving toward it.The appar- lent frequency (vreceived and reflected by the submarine is obtained as va (ea) = (a nope Mel peaeynernnercnnete (- = (asd Sa5) «278 = 591 [bot i iting about ina cave navigating via ultrasonic beeps. Assume thatthe sound emission frequency of the bat is 40 KH. During one fast swoop directly toward a lat wall surface, the ba Is moving at 003 times the speed of sound in ait What frequency does the bat hear reflected of the wal? (NCERT) Solution Ultrasonic beep frequency emvtted by the bat fs v= 40 kz velocity ofthe bat Is vy = 0.03, where vs the velocity of sound ina. ‘The apparent frequency of the sound striking the walls calculated as ee von) (exter) op ‘This frequency is reflected by the stationary wal (v, = 0} toward the bat. The frequency (v” ofthe received sound i calculated as follows (CEB = (128g = = are ¥ v 097 Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET