The Scientific Paper: A Template (with Tips for Managing MS Word)

K. Browne, D.P. Jackson, L.Q. English, Brett Pearson, and Hans Pfister
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013, USA

This document is intended as an outline for writing scientific papers. It contains all of the important sections that should be included
in a scientific paper, as well as descriptions of what should be included in each of these sections. It also contains some useful tips on
how to use Microsoft Word to write scientific papers. The easiest way to use this document is as a template, inserting your text and
figures as described below. This section is the abstract. It contains a brief description of the project including a relevant description
of the problem, data collection procedures and a summary of results, as well as a few pointers on how this information fits into the
   
overall field. The abstract may contain equations such as E  E0 cos( k  r  t   ) , but inline equations in Microsoft Word don‟t
look very good. An abstract is usually quite short. Often, the length is limited to between 200 and 400 words.

original. Any information that you obtain from another

I. INTRODUCTION
This paper contains a general outline of the information
that should be included in a scientific paper. It provides a
good template from which you can easily structure a paper.
When you start out writing papers, you will likely include
most of these sections and utilize this fairly standard format.
As you gain experience, you may choose a different ordering
or different section titles as you find appropriate. Remember
this is just a template to help you get started. You will
develop your own style of writing.
Both an awareness of your target audience, as well as the
actual content of your paper, determines how you will write
your paper. Thus, the writing process will go much more
smoothly if you take some time to answer a few questions
before you begin writing. For example, ask yourself, “Who
is my audience?,” “What do I want them to get out of this
paper?,” “What are the most important ideas to convey in
this paper?” There are lots of other questions you could ask,
but these three will help you generate a document, which is
pitched at the right level and contains information that is
useful to your audience.
However, you should keep in mind that a good scientific
paper always introduces the reader to the subject material
and provides the appropriate background information that
the reader will need. A good scientific paper will always
make the experimental, computational, or theoretical
methods clear enough so that a competent reader could in
principle reproduce the work. A clear description of how
any data was collected should be included, as well as some
presentation of the raw data, generally in graphical format.
Any analysis performed on the data should be outlined
clearly. Analysis and conclusions drawn from the analysis
should generally be described separately from the raw data.
A paper should end with a set of conclusions based on the
analysis. It is the responsibility of the author to carefully
lead the reader from the experimental design through the
analysis to the conclusions, tying each piece together. In
other words, it should be clear to the reader explicitly how
your analysis leads from your raw data to your conclusions.
If you do not make this clear, no matter whether or not you
are right, you have not done your job as an author and will
find it difficult to convince anyone of the validity of your
conclusions.
Finally, every paper should end with a references section.
A scientific paper without any references indicates that the
author believes that every thought conveyed in the paper is
source should be cited. The only exception is for facts,
relationships or concepts that are considered common
knowledge. As a student, your common knowledge will
often be somewhat more limited than that of the average
author in a scientific journal. As such, you will often
reference information from class notes or textbooks that
other authors may not. When in doubt, make a reference.
This eliminates any possibility that you will be accused of
plagiarism - a very serious transgression.
The introduction generally contains a brief overview to the
material that will be presented. Relevant information
includes a clear enunciation of the questions that will be
addressed in the paper, background information necessary
for understanding the paper, and potentially the basic theory
needed to understand the contents of the paper (but do not
duplicate all the material from Section II).
It is important to consider your audience when writing the
introduction. The primary purpose of an introduction is to
give your readers enough information so that they will be
able to understand the rest of your paper and put it into a
larger context. Depending on your audience, this context
may vary. For example, if you are preparing a paper with
other physics students in mind as the audience, you will
write the introduction so that they see how their previous
physics knowledge will be useful in understanding this
paper. If, on the other hand, you are writing this paper for a
narrow selection of researchers, you will not need to include
as much information. Rather, you will present them with
enough information so that they can see how this paper fits
in with previous relevant research. In all cases, do not
include information that does not tie in with the topic of the
paper. Remember, the introduction must be an integral part
of the entire paper, and cannot read as if it were designed as
a stand-alone document. Correspondingly, its size must be
commensurate with the rest of the paper; in other words,
don‟t allow the introduction to dominate the paper.
This document will also serve as a template for producing
professional looking papers in MS Word. Before you begin
to modify this document, make sure you have a copy of it
saved somewhere so that you can look back at it if you
delete or otherwise lose something important in this
document.
If you have any questions about the appropriate style for a
scientific paper, you should refer the AIP Style Manual at
http://www.aip.org/pubservs/style/4thed/toc.html.

*Kurt.Hubner@cern.ch
 Nov. 2009 Scientific Paper Template for Dickinson College Physics Majors
II. THEORY
Often, if the theory needed to understand a paper is
somewhat extensive, a separate section containing a
development of the theory will be presented. This section
should contain enough theoretical detail to make it possible
for a member of your target audience to be able to reproduce
any results you rely on later in the paper. Obviously, the
amount of detail that you include will depend on space
constraints and the expected level of expertise of your
audience.
In the context of a paper written by an undergraduate for a
class, you should include all non-obvious steps in derivation
and be sure to reference material that is not “common
knowledge.” If you just learned the material in a class, you
might want to include references to the source of the basic
derivation. If you start with a non-trivial expression that you
had to look up somewhere, either in a book, a paper, or your
notes, you should include a citation and reference.
All equations should be incorporated into the text using a
program designed to properly format equations. LaTex,
MathType, and MS Equation Editor are common programs.
You can insert equations easily into a document using MS
Equation Editor. It is not the best, or the prettiest, but it
works. Putting in equation numbers is not natural for Word,
so this template contains a simple macro to do this. If you
have MathType, it works better, so use it. Below is an
example of how equations and their numbers should appear.
   
E  E0 cos(k  r  t   ) (1)
   
B  B0 cos( k  r  t   ) (2)
Never use ordinary script for any equation, whether inline or
numbered.
III. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
This section is often called experimental design or
methods. It contains information about the experimental
setup, design, instrumentation and procedure. The main
purpose of this section is to convince your reader that your
experimental methods were sound and thorough. If you do
not clearly report your experimental methods, you run the
risk of having someone else repeat your experiment and get
different results. (This then brings into question the validity
of your conclusions and your reputation as a scientist.)
Often you will include a diagram of the experimental
setup. An example is shown below. Diagrams can be drawn
using any software you are familiar with and imported into
Word. If the diagram is particularly simple, you can even use
Word itself to draw it.
pg. 2
Figure 1 : A capacitor and battery circuit diagram.
(Notice no title in the figure.)
Any diagram you include should contain a fairly detailed
figure caption. A good rule of thumb is that if someone
reads the abstract and looks at all the figures and captions,
they should have a reasonable idea what your paper is about.
While this isn‟t always possible, it is a good goal to have.
(That said, this document does not even come close to
meeting that requirement, but it also is not so much a
scientific paper as a how-to manual on writing one.)
As mentioned before, you should include enough
information in your experimental design to make it possible
for someone else to reproduce your experiment. You should
generally outline what you did with enough detail so that it
is clear how you set up your experiment, what types of
instrumentation were involved (detailed make and model
numbers are not required), and how you collected your data.
IV. RESULTS
Your paper should contain a section describing/presenting
your raw results. Often you will be able to do this by
including graphs and/or tables of data. This data should
generally not be heavily processed. Rather, one should
include results in formats that are good representations of the
data obtained by your experiment or computation. You will
have a chance to show processed results in the analysis
section, but in this section you need to present the reader
with your raw data so he/she can clearly judge the quality of
your analysis and conclusions. It is your responsibility to
estimate experimental error/uncertainty.
Often you have far too much data to include it all. In this
case, you will include a sample of your raw data with tables
or graphs containing straightforward compilations of this
data. It is very typical that only a small fraction of the data
you have collected shows up explicitly in the paper.
Below is another figure. It is generally best to make all
figures of single-column width (unless your paper is single-
column). When they are inline, it is very easy to locate them
with respect to text [3]. You may still have to do some
fiddling at the end to get them exactly where you want them,
but once you put them somewhere, they stay put with respect
to the text.
Nov. 2009 Scientific Paper Template for Dickinson College Physics Students pg. 3

incomplete or unclear, your reader may not trust the

Client Display conclusions you draw.
This is another section where you will often have
equations, graphs and tables. Remember that whenever you
Client Monitor Display use an equation, graph or table, it should be referred to in the
Client Server text. Any equation, graph, figure, or table should fit into the
Display general flow of your development. If you include a graph
but do not mention it in the text, the graph either has no
reason to be included, or you have omitted important
information from the text.
Figure 2 : A high level diagram of the monitor system. One fairly common mistake is to make this section too
Monitor data flows from left to right, and requests for brief relative to the other sections. It is important to outline
particular monitor data from right to left. The Monitor in enough detail how the raw data was manipulated to
Server (MS) caches replies from the clients.[4] extract useful answers. These manipulations often involve
fairly intricate mathematical/numerical procedures, such as
You can also insert Tables very easily. Just make a table Fourier Transforms, curve fitting, linear regression,
numerical integration, smoothing, normalizations, to name a
Current Voltage Power few common examples. Such procedures have to be
0.01 0.12 2 described in the text of this section.
0.02 0.13 4
0.03 0.14 6 VI. CONCLUSIONS
Table 1 : This is a simple Table to demonstrate how a Your conclusions section should be brief, but long enough
table should be inserted to refocus the reader. The conclusions section highlights the
validity of your assertions/conclusions, making reference to
In general, you should never include a table in a paper your data/analysis. In essence, it summarizes the answers to
when a figure/graph will do a better job. It is quite rare to the questions you asked in the introduction.
see tables in scientific papers. You should never include a You should also make it a point to place your conclusions
long list of data or an excerpt from a spreadsheet unless the within a proper context. That is, you should discuss the
particular values in the list are very important. Long lists are possible implications of your conclusions, or how they might
hard to read and generally confuse or bore your reader. be relevant to other researchers. This is often hard to do as a
Most often tables are used to show a few numbers derived student, but not impossible. Some questions you can keep in
from a larger dataset. This is a good use of tables but should mind when writing this section are: “Why are these
generally occur in the analysis sections because the numbers conclusions important?,” “Whom might these results
are derived from the data. affect?,” and “What could these results be useful for?”
Here is another table. We can reference this table in the It is important to keep in mind that you should not
same way mentioned in Section II. Table 3 shows a more overstate your case. A common error authors make is to
common type of info to be contained in a table. This table over-generalize. For example, if I find that a particular type
shows the different sources of uncertainty in a measurement of crystal behaves nonlinearly within certain parameters, it is
and how much each source contributes to the total an over-generalization to conclude that all crystals of that
uncertainty. structure will behave the same way, or that the model
continues to hold outside of the tested parameter range. If
Sources of Error Size of Error the author suspects this to be the case, he/she can state this
Statistical Uncertainty  0.02 eV
hypothesis but should not assert it as a fact. This leads us to
a final section which you may or may not want to include.
Systematic Uncertainty  0.10 eV
Table 2 : This table shows the different sources of VII. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER
uncertainty in a measurement. RESEARCH
This section contains a speculation on possible future
V. ANALYSIS directions that are likely open to exploration. For example,
After you have clearly presented your results, you now in what ways could this research be extended? It can be a
describe how you have analyzed these results, i.e., how you list of possible future experiments or questions one might
will process the data you collected to obtain information that ask that are based on the results of the research presented.
will help you answer the questions raised in the introduction. This section gives the author the opportunity to be somewhat
It is critically important that the analysis section of a paper more creative/speculative. That said, it should be clear in
is clear. Your job in the analysis section is to convince the the paper that the statements made in this sections are
reader that the methods you used to get from your results to suggestions, conjectures and/or best guesses. This section
your conclusions are sound. If your analysis section is can sometimes be included with your Conclusions.
 Nov. 2009 Scientific Paper Template for Dickinson College Physics Majors
VIII. REFERENCES (THIS WILLTYPICALLY NOT
BE A SEPARATE, NUMBERED SECTION IN
YOUR PAPER.)
You must include a references section in any scientific
paper. To omit the references section is to almost certainly
commit plagiarism. As mentioned before, you should
include references whenever you have used information
from another source. This might be a professor‟s notes or a
textbook. As you advance in your studies, your references
will increasingly come from journal articles, since these
articles generally present more recent results. Direct
quotations are to be absolutely avoided; instead paraphrase
your source.
The following few sections are generally not included in a
paper, but are placed here to help you work with MS Word.
If you read them carefully and use this document as a
template, you will almost certainly save yourself a lot of
pain and suffering associated with formatting documents.
Better yet, learn to use LaTex. It is installed on all the
Macintosh machines and generates beautiful output with a
minimum of fussing over formatting, although some new
syntax must be learned in the process. (Still, it is highly
recommended that you eventually learn to use LaTex. That
said, you can usually get by with MS Word unless you have
a large number of mathematical formulas.) The following
few tips will help make your life with MS Word more
bearable.
IX. AVOIDING UNEXPECTED BEHAVIORS
Many of the problems people have working with MS
Word stem from its broad functionality. When using MS
Word, it is very easy to get confused because it is doing
something automatically of which you are unaware.
pg. 4
Common problems include moving figures around when
other text is moved. To avoid this, always put figures and
captions inline, rather than as overlays. Never use wrapping
with figures. It almost always causes problems [2].
Using „styles‟ can be key to uniform document formatting.
It allows you to think about your writing instead of the
formatting. The style menu is straightforward to use: just
select some text and choose the appropriate style from the
style selection box.
It‟s generally a bad idea to force page breaks, but
sometimes it is necessary. You will notice that there is a
section break at the end of the references section. At section
breaks, you can change the formatting/page layout. For
example, this document is set up with two columns in the
standard journal style, but you can change this style to
single-column, double-spaced very easily. You can define
different sections of your document to have different column
properties, but you cannot mix column properties within a
single section.
REFERENCES
[1] I. Newton, “Apples Hurt when they Hit you in the
Head,” Journal of Fruit Dynamics (1521), 21(3),
321.
[2] W. Tell, I. Newton, “Arrows Hurt more than
Apples,” Private Communication.
[3] R Feynman, M. Fandango, “Quantum Interactions
between Apples and Arrows: A Diagrammatic
Approach,” http://www.fruitdiagrams.org.
[4] C. Ape, “Learning to Climb like a Monkey,”
Primate Dynamics (2001), 4(10), 57-69.
[5] K. Kong, “Learning to Club like a Gorilla,” Journal
of Newtonian Mechanics and Ape Behavior, 12(3),
125-130 (2003).