Ecce Romani IA PDF

ECCE ROMAN! '.
A LATIN READING PROGRAM
MEETING THE FAMILY

SECOND EDITION
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Longman
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Ecce Romani Student Book I-A
Meeting the Family, second edition
Copyright© 1995 by Longman Publishing Group.

All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
Longman, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, N.Y. 10606
Associated companies:
Longman Group Ltd., London
Longman Cheshire Pty., Melbourne
Longman Paul Pty., Auckland
Copp Clark Pitman, Toronto
This edition of Ecce Romani is based on Ecce Romani:

A Latin Reading Course, originally prepared by The Scottish
Classics Group © copyright The Scottish Classics Group 1971, 1982, and
published in the United Kingdom by Oliver and Boyd, a division of
Longman Group. It is also based on the 1988 North American edition. This
edition has been prepared by a team of American educators.
Photo credits: Credits appear on page xv.
Acknowledgments: Reiterated thanks are due to the consultants who

contributed to the 1988 North American edition of ECCE ROMANI:
Dr. Rudolph Masciantonio, Ronald Palma, Dr. Edward Barnes, and
Shirley Lowe. In addition to the authors and consultants who contributed
to this new edition and who are listed separately, thanks are due to the
following people: to Mary O. Minshall for providing original material for
Gascoyne Fedoryk, and
the Frontier Life essays; to Ursula Chen, Julia
Kennedy for their help on the Teacher's Guides; and to Marjorie
Franklin
Dearworth Keeley for help with the preparation of the manuscript.
Finally, thanks are due to Longman Publishing Group's production team:
Janice Baillie and Helen Ambrosio; and its editorial team: Barbara Thayer
and Lyn McLean, for all they did.
Executive editor: Lyn McLean

Development editor: Barbara Thayer
Production editor: Janice L. Baillie
Production-editorial and design director: Helen B. Ambrosio
Text design: Creatives NYC, Inc.
Cover design: Circa 86
Cover Illustration: Yao Zen Liu
Textart: Yao Zen Liu
Maps: Laszlo Kubinyi

Photo research: Barbara Thayer
Electronic Production: Function thru Form Inc.
ISBN: 0-8013-1204-3
23456789 10-DOC -9998979695

li
Peter C. Brush
Deerfield Academy Deborah Pennell Ross
Deerfield, Massachusetts University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Sally Davis
Arlington Public Schools Andrew F. Schacht
Arlington, Virginia Renbrook School
West Hartford, Connecticut
Pauline P. Demetri
Cambridge Ridge & Latin School Judith Lynn Sebesta
Cambridge, Massachusetts University of South Dakota
Vermillion, South Dakota
Jane Hall
National Latin Exam The Scottish Classics Group
Alexandria, Virginia Edinburgh, Scotland
Thalia Pantelidis Hocker David Tafe

Old Dominion University Rye County Day School
Norfolk, Virginia Rye, New York
Glenn M. ICnudsvig Rex Wallace

University of Michigan University of Massachusetts
Ann Arbor, Michigan Amherst, Massachusetts
Maureen O'Donnell Allen Ward

W.T. Woodson High School University of Connecticut
Fairfax, Virginia Storrs, Connecticut
Ronald Palma Elizabeth Lyding Will

Holland Hall School Amherst College
Tulsa, Oklahoma Amherst, Massachusetts
David J. Perry Philip K. Woodruff

Rye High School Lake Forest High School
Rye, New York Lake Forest, lUinois
H 3
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION xi
CHAPTER 1 TWO ROMAN G I RLS 3
BUILDING THE MEANING: Parts of Speech: Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs 4
CHAPTER2 A SUMMER AFTERNOON 7
BUILDING THE MEANING: Subjects, Verbs, Linking Verbs, and Complements 8
FORMS: Verbs: The Endings -t and -nt 8
ROMAN LIFE I: A Roman Family 10
CHAPTER3 IN THE GARDEN 1
FORMS: Nouns and Adjectives: Singular and Plural 14

ROMAN LIFE H: Dress 17
C APT E R 4 SHOW-OFF! 19
BUILDING THE MEANING: Direct Objects and the Ending -m 20

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 20
WORD STUDY 1 22
C HAPTE R 5 MARCUS TO THE RESCUE 25

BUILDING THE MEANING: The Complementary Infinitive 26
MYTH I: Aeneas 28
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER 6 EARLY IN THE DAY 33
BUILDING THE MEANING: Infinitive with Impersonal Verbal Phrase 34

Nouns and Adjectives: Gender 34
ROMAN LIFE III: The Slave Market 37
CHAPTER? BAD N EWS 39

FORMS: Nouns and Adjectives: The Endings -as, -6s, and -es 40
Nouns: Cases and Declensions: Nominative and Accusative Cases 41
BUILDING THE MEANING: Recognizing Clues 42
Nominative or Accusative Plural? 43
ROMAN LIFE TV. The Roman Villa 45
REVIEW L Chapters 1-7 49
CHAPTER 8 GETTING UP EARLY 53
FORMS: Verbs: Persons 54

Nouns and Adjectives: Vocative 56
WORD STUDY n 57
ROMAN LIFE V: Patria Potestas 59
CHAPTER9 GOODBYE 63
BUILDING THE MEANING: Prepositional Phrases: Accusative and Ablative Cases 64
FORMS: Nouns: Cases and Declensions: Ablative Case 65
MYTH II: Major Gods and Goddesses 68
CONTENTS VU
CHAPTER 10 DEPARTURE 71
BUILDING THE MEANING: Accusative and Infinitive 72
FORMS: Verbs: Conjugations 72
Verbs: The Present Tense 73
Verbs: Imperative 74
ROMAN LIFE VI: Treatment of Slaves 75
CHAPTER 11 A SLAVE RUNS AWAY 79

BUILDING THE MEANING: The Genitive Case 80
FORMS: Nouns: Cases and Declensions: Genitive and Dative Cases 81
ROMAN LIFE VIL Roman Names 83
BUILDING THE MEANING: Genitive Singular or Nominative Plural? 84

MYTH ni: The Founding of Rome 85
CHAPTER 12 CAPTURE 89
BUILDING THE MEANING: The Ablative Case 90
REVIEW II: Chapters 8-12 93
CHAPTER 13 DISASTER 97
FORMS: 3rd Declension i-stem Nouns 98
Verbs: The Imperfect Tense 1 98
BUILDING THE MEANING: Adverbs 100
WORD STUDY in 102
Vlll CONTENTS
CHAPTER 14 WHO
IS TO BLAME? 105
FORMS: Verbs: The Imperfect Tense II 106
Verbs: Irregular Verbs 1 108
MYTH IV: The Kings of Rome 109
CHAPTER 15 VEHICLE SPOTTING 113

FORMS: Nouns: Neuter 114
Numerals and Numbers 116
CHAPTER 16 WHY IS SEXTUS A PEST? 119

BUILDING THE MEANING: Nouns and Adjectives: Agreement 1 120
WORD STUDY IV 123
CHAPTER 17 DO WE STAY AT AN INN? 127

FORMS: Verbs: Regular Verbs (Review) 128
Verbs: Irregular Verbs II 128
REVIEWm: Chapters 13-1 7 131
CONTENTS IX
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Forms 136 • Building the Meaning 139 • Pronunciation of Latin 149 • Latin to English
Vocabulary 151 • English to Latin Vocabulary 158 • Index of Grammar 167 • Index of Cultural
Information 169 • Time Line (inside back cover)
MAPS
Campania-Baiae xii • Italy xvi • The Roman Empire, A.D. 80 1 • The Wanderings of Aeneas 28
The Appian Way 99
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Ecce Romani
The title of this series of Latin books is ECCE ROMANI, which means "Look! The
Romans!" The books in the series will present the Romans to you as you learn the
Latin language that they spoke. At first you will meet the members of a Roman fami-
ly, and as you continue reading you will meet mythological and historical characters
that meant much to the Romans and remain part of our cultural heritage today. You
will be introduced to a vast and colorful world of ancient Mediterranean and Euro-
pean civilizations that included peoples of many different cultures and social levels,
ranging from slaves to emperors.
A Roman Family
Within this vast world, the focus of your attention will be the daily life of a typical
upper-class Roman family, consisting of a father named Cornelius, a mother named
Aurelia, a son named Marcus, a daughter named Cornelia, and a young boy named
Sextus, who is a ward of the family. You will follow the development of Marcus and
Cornelia from late childhood to the beginning of their lives as mature Romans.
Baiae
The Latin stories you will be reading about this family take place in A.D. 80, the year
following the destruction of Pompeii by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The family
lives in the great metropolis of Rome, but when you
meet them it is summer-
first
time, and they are living at their country home near Baiae in Campania (see map on
page xii). The family's country house has a courtyard surrounded by columns with a
garden inside it, living quarters for the owner's family, and various structures needed
for farming, including rooms for slave laborers.
Baiae, on the Bay of Naples, was a fashionable resort for wealthy Romans, many of
whom built splendid country houses or villas there. The shoreline of the Bay of
Naples was ringed with villas built on terraces so that their inhabitants could enjoy
the beauty of the sparkling waves and the steep chffs of the islands in the bay. On the
terraces the Romans planted gardens and cool arbors of trees under which they could
refresh themselves in the heat of the day. Along the shore they built fish ponds, which
were flushed daily by the tides.
Baiae was the most famous of many resorts that grew up around the Bay of Naples. Its
original attractionwas a series of thermal springs, to which Romans went who were suf-
fering from arthritis and other diseases. So pleasant were the hot waters that they lured
the fashionable crowd, who came to see, and to be seen, in the constant series of parties
and entertainments that made up the "Season" in this "Garden of Italy." Some Romans
INTRODUCTION xi
Campania-Baiae
such as the father of our family probably did not join in these luxurious entertain-
ments but rather came to Baiae to escape the summer heat and humidity of the city
and to enjoy the peace, quiet, and simple life of a country house and farm.
The Latin Language
As you read stories about the Roman family in this book, you will be learning Latin, a
language that gave birth to a number of languages that are still used today, including
Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Rumanian. These modern languages are
known as Romance languages, because they come from the language used by the
ancient Romans. Speakers of these languages find it very useful to know something
about the Latin origins of their language.
In addition, even though the English language is predominandy derived from Ger-
manic dialects and not from Latin, as much as sixty percent of English vocabulary
comes from Latin. Many words of Latin origin came into English through French,
which was spoken by the Normans, who conquered the English in 1066. Many other
Latin words came into English during the revival of classical learning in the Renais-
sance and Enlightenment (1550 and following), and Latin words have come and
continue to come into English usage in scientific, medical, and legal terminology.
xii INTRODUCTION
As you begin to read the Latin stories in this book, you will notice many words that
are similar to English words because the English words are derived from the Latin
ones. You will also notice many differences between English and Latin, and you will
come to appreciate how different languages have unique ways of expressing ideas.
One big difference that you will notice right away between Latin and English usage is
the fact that Latin does not have a definite article (English the) or indefinite articles
(English a and an). When you translate Latin into English, you will need to supply
these articles.
As you read the Latin stories you will discover many other similarities and differences
between Latin and English (and between Latin and any other language you speak or
know). The authors of these books would like to emphasize the word discover, because
as you read the Latin stories you will be discovering for yourself how Latin works as a
language and how to understand and translate it. Following the stories you will find
formal explanations of how the language works. These explanations will help you
visualize the way Latin sentences express meaning, and they will help you learn the
elements or building blocks of the language. But be sure to pay close attention as you
read the Latin stories themselves and try to discover for yourself as much as you can
about how the language works.
The beautiful region of Campania has inspired artists over the centuries.
Pictured is "The Roman Campagna" (1827) by Corot.
INTRODUCTION xill
^•'..
,i
1
CREDITS
Special gratitude is extended to Jenny Page of The Bridgeman Art Library, London, for her invaluable assistance in locating illus-
trative materials sought for ECCE ROMANI.
Special thanks also go to Ohio State University's Center for Epigraphical Studies for making their resources available to ECCE
ROIVMNI and for allowing the use of photographs from the collection of A.E. Gordon.
The publisher gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the agencies, institutions, and photographers listed below:
Front Matter A.D., Verulamium Museum, St. Albans, (p. 76) Photograph courtesy Elizabeth
(xiii) "In the Roman Campagna," George Hertfordshire/Bridgeman Art Library, Lyding Will
Innes,The Saint Louis Art Museum, Saint London
Chapter 1
Louis
Chapter 7 (p.83) from the collection of A. G. Gordon,
Chapter 1 (p.40) Writing materials, various dates Center for Epigraphical Studies, Ohio
(p. 5) Portrait of a Young Girl, The Cleve- within Roman Verulamium Muse-
period, State University
landMuseum of Art, John L. Severance um, St. Albans, Hertfordshire/ Bridgeman

(p. 85) "Romulus and Remus," Charles de
Fund, 7U37, Portrait of a Young Boy with Art Library, London
Lafosse (1636-1716), Pushkin Museum,
Curls, Berlin Museum, Berlin
(p. 43) Terracotta Winged Horses from the Moscow/Bridgeman Art Library,London
Chapter 2 Temple of Tarquinia, 5th-6th Century
(p. 86) Photograph courtesy Elizabeth Lyd-
(p. 10) "Cornelia Pointing to Her Children B.C., Museo Etrusco, Lazio, Rome/Bridge-
ing Will
as Her Treasures," Angelica Kauffmann, man Art Library, London. Photo Credit:
Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond. K&B News Foto, Florence (p. 87) "Romulus et Remus," Alexander
The Adolph D. and Wilkins C. Williams Calder (1928), Solomon R. Guggenheim
(p. 44) "Aesop (6th Century B.C.), Writer
Fund Museum, New York City. Photograph by
of Fables," Diego Rodriguez de Silva y
Robert E. Mates; copyright The Solomon
(p.l 1) Feminine Statue — Terracotta, Velasquez (1599-1660), Prado,
R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York
Roman, 3rd Century B.C., Museo Cam- Madrid /Bridgeman Art Library, London
(65.1738.a-.c,b/w)
pano, Capua/Bridgeman Art Library,
(p.48) Panel from Cûbiculum of a Villa at
London Chapter 12
Boscoreale, Pompeii. Metropolitan Muse-
(p.90) Caster Hunt Pot, Roman, late
Chapter 3 um of Art, New York/Bridgeman Art
2nd-3rd Century A.D., Verulamium Muse-
(p. 14) Photograph courtesy Elizabeth Library, London
um, St. Albans, Hertfordshire /Bridgeman
Lyding Will
(p.51) Attic Red-Figured Kalyx Krater, Art Library, London
(p. 15) Bust of a Syrian Slave, Roman, 2nd Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, William
(p. 92) "Cave Canem" (Beware the Dog),
Century A.D., Louvre, Paris/Bridgeman Frances Warden Fund
Roman mosaic, 2nd-3rd Century A.D.,
Art Library, London
Chapter 8 Musee Lapidaire, Vienne/Giraudon/
Chapter 4 (p. 60) "Lictors Bearing the Bodies of His Bridgeman Art Library, London
(p. 21) Photograph courtesy Elizabeth Sons to Brutus," Jacques Louis David,
Chapter 13
Lyding Will (1748-1825) Louvre,
(p. 101) Photograph courtesy Elizabeth
Paris/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library
Chapter 5 Lyding Will
(p. 27) "Apollo Playing the Lute," Briton (p. 61) Included in The Coniplete Woodcuts of
Chapter 14
Riviere (1840-1920) Bury Art Gallery And Albrecht Diircr, ed.: Willi Kurth, Dover
(p.l 10) "The Oath of the Horatii," (circle
Museum, Lanes. /Bridgeman Art Library, Publications, New York: 1963.
of) Jacques Louis David (1748-1825),
London
Chapter 9 Christie's, London/Bridgeman Art Library,
(p. 29) Episode of the Aeneid: The Trojan (p. 66) Sarcophagus from Cerveteri, terra- London
Horse, France, Limoges, Master of the cotta, c. 520 B.C., Museo Archeologico di
(p.l 1 1) "The Tragedy of Lucretia," Sandro
Aeneid 1530^0, painted enam-
Series, ca. Villa Giulia, Rome/Bridgeman Art Library,
Botticelli, Isabella Stewart Gardner Muse-
el, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Andrew London
um, Boston
R. and Martha Holden Jennings Fund,
(p. 68) "Venus Lamenting the Death of
74.40 Chapter 15
Adonis," Benjamin West, The Carnegie
(p.l 16) Photograph courtesy Elizabeth
(p. 30) "Landscape with the Arrival of Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Purchase, 1 1.2
Lyding Will
Aeneas at Pallanteum," Claude Lorrain
(1600-82), National Trust, Anglesey Chapter 10
Chapter 16
Abbey/Bridgeman Art Library, London (p.75) Prison cell with Roman agricultural
(p. 1 24) Roman milestone, SEE/Art
slaves, engraving, (1866) Index, Barcelona/
Resource, New York
Chapter 6 Bridgeman Art Library, London
(p. 35) Glass Jug, Roman, 3rd Century
XV
-J2
Italy
XVI
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Two ROMAN Girls

Jbcce! In pictura est puella, nomine Cornelia. Cornelia est puella Romana quae in
Italia habitat.Etiam in pictura est villa rustica ubi Cornelia aestate habitat. Cornelia est
laeta quod iam in villa habitat. Cornelia iam sub arbore sedet et legit. Etiam in pictura est
altera puella, nomine Flavia. Elavia est puella R5mana quae in villa vTcina habitat. Dum
Cornelia legit, Flavia scribit. Laeta est Flavia quod Cornelia iam in villa habitat.
1 Ecce! Look! quod, because

puella, (a/the) girl iam, now
nomine, by name, called sub arbore, under the tree
quae, who sedet, (she/he) sits, is sitting, does sit

2 habitat, (she/he) lives, is living, does live et, and
etiam, also legit, (she/he) reads, is reading, does read
villa, countJj house altera, a second
villa rustica, countij house and farm vicina, neighboring
ubi, where dum, while
aestate, in summer scribit, (she/he) writes, is writing, does
3 laeta, happy write
N.B. Latin does not have articles {a, an, the), and so puella can mean either a girl or
the girl.
Latin verbs can be translated several ways, e.g., habitat can be translated (she/he)
lives, is living, or does live.
Exercise la
Responde Latine:
L Quis est Corneha? Quis...? Who...?

2. Ubi habitat Corneha?
3. Cijr est Cornelia laeta? Cur...? Why...?
4. Quid facit Cornelia? Quid facit...? What does. .do? What is. . .doingl
5. Ubi habitat Flavia?
6. Quid facit Flavia?
7. Cur est Flavia laeta?
TWO ROMAN GIRLS

Building the Meaning
Parts of Speech: Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs
When learning Latin you will

be learning how language expresses meaning, and you
will need to know certain grammatical terms so that you can talk about how Latin does
this. The most important terms are those for the parts of speech, the basic building
blocks of meaning in sentences. The most important parts of speech are:
nouns: names of persons, places, things, qualities, or acts;

adjectives: words that describe persons, places, things, qualities, or acts;
verbs: words that denote actions (e.g., sits) or existence (e.g., is).
In the story on page 3, the words pictura (1), Cornelia (1), and Italia (2) are nouns;
the words Romana (1), rustica (2), and laeta (3) are adjectives; and the words est (1),
habitat (2), and sedet (3) are verbs.
II
II
Books were scrolls of rolled up paper made octopus ink. Quill pens continued in use for
from papyrus reeds that had been pressed centuries to come, as the third panel shows.
together and dried. The scrolls were rotated Writing tablets were also used. They were
by handles, and often had a little index made out of thin slabs of wood coated with
attached. They were carried easily in wax. Sharp-pointed pens wrote by scratching
bookbags. A quill pen made from a feather into the wax surface. Above, a medieval scribe
was used for writing. The ink, carried in writes in a codex, another form of book that
inkwells, was made out of soot, dye, or had its origins in the ancient world.
CHAPTER 1
Portraits of a girl and boy, first century A.D.
"Poitrait of a Young Girl, " encaustic painting on wood, ^'Portrait of Young Boy with Curls, " encaustic painting on
The Cleveland Museum ofAn, John L. Severence Fund; wood, Berlin Museum, Germany
Exercise lb
What part of speech is each of the following (listed in the order in which
they occur in the story on page 3):
1. puella 3. aestate 5. legit 7. Flavia

2. villa 4. arbore 6. altera 8. scribit
Exercise 1c
Using story 1 as a guide, give the Latin for:
1. In the picture is a country house and farm.

2. Cornelia is happy.
3. Cornelia is sitting under the tree.
4. Flavia is aRoman girl.
5. Cornelia now lives in the country house.
TWO ROMAN GIRLS

I
^^"
.f-6
f
CHAPTER I
A SUMJSAER Afternoon
Vôrnelia est puella Romana. Flavia quoque est puella Romana. Cornelia et Flavia
sunt puellae Romanae quae in Italia habitant. Cornelia et Flavia sunt amicae. Hodie
puellae non sedent sed in agrls ambulant. Brevi tempore Cornelia defessa est. Noniam
ambulat sed sub arbore sedet. Flavia, quae est puella strenua, in agrls currit. BrevL
tempore Flavia quoque est defessa. Iam Flavia et Cornelia sub arbore sedent quod
defessae sunt. Dum puellae sub arbore sedent, Cornelia legit et Flavia scribit. Tandem
puellae ex agrls ad villam rusticam lente ambulant.
1 quoque, also non iam, no longer

2 sunt, (they) are 4 strenua, active, energetic
2iim.Q2i^/friends currit, {she/he) runs, is running.

hodie, today does run
3 sed, hilt 6 tandem, at last
in agris, in the fields 7 ex 2i%v\s^ from/out of the fields
ambulant, (they) walk, are walking, ad villam rusticam, to/toward the
do walk coiintij house and farm
brevi tempore, in a short time, soon lente, slowly
defessa, tired
Exercise 2a
Responde Latine:
1. Ubi habitant Cornelia et Flavia?

2. Quid faciunt puellae hodie? Quid faciunt. . . ? What are. . . doing?
3. Quid facit Cornelia quod defessa est?
4. Quid faciunt puellae sub arbore?
A SUMMER AFTERNOON
Subjects, Verbs, Linking Verbs, and Complements
Subjectsand verbs are basic elements of sentences. You may mark subjects (the person
or thing that is or does something) with the letter S and verbs with the letter V:
S V S V
Cornelia est puella Romana. Puellae in Italia habitant.
The verb est is used as a linking verb (LV) when it links the subject with a noun or an
adjective. This noun or adjective completes the pattern of the sentence and is called a
complement (C), e.g.:
S LV C S LV C
Cornelia est puella . Flavia est defessa .
These sentences may also be written as follows with no change in meaning:

S C LV S C LV
Cornelia puella est. Flavia defessa est.
II
ir
II
II
I
II
I
II
FORMS
Verbs: The Endings -t and -nt
Look at these sentences:
Cornelia Qst puella Romana.

Cornelia is a Roman girl.
Puella in agris currif quod laeta esf.
The girl is I'linning in the fields because she is happy.
3. Cornelia et Flavia sunt puellae Romanae.
Cornelia and Flavia are Romait girls.
Puellae in agris currunt quod laetae sunt.

The girls aj'e running in the fields because they are happy.
8 CHAPTER 2
..
r
I If the subject is singular (e.g., Cornelia and puella in the first two sentences), the
verb ends in -t.
/If the subject is plural (e.g., Cornelia et Flavia and puellae in the third and fourth
example sentences ), the verb ends in -ni.\
Exercise 2b
Select the correct word, read the sentence aloud, and translate:
1 Flavia in villa vTcina . habitat/habitant

2. Cornelia et Flavia sub arbore sedet/sedent
3 Cornelia et Flavia defessae est/sunt
4. Flavia strenua . est/sunt
5. Cornelia et Flavia sunt puella Romana/puellae Romanae
6. Puellae in agris non iam currit/currunt
In the sentences above, identify all subjects, verbs (including linking verbs),
and complements.
Exercise 2c
Read aloud and translate:
Cornelia est puella Romana quae in villa rustica aestate habitat. In villa vicina habitat
altera puella, nomine Flavia, quae est amlca eius. Dum puellae in villa habitant, in agris
saepe ambulant. Hodie Cornelia ad vTllam vicinam ambulat ubi in agris sub arbore sedet
Flavia. Iam puellae laetae currunt. Brevi tempore, quod defessae sunt, non iam currunt
sed sub arbore sedent. 5
2 eius, her 3 saepe, often
Exercise 2d
1 Cornelia and Flavia live in Italy.

2. Cornelia and Flavia are walking in the fields.
3 Flavia is running.
4. In a short time the girls are tired and sit under a tree.
5. At last the girls walk slowly to the country house.
A SUMMER AFTERNOON
ROMAN LIFE I
A ROMAN FAMILY
In our family, there is a daughter, Corneha, who is fourteen, a son, Marcus, sixteen,
a father, Gains Cornehus, and a mother, AureHa. At the villa the education of the
children is in the hands of their parents and a Greek slave, Eucleides.
The family of Cornelius traces its lineage far back in Roman history. One of the
most distinguished members of the family was Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the
Roman general who defeated the Carthaginians in North Africa in the Second Punic
War (218-201 B.C.). His daughter, Cornelia, was one of the most famous Roman women
of all time and was the mother of the Gracchi brothers, who were great social reformers
in the second century B.C. As our Cornelia sits under the tree, she is reading about her
namesake in a book given to her by Eucleides, and she is wondering whether she too will
become as famous as the Cornelia of old.
Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, pointing to her children as her treasures

''Cornelia Pointing to her Children as her Treasures, " oil on canvas, Angelica Kaujfiiiann, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts,
Richmond. The Adolph D. and Wilkins C. Willia?m Fund
10 CHAPTER2
Terracotta statue of a Roman woman of
the third century B.C.
''Feminine Statue, " Museo Campano, Capua, Italy
Cornelius is responsible for the es-

tate. As father, he is not only master of
his own house, but he legally has power
of Hfe and death over his household, al-
though he never exercises it. Aurelia

runs the household and teaches her
daughter what she will need to know
when she gets married and has to run
her own household. Aurelia and Cor-
nelia do some wool-spinning and weav-
ing but there are a number of slaves to
help with the chores.
The family has living with it a
twelve-year-old boy, Sextus, who used to
live in Pompeii, where his mother died
in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius the year before our story begins. Sextus' father is
now on service overseas in Asia Minor, and he has left his son in Italy under the
guardianship of his friend Cornelius.
Cornelia's friend Flavia lives in a neighboring country house.
ADDITIONAL READING:
The Romans Speak for Themselves: Book I: "The Family in Roman Society,"
pages 1-8.
ASUMMERAFTERNOON 11
y x^^ , ^ ^
;^ô>
CHAPTER I
I
IN THE GARDEN
In pictura est puer Romanus, nomine Marcus, qui in villa rustica habitat. Etiam in
pictura est alter puer, nomine Sextus, qui in eadem villa rustica habitat. Marcus et Sextus
sunt amici. Hodie pueri in horto clamant et rident quod laetl stmt.
Vir quoque est in pictura, nomine Davus, qui est servus. In Italia sunt multi servT qui
in agris et in vlUis rusticTs laborant. Pueri sunt Roman! sed Davus non est Romanus. Est
vir Britannicus qui iam in Italia lab5rat. Sextus et Marcus, quod sunt pueri Romani, non
laborant. Davus solus laborat, iratus quod pueri clamant et in hort5 currunt.
Subito statua in piscinam cadit. Sextus ridet. Marcus quoque ridet, sed Davus, "Abite,
molesti!" clamat et ad piscinam Iratus currit. Pueri ex horto currunt. Davus gemit.
1 puer, (a/the) boy in villis rusticis, in country houses
qui, who Iab5rant, (they) work, are working

2 eadem, the same solus, alone
3 in horto, in the garden iratus, angry
clamant, (they) shout, are shouting subito, suddenly
rident, (they) laugh, are laughing, smile in piscinam, into the fishpond
4 vir, (a/the) man cadit, (he/she/it) falls
servus, (a/the) slave Abite, molesti! Go away, you pests!
multi, many gemit, (he/she) groans
Exercise 3a
Responde Latine:
1. Quis est Sextus?

2. Suntne Marcus et Sextus amici? -ne indicates a question
3. Quid faciunt pueri hodie?
4. Quis est Davus? Minime! No!
5. Estne Marcus servus? Ita vero! Yes!
6. Cur est Davus iratus?
7. Quid in piscinam cadit?
8. Quid faciunt pueri?
IN THE GARDEN 13
mik
FORMS
Nouns and Adjectives: Singular and Plural
Note how these nouns change from singular to plural:
Singular Plural
servus servf
puer pueri
vir vin
Study the following sentences, and note how the nouns and adjectives change from
singular to plural:
1. Cornelia est puell/z Roman/z.

Cornelia et Flavia sunt puell/ze Roman/ze.
2. Davus est servw^-.
Mult/ strvi in agris laborant.
3. Marcus est puer RomaiiMj.
Marcus et Sextus sunt pueri Romani.
4. Cornelius est vir Romanwi-.
Vir/ Roman/ in Italia habitant.
Exercise 3b
Change singulars to plurals:
1. amicus Romanus
2. puer solus
3. arnica laeta
4. servus defessus
5. puella Irata
6. vir solus
7. villa rustica
8. puer defessus
9. pictura R5mana
10. vir laetus
Hortus, Villa of Julia Felix, Pompeii
14 CHAPTER 3
*--*» -v_ *
. .
Exercise 3c
Change plurals to singulars:
1 amicae defessae 5. vTllae vicTnae 9. puellae iratae

2. servTirati 6. amici laeti 10. pueri s5li
3. puellae Romanae 7. puellae strenuae 11. vTllae Romanae
4. viri defessi 8. viri Romani 12. servT defessi
Exercise 3d
Select, read aloud, and translate:
1. Marcus et Sextus in eadem villa habitat/habitant

2. Davus vir Britannicus est/sunt
3. In agris laborant servus/servi
4. Puerl et puellae saepe gemit/currit/currunt
5. In agris sunt multi puella/servus/servT
6. In Italia habitat Marcus et Sextus/Marcus/puellae
7. Marcus et Sextus sunt pueri Romanus/Romanl/Romanae
8. Cornelia et Flavia sunt puellae R6manus/R5mani/Romanae
9. Aurelia est femina R6manus/R5mani/Romana
femina, (a/the) woman
Exercise 3e
Using stories 2 and 3 as guides,
give the Latin for:
1 Today the boy is laughing

because he is happy.
2. The tired girls are sitting
under a tree.
3 In Italy many slaves work
in country houses.
4. In the picture Cornelia is
reading and Flavia is writing.

5. While Davus runs to the
fishpond, the boys suddenly
run out of the garden.
Bust of a slave (portion of a bronze

and lead vase)
Bust of a Syrian Slave, Louvre, Paris, France
IN THE GARDEN 15
'iS
^
lV^T
«#.
« »•
ROMAN
<^'
LIFE II
^Î !'»
^''^':^ >«'«
DRESS
»»&
Aurelia, shown at the left in the picture opposite, wears a simple white tunic
(tunica) with sleeves and, over the tunic, a stola, a floor-length strapped dress without
sleeves. For outdoor wear she adds the palla, a single piece of material draped over the
shoulders and around the body or over the head as well.
Cornelius wears a knee-length tunic, and, to show that he is a senator, it has broad
purple stripes running from near each side of the neck down the front and down the
back. On official occasions in the country and always in the city he wears a toga over his
tunic. Cornelius wears the plain white toga'^toga pura), also called a toga virilis {toga of
manhood), that was worn by most adult Roman men, but if he were a high government
official he would wear a toga with a purple border (toga praetexta).
Marcus wears a tunic that has purple stripes like those on his father's, but narrower.
His toga, however, is different from his father's; Roman boys, before coming of age be-
tween fourteen and sixteen, wore the toga praetexta with purple border like the toga
worn by high government officials. Around his neck Marcus wears a bulla, a locket con-
taining an amulet or charm to ward off evil and protect him from harm. His father
placed it around his neck at the naming ceremony soon after Marcus' birth, and he will
wear it until he comes of age. At that time he will dedicate his bulla and the first scrap-
ings of his beard to the household gods, the Lares and Penates, and will thereafter wear
the toga virilis.
When dressing formally as in this picture, Cornelia wears a tunic like the one worn
by Marcus except without the purple stripes, and she wears the toga praetexta. Roman
girls did not wear a bulla.
This illustration shows the family in rather formal dress, including their foot gear.
When playing in the country house and fields, the children would not wear their togas.
When at leisure in the coimtry house and fields, all members of the family would wear
simple sandals (soleae).
IN THE GARDEN 17
X-'.
Show-off!
3extusest puer molestus qui semper Corneliam vexat. Cornelia igitur Sextum non
amat. Hodie sub arbore dormit Cornelia. Sextus puellam conspicit et furtim
appropinquat. Arborem ascendit et subito magna voce clamat. Vocem Cornelia audit sed
Sextum non videt. Magna vox Corneliam terret. Sollicita est.
Tum Marcus ad arborem currit. Marcus puerum molestum conspicit et clamat, 5
"Descende, Sexte!"
Sextus clamat, "Marce, cur tu non arborem ascendis? Nihil me terret. Quid te
terret?"
"Cave, Sexte!" clamat Marcus. "Rami sunt infirmi."
Subito Marcus et Cornelia magnum fragorem audiunt; Sextus ex arbore cadit. Rident 10
Marcus et Cornelia, sed non ridet Sextus.
1 molestus, troublesome, annoying 4 videt, (he/she) sees

semper, always vox, (a/the) voice
vexat, (he/she) annoys terret, (he/she/it) frightens
igitur, therefore sollicita, anxious, worried
2 amat, (he/she) likes, loves 5 tum, at that moment, then
dormit, (he/she) sleeps 6 Descende, Sexte! Come down, Sextus!
conspicit, (he/she) catches sight of 7 tu, you (subject)
Furtim, stealthily nihil, nothing

3 appropinquat, (he/she) approaches te, you (direct object)
ascendit, (he/she) climbs 9 Cave! Be carefid!
magnus, big, great ramus, (a/the) branch
magna voce, in a loud voice infirmus, weak, shaky
audit, (he/she) hears, listens to 10 Fragor, (a/the) crash, noise
In Latin, the form Sexte is used when Sextus is addressed by name. (Compare
Marce.) No such change is made in English.
Exercise 4a
Rejsponde Latine:
1. Qualis puer est Sextus? Qualis . . . ? What sort of..?

2. Quid facit Cornelia hodie?
3. Quid facit Sextus?
4. Quid audit Cornelia?

5. Quo Marcus currit? Quo...? Where... to?
6. Quid clamat Sextus?
7. Quid audiunt Marcus et Cornelia?
SHOW-OFF! 19
Exercise 4b
Review
1. Marcus est puer Romanus/Romana

2. Flavia et Cornelia in horto _ currit/currunt
3. Marcus et Sextus sunt amicus/amlci
4. Marcus n5n est servus/servT
5. Puerl non sunt . servus/servi
6. Marcus arborem non ascendit/ascendunt
7. cur tu non arborem ascendis?
, Marcus/Marce
8. Davus est vir Britannicus/BritannicI
9. Pueri rident. laetus/laeti
10. Cornelia et Flavia sunt . defessa/defessae
11. servT in Italia Multi/Multae laborat/laborant

Direct Objects and the Ending -m
Look at these sentences taken from story 4:
DO
Sextus Cornelia/;? vexat. (4: 1) Sextus annoys Cornelia.
DO
Sextus puelhm conspicit. (4:2) Sextus catches sight of the girl.
DO
Voce.m Cornelia audit. (4:3) Cornelia hears the voice.
In these sentences the words Comeliam, puellam, and vocem are said to be the di-
rect objects (DO) of the verbs vexat, conspicit, and audit. They name the person or thing
that receives the action of the verb.
In English the order of the words in the sentence conveys the meaning by telling us
what word is the direct object. In English the direct object usually follows the verb, e.g.,
Cornelia hears the voice In Latin . it is the ending -m that indicates the direct object in
the sentence Vocem Cornelia audit. The Latin words could be arranged in any order,
and they would still convey the same message.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Verbs such as those in the Latin sentences above that take direct objects are said to
be and may be labeled
transitive verbs TV
Verbs such as sedet that do not take direct objects are said to be intransitive verbs (TV):
IV
Cornelia sub arbore sedet. (1:3) Cornelia sits under the tree.
20 CHAPTER 4
..
Exercise 4c
Review
Read each sentence aloud and identify subjects (S), direct objects (DO),
and transitive verbs (TV). Find one intransitive verb (IV) and one
linking verb (LV). Then translate:
1. Sextus Davum saepe vexat; Sextum Davus non amat.

2 Puellae Marcum et servum conspiciunt.
3. Magna vox puellam terret.
4. Magnam arborem Sextus ascendit.
5. Pueri fragorem audiunt et in hortum currunt.
6. Davus, qui fragorem audit, est iratus.
Exercise 4d
1. Sextus is always annoying Cornelia.

2. Cornelia is tired and is sleeping under a tree.
3 Marcus runs to the tree and catches sight of the annoying boy
4. Nothing frightens Sextus.
5. Marcus hears a big noise.
Romans and their style of painting can

be remarkably modem looking, as in
this artwork from Pompeii.
SHOW-OFF! 21
Word Study I
Latin and English
Over 60 percent of the words in the Enghsh language come from Latin. Look again
words from Chapter 1
at these :
pictura habitat
It is not difficuh to think of EngHsh words that come from them:
picture inhabit
The meanings and spelhngs of these Enghsh words show their relationship with
Latin. Such words are called derivatives, since they are derived from (or come from) an-
other language, in this case, Latin.
Of all of English is derived from Latin. Most of the simple words of
course, not
everyday English come from Anglo-Saxon, the Germanic ancestor of English. For this
reason, many modern German words sound similar to English, such as "Buch" {book)
and "Nacht" (flight).
English words derived from Latin are usually the longer or more difficult words. For
example, consider the two English words water and aquatic. The simpler word water is
derived from the Anglo-Saxon "waeter" and is related to the German "Wasser." The
more difficult word aquatic comes from the Latin word for water, aqua. Even if one did
not know the meaning of aquatic, Latin would help to answer the following question:
Which of these is an aquatic sport?
(a) horseback riding (c) swimming

(b) tennis (d) soccer
Since aquatic means "related to water," the correct answer is "swimming." Knowl-
edge of Latin will help with the meanings of over 60 percent of the words in the English
language.
Exercise 1
Below some Latin words from Chapters 1-4. Give the meaning of each
are
word. Then, with the meaning in mind, think of at least one English word
derived from each Latin word. Use each English word correctly in a
sentence.
strenua spectat
multi agris
solus terret
nomine descende
servus vox (voce)
22 CHAPTER 4
Exercise 2
Match each EngHsh word in the column at the left with its meaning in the
column at the right. Use the meaning of the Latin word in parentheses
as a guide.
1. legible Gegit) a. manly

2. sedentmj (sedet) b. easy to catch sight of
3. ridicule (ridet) c. to work out carefully
4. virile (vir) d. to carve letters on stone
5. elaborate (laborat) e. able to be heard
6. audible (audit) f. asleep, inactive
7. conspicuous (conspicit) g- to make fun of, mock
8. doiynant (dormit) h. seated, stationary
9. inscribe (scribit) i. able to be read
The Dictionary
An English dictionary is a useful source not only for finding the meanings of words
but also for discovering the languages from which they are derived. Not all dictionaries
provide information on derivation, but most larger ones do. In these more complete dic-
tionaries, entries may include:
a. the word d. derivation information
b. a pronunciation guide e. definition(s)
c. an abbreviation indicating the part of speech
Locate these items of information in the following dictionary entry:

villain (vil' an), n. [O.Fr. vilain <L.L. vllldnus <L. villa, a country
house] 1. a wicked or evil person 2. a scoundrel.
This entry shows that the English word villain is a noim that comes from Old French
"vilain," which is from the Late Latin villanus, which derives from Latin villa, meaning
a country house. This derivation is especially interesting since it reveals the negative
feelings toward country people that must have been prevalent at the time when the word
villain came into use in English.
The abbreviations used in notes on derivation will be different from dictionary to
dictionary. All abbreviations are explained at the beginning of each dictionary.
Exercise 3
Using a dictionary large enough to contain information on derivation, look
up the following English words and copy down the complete derivation for
each. Be prepared to interpret these derivations as in the example above. All
of these English words are derived from Latin words you have met.
nominal cadence virtue alter ramify infirm
SHOW-OFF! 23
/^k
r" -r -*•-
.
CHAPTER
MARCUS TO THE RESCUE

V-/ornelia et Flavia in horto saepe ambulant. Si dies est calidus, ex horto in silvam
ambulant quod ibi est rivus frigidus. In eadem silva puerl quoque saepe errant.
Hodie, quod dies est calidus, puellae sub arbore prope rivum sedent. Dum ibi sedent,
Flavia, "Cur Marcus arbores ascendere non vult? Estne puer ignavus?"
"Minime!" respondet Cornelia. "Cur tij Marcum non amas? Marcus neque ignavus
neque temerarius est."
Tum Flavia, "Sed Marcus est semper soUicitus. Sextum nihil terret."
Subito lupum conspiciunt qui ad rivum furtim descendit. Perterritae sunt puellae.
Statim clamant, "Marce! Sexte! Ferte auxilium! Ferte auxilium!"
Puerl, ubi clamorem audiunt, statim ad puellas currunt. Lupus e5s iam conspicit. 10
Tum Sextus, quod lupus eum terret, arborem petit et statim ascendit. Sed Marcus ramum
arripit et lupum repellit. Puellae e silva currunt et ad villam salvae adveniunt. Brevi
tempore, ubi Marcus advenit, eum laetae excipiunt. Sextus, puer ignavus, adhuc sedet in
arbore perterritus. Ex arbore descendere timet.
si, if statim, immediately

dies, (a/the) day Ferte auxilium! Bring help! Help!
calidus, warm 10 ubi, where, when
in silvam, into the woods clamor, shout, shouting
ibi, there ad puellas, toward the girls
rivus, (a/the) stream eos, them
frigidus, cool, cold 11 eum, him
errant, (they) wander petit, (he/she) looks for, seeks
prope, near 12 arripit, (he/she) grabs hold of, snatches
vult, (he/she) wishes, wants repellit, (he/she) drives off
ignavus, cowardly, lazy e silva, out of the woods
respondet, (he/she) replies salvae, safe
neque... neque..., neither... nor... adveniunt, (they) reach, arrive (at)
temerarius, rash, reckless 13 excipiunt, (they) welcome
lupus, (a/the) wolf adhuc, still
perterritus, frightened, terrified 14 timet, (he/she) fears, is afraid
Exercise 5a
Responde Latine:
1. Ubi puellae hodie sedent? 4. Quern lupus terret?

2. Cur puellae perterritae sunt? 5. Quid facit Marcus?
3 Quid faciunt pueri ubi clamorem audiunt? 6. Qualis puer est Sextus?
Quern...? Whom...?
MARCUS TO THE RESCUE 25

Exercise 5b
Review
1. Hodie Sextus ascendit. 5. Pueri audiunt.

arbor/arborem clamorem/clamor
2. Sextus conspicit. 6. lupus terret.
Marcus/Marcum Sextus/Sextum
3. Nihil terret. 7. Sextus arborem ascendit.
Sextum/Sextus magnus/magnam
puellae conspiciunt. Puellae laetae excipiunt.
Lupus/Lupum Marcus/Marcum

The Complementary Infinitive
In the story at the beginning of this chapter you have seen how the meanings of
some verbs may be expanded or completed by forms The words Sextus
called infinitives.
vult, Sextus wants, do not form a complete thought because we do not know what Sextus
wants or wants to do. We can complete the thought as follows:
Sextus arbores ascendere vult .
Sextus wants to climb trees.
The meaning of the verb vult has now been completed with an infinitive ascendere,
to climb, which itself takes the direct object arbores.
Here is another example:
Sextus descendere timet .
Sextus is afimd to come down.
The infinitive is a form of a verb that can be recognized by the letters -re and is
translated to..., e.g., errare, to wander, ridere, to laugh, ascendere, to climb, and dor-
mire, to sleep.
Infinitives may be used

complete the meaning of verbs such as vult, he/she wishes,
to
and timet, he/she fears, as in the sentences above, and of other verbs, some of which you
will meet in Exercise 5c (see the list below the exercise).
When the infinitive is used in this way, it is called a complemeiitary infinitive because it
completes the meaning of the verb with which it goes. Note that in Latin a complementary
infinitive often comes in front of the verb, the meaning of which it completes, while in
English it comes after the verb.
26 CHAPTERS
.
Exercise 5c
Read aloud, identify infinitives, and translate:
1. Ego ad hortum curro quod Davum vexare volo.

2. Ego arborem non ascendo quod in rivum cadere nolo.
3. Quod dies est calidus, tu prope rivum errare paras.
4. Lupus ad vTllam fiirtim appropinquat; servns eum repellere non potest.
5. Sextus ex arbore descendere non vult quod lupus eum terret.
6. Ego magnam arborem ascendere timeo.

7. Subito statua in piscinam cadit. Clamant pueri.
8. Puer lupum cdnspicit, ramum arripit, lupum repellere parat.
9. Si dies est calidus, Marcus vult ambulare in silvam ubi prope rivum
ft-igidum sedere potest.
10. In hortum exire nolo quod in villa laborare volo.
ego, 7 paras, you prepare, get ready
volo, / wish, want potest, (be/she) is able, can
nolo, / do not wish exire, to go out
Exercise 5d
Using story 5 and Exercise 5c as guides, give the Latin for:
1 Cornelia often wishes to wander in the woods.

2. Flavia wishes to climb the large tree.
3 Marcus is able to drive off the wolf.
4. Sextus is afraid to come down out of the tree.
5. Sextus does not want to fall into the stream.
A sylvan setting and power over beasts of forest and field are the stuff of myth and
legend. Pictured: Apollo, the god who tamed all creatures with his lute
^''Apollo Playing the Lute, " oil on canvas, Briton Riviere,
Bury Art Gallery and Museum, Bury, England
MYTH I CA1184 B.C.
AENEAS
1 he members of our Roman family are proud of their heritage, and take particular
pride in the deeds accomplished by other Cornelii throughout the history of Rome. As a
people, the Romans were also proud of their mythological heritage. They traced their
origins to the great Trojan hero, Aeneas, son of the goddess Venus and the mortal
Anchises. According to the myth, Aeneas lived over 1200 years before the time we are
studying, and fought in the Trojan War.
According to legend, the Trojan War began when Paris, the son of King Priam of
Troy, abducted Helen, Queen of Sparta, from her home and brought her back to Troy.
Helen's outraged husband Menelaus appealed for help to his brother Agamemnon, King
of Mycenae, who was then High King of the Greeks. Agamemnon assembled a huge
army with contingents drawn from all regions of Greece. Each part of this force was, in
turn, led by a king or prince of a region. These were the mighty Homeric heroes, so
called because their stories were told by, among others, the Greek poet Homer in his epic
poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Greek army contained the most famous heroes of this
age, including Ulysses, the most cunning of the Greeks, and Achilles, the mightiest warrior.
With this army Agamemnon set sail for Asia Minor and laid siege to the city of Troy.
The Wanderings of Aeneas
28 CHAPTERS
The Trojan Horse:
Master of the
Aeneid Series, ca.
1530-1540, France
"
''Episode of the Aeneid,
painted enamel. Master

of the Aeneid Series,
The Cleveland Miiseimi

ofAn, Andrew R.
and Martha Holden
Jennings Fund
The Trojans had their own heroes for defense, primarily the sons of King Priam; the
greatest warrioramong these was Hector, who commanded the Trojan army. Second to
Hector in reputation was Aeneas. Technically a Dardanian from the area north of the city,
he had brought his own contingent of Dardanian troops to help in the defense and had
moved into Troy with his men and his family early in the war. Powerful though the at-
tacking Greek army was, it was unable to lay an effective siege around such a large city,
and the Trojans were able to draw supplies and reinforcements from the surrounding
countryside. The resulting stalemate lasted ten years, according to legend.

< ££! ")»
'/r.
In the tenth year of the war, after the deaths of many warriors
on both sides, includ-
ing Hector and Achilles, the Greeks finallymanaged to take the city, owing to wily de-
ception devised by Ulysses. The Greek army constructed a huge wooden horse, inside of
which they hid Greek soldiers. They gave the horse to the Trojans on the pretext that it
was a gift to appease the goddess Minerva, whom
they had offended, and they pretended
to depart the area in force. Actually, though, once the horse was inside the city, the
Greek soldiers emerged from its belly and proceeded to lay waste Troy and its inhabi-
tants. That night as the Trojans, caught utterly by surprise, tried desperately to defend
their city, the gods themselves spoke to Aeneas. They told him that Troy was destined to
fall and that he should not waste his life defending the city. Instead, they revealed that
Aeneas' mission was to leave Troy and found a new city where a new nation could be es-
tablished, springing from Trojan stock. Aeneas hurriedly gathered his family and his men
and left the city in the confusion of the Greek assault. Although his wife Creusa was
tragically lost during the flight, Aeneas and twenty ship-loads of companions, together
with Anchises his father and Ascanius his son, successfully escaped the ruin of Troy.
The arrival of Aeneas at Pallanteum, the future site of Rome

'^Landscape with the Airival of Aeneas at Palla7iteu7n, " oil mi canvas,
Claude Lmrain, National Tmst, Anglesey Abbey, England
30 CHAPTERS
!»<•
^' ^'.'t ^fBBa Baas

^KBHBHa!:.
Aeneas wandered the lands of the Mediterranean for many years, for although the
as > : s»«aiîl''l-
»>
gods had told him to found a new city, they had not told him where. After abortive at-
tempts to settle in Thrace, on Crete, and at Carthage with Dido, an exiled Phoenician
queen, Aeneas finally arrived at Italy where he was destined to found his city. That city
was not actually Rome. It was Lavinium, named after Lavinia, the daughter of King Lati-
who became the wife of Aeneas. After the marriage of Aeneas and
nus, ruler of Latium,
name of Latins was bestowed upon their combined peoples, the Italians of the
Lavinia, the
kingdom of Latium and the exiled Trojans resettling in the new land.
The story of Aeneas' wanderings from Troy, his many adventures in the waters and
lands of the Mediterranean, his struggles and his loves, through to his arrival in Italy and
the founding of his city in Latium, was told by the Roman poet Publius Vergilius Maro in
poem, the Aeneid.
his epic
The opening Hues of that epic are:
Of war and a man I sing, who first from Troy's shores, an exile by the decree of
fate, came to Italy and Lavinium's shores. Much was he tossed on sea and land by
the violence of the gods, because of cruel Juno's unforgetting anger. Much, too,
did he endure in war as he sought to found a city and bring his gods to Latium.
From him are descended the Latin people, the elders of Alba, and the walls of
lofty Rome.

:hapter?|
Early in the Day

N ondum lucet, sed Cornelia surgit et per vTllam ambulat. Adhuc dormiunt pater et
mater et Marcus. Etiam Sextus dormit neque Corneliam vexat. Non tamen dormiunt
servl et ancillae. Omnes iam surgunt et laborare parant quod Cornelium et Aureliam
timent.
Cornelia ancillam, nomine Syram, observat quae villam purgat et alteram, nomine
Thressam, quae cibum coquere parat. Multi servl mox in agr5s currunt ubi strenue
laborant. Aquam e rivo in villam portant.
Iam surgunt Cornelius et Aurelia. Cornelius petit Da\aim qui in horto est. Iratus
subita est Cornelius. Davum reprehendit quod sub arbore sedet neque laborat. Davus,
ubi Cornelium audit, statim surgit et laborare parat. 10
Aurelia Corneliam docet villam curare. Ancillae villam purgant, cibum coquunt,
lanam trahunt. Reprehendit Aurelia ancillas si ignavae sunt. Matrem observat Cornelia et
omnia quae mater facit facere parat. Matrem adiuvare vult, sed ipsa neque servum neque
ancillam reprehendit. ServT et ancillae nunc strenue laborant. Necesse est neque servum
neque ancillam reprehendere. 15
1 nondum, not yet coquere, to cook
lucet, it is light, it is day mox, soon, presently
surgit, (he/she) gets up, rises strenue, strenuously, hard

per villam, through the country house 7 aqua, water
p2iter, father portant, (they) carry
2 mater, mother 9 reprehendit, (he/she) blames, scolds
etiami, also, even 1 1 docet, (he/she) teaches

neque, and... not ciirare, to look after, take care of
tamen, however 12 lanam trahunt, (they) spin wool

3 ancilla, (a/the) slave-woman 1 3 omnia quae, everything that
omnes, all adiuvare, to help
5 observat, (he/she) watches ipsa, she herself

purgat, (he/she) cleans 14 nunc, now
6 cibus,ybo(i necesse est, it is necessary
Exercise 6a
Responde Latine:
1 . Quis surgit? 5. Cur Cornelius iratus est?

2. Qui dormiunt? 6. Quid AureHa Corneliam docet?
3. Quid faciunt servi et ancillae? 7. Quid Cornelia facere parat?
4. Quid servl e riv5 in villam portant? 8. Quid Corneha non facit?
Qui...? M;o....^ (plural)
EARLY IN THE DAY 33

<s

Infinitive with Impersonal Verbal Phrase
An infinitive usually occurs with the verbal phrase necesse est:
Necesse est neque ser\aim neque ancillam reprehendere. (6:14-15)

It is necessaTy to scold neither slave nor sla'ce-iroman.
The verbal phrase necesse est is said to be impersonal because we supply the subject "it."
Nouns and Adjectives: Gender

The meaning of basic Latin sentences may be expanded by the addition of modifiers
such as adjectives. Compare the following sets of sentences:
Marcus est puer. Cornelia est puella .
Marcus is a boy. Cornelia is a girl.
Marcus est puer Romanus. Corneha est puella Romana.

Marcus is a Roman boy. _
Cornelia is a Roman girl .
The adjectives Romanus and Romana are said to modify the nouns that they de-
namely puer and puella. In order to understand the grammatical relationship
scribe,
between Latin adjectives and the nouns they modify, you need to know more about Latin
nouns.
Latin nouns are said to have gender. We say that Marcus and puer are masculine
notms and that Cornelia and puella one feminine nouns.
Names of men and boys, such as Cornelius and Marcus, and words that designate
men and boys, such as vir and puer, are masculine. Most nouns, such as hortus, that end
in -us are also masculine, even those that do not refer to people. The gender of a noun
often defies logical sense, and often has no bearing on the "sex" of an object.
Names of women and girls, such as Flavia and Cornelia, are feminine. Most other
nouns that end in -a, such as villa and pictura, are also feminine.
Exercise 6b
gender of each noun below:
Tell the
L Aureha 4. amicus 7. ramus 10. Sextus

2. stola 5. piscina 8. \ir 11. servus
3. Davus 6. toga 9. arnica 12. palla
Note that in the following examples the adjective ends in -us when it modifies
Marcus, puer, and vir (masculine nouns) and that it ends in -a when it modifies puella
(feminine):
Marcus est RomanMy. Cornelius est vir Romanwi'.

Marcus est puer Romanwi-. Cornelia est puella Roman/z.
34 CHAPTER 6
The endings of both nouns and adjectives change when they become direct objects
or become plural:
Masculine Feminine
Subject or cotnplentent singular:
servus Britannicwj puell« hioxa
Object singular:
servum Britannicw/w ^ntWam laet«/w
Subject or cofuplement plural:

servf Britannic/ puell«e hetae
The gender of many nouns is not so easy to predict, but you can tell by looking at an
adjective used to describe the noun:
MsLgnus clamor in horto est. Arbor est inagn/?.

There is great shouting in the garden. The tree is big.
The -us on magnus shows that clamor is masculine, and the -a on magna shows
that arbor is feminine.
Exercise 6c
Read each sentence aloud and translate it. Identify the adjectives and the
nouns that they modify. Then use the ending on the adjective to help you
decide whether the noun is masculine or feminine:
1. Cornelia magnum fragorem audit.
2. Pueri sunt laeti.
3. Puella solhcita magnam vocem audit.
4. Magnum clamorem non amat Davus.

5. Sextus est puer strenuus.
6. Davus puerum strenuum non amat.
7. Puerl ad vTllam vicinam currunt.
8. Davus non est Romanus.
9. Puellae laetae in agrls errant.
10. Magnam arborem pueri in agris vident.
Exercise 6d
1. Marcus is sleeping because he is tired.
2. The energetic slaves are not sleeping.

3. Cornelius scolds lazy Davus. Roman glass jug
4. Many slaves carry cold water. Verulamiiim Museum, St. Albans,
5. Aureha scolds a lazy slave-woman. Hatfordshire, England
EARLY IN THE DAY 35

—
ROMAN LIFE III
THE SIAVE MARKET

Slaves,who were in the early days mainly prisoners of war, were plentiful, and even
the poorest Roman household might own one. or two. Davus had been captured in
Britain and sent to Rome by auction in the Forum. When his feet were
to be sold
whitened with chalk by the slave-dealer, Davus was mystified, but he soon discovered
that this had been done to all new arrivals fi-om abroad. A placard was hung around his
neck indicating that he was British and could read and write. He was then put on a
revolving stand, and bidding for him began.
He pretty uncomfortable standing there like an exhibit at the cattle-market, but
felt
he put the best face on it, looking around challengingly at the bidders. Titus Cornelius,
father of Gaius Cornelius, was in the Forum that day with the overseer (vilicus) of his
farm to purchase some new slaves. He did not pay much attention to the placard
—
mangdnes, as slave-dealers were called, were notorious swindlers but when he saw
Davus' fine physique, fair hair, and blue eyes he made a bid of 5,000 sesterces, and Davus
soon found himself beside the overseer and his new master.
By this time Titus was offering 10,000 sesterces for a Greek fi-om Rhodes. This puz-
zled Davus because the fellow was a pale, half-starved individual who looked as if a hard
day's work would kill him. The overseer, too, looked annoyed at this extravagant bid but
said nothing. But when he heard Titus being forced up to 20,000, then 30,000, he could
contain himself no longer and muttered angrily, "He's not worth half that, master!" But
Titus ignored him and finally paid 35,000 for the Greek Eucleides. The odd qualifica-
tions on the placard, "skilled in geometry and rhetoric," must, the overseer thought,
have had something to do with the record price!
As Davus, along with the strange Greek, was packed on a cart with some tough-
looking Thracians also bought that day, he was filled with fear and doubt as to what
might happen to him. But he needn't have worried. Old Titus proved to be the kindest of
masters, and now, thirty years later, Davus, himself a grizzled fifty-five, was overseer of
the farm. On some of the neighboring estates, he knew, things were not so good.
EARLY IN THE DAY 37
\Jc:i
h^.
ifjî
>.' r
. 1
CHAPTER
BAD News
in villa sedet vir Romanus, nomine Gains Cornelius, qui est pater Marci et
Corneliae. Cornelius est senator Romanus. Solus sedet quod multas epistulas scribere
vult. Dum pater occupatus est, Marcus et Sextus et Cornelia in agris vicinis errant. Ibi
multos servos laborantes spectant.
Subito nuntium conspiciunt qui ad e5s venit. Niintius, ubi advenit, pueros saliitat.
"Salve!" respondet Marcus. "Quem tu petis?"

Niintius, "Gaium Cornelium peto," inquit.
Marcus, "Gains Cornelius est pater mens," inquit. "Est in villa." Nuntium in villam
diicit et patrem petit.
"Pater," inquit Marcus, "niintius in villa est." 10

Cornelius statim venit et nuntium saliitat. Epistulam niintius tradit. Cornelius, ubi
epistulam legit, "Eheu!" inquit. "Princeps senatores Romanes ad urbem revocat. Eos
consulere vult. Necesse est ad urbem redire."
"Eugepae!" clamat Sextus, qui Romam Ire vult. Gemit Cornelia quod Elavia ad
urbem venire non potest. 15
3 occupatus, busy 1 tradit, (he/she) hands over

4 laborantes, working 12 'EhQulAlas!
spectant, (they) watch, look at princeps, the emperor
5 nuntius, messenger ad urbem, to the city
venit, (he/she) comes revocat, (he/she) recalls
saliitat, (he/she) greets 13 consulere, to consult
6 Salve! Greetings! Hello! redire, to return

1 inquit, (he/she) says 14 Eugepae! Hurray!
8 meus, my ire, to go
9 ducit, (he/she) leads, takes
Exercise 7a
Responde Latine:
1 Ciir Cornelius solus sedet?
2. Ubi Marcus et Sextus et Cornelia errant?
3. Quos spectant in agris? Quos...? Whom...? (i^\\iY2i\)
4. Quis advenit?
5. Quem niintius petit?
6. Ciir princeps senatores Romands ad
urbem revocat?
7. Quis clamat "eugepae"? Ciir?
8. Ciir geniit Cornelia?
BAD NEWS 39
FORMS
Nouns and Adjectives: The Endings -as, -os, and -es
Look at these three sentences:
Multas epistul«!y scribit. He writes many letters.

Muhos servoy spectant. They watch many slaves.
Senatorei- Romanes revocat. He recalls the Roman senators.
The words epistulas, servos, and senatores introduce you to new endings. You al-
ready know that most singular Latin nouns and adjectives end in -m when they are used
as direct objects (DO) (see page 20). Plural nouns and adjectives used as direct objects
usually end in -s preceded by a long vowel, e.g., mult^^- epistul/w, multoy servos, and
senatore!y Romanoi-.
Exercise 7b
Read aloud and translate. Then locate the direct object (DO) in each
sentence and say whether it is singular (S) or plural (PL). Also locate any
adjectives (ADJ), identify the nouns that they modify, and say what gender
each of these noims is (M or F).
L Cornelius multas epistulas scribit.
2. Pueri magnam arborem in agris vident.

3. Nun tins qui ad pueros venit magnos clamores audit.
4. Magnas voces audit.
5. Nuntius pueros defessos salutat.
6. Princeps senatoresRoman5s ad urbem revocat.
7. Sextus ad magnam urbem ire vult.
8. Cornelia ad urbem redire non vult quod vTllam rusticam et amicam vicinam amat.
Exercise 7c
Using story 7 as a guide, give the
Latin for:
1. Cornelius wants to write many letters.

2. Marcus and Sextus watch many slaves
working in the fields.
3. The messenger greets the boys.
4. The messenger is looking for Gaius
Cornelius.
5. The messenger hands over a letter.
6. It is necessary to return to the city

immediately. Roman writing artifacts
7. Sextus wishes to go to Rome, but Flavia Veiidamium Museum, St. Albans,
cannot. Heitfordshire, Engla7id
40 CHAPTER 7
t
Nouns: Cases and Declensions
Nominative and Accusative Cases
The form of the Latin noun when used as the subject of a verb or as a complement
with est or sunt is known as the nominative case.
The form of the Latin noun when used as the direct object of a verb is known as the
acaisative case.
For example:
Nominative Accusative
Lupw^- eum terret. Puellae lupujn vident.
The wolfjiightens him. The girls see the wolf.
Lupi pueros terrent. Servi lupay repellunt.

The wolves Jrighten the boys. The slaves drive ojfthe wolves.
VueWa est htxa. Mater puelkm lactam videt.

The girl is happy. The mother sees the happy girl.
Most of the nouns that you have met so far belong to one of the following groups or
declensions:
Number 1st 2nd 3rd

Case Declension Declension Declension
Singular
Nominative puella servos puer ager pater vox

Accusative puella/n servi//n puerum agru/n patre/n vocem
Plural
Nominative puellae servi puer/ agr/ patres voces

Accusative puellas servos pueros agrds patres voces
Be sure to learn these forms thoroughly.
NOTES
1. In the 2nd declension, most nouns end in -us in the nominative singular (e.g.,
servus), but there are a few like puer, ager, and vir that end in -r. In both types,
however, the accusative singular ends in -um and the accusative plural in -os.
2. Although arbor, pater, and mater end in -r, their other endings identify them as
3rd declension nouns.
3. In the 3rd declension, you will note that the nouns you have met end in different
ways in the nominative singular (e.g., arbor, princeps, urbs, pater, vox).
Nevertheless, their accusative singulars all end in -ent, and both nominative and
accusative plurals end in -is.
4. Most nouns are feminine; most 2nd declension nouns are masculine;
1st declension
some 3rd declension nouns are masculine, e.g., pater, and some are feminine, e.g., vox.
Exercise 7d
In the sentences in Exercise 7b, locate all of the nouns and identify their
declension, case, number, and gender.
BAD NEWS 41
. .

Recognizing Clues
When
you are reading a Latin sentence, each word as yoii meet it gives you certain
clues about its own meaning and about what is Hkely to come next. First you recognize
the basic meaning of the word, and then you note the case of the word, since the case
will help you decide what the function of the word is in the sentence.
Consider the following sentences:
1 Servus currit.
The first word we meet is servus. We know that it is the subject of the verb because
we recognize that it is in the nominative case. The verb (currit) then tells us what
the slave is "doing."
2 Servus Davum conspicit.
We go from servus to Davum and recognize that Davum is the direct object of the
verb because we recognize it as accusative case. The verb will tell us what the slave is
"doing" to Davus.
3. Davum pueri vexant.
The first word we meet is Davum. We recognize it as accusative case. The next
word is pueri. We recognize that it is nominative, and therefore it is the boys who are
doing something to Davus. The verb vexant tells us what they are doing.
4. Ramum arripit.
We know immediately that someone is doing something to a branch. Since there is
no noun in the nominative case, the ending of the verb indicates the subject {he/she)
and the meaning of the verb completes the sense.
Exercise 7e
Read aloud and translate. What clues in each noun and verb help you with
your translation?
1 Lupus puellas terret.

2. Puellae silvam amant.
3. Davum et servos pueri vexare non timent.
4. Lupl pueros et puellas semper terrent.
5. ServT lupos ex agris repellunt.
42 CHAPTER?
:> r^r
.
The winged horse is
an ancient symbol of
communication and
writing inspiration that
perseveres to this day.
Terracotta winged horses fiv?//
the Te?fiple ofTarqimia,
Museo EtJ-itsco, Italy
Nominative or Accusative Plural?
In 3rd declension nouns the ending of both the nominative and accusative plural is
-es. To decide which case is being used, you must look for further clues. Study these
sentences, and, with the help of the clues, translate them:
1 Pueri clamores audiunt.

2. Pueros clamores terrent.
3. Princeps senatores ad urbem revocat.
4. Principem senatores excipiunt.
5. Clamores matres audiunt.
6. Magnos clamores patres audiunt.
7. Magni clamores patres terrent.
In sentence 1, nominative case and is therefore the subject of the

since pueri is in the
verb, clani5res must be in the accusative case and is therefore the direct object.
In sentence 2, since pueros is accusative, clamores must be nominative.
In sentence 3,-since princeps is nominative, senatores must be accusative. An addi-
tional clue is the fact that the verb revocat is singular.
In sentence 4, since principem is accusative, senatores must be nominative. An ad-
ditional clue is the fact that the verb excipiunt is plural.
5, where both nouns end in -es and the verb is plural, it is the sense that
In sentence
indicates thatclamores is accusative and matres nominative.
In sentences 6 and 7 the endings on the adjectives tell that clamores is first ac-
cusative and then nominative.
BAD NEWS 43
. 7
Exercise 7f
Explain the clues in the nouns and verbs in these sentences, read aloud, and
translate:
1 Servus senatores videt.

2. Arbores pueri saepe ascendunt.
3. Clamores puellas terrent.
4. Patres magnos fragores audiunt.
5. Patrem voces vexant.
6. Voces in horto audit.
7. Patres in via conspiciunt.
8. Patres pueros in via conspiciunt.
9. Patres soUiciti clamores audiunt.
10. Magnas voces patres audiunt.
Aesop, a freed slave of the sixth century

B.C., wrote wonderful fables that have
endured to the present day. His fable of "A
City and a Country Mouse" contrasted
rural and urban Ufe in a witty way that
Horace repeats in one of his satires.
"Aesop, Writer of Fables, " oil on canvas, Diego
Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez, Prado, Madrid, Spain
ADDITIONAL READING:
The Romans Speak for Themselves: Book I: "Roman Roots in the Country,"
pages 10-17.
44 CHAPTER
I '.^ .-:;. )«; )'»
!''£ ««"
I !-
ROMAN LIFE IV
THE ROMAN VILLA

In cities, the majority of Romans lived in apartment buildings called insulae, which
were several stories high. Cornelius, however, being a wealthy Roman, owned a self-
contained house called a domus. We shall learn more about these townhouses when
Cornelius and his family reach Rome.
Like other rich Romans, Cornelius also had a house in the country. Roman country
houses often had three distinct areas, each serving a different purpose. One area provided
accommodation for the owner and his family when they came to the country from
Rome, which they would usually do during the summer months to escape the noisy bus-
tie and heat of the city. This area would include a dining room, bakery, bedrooms, baths,
kitchen, and courtyard (see the groundplan on the next page, numbers 1-5 and 7). The
second area housed slaves, who lived on the estate all year round and did the agricultural
work, and it also housed the livestock they tended (groundplan, numbers 6 and 10). The
third area contained storehouses for the grain grown on the estate, the presses used in
making wine and olive oil, large storage vats, hay lofts, and an open space (area) for
threshing grain (groundplan, numbers 8, 9, and 11-13). All three areas taken together
could be referred to as a villa rustica.
When absent, Cornelius placed the day-to-day running of the villa rustica in the ca-
pable hands of Davus, his overseer (vilicus), but some landowners had tenant farmers.
Roman writers on agriculture stress that the owner should take special care in the selec-
tion of his farm staff and in the working relationships between himself and his staff:
The owner should conduct himself civilly with his tenants, and speak affably, not
haughtily, to them; he should be more concerned about their work than their
payments of rent, because this offends them less and in the long runmore is
profitable. For the position of vilicus a man should be chosen who has borne up
under heavy work, one who has been tried by experience. He should be past
young manhood and yet not be old, because older men think it beneath them to
take orders from a young man, and an old man will break down under heavy la-
bor. Let him be middle-aged, strong, skilled in farming or at least able to learn.
As for the other slaves, I myself talk rather familiarly with them for it lightens
their toil, and I even make jokes with them and allow them to make jokes. I also
now make it my practice to consult them on any new work, as if they were expe-
rienced, so that I can come to know their abilities. Moreover, they are more
willing to undertake a task on which they think their opinions have been asked
and on which I have followed their advice.
Columella, On Agriculture I. VII-VIII (extracts)
BAD NEWS 45
. .
1 Dining Room 8. Room for Pressing Grapes

2 Bakery 9. Farmyard with Wine Vats
3. Bedrooms (cubicula) 10. Slaves Quarters
4. Baths 1 1 Olive-Pressing Room
5. Kitchen 12. Bam
6. Stables 13. Threshing Floor (area)
7. Courtyard or Garden (hortus)
46 CHAPTER?
''» MS iRHiiaa8»iiBBnn;',xaaaHaaaaBaHHii:":H«aaHHsaHB 'y .';^< KMsaaaaBHaaaa
If Cornelius had been a very wealthy Roman, he might have had a villa urbana, liter-
ally a "city villa," separate from the accommodations for the farm. Such a villa urbana
could be very luxurious and could take up almost the whole estate. It could have winter
and summer apartments oriented to the seasonal sunlight, baths, and promenades, just
like a house in the city. The Roman author Pliny describes his villa urbana near Lauren-
tum in a letter to a friend. Below is a groundplan of his country house. Such country
houses by the sea (mare) were also called villae maritimae. These luxury houses offered
their owners all the comforts of a city house in the beauty and quiet of the country.
Plan of Pliny's Villa Urbana
1. Entrance Hall (atrium)

2. Colonnaded Courtyard
3. Inner Court
4. Dining Room
The Romans loved natural beauty and artistic representations of it. They often had
the walls of their houses (in both the city and the country) painted, as Pliny describes
them, with pictures "of country houses and landscaped gardens, copses, woods, hills, fish
ponds and canals, rivers, coasts, and any other scenery one could desire, and scenes of
people strolling along or sailing in a boat, or traveling to the country in carriages, people
fishing, fowling and hunting, or gathering grapes" (Pliny the Elder, Natural Histoij 35.1 16).
Pliny had another villa urbana in Tuscany with luxurious fountains, pools, and baths,
which he describes as follows:
Opposite the dining-room at the corner of the colonnade is a large bedroom.

From some of windows you look onto the terrace, from others onto the
its
meadow, while the windows in front overlook an ornamental pool which is a

pleasure both to see and hear. For the water, falling from a height, foams white
BAD NEWS 47
IHi
'»».>> !&£' « I'lai :£!»!>.»•
in the marble basin. The bedroom is very warm in winter, being so exposed to
the sun, and on a cloudy day the hot air from the nearby frirnace takes the place
of the sun's heat. From here you pass through a spacious and pleasant changing-
room into the "cold bath"room in which there is a large bath out of the full sun-
light. But if you want more space to swim in and warmer water, there is a pool in
the courtyard and near it a fountain in which you can cool yourself if you've had
enough of the heat.
And later in the same letter he tells us why he liked this house so much:
I can relax there with fuller and more carefree enjoyment. I need never wear a
toga; nobody calls from next door. All is calm and quiet, which makes the place
healthy, as do the clear sky and pure air. There I enjoy health of body and mind,
for I keep my mind in training by study and my body by hunting.
Pliny, Letters V.6
Wall painting from

bedroom of villa at
Boscoreale.
Meti'opolitan Museum of
Art, NewYork
48 CHAPTER?
Review I: chapters 1-7
Exercise la: The Elements of Sentences
In the following sentences from the story in Chapter 7, identify each
subject transitive verb

intransitive verb direct object
linking verb complementary infinitive
complement
1. In villa sedet virR5manus.
2. Cornelius est senator Romanus.
3. Multas epistulas scrlbere vult.
4. Dum pater occupatus est, Marcus et Sextus et Cornelia in agris errant.
5. Ibi multos servos laborantes spectant.
6. Flavia ad urbem venire non potest.
Exercise lb: Nominative and Accusative

Identify the declension of each noun. Then change nominatives to
accusatives and accusatives to nominatives (sometimes there may be two
possibilities), keeping the same number (singular or plural):
1. cibus 4. aquae 7. rivi 10. patrem

2. lanam 5. lupus 8. vocem 11. rami
3. fragorem 6. virum 9. pueros 12. clamores
Exercise ic: Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns

Select the appropriate adjective from the pool below to complete each of the
following sentences. You may use adjectives more than once. Be sure to use
the right ending on the adjective. Translate each sentence.
1. Davus est quod pueri clamant.

2. Sextus arborem ascendit quod est.
3. Flavia in villa habitat.

4. Marcus ramum arripit et lupum repellit.
5. Sextus arborem ascendit.

6. Davus estquod Sextus in horto ambulat.
7. Flavia et Cornelia puellae sunt et saepe in agris currunt.
8. Sextus est puer et puellas terret.
9. Ubi lupus venit, Sextus in arbore sedet, quod puer est.
10. Cornelius sedet quod epistulas scrlbere vult.
soUicitus vicinus temeranus strenuus ignavus

solus iratus molestus magnus
REVIEW I: CHAPTERS 1-7 49

7
31
Exercise Id: Reading Comprehension

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow with full
sentences in Latin:
AENEAS LEAVES TROY

Aeneas est vir Troianus qui urbem Troiam contra Graecos defendit.
Decern annos Graeci urbem obsident. Decern annos Troiam Graecos repellunt.
Tandem per dolum Graeci urbem nocte intrant. Multos Troianos capiunt, multos
necant. Non iam urbem defendere Aeneas potest. Necesse est igitur ex urbe
effugere et urbem novam petere. Multl amicl quoque ab urbe Troia effugiunt.
Omnes ad Italiam navigare parant.
Aeneas, dum senem portat. Senex est Anchises, pater Aeneae.
ex urbe effagit,
Portare Anchisen necesse est quod senex ambulare non potest. Aeneas Anchisen
portat; portat Anchises Penates, deos familiares. Dei Aenean et Anchisen et
omnes amicos servant. 10
Aeneas etiam parvum puerum ducit. Puer est Ascanius, filius Aeneae. Dum ex
urbe ambulant, Ascanius patrem spectat et manum tenet. Perterritus est Ascanius
quod magnos clamores, magnos fragores audit. Valde Graecos timet.
Ubi Aeneas et Anchises et Ascanius ex urbe effugiunt, "Ubi est mater?"
subito clamat Ascanius. Multi amici adveniunt, sed non advenit Creusa, mater 15
Ascanil. Aeneas sollicitus patrem et filium et Penates relinquit et in urbem redit.
Graeci ubique sunt. Creiisam frustra petit.
"Eheu!" inquit. "Troiam habent Graeci. Fortasse te quoque habent, Creusa.
Valde amo Creusam, valde Troiam. Sed neque urbem neque Creusam servare
iam possum. Ad amicos igitur redire necesse est." 20
Tum ad amicos redit. Mox ad Italiam navigare parant Aeneas et amici.
contra Graecos, against the Greeks 10 servant, (they) protect

decern annos, for ten years 1 parvus, small
obsident, (they) besiege filius, son
per dolum, th-ough a trick 12 manum, hand

nocte, at night tenet, (he/she) holds
intrant, (they) enter, go into 1 valde, very much
capiunt, (they) capture 16 Ascanil, ofAscanius
necant, (they) kill relinquit, (he/she) leaves
effugere, to flee, run away, escape 1 ubique, eveijwhere
novus, new firiistra, in vain
ab urbe, fivm the city 18 habent, (they) have, hold
navigare, to sail fortasse, perhaps
senem, old man 19 serv2iYt., to save
Aeneae, ofAeneas 20 possum, / am able

deos familiares, household gods
dei, the gods
50 REVIEW I: CHAPTERS 1-7

.
1. Who is Aeneas?
2. What do the Greeks do for ten years?
3. How do the Greeks finally enter the city?
4. Why is it necessary for Aeneas to flee?
5. What does Aeneas prepare to do?
6. Whom is Aeneas carrying?
7. What is Anchises carrying?
8. Whom is Aeneas leading?
9. Why is Ascanius frightened?
10. Who is Creusa?
1 1 Who goes back into the city?
12. Whom does he seek?
13. Is Aeneas able to save Creusa?
14. To where do Aeneas and his friends prepare to sail?
Aeneas carrying his father, Anchises, from the destroyed city of Troy
Attic Red Figured Kalyx Kratei; Willia?7i Frances Warden Fund, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
REVIEW 1: CHAPTERS 1-7 51

I'ST^HIMSÎ
CHAPTER
iaS
Getting Up Early
IN ondum lucet, sed Aurelia, mater Marci et Corneliae, iam in villa occupata est.
Irata est quod servos sedentes conspicit.
"Agite, molest! servi!" inquit. "Cur nihil facitis? Cur vos ibi sedetis? Cur non strenue
laboratis? Omnia statim parare necesse est quod nos hodie Romam redimus." Iam
strenue lab5rant servT.
Turn Aurelia puer5s excitare parat. Intrat igitur cubiculum Marci. Clamat, "Age,
Marce! Tempus est surgere. Nos ad urbem redire paramus."
Marcus matrem audit sed nihil respondet. Deinde Aurelia cubiculum Sexti intrat.
Clamat, "Age, Sexte! Tempus est surgere." Statim surgit Sextus. Celeriter tunicam et
togam induit et brevi tempore e cubiculo currit. 10
Iterum Aurelia cubiculum Marci intrat. Iterum clamat, "Age, Marce! Nos iam
strenue laboramus. Cur tu solus non surgis?"
Gemit Marcus. "Ego non surgo," inquit, "quod Romam redire nolo. Cur mihi
quoque necesse est ad urbem redire? Patrem meum princeps ad urbem revocat. Patrem
consulere vult. Non vult consulere Marcum." 15
Subito intrat Gaius, pater Marci, et clamat, "Sed ego volo consulere Marcum! Cur,
Marce, hodie me vexas? Cur non surgis? Cur nondum tunicam et togam induis, moleste
puer?"
Nihil respondet Marcus, sed statim surgit quod patrem timet.
1 iam, now, already 7 tempus, time

3 Age! /Agite! Come on! 8 deinde, then, next
vos, you (plural) 9 celeriter, quickly
4 nos, we, us 10 induit, (he/she) puts on
6 excitare, to rouse, wake (someone) up 1 1 iterum, again, a second time
intrat, (he/she) enters 13 im\d, for me
cubiculum, room, bedroom
Exercise 8a
Responde Latine:
1. Cur est Aurelia irata? 5. Surgitne Sextus?

2. Cur necesse est omnia statim parare? 6. Quid facit Sextus?
3. Quid Aurelia in cubiculo Marci 7. Ciir Marcus non surgit?
clamat? 8. Quis subito intrat?
4. Quid facit Marcus? 9. Cur Marcus surgit?
GETTING UP EARLY 5.3

FORMS
Verbs: Persons
Romam redire nolo. / do not want to return to Rome.
Cur non surgLy? Why do you not get up?
Aurelia cubiculum Marci intra^. Aurelia goes into Marcus' bedroom.

Iterum clamaf. She calls again.
Ad urbem redire pzr2Linus. We are preparing to return to the city.
Cur non strenue laboraftV? Why do you not work hard?
Pueri in agris errawf. Servos The boys wajider in the fields.

laborantes spectaw^ They watch the slaves woj^king.
The ending of the verb tells us who is doing something, i.e., whether the subject is
1st, 2nd, or 3rd pe7'son, siiigular or plural (I, you, he/she/it; we, you, they). In the 3rd per-
son the subject may be noun (e.g., Aurelia and pueri). The 1st person is the speaker or
a
speakers (I, we); the 2nd person is the person or persons spoken to (you, singular or
plural); and the 3rd person is the person or thing or persons or things spoken about (he,
she, it, they). The personal pronouns ego, tu, nos, and vos are used only for emphasis.
pPerson Singular Plural

^ 1 -6 1 -mus we
2 -s you -tis you
3 -t he/she/it -nt they
These personal endings always have the same meaning wherever they occur.
" Person Singular Plural
1 pard 1 prepare para/nws we prepare

2 paras you prepare parar/s you prepare
3 paraf he/she prepares paraflf they prepare
Note that the vowel that precedes the personal endings is short before final -t and
-nt.Note also that we include accent marks in all charts of verb forms as a guide to
proper pronunciation. Rules for accenting Latin words are given on page 150 at the end
of this book.
The following verb is irregular, but it uses the same endings as above (except for -nt in
place of -0 in the 1st person singular).
Person Singular Plural
1 sum 1 am sumus we are

2 es you are esf/'s you are
3 est he/she/it is sunt they are
54 CHAPTERS
.
Exercise 8b
Take parts, read aloud, and translate:
1. NARRATOR: Sextus est laetus.

MARCUS: Tu es laetus, Sexte. Cur?
SEXTUS: Ego sum laetus quod Romam
ire volo.
2. NARRATOR: ServT sunt defessi.

MARCUS: Vos estis defessi, servi. Cur?
SERVT: Defessi sumus quod strenue laboramus.
3 NARRATOR: Cornelius epistulas legit.
CORNELIA: Quid legis, Cornell?

CORNELIUS: Epistulas lego.
4. NARRATOR: Marcus ramum arripit.
SEXTUS: Quid arripis, Marce?
MARCUS: Ramum arripio.
5. NARRATOR: Cornelia ridet.

FLAVTA: CHr rides, Cornelia?
CORNELIA: Rideo quod laeta sum.
6. NARRATOR: urbem redeunt.
Senatores ad
AURELIA: urbem reditis, senatores?
Ciir ad
SENAtORES: Redimus quod princeps nos
consulere vult.
NARRATOR: Puerl lupum non timent. II

7.
PUELLAE: Cur lupum non timetis, pueri?

PUERl: Lupum non timemus quod
temerarii sumus.
8. NARRATOR: Puellae clamant, "Ferte auxilium!"

PUERl: Cur vos clamatis, "Ferte auxilium!"?
PUELLAE: Nos clamamus, "Ferte auxilium!"
quod lupum conspicimus.
II
Some morning conventions remain die

same dirough die ages:
applying make-up (panel 1),
having hair done (panel 2),
cleaning teeth (panel 3).
GETTING UP EARLY 55
Nouns and Adjectives: Vocative
You have seen that the forms Sexte and Marce are used when Sextus and Marcus are
addressed by name. These forms are in the vocative case. The vocative case is used when
addressing persons or things directly.
The spelHng of a noun or adjective in the vocative case is usually the same as the
spelling of the word in the nominative. Thus, Cornelia, puer, and pater could be either
vocative or nominative.
One exception to this rule is that 2nd declension masculine nouns such as Sextus,
Marcus, or servus and corresponding adjectives such as magnus or strenuus change
theirending to -e when they are used in the vocative singular, e.g., servus (nom.) and
serve (voc). Thus, among the following vocative forms only serve is different from the
nominative: ~~^==:r
Vocative
1st Declension 2nd Declension 3rd Declension

Sing. Cornelia serve puer ager pater
PL puellae servT pueri agri patres
There are two other exceptions. Second declension nouns ending in -ius and the
adjective meus have vocatives in -7, e.g.:
Nominative: Cornelius Vocative: Cornel/

Nominative: meus Vocative: mi
The vocative is often used with a 2nd person singular or plural verb, and when more
than one person is being addressed the plural vocative must be used, e.g.:
Cur clamas, Sexte? Cur clamatis, pueri?
Identify all words in the vocative in Exercise 8b.
Exercise 8c
1. Cur e villa in silvam saepe ambulatis, puellae?

2. In eadem silva pueri quoque ambulant.
3. Irata sum quod servos sedentes conspicio.
4. Arbores ascendimus quod lupi nos terrent.
5. "Sexte! Marce!" clamat Corneha. "Cur non surgitis?"
6. "Eheu!" inquit Davus. "Semper ego laboro; semper me vexant pueri;
ad Britanniam redire volo."
7. Omnia paramus quod Romam hodie redimus.
8. Sena in villa sedent; neque Aureliam audiunt neque respondent, nam defessi sunt.
nam, /or
56 CHAPTERS
[i*:^^.
•n
Exercise 8d
Using story 8 and the charts of forms on pages 54 and 56 as guides, give the
Latin for:
1. Slaves: "We are no longer sitting but are working hard."

2. Aurelia: "Marcus, you are still sleeping. Why are you not getting up? Why are you
not preparing to return to the city?"
3. Marcus: "Why, Mother, are you waking me up? It is not yet light. I do not want to
get up."
4. Aurelia: "We are preparing to return to the city today. Come on, Marcus! It is time
to get up."
5. Cornelius: "Troublesome boys, why are you still sleeping? Why aren't you getting
up? Why aren't you putting on your tunics and togas?"
WORD Study ll
Latin Bases into English Verbs
Often the bases of Latin verbs come into English with only minor changes. You can
find the base by dropping the letters -drCy -ere, -ere., or -Ire from the infinitive. Replac-
ing these letters with a silent -e will sometimes give you an English verb. For example,
excitare, base excit-, + silent -e becomes excite in English. Some Latin bases come into
English with no change. For example, descendere {to go down), base descend-, produces
the English descend.
Sometimes additional minor spelling changes occur. For example, exclamare
{to shout out), becomes exclaim in English, adding an / in the process.
Exercise 1
from the bases of these Latin verbs. Be

Identify the English verbs derived
you know the meaning of the English verb; in many cases it has the
sure that
same meaning as the Latin verb.
extendere salutare revocare respondere surgere

repellere vexare tradere errare ascendere
Latin Bases into English Nouns and Adjectives

A Latin base may be the source of an English noun or adjective. For example, the
base of errare produced the Latin noun error and the Latin adjective erraticus, from
which came the English error and erratic.
GETTING UP EARLY 57
.
I
S; Exercise 2
The English words in itaHcs below are derived from the bases of the Latin
verbs in parentheses. Determine the meaning of the English word from the
meaning of the Latin verb. Is the English word a noun or an adjective?
1. Cornelius was not moved by the runaway slave's petitmi. (petere)

2. Sextus' rude behavior was repellent to Cornelia and Flavia. (repellere)
3. With the advent of summer, Cornelius moves his family to their country house at
Baiae. (advenire)
4. Cornelius was dictating a letter to his scribe, (scribere)
5. "Sextus," scolded Eucleides, "your writing is not legible^ (legere)
6. The insurgent senators were severely punished by the emperor, (surgere)
7. The Roman army found the descent from the mountain more difficult than the
ascent, (descendere, ascendere)
One Latin Base into Many English Words

The bases of some Latin words are the source of several English words,
representing different parts of speech. For example, urbs, city, base urb-,
is the source of:
L urban adjective, meaning "pertaining to a city"

2. urbane adjective, meaning "elegant and polished in manner"
(How does this idea relate to urbs?)
3. urbanity noun, meaning "politeness, courtesy, the quality of being urbane'
4. urbanize verb,meaning "to change from country to city"
5. suburb noun, meaning "a residential area at the edge of a city"
Exercise 3
The words group below are derived from one Latin base. Think of a
in each
With its meaning in mind, determine the
Latin word that shows this base.
meaning of each English word. Finally, give the part of speech of each
English word.
1. magnate, magnificent, magnify 4. inscribe, scribble, subscribe
2. contemporary, tempo, temporal 5. paternal, paternity, patron

3 prince, principal, principally
58 CHAPTERS
I
ROMAN LIFEV
PATRIA POTESTAS
A/Varcus' behavior shows that he respects his father's wishes and fears his displeasure
just as strongly. The relationship between Roman parents and children was quite
differentfrom that in some modern societies. American children gradually become quite •
independent of parents by their late teens, even to the extent of choosing their marriage
partner themselves. Such independence is really a very new development in the history of
the family.
The Roman was the supreme head (paterfamilias) of his family (familia),
father
which included his wife, his married and unmarried children, and his slaves. As master
(dominus) he had the power to sell or kill his slaves. If he married his wife with fall legal
power (manus), he became owner of her property, and she ceased to belong to her own
family, becoming legally a member of his. Over his children he exercised a fatherly pow-
er (patria potestas) that allowed him to determine their lives as he wished.
According to Roman tradition, the concept of patria potestas was established by
the first king of Rome:
Romulus gave the Roman father absolute power over his son. This power the fa-
ther had until he died whether he imprisoned his son, whipped him, threw him
into chains and made him labor on the farm, or even killed him. Romulus even
let the Roman father sell his son into slavery.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.26-21 (extracts)
The Roman father continued to have complete control even over his adult children,
arranging their marriages —and divorces—and managing any property they might own.
He exercised his patria potestas over their children as well.
In most instances, a father's patria potestas ended only with his death. A father
might, however, "emancipate" his adult son, who then had patria potestas over his sons.
A daughter who married might remain under her father's potestas, but her father could
transfer this power into the hands of his son-in-law; such a marriage was called "marriage
with manus" (literally, "hand").
How strictly and severely a father exercised his potestas varied according to personal
inclination and situation. Cicero reluctantly accepted one young man as son-in-law due
to the urging of his wife and of his daughter, TuUia, and he later ruefully arranged for
Tullia's divorce upon her request. Another father slew his adult son in 62 B.C. because he
had participated in the Catilinarian conspiracy against the Roman state. There were con-
trols over the exercise of patria potestas. The slaying of a child had first to be discussed
in a council of adult male relatives. Public opinion also might influence a father. Gradu-
ally, too, Roman law imposed some limits, requiring, for instance, that a daughter con-
sent to her marriage.
GETTING UP EARLY 59
:£» «)& «$«!•»*« Has
True love and affection between parent and child were not eliminated by patria
potestas. However, a father — —
and mother were expected primarily to provide a moral
education for their children, to prepare sons for service to the state and family through
careers as magistrates, and to prepare daughters to educate and rear worthy future mem-
bers of the family and state. The poet Statius, writing in the last decade of the first cen-
tury A.D., congratulates his friend, Julius Menecrates, on the upbringing of his sons and
daughter:
From their father may your children learn peaceful ways and from their grandfa-
ther may they learn generosity, and from them both eagerness for glorious
virtue. Because of their position and birth the daughter will enter a noble house
upon marriage, and the sons as soon as they become men will enter the thresh-
old of Romulus' Senate house.
Statius, to Julius Menecrates {Silvae 4.8.57-62, extracts)
One of the tragic legends of a Roman father who had to order the
execution of his own sons for disloyalty to the state is memorialized in the
David painting "Lictors Bearing the Bodies of His Sons to Brutus."
Oil on canvas, Jacques Louis David, Louvre, Paris, France
60 CHAPTERS
The consequences of disregarding a father's instructions were inunortaUzed
among the ancients in the legend of Icarus, son of Daedalus the inventor. He
perished because he disobediently flew too near the sun on wings of wax his
father created. Here is Diirer's engraving of that legend.
Though the Romans may not have displayed the bond between parent and child as
openly and we do, they considered it sacred: Cicero called parental love
as physically as
amor ille penitus insitus, "that love implanted deeply within."
A new-bom child would be placed at its father's feet, and the father would accept it into
the family by lifting it in his arms. Statius expressed his love for his adopted son as follows:
He was mine, mine. I saw him lying upon the ground, a new-born baby, and I
welcomed him with a natal poem as he was washed and anointed. When he de-
manded air for his new life with trembling cries, I set him in Life's roll.
From your very moment bovmd you to me and made you mine. I
of birth I
taught you sounds and words, I comforted you and soothed your hidden hurts.
When you crawled on the ground, I lifted you up and kissed you, and rocked
you to sleep myself and summoned sweet dreams for you.
Statius, Silvae 5.5.69-85 (extracts)
GETTING UP EARLY 61
^
V ;^V-
. .
GOODBYE
v_>ornelia, ubi surgit, e villa sua furtim ambulat et per agros ad villam amicae currit.
Nondum lucet, sed nihil Corneliam terret. Nemo earn conspicit. Null! servi in agris
laborant. Etiam ianitor ad ianuam villae dormit. Cornelia, quod tacite intrat, ianitorem
non excitat.
Cornelia cubiculum Flaviae tacite intrat et earn excitare temptat. Adhuc dormit 5
Flavia. Iterum temptat Cornelia. Flavia semisomna, "Quis es? Cur me vexas?"
Cornelia respondet, "Sum Cornelia! Surge!"
Flavia surgit. Laeta Corneliam excipit et clamat, "Quid tu hic?"
Cornelia, "Tace, Flavia! Noli servos excitare! Veni tacite mecum in agros. Ibi nemo
^
nos audire potest." 10
Cornelia Flaviam fQrtim e villa in agros dijcit. Ubi puellae ad arbores adveniunt,
Cornelia, "Misera sum," inquit, "quod ego et Marcus et Sextus et pater et mater Romam
hodie redire paramus. Princeps patrem meum consulere vult. Nobis igitur necesse est
statim discedere."
Flavia clamat, "Cur statim, Cornelia? Cur non pater tuus discedit s5lus? Cur 15
vos omnes simul disceditis?"
Respondet Cornelia, "Nescio, Flavia. Sed nobis secunda hora discedere necesse est."
Flavia lacrimat, "O me miseram! Vos omnes Romam reditis. Mihi necesse est hic
manere. Vale, Cornelia! Multas epistulas ad me mitte! Promittisne?"
Cornelia, "Ego promitto. Et iam vale!" Cornelia Flaviam complexu tenet et 20
lacrimans abit.
1 sua, her own mecum, with me O me miseram! Poor

2 nemo, no one 12 misera, unhappy. me!
nulli, 720 jniserable 19 manere, to remain, stay
3 ianitor, doorkeeper 13 nohis, for us Vale! Goodbye!
ad ianuam, at the door 14 discedere, to go away mitte, send
tacite, silently 15 tuus, your pr5mittis, you promise
5 temptat, (he/she) tries 16 vos omnes, all ofyou 20 complexu, in an
6 semisomna, half-asleep simul, together embrace
8 hic, here 17 nescio, / do not know tenet, (he/she) holds
9 Tace! Be quiet! secunda hora, at the 2 1 lacrimans, weeping
Noli... excitare! Don't second hour abit, (he/she) goes away
wake... up! 18 lacrimat, (he/she) weeps
Exercise 9a
Responde Latine:
1 Quo Cornelia currit? 3 Quid facit ianitor?
2. Cur nemo Corneliam conspicit? 4. Quo Cornelia Flaviam diicit?
GOODBYE 63
9

Prepositional Phrases: Accusative and Ablative Cases
The meaning of sentences can be expanded by the addition of prepositional phrases

that modify verbs. Look at the examples in the columns below:
Ad villam redit. He returns to the country house .
Ad ianuam dormit. He sleeps at the door .
Per agros currit. He runs through the fields .
Puellae prope rivum sedent. The girls sit near the stream .
The words underlined above form prepositional phrases in which the prepositions
ad, per, and prope are used with words in the accusative case.
You have seen other prepositions used with words in the ablative case:
Sub arbore dormit. He sleeps under the tree .
Ex arbore cadit. He falls out of the tree .
Note that ex may be written simply as e when the next word begins with a conso-
nant: e ramis, out of the branches.
Now look at the following examples:

In YiWam currit. In viWd sedet.
He runs into the house . He sits in the house .
Statua in piscin^m cadit. In ramo sedet.

The statue falls into the fishpond . He sits on the branch .
In urhem venit. Princeps in urbg est.
He comes into the city. The emperor is in the city .
In the left-hand column, the preposition in is used with a word in the accusative case,
and the meaning of the preposition is into.

In the right-hand column, the preposition in is used with a word in the ablative case,
and the meaning of the preposition is in or on.

The preposition in can be used with either the accusative or the ablative case, as
above, but most other propositions are used with either one case or the other.
In future vocabulary lists, prepositions will be identified with the abbreviation prep.
followed by ace. or abl. to indicate whether the preposition is used with the accusative or
the ablative case, e.g., ad, prep. + ace, to, toward, at, near; sub, prep. + abl., under, beneath.
64 CHAPTER
i«W^
.
FORMS
Ablative Case
Here is a table showing the groups of nouns and cases you have met so far:
Number 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular
Accusative puellam servwm pueriiffi agr<//n patre/n v6ce/n
Ablative puella servo puero agrd patre voce
Vocative puella serve puer ager pater vox
Plural
Nominative puellae serv; puer/ agr/ patres voces
Accusative puellas servos puerds agrds patres voces
Ablative puell/s serv7s puer/s agr/s patr/Af/s vbcibus
Vocative puellae serv/ puer/ agr/ patres voces
1
Be sure to learn these forms tiioroughly.

Note that the only difference between the nominative and ablative singular endings
of 1st declension nouns is that the ablative has a long vowel: -a.
Exercise 9b
Read aloud, identify prepositional phrases, and translate:
1 Marcus in vTllam currit. Nuntius in villa est.

2. Davus in hort5 laborat. Marcus in hortum festinat.
3. Nijntius in Italiam redire vult. Cornelius in Italia habitat.
4. Puer in arbore sedet. Puella in vlllam intrat.
5. In agris pueri ambulare parant. Puellae in agros lente ambulant.
6. In Italia sunt multi servi. Alii in agris laborant, alii in urbibus.
7. Servi sub arboribus sedere volunt.
8. Servus ex arbore cadit; ad villam currit; in villa dormit.
9. Alii nijntii ex alii ad urbem redeunt.
urbe celeriter veniunt;
10. Puellae sub ramis sedent.Lupus ad puellas currit.
11. Puer ex arbore descendere non potest.
12. Cornelia per ianuam in vTllam fiirtim intrat.
festinat, (he/she) hiiiries

alii... alii..., some... others...
GOODBYE 65
.
Exercise 9c
Select, indicate the case, read aloud, and translate:
1. Marcus ad _ sedet. arborem/arbore

2. Puellae e silvam/silva
ad ambul ant. villam/villa
3. Multi servi in laborant. agros/agris
4. Cornelia amicam e villam/villa
in dfiHr. agros/agris
5. Servus sub _ dormit. ramos/ramis
6. PuerT per currunt. agros/agris
7. Cornelius ad redTre pa rat. urbem/urbe
8. Flavia prope sedet. arbore/arborem
9. Sextus ex celeriter exit. horto/hortum
10. Servus per _ festinat. agris/agros
Exercise 9d
In story 9, find the Latin for:
1 out of her own country house 6. into the fields

2. through the fields 7. out of the country house
3. to the country house of her fi-iend 8. at the trees
4. in the fields 9. to me
5. at the door of the country house
Using the couch or bed as a place for socializing is a very ancient tradition
Sarcophagus from Cerveteri, Museo Archeologico di Villa Giulia, Rome, Italy
66 CHAPTER 9
II
I
81
II
li
a»MIMiBmill Mil
The Romans divided the day into twelve Horae

hours, from sunrise to sunset, and the night
into four watches (vigiliae). Goddesses, called
the Horae, regulated the orderly passage of
time, the seasons, and changes of weather.
Exercise 9e
Review
1. Flavia clamat, "Ubi , Cornelia?" estis/es

2. Cornelia ianitorem non excitare/excitat/excitas
3. Nos omnes hodie Romam redire/redimus/redltis
4. Ciirpatrem Marce?
, vexo/times/amatis
5. Necesse est epistulas statim tradit/legere/legimus
6. Princeps senatores consulere vult/consulere volunt
7. Cur vos omnes simul ? discedere/discedimus/discedere paratis
8. Tace, Flavia! Noll servos excitamus/excitare/surgere
9. Cornelia amicam in agros adveniunt/ducit/amat
10. Cur per agros ,
puellae? curritis/excitatis/curris
11. Corneliam non
lanitor audio/audiunt/audit
12. Ego non quod dormimus/surgere/surgo
Romam redire nolo/faciunt/videtis
13. Cornelia in agris non conspicit. Servos/Servl/Servus
14. N5li excitare! puellas/puellae/puella
15. Senatores omnes in urbe sunt. Romanos/Romani/Romanum
GOODBYE 67
MYTH II
MAJOR GODS AND

GODDESSES
1 he story of Aeneas more than the story of a mortal; it
as told on pages 28-3 1 is
involves also a number of gods and goddesses who are shown helping or hindering
Aeneas as he makes his way from Troy to Italy. Sometimes these deities are
personifications of the forces of nature, such as Aeolus, who is king of the winds, and
Neptune, who is lord of the sea. Jupiter, the king of the gods, intervenes at a critical
moment by sending the messenger-god Mercury to deliver orders to
in Aeneas' life
Aeneas to leave Dido, resume his voyage, and fulfill his destiny by going to Italy. The
Greeks and the Romans conceived of their gods as anthropomorphic, having the
appearance, the thoughts, and the emotions of men and women, but as being greater and
more powerful and above all as being immortal.
The following list gives the names of the twelve major gods and goddesses, who were
thought to dwell on Mount Olympus in Greece, with their Greek names in parentheses
(Latin spellings of the names are given under the illustrations on the facing page).
Venus, goddess of love

and beauty, is here seen
lamenting the death of
the mortal, Adonis.
''Venus La?nentmg the Death of
Adonis, " oil on canvas, Benjamin
West, The Carnegie Museum of
An, Pittsburgh
68 CHAPTER 9
KK -'. i« i» «*'»« It l«ll»« •«•»«<«? MB « »»%««« MM HI
luppiter luno Apollo Mars Vesta Minerva
Mercurius Diana Neptunus Venus Ceres Volcanus

Be, aiui aaiiaaBiaaHBi wHraKs*' mimestmtm miiaiiemm9jivsim.mm. iutm âsaiail
JUPITER (ZEUS): king of gods and mortals, snakes. On his ankles and helmet are
wisest of the divinities, and wielder of the wings. He conducts the souls of the dead
thunderbolt. to the underworld.
JUNO (HERA): queen of gods and mortals, DIANA (ARTEMIS): twin sister of Apollo
sisterand wife of Jupiter, and protectress and goddess of the moon and of hunting.
of women and marriage. She is attended by a chorus of nymphs.
APOLLO (PHOEBUS APOLLO): god of The arc of the moon is her bow and its
archery, music, medicine, and oracles. His rays are her arrows.
priestesses predicted the future at Delphi NEPTUNE: (POSEIDON): god of the waters
(in Greece) and Cumae (in Italy). and creator of the horse; his symbol is the
MARS (ARES): god of war, father of Romu- trident, a three-pronged spear.
lus and Remus. VENUS (APHRODITE): goddess of beauty
VESTA (HESTIA): goddess of the hearth, and love, usually attended by her winged
the center of family life, and goddess of the son Cupid, whose arrows strike both mor-
state (a community of families), symbolized tals and immortals. She was the divine
by an eternal flame guarded by six maidens mother of Aeneas, the Trojan hero and an-
("Vestal Virgins"). cestor of the Romans.
MINERVA (ATHENA): goddess of wisdom, CERES (DEMETER): goddess of the harvest
strategy in war, spinning, and weaving, cre- and agriculture, whose daughter Proserpina
ator of the olive tree, and protectress of (Persephone) is queen of the underworld
Athens. and wife of Pluto (god of the underworld).
MERCURY (HERMES): god of travelers and VULCAN: (HEPHAESTUS): god of fire, black-
thieves and messenger of the gods; he car- smith of the gods, and forger of the thun-
ries the caduceus, a wand twined with two derbolts of Jupiter and weapons of Aeneas.
GOODBYE 69
1^^
tîOw'
. 5
1
CHAPTER
Departure
Interea in villa Corneliana omnes strenue laborant. Aurelia tunicam et stolam et
pallam gerit. Ancillam iubet alias tunicas et stolas et pallas in cistam ponere. Marcus et
Sextus tunicas et togas praetextas gerunt quod in itinere et in urbe togas praetextas
liberi gerere solent. Servus alias tunicas et togas praetextas in cistam ponit. In cubiculo
Gail servus togas viriles in cistam ponit quod Gains in urbe togam virilem gerere solet.
Gains ipse togam virilem induit.
Davus, qui ipse omnia curat, ad ianuam stat. Servos iubet cistas e cubiculis in viam
portare. Baculum habet et clamat, "Agite, servi scelesti! Dormltisne? Hodie, non eras,
discedimus."
Marcus quoque servos incitat et iubet eos cistas in raedam ponere. Servus quidam, 10
n5mine Geta, cistam Sexti arripit et in raedam iacit.
"Cave, Geta!" exclamat Sextus soUicitus. "Cura cistam meam! Noli eam iacere!"
Tandem omnes cistae in raeda sunt. Ascendunt Marcus et Sextus. Ascendit Eucleides.
Ascendit Aurelia. Gains ipse ascendere est paratus. Syrus, raedarius, quoque ascendit et
equos incitare parat. Subito exclamat Aurelia, "Ubi est Cornelia?" 15
Eo ipso tempore in viam currit Cornelia. Eam Gains iubet in raedam statim
ascendere. Statim raedarius equos incitat. Discedunt Cornelii.
1 interea, meanwhile 8 baculum, stick
2 gerit, wears habet, (he/she) holds

iubet, (be/she) order's scelestus, wicked
alius, another, other eras, tomorrow
cista, trunk, chest 10 incitat, (he/she) spurs on, urges on
ponere, to put, place raeda, carriage
3 in itinere, on a journey servus quidam, a certain slave
4 liberi, children 1 iacit, (he/she) throws
gerere solent, (they) are accustomed to 14 paratus, ready
wear(ing), usually wear raedarius, coachman
6 ipse, himself 1 equus, horse
7 Stat, (he/she) stands 16 eo ipso tempore, at that very moment
via, road
Exercise 10a
Responde Latine:
1 Quid Aurelia ancillam facere iubet? 6. Quid raedarius facere parat?
2. Cur Marcus et Sextus togas praetextas 7. Qu5 currit Cornelia?
gerunt? 8. Quid Gaius eam facere iubet?
3. Quid Gaius induit? 9. Quid tum facit raedarius?
4. Quid facit Davus? 10. Quid faciunt Cornelii?
5. Quid clamat Sextus?
DEPARTURE 71
1

Accusative and Infinitive
In the reading above you have seen the verb iubet used when someone orders some-
one to do something. The verb is used with an accusative and an infinitive:
Ace. Infin.
Ancillain iubet aUas tunicas et stolas et pallas in cistam ponere. (10:2)

She orders a slave-woman to put other tunics and stolas and pallas into a chest.
The infinitive ponere has it own direct objects, tunicas et stolas et pallas.
You have also seen this pattern with the verb docet:
AureHa Comeliam docet villam curare. (6: 1)
Aurelia teaches Cornelia (how) to take care of the countjy house.
Forms
Verbs: Conjugations
Latin verbs, with very few exceptions, fall into four major groups or conjugations.
You can tell to what conjugation a verb belongs by looking at the spelling of the infini-
tive: (1) -are, (2) -ere, (3) -ere, and (4) -ire:
1st Person Sing. Infinitive
1st Conjugation paro pa rare

2nd Conjugation habeo habere
3rd Conjugation mitto mittere
lacio lacere
4th Conjugation audio aud/re
As shown above, some verbs of the 3rd conjugation end in -id in the 1st person sin-
gular. These are called 3rd conjugation -id verbs. Their infinitives show that they belong
to the 3rd conjugation.
Hereafter, verbs will be given in the word lists in the 1st person singular form, fol-
lowed by the infinitive, e.g., habeo, habere, to have. The infinitive will tell you to what
conjugation the verb belongs. The few exceptions that do not fit neatly into any of the
four conjugations will be marked with the notation irreg., e.g., sum, esse, irreg.,
to be.
72 CHAPTER 10
y^M'-
Verbs: The Present Tense
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation
e Infinitive pa rare habere mitt ere iacere (-id) aud/re

o
S2
« S 1 pard habed mittd iac/d audid
•a
e |2 paras habes mittis iacis audls
03 K 3 paraf habef mittif iacif audif
«
» 1 pa ramus habe/mis mitti mos iacl/ni/s audi/ni/s
E
3 paraf/s habetis mittif/s iacif/s audif/s
Z 1 2
3 paranf habenf mittunf iaciu/if audiu/if
Be sure to learn these forms thoroughly. Note that the vowel that precedes the per-
sonal endings is short before final -t and -nt.
In addition to iacio, iacere, you have met the following -/o verbs of the 3rd conjugation:
ampio, ampere excipio, excipere
conspicio, conspicere facio, facere
Here are some examples of sentences with verbs in the present tense. Note the Eng-
lish translations:
a. in a simple statement of fact: m a question:

Cornelii Romam redire parant. Auditne Davus clamorem?
77?^ Cornelii prepare to return to Does Davus hear the shouting?
Rome.
in an emphatic statement:
b. in a description of an ongoing
Clamorem audit.
action:
He does hear the shouting.
Hodie Cornelii Romam redire
e. in a denial:
parant.
Today the Cornelii are preparing Clamorem non audit.
to return to Rome. He does not hear the shouting.
Exercise 10b
Read the following verbs aloud. Give the conjugation number and meaning
of each:
ascendo, ascendere repello, repellere euro, curare

terreo, terrere ambul5, ambulare excipio, excipere
arripio, arripere excito, excitare timeo, timere
discedo, discedere iacio, iacere nescio, nescire
audio, audire curro, currere rideo, ridere
Exercise 10c
For each of the verbs in Exercise 10b, give the six forms (1st, 2nd, and 3rd
persons, singular and plural). Use the chart above as a guide.
DEPARTURE 73
if:
Verbs: Imperative
t'i
The imperative is used in issuing orders:
Positive Negative
Cura cistam meam, Geta! Noli eam iacere, Geta!
Take care of my trunk, Geta! Don't throw it, Geta! (literally, refuse,
be unwilling to throw it, Geta!)
Curate cistam meam, servi! Nolite eam iacere, servi!

72?^^ care of my trunk, slaves! Don't throw it, slaves! (literally, refuse,
be unwilling to throw it, slaves!)
m^mmMi^mm
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Infinitive par are habere mittere iacere (-/d) aud/re

Imperative
Singular para habe mitte iace add/
Plural par ate habete mitt/fe iac/fe aud/fe
Be sure forms thoroughly.

to learn these
Note the following imperatives, of which some forms are irregular:
dico, dicere, to say die! dicite!
duco, ducere, to lead, take, bring due! ducite!

facio, facere, to make, do fac! facite!
fero, ferre, to bring, cany fer! ferte!
SAY IT IN LATIN! The following vocabulary of Latin expressions will be useful for
classroom conversation. It contains many imperatives.
nûs\ Hello! (Hi! Hey!) Ponite libros! Lay aside your books!
Salvete, discipuli! Good morning (Greetings), Audi/Audite! Listen!
pupils! Specta/Spectate! Look! Watch!
Salve magistra/magister! Good morning Lege/Legite Anglice/Latine! Read in
(Greetings), teacher! English/Latin!

Adsum! Present! (I am here!) VerteAêrtite Anglice/Latine! Change to
Ubi est Verginia? Where is Virginia? English /Latin!

Abest; aegra est. She is absent; she is ill. Scribe/Scribite in tabula! Wiite oji the
Ubi est Paulus? Where is Paul? (chalk)board!
Abest; aeger est. He is absent; he is ill. Sumite chartam et stil5s! Take paper and
Conside/Considite! Sit down (be seated)! pencils!
Surge/Surgite! Stand up (rise)! Chartas vestras mihi date! Give me your

Aperite libros! Open your books! papers!
Claudite libros! Close your books! Bene! Good!
74 CHAPTER 10
•r-
ROMAN LIFE VI
TREATMENT OF SLAVES
tven though in Davus' homeland in Britain his own family had owned a few slaves,
it had been difficult for him to adjust to being a slave himself. Adjust he did, however,
perhaps by taking advice similar to the following given by an overseer to newly captured
slaves:
If the immortal gods wished you to endure this calamity, you must endure it
with calm spirits; if you do so, you will endure the toil more easily. At home, you
were free, so I believe; now as slavery has befallen you, it is best to accustom
yourselves and to make it easy for your master'scommands and for your own
minds. Whatever indignities your master commands must be considered proper.
Plautus, The Captives 195-200
Davus enjoys a high position among Cornelius' slaves and takes pride in his responsi-
bilities. Of course he has the good fortune to work for a master who is quite humane by
Roman standards. Other slaves had more insensitive masters, who saw their slaves not as
human beings but as property. Cato in his treatise on agriculture gave advice to Roman
farmers on how to make a profit from their slaves. Notice that he feels no sympathy for
his slaves who have grown ill or old in his service; they are "things" just like cattle and
tools that a farmer should get rid of when they are no longer of use:
Let the farmer sell olive oil, if he has a good price, also his wine and his grain.
Let him sell his surplus too: old oxen, an old plow, an old slave, a sick slave.
Cato, On Agriculture 2.3 (extracts)
Some masters treated their slaves

well and were rewarded by loyalty and
good service, but, even when condi-
tions were good, were keenly
slaves
aware of their inferior position and by
way of protest sometimes rebelled or
tried to run away. If they were recap-
tured, the letters FUG (for fugitivus,
runaway) were branded on their fore-
heads.
Prison cell with Roman

agricultural slaves
Nineteenth century European engraving,
artist unknown, private collection
DEPARTURE 75
Some owners treated their slaves very badly. Even if the owner were not as bad as the
despised Vedius Pollio, who fed his slaves to lampreys, slaves were Hable to be severely
punished, often at the whim of their master:
Does Rutilus believe that the body and soul of slaves are made the same as their
masters? Not Hkely! Nothing pleases him more than a noisy flogging. His idea
of music is the crack of the whip. To his trembling slaves he's a monster, happi-
est when some poor wretch is being branded with red-hot irons for stealing a
pair of towels. He loves chains, dungeons, branding, and chain-gang labor

camps. He's a sadist.
Juvenal, Sath-es XIV. 16
Female slaves also were often subjected to ill-treatment by self-centered mistresses.

Juvenal tells how a slave-woman was at the mercy of her mistress:
If the mistress is in a bad mood, the wool-maid is in trouble, the dressers are
stripped and beaten, the litter-bearers accused of coming late. The rods are bro-
ken over one poor wretch's back, another has bloody weals from the whip, and a
third is flogged with the cat-o'-nine-tails. The slave-girl arranging her mistress's
hair will have her own hair torn and the tunic ripped from her shoulders, be-
cause a curl is out of place.
Juvenal, Satires VI A7 5
Fresco of slaves loading amphorae

Po?npeiiaii fi-esco
76 CHAPTER 10
EB'^ ^^«n> ma »9 «[! •^{Ks
i Bar *^*4S
i?! MSI
isSSSSSKi
On the other hand, Phny speaks of owners who treated their slaves fairly and sympa-
thetically. In a letter to a friend he writes:
I have noticed how kindly you treat your slaves; so I shall openly admit my own
easy treatment of my own slaves. I always keep in mind the Roman phrase, "fa-
ther of the household." But even supposing I were naturally cruel and unsympa-
thetic, my heart would be touched by the illness of my freedman Zosimus. He
needs and deserves my sympathy; he is honest, obliging, and well educated. He
is a very successful actor with a clear delivery. He plays the lyre well and is an ac-
complished reader of speeches, history, and poetry. A few years ago he began to
spit blood and I sent him to Egypt. He has just come back with his health re-
stored. However, he has developed a slight cough. I think it would be best to

send him to your place at Forum JuHi where the air is healthy and the milk ex-
cellent for illness of this kind.
Vliny, Letters V. 19
It was possible for a slave to buy his freedom if he could save enough from the small
personal allowance he earned; some masters gave their slaves their freedom, in a process
called manumission (manumissio), as a reward for long service. A slave who had been set
free was called a libertus and would wear a felt cap called a pilleus. Many who were
freed and became rich used to hide with "patches" the marks that had been made on
their bodies and faces when they were slaves.
I am very upset by illness among my slaves. Some of

them have actually died, including even younger men.
In cases like this I find comfort in two thoughts. I am
always ready to give my slaves their freedom, so I don't
think their deaths so untimely if they die free men. I
also permit my slaves to make a "will," which I consider

legally binding.
Pliny, Letters VIII. 16
ADDITIONAL READING:
The Romans Speak for Themselves: Book /; "Slaves and Masters in
Ancient Rome," pages 33-39; "Seneca on Slavery and Freedom,"
pages 40^6. Manumissio
DEPARTURE 77
t
3
1
CHAPTER
A SiAVE RUNS Away

v_Jmnes Cornelii iam sunt in raeda. Romam per Viam Appiam petunt.
Interea in villaDavus est sollicitus. Davus est vilicus Cornelii et, si dominus abest,
vilicus ipse villam domini curat. Davus igitur omnes servos in aream quae est prope vil-
1am venire iubet. Brevi tempore area est plena servorum et ancillarum qui magnum
clamorem faciunt. 5
Tum venit Davus ipse et, "Tacete, omnes!" magna voce clamat. "Audite me!
Quamquam dominus abest, necesse est nobis strenue laborare."
Tum servi mussant, "Davus dominus esse vult. Ecce! Baculum habet. Nos verberare
potest. Necesse est igitur facere id quod iubet." Redeunt igitur ad agros servi quod
baculum vilici timent. 10
Sed non redit Geta. Neque vilicum amat neque iram vilici timet. Ilia nocte igitur,
quod in agris non iam laborare vult, cibum parat et e villa effugit. Nemo eum videt,
nemo eum impedit. Nunc per agros, nunc per viam festinat. Ubi dies est, in ramis arboris
se celat. Ibi dormit.
Interea, quamquam nondum lucet, Davus omnes servos excitat. In agros exire et ibi 15
laborare eos iubet. Sed Getam non videt. Ubi est Geta? Davus igitur est iratus, deinde
sollicitus. Ad portam villae stat et viam spectat; sed Getam non videt.
1 Via Appia, The Appian Way verbero, verberare, to beat

2 vilicus, overseer, farm manager 9 id quod, that which, what
dominus, master 1 ira, anger
absum, abesse, irreg., to he am ay, ilia nocte, that night
he ahsent 12 effugio, effugere, to flee, run away,
3 area, open space, threshing-floor escape
4 plenus,///// 1 impedio, impedire, to hinder
7 quamquam, although 14 se celare, to hide (himself)
8 musso, mussare, to mutter 1 7 porta, gate
Exercise 11a
Responde Latine:
1. Quo Davus omnes servos ire iubet? 5. CiirGeta effagit?
2. Quid faciunt servi et ancillae in area? 6. Ubi dormit Geta?
3. Quamquam dominus abest, quid 7. Cur est Davus iratus et sollicitus?
facere necesse est?
4. Ciir necesse est facere id quod Davus
iubet?
A SLAVE RUNS AWAY 79

I
fill'
BUILDING THE MEANING
The Genitive Case
You have seen how the meanings of sentences can be expanded by the addition of ad-
jectives to modify nouns, e.g.:
Davus ad magnam portam stat.

Davus stands near the large door.
A noun can also be modified by the addition of another noun in the genitive case.
Compare the following sentences:
Davus ad portam stat. Davus ad portam vTllae stat.

Davus stands ?iear the door. Davus stands yiear the door of the
country house.
Aurelia est mater. Aurelia est mater Mara et Comeliae.

Aurelia is a/the mother. Aurelia is the mother of Marcus and
Cornelia.
Aurelia is Marcus and Cornelians mother.
Servi baculum timent. ServT baculum vilici timent.
The slaves fear the stick.

The slaves fear the overseer's stick.
In ramis se celat. In ramis arboris se celat.
He hides in the branches. He hides in the branches of the tree.
In the right-hand column other nouns have been added to the sentences of the left-
hand column. These additional nouns are in the genitive case. This case is used to con-
nect one noun with another to make a single phrase. The noun in the genitive case may
describe another noun by indicating a family relationship, by showing possession, or by
providing some other qualification or description.
Nouns in the genitive case are also used in Latin to fill out the meaning of certain ad-
jectives. This use is parallel to the use of prepositional phrases with "of" in English, e.g.:
Area est plena servorum et ancillarum. (1 1 :4)

The threshing-floor is full of slaves a?id slave-women.
80 CHAPTER 11
FORMS
Genitive and Dative Cases
The following table includes the genitive forms of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension
nouns. It also includes the forms of the dative case. You will not st^dy this case formally
until Book I-B. It is the case you use, for example, when you speak of giving something to
someone. A word or phrase in the dative case can often be translated with help of the prepo-
sitions to or for. You have seen the dative case of a pronoun in the following sentence:
Cur mihi quoque necesse est ad urbem redire? (8:13-14)

Why is it necessaiy for me too to return to the city?
You may wish to learn the forms of the dative case now, even though you will not be
using them until Book I-B.
Number 1st 2nd 3rd

Singular
Genitive puellae serv7 puer/ agr/ patr/s voc/s
Dative puellae servo puerd agrd patr/ v6c7
Accusative puella/n servi/m pueru/n agri/zn patre/n Mozem
Ablative puella servo puerd agrd patre voce
Vocative puella serve puer ager pater vox
Plural
Nominative puellae serv; puer/ agr/ patres voces
Genitive puellari//n servdfu/n puerdfi//n agrdru/n patr///// \jocum
Dative puell/s serv/s puer/s agr/s patr/7»/s voc/61/s
Accusative puellas servos puerds agrds patres voces
Ablative puell7s serv;s puer/s agr/s patr/J&//s \j6c ibus
Vocative puellae serv/ puer/ agr/ patres voces
Be sure to learn the new genitive forms thoroughly.
In future vocabulary lists, nouns will be given as follows: puella, -ae, f., girl; servus,
-i, m., slave; vox, vocis, f., voice, i.e.:
the nominative singular

the genitive singular ending (-ae, -i) for 1st and 2nd declension nouns
the entire genitive singular form (vocis) for 3rd declension nouns
the gender (abbreviated as m. for masculine or f. for feminine)
the meaning
The which a noun belongs: -ae =

genitive singular ending indicates the declension to
2nd declension, and -is = 3rd declension.
1st declension, -i =
The base of a noun is found by dropping the genitive singular ending; the other case
endings are then added to this base.

Exercise lib
Translate the following sentences, completing them where necessary with
reference to the family tree:
pater — - mater parentes

(Cornelius) (Aurelia)
fllius fllia iTberT

(Marcus) (Cornelia)
1. Marcus est frater Cornehae. 7 Cornelius et Aurelia sunt

2. Cornelia est soror Marci. Marci et Corneliae.
3. Cornelius est vir Aureliae. 8. Marcus et Cornelia sunt
4. Aurelia est uxor Cornelii. Cornelii et Aureliae.
5. Marcus est filius Cornelii et Aureliae. 9. Aurelia est Marci et
6. Cornelia est Cornelii et Cornehae.
Aureliae. 10. Cornelius est Marci et
Corneliae.
pater, patris, m., father filius, -i, m., son
mater, matris, f., mother filia, -ae, f., daughter

parens, parentis, m./L, parent liberi, liberorum, m. pi., children
frater, fratris, m., brother vir, viri, m., man, husband
soror, sororis, f., sister uxor, uxoris, f., wife
Exercise 11c
Supply the genitive ending, read the sentence aloud, and translate:
1. Liberi in raeda senator sunt.

2. Marcus est frater Corneli
3. Niintius filium Corneli salutat.
4. Servi iram vilic timent.
5. Effugit Geta et in ramis arbor se celat.
6. Magna vox Dav eum terret.
7. Davus, vTlicus Corneli , Getam videre non potest.
8. Si Cornelius abest, Davus villam domin curat.
9. Magnus numerus serv est in area. numerus, -i, m., number
Exercise lid
Using story 1 1 and the information on the genitive case as guides, give the Latin for:
1. Davus is Cornelius' overseer, and Cornelius is Davus' master.

2. The threshing floor is full of many slaves and many slave-women.
3. The slaves fear Davus' stick.
4. Geta fears the anger of the overseer.

5. Geta sleeps in the branches of a tree.
82 CHAPTER 11
ROMAN LIFE VII
ROMAN NAMES
1 he father of the family in our story has three names, Gaius Cornelius Calvus.
Gaius is his praenomen (first name or personal name), Cornelius is his nomen (the
name of his clan), and Calvus {Bald) is his cognomen, inherited from a distant ancestor.
The cognomen was originally a nickname but was handed on to a man's sons and
grandsons so that it came to distinguish a particular family within the larger clan. Roman
society was male-oriented, and the name of a Roman boy included the nomen of his
father's clan and the cognomen of his father's family. Thus, the name of the son in our
story is Marcus Cornelius Calvus.
Women's names were far simpler. Though in early times a woman, too, might have a
praenomen, women came to use only the feminine form of their father's nomen; thus
the daughter of Gaius Cornelius Calvus in our story is named simply Cornelia. A sec-
ond daughter would be named Cornelia secunda {second) or Cornelia minor (younger),
a third daughter, Cornelia tertia {third), and so forth. Cornelia's mother Aurelia would
have been the daughter of a man with Aurelius as his nomen.
In very formal naming of girls and women, the father's or husband's full name would
be added in the genitive case. Thus, Cornelia would be Cornelia Gaii Comelii Calvi
(filia) and Aurelia would be Aurelia Gaii Comelii Calvi (uxor).
In very formal naming of slaves the master's name would be added in the genitive
case, thus, Davus Gaii Comelii Calvi (servus). As with formal naming of girls and
women, the person in the genitive case represents the person who has authority, whether
it be the authority of a master over a slave, of a father over a daughter, or of a husband
over a wife.
In the middle of the first century A.D., a little before the time of our story, women
began using personal nicknames as cognomina. As you read more about Cornelia, try to
think of a cognomen that she might have adopted.
Below is the epitaph of the wife of Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Hispallus, who served as
one of the consuls, the chief magistrates of Rome, in 176 B.C. Note that he had a second
cognomen, and note that at this early time his wife had a praen5men.
AVLLA* CORNELIA* CN*F* HISPALLI

[P]aulla Cornelia, Gn(aei) f(ilia), Hispalli
Paulla Cornelia, daughter of Gnaeus, (wife) of Hispallus

.

Genitive Singular or Nominative Plural?
In the 1st and 2nd declensions, the endings of the genitive singular are the same as
the endings of the nominative plural. To decide which case is used, you must look for
further clues.
1. Celeriter redeunt servi.

The genitive usually forms a phrase with another noun. Since servi is the only noun
in the sentence, it must be nominative plural.
2. Pueri pater est senator Romanus.

The word pueri could be genitive singular or nominative plural. It is only when we
reach pater (which can only be nominative singular) and est (which is a singular
verb) that we know that pueri must be genitive singular, forming a phrase with pa-
ter, i.e., "the boy's father."
3 a. In agris domini servi strenue laborant.

3b. In agris domini servos habent.
In 3a domini and servi cannot both be nominative plural since they are not linked
by et. One of them, therefore, must be genitive singular. There is a second clue: the
order of the words suggests that domini forms a phrase with in agris and that servi
is the subject of laborant.
In 3b domini could be genitive singular or nominative plural, but it makes more sense
to take domini as the subject of habent than to assume some unspecified subject.
4. In villa puellae sedent.

Again, puellae could be genitive singular or nominative plural. Only the context will
help you to decide whether the sentence means The girls sit in the house, or They sit in
the giiTs house.
Exercise lie
Read aloud and translate. Explain the clues that make you decide whether the
nouns in boldface are genitive singular or nominative plural:
1 Puellae sunt defessae.

2. In agris pueri ambulant.
3. Puellae et matres in \alla sedent.
4. Pueri epistulas scribunt.
5. Pater Marci in \illa sedet.
6. Pater v5cem puellae audit.

7. Pueri vocem Marci audiunt.
8. Fratres pueri sunt in horto.
9. Servi in agris filium domini petunt.
84 CHAPTER 11
IBS, !.'„« ..aaKBaa^BBHaiaîBBBHaKa «&
MYTH III CA. 1184-753 B.C.
THE FOUNDING OF ROME

1 he early history of wonderful mixture of myth and fact. The Roman his-
Rome is a
torian Livy admitted that his account of the founding of Rome more than 700 years be-
fore his own lifetime was based on a tradition that owed more to poetic tales than to his-
torical fact.
The Romans traced their ancestry to the Trojan hero, Aeneas, who, as we learned in
Myth I (pages 28-3 1), came to Italy after the fall of Troy (traditionally dated 1 184 B.C.).
Aeneas, after journeying through the underworld with the Sibyl of Cumae and learning
of the future greatness of Rome from the ghost of his father Anchises, proceeded to
Latium, the district of Italy just south of the Tiber River. There he made an alliance with
Latinus, the native king, and married Lavinia, the king's daughter, to ratify the treaty. Ae-
neas settled the Trojans in a town he named Lavinium in honor of his new wife. Unfor-
tunately, Turnus, king of the neighboring Rutulians and Lavinia's husband-to-be prior to
Aeneas' arrival, could not accept the arrangements that Latinus made with Aeneas, and
he stirred the native peoples to make war against Aeneas. Both Latinus and Turnus were
killed in this war, and Aeneas then united his Trojans with the native peoples and named
this Italo-Trojan nation the Latins.
Faustulus and his wife with Romulus and Remus and the she-wolf
''''Romulus and Remus, " oil on canvas, Charles de Lafosse, Pushkin Museum, Moscow, Russia

Romulus, Remus, and the she-wolf
Fifth centwy B.C., Rome, Capitol, Palazzo dei Cotiseti'atori
Aeneas had come from Troy ^\^th a son, Ascanius, also known as lulus, whom Julius
Caesar's family later claimed as their ancestor. After his father's death, Ascanius left
Lavinium, now a strong and rich city, and established a new city that he named Alba
Longa because the colony stretched out along the ridge of Alount Albanus. Ascanius'
son, Silvius ("born in the woods"), succeeded his father to the throne and began the Sil-
vian dynasty, which ruled Alba Longa for perhaps 300 years.
In the 8th century B.C. Amulius, an Alban prince, seized the throne from his older
brother, Numitor; he then murdered his nephews and appointed his niece, Rhea Silvia, a
priestess of Vesta (goddess of the hearth) so that she could bear no future rival heirs to the
throne. WTien Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Rhea Sihia and the god Mars, were bom,
AmuHus was furious. He ordered the priestess mother of the tuins put into prison and
gave instructions that the infants be set adrift in the Tiber. By luck, the river was in flood,
and those assigned to expose Romulus and Remus happened to set the basket containing
the twins in a shallow spot, expecting that it would be carried out into the mainstream and
that the twins would be drowned. Attracted by the infants' cr\ing, a she-wolf came and
nursed the babies. Faustulus, the king's shepherd, discovered the wolf licking the twins and
took them home to his wife. Thev raised Romulus and Remus as their own sons.
86 CHAPTER 11
When Romulus and Remus grew up, they discovered their true heritage, and they
then helped Numitor, their grandfather, to assassinate Amulius and regain the throne of
Alba Longa.
They next decided to found a new city on the Tiber
where they had been
in the place
exposed and raised. Since they were twins, they turned to augury and asked the gods who
should give his name to this city and rule over it. On the Aventine Hill Remus saw the
first omen, six vultures. No sooner had that sign been reported than a flock of twelve
vultures flew over the Palatine Hill, where Romulus was standing. The followers of each
twin argued whether the right to rule belonged to the one who first sighted birds or the
one who sighted twice the number, and Remus died in the ensuing riot. Livy supplies an
alternate story: when Remus as a joke jumped over the rising city walls, Romulus was en-
raged and killed his brother on the spot, shouting, "This is what will happen to anyone
else who jumps over my walls!" By either account, on April 21, 753 B.C. Romulus found-
ed on the Palatine Hill that city we still call Rome.
A twentieth-century depiction of Romulus, Remus, and

the she-wolf, as a mobile by Alexander Calder
''Romulus et Remus. " wire, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

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— 1
CHAPTER
CAPTURE
D.'avus est sollicitus, nam necesse est Getam invemre. Ubi servT effagiunt, domini
saepe vilicos reprehendunt. Saepe etiam eos verberant. Cornelius est dominus bonus, sed
ubi Cornelius iratus est
Serv5s igitur Davus in aream statim convocat et rogat, "Ubi est Geta?" Nemo
respondere potest. Davus igitur ali5s servos in hortum, alios in agr5s, alios in vineas
mittit. In horto et agris et vTneis Getam petunt. Neque in horto neque in fossis agrorum
neque in arboribus vTnearum Getam inveniunt.
Davus igitur servos iubet canes in aream ducere. Alii servT tunicam Getae in aream
ferunt. Canes veniunt et tunicam olfaciunt. Mox Davus servos in agros cum canibus
ducit. Latrant canes. Per agr5s Cornelii, deinde per agros viclnarum villarum currunt. 10
Neque rivi neque fossae canes impediunt. Vestigia Getae inveniunt, sed Getam invemre
non possunt. Tandem Davus eos in silvam incitat.
Geta in arbore adhiic manet et ibi dormit. Canes latrantes eum excitant. Nunc tamen
Geta effugere non potest et in ramis sedet, immobilis et perterritus. Canes, ubi ad
arborem appropinquant, Getam ipsum non c5nspiciunt, sed olfaciunt. Latrant canes; 15
appropinquant servT. Miserum servum vident qui in ramis arboris se celat.
"Descende, Geta!" clamat Davus. Geta descendit. Davus eum tunica arripit et bacul5
verberat. Deinde servos iubet Getam ad vTllam trahere et in fronte litteras FUG inurere.
1 invenio, invenire, to find cum, prep. + abl., with

2 bonus, good 10 latro, latrare, to bark
4 convoco, convocare, to call together 1 vestigia, tiâcks, footprints, traces
rogo, rogare, to ask 14 immobilis, motionless
5 vinea, -ae, f., vineyard 1 7 tunica, by the tunic
6 fossa,-ae, f., ditch 18 traho, trahere, to drag
8 canis, cams, m./f., dog in fronte litteras inurere, to brand
9 fero, ferre, irreg., to bring, carry the letters on his forehead
olfacio, olfacere, to catch the scent
of, s'/nell
Exercise 12a
Responde Latine:
1. Cur est Davus sollicitus?

2. Quo Davus servos mittit?
3. Inveniuntne Getam?
4. Quid canes faciunt?
5. Cur Geta effugere non potest?
6. Ubi servT litteras FUG inurunt?
CAPTURE 89
1^
Ml
BUILDING THE MEANING
The Ablative Case
You have learned how the meaning of sentences can be expanded by the addition of
prepositional phrases that modify verbs (page 64).
Prepositions used with the ablative case modify the verbs in their sentences by an-
swering the questions:
Ubi...? Where. . . ?
Unde...? From where...?

Quocum...? or Quibuscum...? With whom...?
For example, questions introduced by the words at the left could be answered by
statements that might include the prepositional phrases at the right:
Ubi...? Where...? in villa in the fai^mhoiise

Ubi...? Where...? sub arboribus under the trees
Unde...? From where. . . ? e rivo out of the stream

Quocum...? With whom,...? cum patre with his/her father
Quibuscum. With whom...? cum amicis with his/her fiends
You will also find nouns and phrases in the ablative case without prepositions, often
with predictable meanings. These also answer certain questions, as follows:
1 . They may answer the question When. . . ? (Quando. . . ?), in expressions referring to
time, e.g.:
septima hora at the seventh hour

nocte at night
aestate in the summer
tribus diebus in three days
brevi tempore in a short time, soon
This is called the ablative of time when or within

which.
Hunt scene on Roman pot

Caster Hunt Pot, Vcndmnium
Musemn, St. Albans,
Hertfordshire, England
90 CHAPTER 12
. ?
They may answer the question How.. J (Quo

instrumento...? or Quomodo...?)
and can often be translated with the words with or by and sometimes with in, e.g.:
a. Answering the quesion Quo instrumento...? JVith what i?istrument. ..? By what
means...? How...?
Servum baculo verberat. with a stick
Davus Getam tunica arripit. by the tunic

Corneha Flaviam complexu tenet. in an embrace
This is called the ablative of instrument or means.
b. Answering the question Quomodo...? hi what manner. . . ? How. . .
Marcus magna voce clamat. with a loud voice

(= loudly)
This is called the ablative of manner and sometimes uses a preposition, e.g.,
magna cum voce.
Exercise 12b
Read aloud and translate. Then locate the ablative nouns and phrases and tell
what question each answers:
1 Cornelia Flaviam e villa ad agros ducit.

2. Servus molestus dominum toga arripit.
3. Secunda hora discedere necesse est.

4. Davus magna voce servos tacere iubet: "Tacete, omnes!"
5. Brevi tempore area est plena servorum et ancillarum.
6. Davus cum servTs et canibus Getam in horto et agrls petit.
7. Vilicus Getam baculo verberare vult.
Exercise 12c
Using story 12 as a guide, answer in Latin:
1 Ubi servT Getam petunt?

2. Quibuscum servi Getam petunt?
3. Unde descendit Geta?
4. Quo instrumento Davus Getam arripit?
5. Quo instrumento Davus Getam verberat?
CAPTURE 91
Exercise 12d
Review
1 . Geta in se eel at. arborem/arbore/arboris

7 Prnpe vTllae servT stant. portae/portam/porta
^. AliTin , aliT in cubiculum/cubiculo
sedent. area/areae/aream
4. ServT in fnssTs Getam non agris/agri/agros
vident.
5. Davus servos in agros cum canes/canem/canibus
ducit.
Est magnus numerus et pueri/pueros/puerorum
in villa vicina. puellarum/puella/puellam
Davus est vilicus dominus bonus/domino bono/domini bonl
Davus Getam verberat. baculum/baculi/baculo
9. Davus servos iubet canes ex agri/agris/agrum
in aream ducere.
ADDITIONAL READING:
The Romans Speak for Themselves: Book I: "The Responsibilities of a Farm
Manager," pages 47-52.
m^^^^î^î^^^^^^^^sm^mi^^s^
Cave canetn!
Mosaic, Miisee
Lapidaire, Vienna,
Austria
92 CHAPTER 12
.
Review IL chapters 8-12

Exercise ila: Nouns; Singular and Piurai
Change singulars to plurals and plurals to singulars, keeping the same case:
1. vilico 9. vox 17. portarum

2. cistae (gen.) 10. fossae (nom.) 18. virorum
3. noctem 11. cibi (gei2.) 19. fragores (ace.)
4. domini (nom.) 12. patribus 20. serve

5. ancilla 13. puerum 21. raedarils
6. canes (nom.) 14. raedis 22. canis (gen.)
7. equos 15. frontem 23. equum
8. aream 16. filius 24. arbore
Exercise ilb: Verbs; Conjugations and Personal Endings

Supply the appropriate form of each of the verbs below to complete each
sentence. Read the complete sentence aloud and translate it:
porto, portare habeo, habere pono, ponere

iacio, iacere inveni5, invenire
1 Ego cistam . 5. Vos cistam

2. Tu cistam _ 6. Pueri cistam
3. Puer cistam 7. cistam, puer!
4. Nos cistam . 8. cistam, pueri!
Exercise lie: Verbs; Identification of Forms

Give the first person singular, infinitive, conjugation number, and meaning of
each of the following verbs:
For example: surgimus Answer: surge, surgere, 3, to rise
1. mtratis 6. convoca 11. promittis

2. iubes 7. rogat 12. festinate
3. habent 8. mane 13. verberamus
4. impedite 9. mussatis 14. olfaciunt
5. reprehendimus 10. euro
REVIEW II: CHAPTERS 8-12 93
JMSgf '
.
Exercise lid: Agreement with Nouns

of Adjectives
Select the appropriate adjectivefrom the Hst below to complete each of the
following sentences. Be sure to use the right ending on the adjective.
Translate each sentence:
Davus ad aream servorum et ancillarum advenit.

Gains in raedam ascendere est .
Cornelia Flaviam excitare temptat.

Servi e villa efhigiunt.
Cornelia e villa ambulat et ad villam amicae currit.
paratus suus plenus semisomnus scelestus
Exercise lie: Prepositional Phrases with Accusative and with Ablative

Cases; Ablative Case without a Preposition
Complete the following sentences to match the English. Translate each sentence:
1. Cornelia et Marcus et Sextus in villa habitant, (in summer)

2. Marcus et Sextus sedent. (under the tree)
3. Nun tins sollicitus currit. (to the country house)
4. Puer temerarius cadit. (out of the tree)
5. Cornelia ad villam vicinam furtim ambulat. (that night)
6. Servus dormit. (at the door)
7. Cornelius solus epistulam scribit. (in the country house)
8. Servi per agros . currunt. (with the dogs)
9. Statua cadit. (into the fishpond)
10. Davus Getam verberat. (with a stick)
1 1 Puella amicam tenet, (in an embrace)
Exercise iif: Reading Comprehension

Read the following passage and answer the questions with complete
sentences in Latin:
ON THE BANKS OF THE TIBER

IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY B.C.
In prope fluvium Tiberim habitat pastor quidam, nomine Faustulus.

Italia
Hodie ad casam redit et uxorem, nomine Accam Larentiam, magna voce vocat,
"Uxor! VenT celeriter ad me!"
Larentia venit et virum rogat, "Quid est, coniunx? Cur me vocas?"
"VenI mecum ad ripam fluvil," respondet Faustulus. "Rem miram tibi
ostendere volo. Necesse est nobis festinare."
Pastor et uxor e casa currunt et ad Tiberim festinant. Larentia virum multa
rogat. Vir tamen nihil respondet sed uxorem ad ripam fluvii ducit. Ubi adveniunt,
94 REVIEW 11: CHAPTERS 8-12

Larentia ripam spectat. Ibi videt lupam, quae pueros gemin5s alit. Lupa pueros
diligenter curat et lingua lambit. 10
"Age, Faustule," clamat Larentia. "Ramum lupam repelle!"
arboris arripe et
"Cur me lupam repellere iubes?" rogat vir. "Lupa pueros neque vexat neque
terret. Ecce! Pueros curat quod eos amat."
"Ita vero," respondet uxor, "sed ego pueros ad casam nostram portare volo.
Ego et tu pueros velut liberos nostros curare debemus." 15
Faustulus ad lupam appropinquat. Eam ramo repellere parat. Lupa tamen
neque latrat neque pastdrem petit sed puer5s lambit et in silvam eflPugit. Tum
pastor et uxor pueros ad casam portant. "Sine dubio," exclamat Faustulus, "sunt
pueri mirabiles."
lluvius, -i, m., river 9 geminus, twin

Tiberis, Tiberis, m., the Tiber River alo, alere, to feed, nourish
pastor, pastoris, m., shephei^d 10 diligenter, carefully
casa, -ae, f., hut, cottage lingua, -ae, f., to?igue
voco, vocare, to call lambo, lambere, to lick
coniunx, coniugis, m./f., spouse, 14 noster, our

husband or wife 15 velut, just as
ripa, -ae, f., bank debemus, we ought
rem miram, a wondeiful thing 17 peto, petere, to look for, seek, attack
tibi, to you 18 sine dubio, without a doubt
6 ostendo, ostendere, to show 19 mirabilis, miraculous, wonderful
7 multa, many things
1. Who is Faustulus?
2. Whom does he call with a loud voice?
3. To what place is it necessary to hurry?
4. What does Larentia see when she gets there?
5. What is the she-wolf doing?
6. What does Larentia want to do with the boys?
7. What are the last two things that the she-wolf does?
What, in Faustulus' judgment, are the boys?
Exercise ilg: identification of Forms

In the passage above, identify the following:
1. One 1st person singular verb. 7. Three prepositional phrases with the
2. Two 2nd person singular verbs. ablative case.
3. One 1st person plural verb. 8. Three uses of the ablative case
4. Three imperatives. without a preposition.
5. Three words in the genitive case.
6. Three prepositional phrases with the
accusative case.
REVIEW II: CHAPTERS 8-12 95

.-Klf.
.
CHAPTER
DISASTER
Interea Cornelii per Viam Appiam iter faciebant. Cornelius, quod ad urbem
tribus diebus advenlre volebat, Syrum identidem iubebat equos incitare. Syrus igitur
equos virga verberabat. Dum per viam ibant, Aurelia et Cornelia spectabant rusticos qui
in agris lab5rabant. Marcus et Sextus spectabant omnes raedas quae per Viam Appiam
ibant.
Septima hora erat. Dies erat calidus. In agris rustic! non iam laborabant, sed sub
arboribus quiescebant. In raeda Cornelius et Aurelia iam dormiebant. Marcus pede
vexabat Corneliam quae dormire volebat. Sextus cum raedario Syro sedebat; viam et
vehicula spectabat.
Subito, "Ecce, Marce!" exclamat Sextus. "Est auriga!" 10
Marcus magno risu respondet, "Non est auriga, fatue! Est tabellarius qui epistulas
civium praeclarorum ab urbe fert. Tabellarii semper celeriter iter faciunt quod epistulas
ab urbe ad omnes partes Italiae ferunt."
"Quam celeriter iter facit!" clamat Sextus. "Equos ferociter virga incitat. Cave
tabellarium, Syre! Tene equos! Cave fossam! Cave fossam!" 15
Syrus equos tenet et tabellarium vitat, sed raeda in fossam magno fragore descendit.
iter, joziiêy 9 vehicula, vehicles

iter faciebant, (they) were traveling 10 auriga, -ae, m., charioteer
tribus diebus, m three days 1 1 magno risu, with a loud laugh
volebat, (he/she) wanted fatuus, stupid
identidem, again and again tabellarius, -i, m., courier
iubebat, (he) ordered, kept ordering 12 civis, civis, gen. pi., civium, m./f.,
virga, -ae, f., stick citizen
verberabat, (he) kept beating, whipping praeclarus, distinguished
ibant, (they) were going ab or a, prep. + 2h\.,from
rusticus, -i, m., peasant 13 pars, partis, gen. pi., partium f., part
Septimus, seventh 14 Q\x2m...Miow...!
erat, (it) was ferociter, fiercely
quiescebant, (they) were resting Cave! Watch out for...!
pes, pedis m.,foot 16 vito, vitare, to avoid
Exercise 13a
Responde Latine:
1 Quid Cornelii faciebant? 4. Quis celeriter appropinquat?

2. Cur Cornelius Syrum identidem 5. Vitatne Syrus tabellarium?
iubebat equos incitare? 6. Quo descendit raeda?
3. Cur rustici n5n iam laborabant?
DISASTER 97
FORMS
3rd Declension i-stem Nouns
Some 3rd declension nouns such as civis and pars end in -iutn instead of -um in the
genitive plural. These are called i-stem nouns, and they will be identified in vocabulary
lists, as above, by inclusion of the genitive plural form.
Verbs: The Imperfect Tense I
Up to the beginning of this chapter all of the verbs in the Latin stories described ac-
were going on in the present with respect to the time of the story. All of these
tions that
verbs are said to be in the present tense. (The word tense came into English fi-om Old
French tens, "tense," "time," which came from the Latin tempus, time.) Tense refers to
the time when an action is conceived as taking place.
Look at the following sentences from the story at the beginning of this chapter:
Per Viam Appiam iter faciebant. (13:1) They were traveling along the Via
Appia.
Ad urbem tribus diebus advenire He wanted to reach the city in three

volebat. (13:1-2) days.
Syrus equos verberabat. (13:2-3) Synis kept whipping the horses.
The Latin verbs in bold type are examples of the i?npeifect tense. This tense is easily
recognized by the tense sign -ba- that appears before the personal endings. The verbs in
the imperfect tense in these sentences describe actions that took place in past time and
that were continuous or repeated.
N.B. The imperfect forms of sum, esse, to be, and possum, posse, to be able, are ir-
regular. They may be recognized by the letters era-:
erat, (he/she/it) was

erant, (they) were
poterat, (he/she/it) was able
poterant, (they) were able
Exercise 13b
Read aloud, say whether the verb is present or imperfect, and translate:
L Corneha sub arbore sedet. 7. Erant rustic! prope Viam Appiam.

2. Flavia in agris ambulabat. 8. Puer! saepe currunt in agris.
3. Roman! in Italia habitant. 9, Geta laborare nolebat.
4. ServT Getam invenire non poterant. 10. Tabellarii epistulas ab urbe
5. Latrant canes; appropinquant servT. in omnes partes Italiae ferebant.
6. Marcus et Sextus raedas spectabant.
98 CHAPTER 13
.
Exercise 13c
Using story 1 3 and the information on the imperfect tense as guides, give the
Latin for:
1 Again and again CorneHus kept ordering Syrus to spur on the horses.
2. The day was warm, and it was the seventh hour.
3. The peasants were resting under the trees, and CorneHus and AureHa were asleep in
the carriage.
4. Marcus was and annoying CorneHa with
sitting in the carriage his foot.
5. Sextus was looking at a courier who was going along the road.
The Appian Way
18
!
?l
If
1 ViaAemilia (187b.c.) II
II
2 Via.Appia.(312-244B.c.) SI
%*
3 ViaAurelia
!|
^ Via Flaminia (220 b.c.)
5 Via Latma •
«!
el
6 Via Postumia (H8b.c.)
7 Via Valeria 11
8 Via lulia Augusta fl

ii
9 Via Domitiana
to ViaTraiana
It Via Cassia
12 Ma Popillia
li Via Salaria
DISASTER 99
Adverbs
You have seen a number of ways in which the meaning of simple Latin sentences can
be expanded by the addition of modifiers. One commonly used modifier is the adverb.
Adverbs can modify verbs ("She ran quickly''''), adjectives ("She is veij beautiful"), or other
adverbs ("She ran veij quickly").
Latin adverbs are sometimes formed fi-om adjectives by using the ending -e or -iter:
Adjective Adverb
strenuus, active, energetic strenue, strenuously, hard
celer, quick celeriYer, quickly
But you have met many adverbs that are not formed from adjectives and do not have
these endings. See the lists below.
Adverbs often indicate the time, place, or manner of the action of the verb:
Time:
Marcus adhuc dormit.
Marcus is still sleeping.
Others:
eras, tomoiTow non iam, no longer
deinde, then, next nunc, now
hodie, today saepe, often
iam, now, already semper, always
identidem, again and again, simul, together, at the same time
repeatedly statim, imjjtediately
interea, meanwhile subito, suddenly
iterum, again, a second time tandem, at last, at length
mox, soon, presently tum, at that moment, then
nondum, not yet ubi, when
Place:
"Quid tii hie?" (9:8)
''What (are) you (doing) hereV
Others:
ibi, there
ubi, where
100 CHAPTER 13
Manner:
Sextus celeriter tunicam et togam induit. (8:9-10)
Sextiis quickly puts on his tunic and toga.
Others:
etiam, also, even necesse, necessary
ferociter, fiercely non, not
fiirtim, stealthily quoque, also
Ita vero! Yes! Indeed! strenue, strenuously, hard

lente, slowly tacite, silently
Minime! No! Not at all! tamen, however, nevertheless
In future vocabulary lists, adverbs will be identified with the abbreviation adv., e.g.,
lente, adv., slowly.
Roads and streets

built by the Romans
still exist today.
DISASTER 101
WORD Study hi
Latin Suffix -or
The suffix -or, when added to the base of a Latin verb, creates a 3rd declension noun
that means "the act of" or "the resuk of" that particular verb. The base of a verb is
found by dropping the -are, -ere., -ere, or -ire ending from its infinitive. For example,
clamare (base: clam-) becomes clamor, clamoris m., shoiitmg. The Latin noun formed
in this way often comes into English unchanged. The derivative clamor means "a loud
outcry."
Exercise 1
Create a 3rd declension noun from each verb below. Give the nominative and
genitive singular of the noun. Give an English derivative, if there is one.
terrere tenere stupere {to be amazed)

errare timere valere {to be strong)
English Suffix -(ijfy
The Latin verb facere to make, do, is the source of the English verb suffix -(i)fy,
meaning "to make." The English word beautify means "to make beautiful." Often the
base to which the suffix is added is also of Latin origin. The Latin word magnus pro-
vides the base for the English word magnify, "to make large."
Exercise 2
Identify the English verbs made by adding the suffix -(i)fy to the bases of
these Latin words.
terrere satis {enough)

qualis unus {one)
nullus signum {sign)
Exercise 3
Match each English word in the column at the left with its meaning in the
column at the right. Use the meaning of the Latin word in parentheses as a
guide.
L fraternity (frater) a. unspoken

2. novelty (novus) b. put off until tomorrow
3. pedestrian (pes, pedis) c. brotherhood
4. pj'ocrastinate (eras) d. be master over
5. ancillaij (ancilla) e. traveler on foot
6. tacit (tacite) f. something new
7. simultaneous (simul) g. at the same time
8. dominate (dominus) h. serving as helper
102 CHAPTER 13
Latin Mottoes
Although Latin is an ancient language, its words and phrases are still part of our life
today. Look at the inscriptions on a penny, nickel, dime, or quarter. Find the Latin words
E PLURIBUS UNUM. This is the motto of the United States, meaning "out of many,
one." It refers to the many colonies that were united to make one nation.
Many states, universities, and other organizations have Latin mottoes which serve as
symbols of their purpose, for example:
SEMPER FIDELIS always faithful (U.S. Marine Corps)

VOX CLAMANTIS IN DESERTO the voice of one crying in the wilderness
(Dartmouth College)
VERITAS VOS LIBERABIT the truth will set you free Qohns Hopkins Univesity)
NIL SINE MAGNO LABORE nothing without great effort (Brooklyn College)
MIHI CURA FUTURI I care for the future (Hunter College)
VOLENS ET POTENS willing and able (4th Army Engineers)

FIRMO ET TUEOR / heal and watch over (Medical Corps)
AD ASTRA PER ASPERA to the stars through dijficulties (Kansas)
DUM SPIRO, SPERO while I breathe, 1 hope (South Carolina)
CAVEAT EMPTOR let the buyer beware (proverb)
CARPE DIEM seize the day (Horace)

COGITO ERGO SUM / think, therefore 1 am (Descartes)
ERRARE HUMANUM EST to err is human (Seneca)
ARS LONGA, VITA BREVIS art is long, but life is brief (HoriLce)
FESTINA LENTE make haste slowly (Horace)
O TEMPORA! O mores! O the times, the values! (Cicero)
A MARI USQUE AD MARE from sea to j-^^ (national motto of Canada)
GRANDESCUNFT AUCTA LABORE by work, all things increase and grow
(McGill University)
Exercise 4
Find farther examples of mottoes in English, Latin, or other languages used
by any of the following:
a. your home state or city

b. military units, such as the army, navy, or air force
c. local colleges, universities, or academies
d. local organizations: community service groups, political groups, unions, or clubs
Make up a motto for your family, best friend, pet, favorite movie star, or
sports hero.
DISASTER 103
3
1
CHAPTER
WHO Is TO BLAME?
LJ bi descendit raeda in fossam, concidunt omnes. Nemo tamen e raeda cadit. Mox
cuncti in viam e raeda descendunt, soUicitl sed incolumes. Cornelius, quamquam gaudet
quod omnes sunt incolumes, raedarium miserum reprehendit.
"Age, Syre! Noli cessare! Extrahe statim raedam e fossa!"
Syrus igitur equos incitat. Equi raedam strenue trahunt, sed frustra. Raeda in fossa 5
haeret immobilis. Syrus eam movere non potest.
"O sceleste!" inquit Cornelius. "Tua culpa raeda est in fossa. Quid tu faciebas ubi
cisium appropinquabat? Dormiebasne?"
Interpellat Sextus, "Syrus non dormiebat, sed per viam placide ibat dum appropin-
quabat cisium. Ego et Marcus spectabamus cisium quod celerrime appropinquabat. 10
Deinde tabellarius equos ad raedam nostram devertebat. Periculum erat magnum. Syrus
cisium vTtare poterat et iam nos omnes sumus incolumes quod Syrus raedam magna arte
agebat."
Tum Cornelius rogat, "Tune cisium spectabas, Marce, ubi appropinquabat?"
"Ita vero, pater!" respondet Marcus. "Omnia observabam. Erat culpa tabellarii, n5n 15
Syri. Syrus raedam magna arte agebat."
Sed Cornelius, magna Ira commotus, virgam arripit et raedarium miserum verberat.
concido, concidere, to fall down 8 cisium, light two-wheeled caniage

cuncti, all 9 interpelio, interpellare, to interrupt
incolumis, unhurt, safe and sound placide, adv., gently, peacefully
gaudeo, gaudere, to be glad 10 quod, which
quod, with verbs of feeling, that celerrime, adv., very fast
cesso, cessare, to be idle, do nothing 1 noster, our
extraho, extrahere, to drag out devertebat, he began to tum aside
frustra, adv., in vain periculum, danger
haereo, haerere, to stick 12 ars, artis, gen. pi., artium, f., skill
moveo, movere, to move 1 ago, agere, to do, drive

culpa, -ae, i., fault, blame 14 Tune... spectabas, Were you
tua culpa, because ofyour fault, ifs watching?
your fault that 17 commbtMS^ moved
Exercise 14a
Responde Latine:
1. Quid accidit ubi raeda in fossam 3. Dormiebatne Syrus ubi cisium

descendit? appropinquabat?
2. Cur Cornelius gaudet? 4. Quomodo commotus est Cornelius?
accidit, happens
WHO IS TO BLAME? 105

Forms
Verbs: The Imperfect Tense II
You have now met all the endings of the imperfect tense:
1 -bam 1 -bamus
Singular 2 •bas Plural 2 -batis
3 •bat 3 -bant
m'îsmm.
Note that the vowel is short before final -m, -t, and -nt.
These are the endings of the imperfect tense of all Latin verbs (except esse and its
compounds, of which posse is one; see page 98).
Compare the following chart showing verbs in the imperfect tense with the chart
showing present tense forms on page 73.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
B Infinitive par are habere mittere iacere(-/d) aud/re

O
i2 is 1 para bam habebam m'\nebam \ac\ebam au6\ebam
u
a. S. 2 parabas habebas mlnebas \ac\ebas audiedas
•a
B J 3 parabat habeAaf m\nebat iacie6af audilAaf
ce
w
W para bamus habe bamus rrwXte bamus \ac\e bamus audie6ami/s
.a « 1
E 5 2 parabatis babe batis m\ne batis '\ac\e batis audie6af/s

a
Z "^
3 parabant habebant mWiebant iaciebant audieAanf
Note that the personal endings are the same as those given for the present tense on
page 54, except that in this tense the first person singular ends in -m (compare sum).
The imperfect tense shows action in the past that was
a. going on for a time:
Ego et Marcus spectabamus cisium. (14:10)

Marcus and I were watching the cairiage.
Cornelia dormire volebat. (13:8)
Cornelia wanted to sleep.
b. repeated:
Marcus vexabat Corneliam. (13:7-8)

Marcus kept annoying Cornelia.
c. habitual or customary:
Davus in Britannia habitabat.,

Davus used to live in Britain.
106 CHAPTER 14
d. beginning to happen:
Equos ad raedam nostram devertebat. (14:1 1)
He began to turn the horses aside in the direction of our carriage.
Let the context guide you to an appropriate translation.
Exercise 14b
1. Tabellarium liberi spectabant.

2. Cornelius, ubi epistulas scribebat, uxorem et liberos videre nolebat.
3. Gaudebat Cornelius quod omnes incolumes erant.
4. Cives tabellari5s ex urbe saepe mittunt.
5. Syrus tabellarium vTtare poterat quod equos tenebat.
6. Dormiebasne, Syre? Minime vero, domine! Ego placide per viam ibam.
7. Quid vos faciebatis, puerl? Nos omnes raedas spectabamus, pater.
Appropinquabatne cisium placide? Minime! Celerrime per viam ibat.
Cur me semper vexas, Marce? Dormire volo.
Exercise 14c
1. Tabellarius equos ferociter incitabam/incitabat/incitabant

2. Pater et mater e raeda descendebas/descendebat/descendebant
3. Cur tii celeriter iter faciebas/faciebant/faciebamus
4. Nos omnes in raeda dormiebam/dormiebatis/dormiebamus
5. Ego et Marcus saepe in agris currebamus/currebant/currebat
Exercise 14d
Supply the appropriate imperfect tense endings, read aloud, and translate:
1. Tabellarius multas epistulas ab urbe porta

2. Cornelia, quae defessa era , in cubiculo dormie
3. Nos raedas magna arte age
4. Sub arboribus vinearum et in olivetis vos Getam pete
5. Latra canes; per agros curre Getam invenire non
; potera.
6. "Dave, servumne baculo verbera ?"
7. Alii servi in villa, alii in vineis labora

8. Sextus identidem clama , "Ecce! Auriga!"
ohvetum, -i, n., olive grove

.
.
Verbs: Irregular Verbs I
The infinitives of a few Latin verbs show tiiat tiiey do not belong to one of the four
regular conjugations. They are therefore called irregular verbs. Two of these are the verbs
sum, esse, to be, and possum, posse, to be able; I can, a verb consisting of pos- or pot- +
the forms of sum:
Present Imperfect Present Imperfect
B infinitive esse posse

O
^ 1 sum eram possum poteram
§> 2 es eras potes poteras
•o
B J 3 esf eraf potesf poteraf
CD
ha
» sumus eramf/s possumus poterami/s
« 1
E ^ 2 era f/s potesf/s poteraf/s
a QSt'lS
Z •^
3 sunt eranf possunt potera/if
Exercise 14e
From the chart above, select the verb form that will complete the Latin sentence
to match the English cue. Then read aloud and translate the entire sentence:
1 Davus sollicitus est, nam Getam invemre non . (is able/can)

2. Tu raedarius scelestus, Syre! {are)
3. Flavia misera erat quod Cornelia in villa manere non {was able/could)
4. Vos incolumes quod Syrus equos magna arte agebat. {are)
5. Getam, Dave, in agris invemre nos non {were able/could)
6. Canes, qui Getam olfacere , latrant. {are able/can)
7. Quamquam Cornelius servi strenue , laborabant. {was away)
8. O me miserum! Quo instriimento ego raedam e fossa extrahere ? {am able/can)
9. Equi cisium sed non fossam vitare . . {were able/could)
10. Davus vos verberare vult, nam Getam invemre vos non . . {we7ê able/coidd)
Exercise 14f
Using story 14 and the material on verbs in this chapter as guides, give the
Latin for:
1 Although all were unhurt, Cornelius was scolding the coachman.

2. Cornehus: "Why were you not able to drag the coach out of the ditch, Syrus?"
3. Syrus and Sextus: "We were not sleeping when the light carriage was approaching."
4. Cornelius: "Were you watching the light carriage that was approaching very fast,
Syrus and Sextus?"
5. Syrus and Sextus: "We were able to avoid the light carriage, and although we are in
the ditch we are all unhurt."
108 CHAPTER 14
MYTH IV 753-509 B.C.
THE KINGS OF ROME

yVccording to legend, seven kings ruled Rome over a span of 243 years. Myth,
legend, and history are intertwined in the accounts of their rule.
Romulus, as the founding king, devised a set of laws for his Romans, a group of fel-
low shepherds and a modey crew of rough men who had come together to start new lives
in a new place for a variety of reasons. They could not very well found a society, howev-
er, without women and the prospect of children.
When ambassadors who had been sent to arrange marriage treaties with neighboring
states returned empty-handed, rebuffed, and ridiculed, Romulus adopted a bold plan.
He invited these neighbors to a grand festival in honor of Neptune. Largely out of cu-
riosity and a desire to see the new city, many came to Rome, including Sabines who
brought along their whole families. Impressed by the grand tour, the guests sat attentive-
ly, watching the spectacle. At a signal from Romulus, suddenly the young Roman men
rushed in and carried off the young unmarried Sabine girls. Most grabbed the first po-
tential bride they encountered. A few senators had their followers grab some of the espe-
cially pretty ones they had picked out ahead of time.
Romulus and the other Romans persuaded the Sabine women, with assurances of
deep love and lasting marriages, to accept their new roles as Roman wives (matronae).
Their families, who had fled from the fracas, attacked Rome to reclaim their daughters.
As the Sabine and Roman armies opened battle on the future site of the Roman Forum,
however, the Sabine women intervened and begged them to stop fighting, saying they
did not wish to become both widows and orphans on the same day. In response, the
Sabines and Romans united to form one state with Rome as the capital city.
After the second king of Rome, Numa Pompilius, had devoted much attention to le-
gal and religious institutions, the third king, Tullus Hostilius, renewed the state's empha-
sis on its military posture. Tullus declared war on the Albans because of cattle-raiding.
Both sides agreed to settle the conflict by having the Horatii, a set of Roman triplets,
battle a set of Alban triplets, the Curiatii. As their armies watched, the two sets of triplets
clashed. Two of the Romans died; all three Albans were wounded. Outnumbered three to
one, but unscathed, the surviving Roman, Horatius, took flight, counting on the strategic
assumption that the three Curiatii would pursue him and thus be separated. One by one
he was able to turn back each of his foes until he had dispatched all three Albans and
Rome claimed victory.
When the Albans later proved disloyal and tried to desert the Romans in a battle
against the cities of Fidenae and Veii, Tullus destroyed Alba Lo^ga and moved her
citizens to Rome. But as Tullus prepared further campaigns, he fell ill and turned to reli-
gion for deliverance from a plague. Legend has it that he performed a sacrifice to Jupiter
incorrectly and consequently was struck by a bolt of lightning, perishing in flames with
his palace.

larBBBpiH :...!
KSHia '•»»MB8iJiJ Biii£iiaissiiHaaam«
Ancus Marcius, grandson of Numa, who was elected die fourdi king of Rome, turned
his attention to major construction projects: new city walls, a prison, a bridge across the
Tiber (the Pons Sublicius or bridge built on piles), and the seaport of Rome at Ostia,
located at the mouth of the Tiber River.
The fifth king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, from Etruria to the north of
Rome, gained the throne by fraud and was subsequently murdered at the instigation of
the sons of Ancus Marcius. Priscus' wife, Tanaquil, then engineered the ascent to the
throne of her daughter's husband, Servius Tullius.
Servius was a much respected king. After he solidified his status with a victory in war
against Veii, he went to work on the organization of Roman society. He held the first
census and established the practice of assigning all Roman citizens to classes based on
wealth. He further enlarged the physical boundaries of Rome to accommodate the in-
creased population, bringing the city to its total of seven hills.
Palace intrigues, however, continued. Tullia, Servius' daughter, engineered the mur-
der of her sister and her own husband and then goaded her new husband, Lucius Tar-
quinius, into proclaiming himself King Tarquinius and confronting her father before the
Roman senate. Tarquinius threw Servius out of the Senate House bodily, and his agents
murdered the king in the street. Tullia arrived to be the first to hail her husband the sev-
enth king of Rome. Heading home, she ordered her horrified carriage driver to run over
the body of her father lying in the road —
an act immortalized by the street's name, Vicus
Sceleratus (Street of Crime).
The oath of the

Horatii triplets
Oil on canvas, Jacques Louis
David, Christie's, London,
England
110 CHAPTER 14
BB^ H« »! aao'^ «
HHHUBsaaaaaiaaaaaKaBHBis.- •£.-& «!
The tragedy of Lucretia by Botticelli

Oil on canvas, Sandro Botticelli, Isabella Stewait Gardner Museum, Boston
That seventh and final king of Rome soon earned his name Tarquinius Superbus,
Tarquin the Proud, by executing many senators and refusing to seek the counsel of that
body. He did achieve military successes and oversaw construction of the great temple of
Jupiter on the Capitoline and the cloaca maxima, the main sewer of Rome. But the
hill
penchant for crime continued to run in the veins of the Tarquin family. The youngest
son, Sextus Tarquinius, developed a passion for Lucretia, the wife of his cousin, Tar-
quinius Collatinus, and raped her. Lucretia, after telling her husband, father, and Lucius
Junius Brutus what had happened, stabbed herself and died. That was cause enough to
inspire Brutus, Collatinus, and other worthy Romans to persuade the citizens to oust
Tarquinius Superbus and everyone in his family and to replace the kingship with a new
form of government, the Republic. This was accomplished in 509 B.C.
Fact and fiction are intertwined in these legends from the age of the kings. Historical
record indicates that after Romulus a king chosen by the assembly of the people and the
Senate (made up of the heads of the most important families), was granted a form of
power (imperium) that amounted to despotism. The arrival of the Tarquin family may
reflect an Etruscan takeover, which was interrupted by the reign of Servius and then
thrown off when the last of the kings, Tarquinius Superbus, was banished. That the area
of the Forum was drained and paved over and that the first buildings appeared on the
Capitoline Hill in the period that corresponds roughly with the arrival of the Tarquins
are facts that the archaeologists confirm.
WHO IS TO BLAME? Ill

?s4^
.
Vehicle Spotting
Uum raeda in fossa manebat, Marcus et Sextus vehicula exspectabant. Longum erat
silentium.
Diu nullum vehiculum apparet. Tandem Marcus murmur rotarum audit et procul
nubem pulveris conspicit.
Sextus, "Quid est, Marce? Estne plaustrum?" 5
Marcus, "Minime, fatue! Plaustra onera magna ferunt. Tarda igitur sunt. Sed illud
vehiculum celeriter appropinquat."
Sextus, "Ita vero! Praeterea equi illud vehiculum trahunt. Boves plaustra trahunt.
Fortasse est raeda."
"Non est raeda," inquit Marcus, "nam quattuor rotas habet raeda. Illud vehiculum 10
duas tantum rotas habet."
"Est cisium!" clamat Sextus. "Ecce, Marce! Quam celeriter appropinquat! Fortasse
est vir praeclarus qui ab urbe Neapolim iter facit."
"Minime, Sexte!" respondet Marcus. "Non est vir praeclarus, nam tunicam, non
togam, gerit. Fortasse est alius tabellarius." 15
Praeterit cisium. Tum nubem pulveris tantum vident et murmur rotarum audiunt.
Tandem silentium.
1 exspecto, exspectare, to look out for illud, that

longus, long 8 praeterea, adv., besides
3 diu, adv., /or a long time bos, bovis, m./£, ox
appareo, apparere, to appear 9 fortasse, adv., j!7fr^^pj-
rota, -ae, f., wheel 10 quattuor, /oz/r

procul, adv., in the distance, far off 1 1 duae, two
4 nubes, nubis, gen. pi., nubium, f., tantum, adv., only
cloud 1 3 Neapolim, to Naples
pulvis, pulveris, m., dust 16 praetereo, praeterire, irreg., to
5 plaustrum, -i, n., wagon, cart past
6 onus, oneris, n., load, burden
tardus, slow
Exercise 15a
Responde Latine:
1 Quid pueri faciebant ubi raeda in 5. Cur vehiculum raeda esse non potest?
fossa manebat? 6. Quid est?
2. Erantne multa vehicula in via? 7. Estne vir praeclarus in cisio?
3. Quid Marcus audit et conspicit?
4. Cur vehiculum plaustrum esse non
potest?
VEHICLE SPOTTING 113

FORMS
Nouns: Neuter
Some nouns in Latin have the same ending in the accusative as in the nominative.
They have -a as the ending in the nominative and accusative plural. These are neuter
nouns. Neuter is the Latin word for "neither"; neuter nouns are neither masculine nor
feminine (for the concept of gender, see page 34).
You have met sentences like:
Davus baculum habet. (11 :8) Davus has a stick.

Vestigia Getae inveniunt. (12:11) They find Geta's tracks.
The words baculum and vestigia are neuter nouns of the 2nd declension. Both the
2nd and the 3rd declensions have neuter nouns:
Number
Case
2nd
Declension
3rd
Declension
'H
Singular
Nominative baculi/zn nomen
Genitive bacul/ nomin/s -...,.,,
1 Dative baculd nomin/ -^^

Accusative baculu/n nomen .-^^B
I
i Ablative baculd nomine W^

Vocative baculw/n nomen
Plural
Nominative bacula nomina
Genitive baculdru/n nomini/m
J
Dative bacul/s nomin/6i/s
1 Accusative bacula nomina I
Ablative bacul/s nommibus ^^
Vocative bacula nomina "^m
Most neuter nouns of the 2nd declension end in -utn in the nominative and the ac-
cusative singular.
The nominative and accusative singular forms of neuter nouns of the 3rd declension,
such as nomen
and murmur, are not predictable, but the other cases are formed by
adding the usual 3rd declension endings to the base, which is found by dropping the
ending fi-om the genitive singular form.
Remember that the accusative singular is always the same as the nominative singular
of neuter nouns and that the nominative and accusative plurals always end in -a.
114 CHAPTER 15
Most 1st declension nouns are feminine. Most 2nd declension nouns are either mas-
culine or neuter. The 3rd declension contains many nouns that are masculine, many that
are feminine, and a number of neuter nouns. See the chart on page 136 at the end of this
book for examples of nouns of the different genders in each declension.
Examples of neuter nouns are:
2nd Declension 3rd Declension

auxilium, -i, n., help iter, itineris, n., journey
baculum, -i, n. , stick murmur, murmuris, n., murmur,

cisium, -i, n. , light two-wheeled rumble
carriage nomen, nominis, n., name
cubiculum, -i, n., room, bedroom onus, oneris, n., load
olive turn, -i, n., olive grove tempus, temporis, n., time
periculum, -i, n., danger
plaustrutn, -i, n., wagon, cart
silentiuin, -i, n., silence
vehiculum, -i, n., vehicle

vestigiuin, -i, n., track, footprint, trace
Exercise 15b
Read aloud and translate. Identify each neuter noun and its declension:
1. Nullum vehiculum conspicere poterant pueri.

2. Nox erat; raeda in fossa immobilis manebat; nemo auxilium ferebat.
3. Marcus et Sextus spectabantvehiculum quod celerrime appropinquabat.
4. Canis latrabat quod murmur rotarum audiebat.
5. Marcus baculum iaciebat; canis baculum petebat.
6. Magna onera ferebant plaustra.
7. Erant multa vehicula in via; cisium tarda vehicula praeteribat.
8. Servl onera in plaustra ponebant.
9. Brevi tempore plaustra plena erant.
10. Vestigia vehiculorum in via videre poteramus.
11. Pueri e lectls surgunt et e cubiculis exeunt.
12. Necesse erat iter Romam facere.
13. Filia Cornelii, nomine Cornelia, in raeda erat.
14. Dum Cornelii iter faciebant, agros, vineas et oliveta spectabant.
15. Magnum erat periculum quod tabellarius in cisio celerrime appropinquabat.
16. Ubi cisium praeterit, est magnum silentium.

Numerals and Numbers
I unus, -a, -um, one VIII octo, eight

II duo, -ae, -o, two rX novem, nine
III tres, tres, tria, three X decern, ten
IV quattuor, four L quinquaginta, fifty
V quinque, five C centum, a hundred

VI sex, six D quingenti, -ae, -a, five hundred
vn septem, seven M mille, a thousand
The words above are adjectives. The mascuHne, feminine, and neuter endings or
forms are given for the numbers one, two, three, and five hundred. The others never
change their form. Here are forms for unus, duo, and tres:
Case Masc. Fein. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nominative Gnus Gna Gnum duo duae duo tres tres tr/a
Genitive On /us mlus On /us du drum du arum du drum tr/um tr/um tr/um
Dative un7 Gn7 un7 du dAus du aAus du dAus Iribus tribus tribus
Accusative Gnum Gnam Gnum duds duas duo tres tres tria
Ablative und una und dudibus du aAus duobus tr/fius tr/dus tribus
All roads to Rome radiated from the center of the city, a point marked by the Emperor
Augustus with the "miliarium aureum," a gilded, inscribed bronze milestone. SHowti here are
peoples of the world who came to Rome, circling the miUarium aureum.
116 CHAPTER 15 Seventeenth centwy European engraving, artist unknown

. .
Exercise 15c
Complete these sentences with the Latin words for the appropriate numbers,
read aloud, and translate:
1. Quot rotas raeda habet? rotas raeda habet.

2. Quot rotas plaustrum habet? rotas plaustrum habet.
3. Quot rotas cisium habet? rotas cisium habet.
4. Quot equi raedam trahunt? _ equi raedam trahunt.
5. Quot boves plaustrum trahunt? boves plaustrum trahunt.
6. Quot liberos in raeda vides? In raeda puellam et pueros video.
7. Quot parentes in raeda vides? parentes in raeda vide5.
Quot liberl Romam raeda iter faciebant? puella et pueri cum
parentibus Romam iter faciebant.
Quot. . ? How many. . . ?
Exercise ISd
Responde Latine:
1 Si duo pueri et octo puellae iter faciunt, quot liberi iter faciunt?
2. Si duae puellae et tres pueri iter faciunt, quot liberl iter faciunt?
3 Si sex parentes et tres puellae iter faciunt, quot homines iter faciunt?
4. Si quinque parentes quot homines iter faciunt?
et tres pueri iter faciunt,
5. Si quattuor pueri et sex puellae iter faciunt, quot llberi iter faciunt?
6. Si quattuor puellae et quinque pueri iter faciunt, quot liberi iter faciunt?
7. Si quattuor puellae et tres pueri iter faciunt, quot liberi iter faciunt?
homines, hominum, m. p\., people

y
K. VîtffiiB
m'
WHY Is SEXTUS a pest?
lam nona hora erat. Adhuc immobilis in fossa haerebat raeda. Sed nihil facere
Sextum taedebat, nam puer strenuus erat. Subito igitur ad raedam currit et cistam aperit.
Tum e cista pilam extrahit.
"Visne pila ludere, Marce?" clamat. Pilam ad Marcum statim iacit. Marcus earn
excipit et ad Sextum mittit. Identidem pueri pilam iaciebant, alter ad alterum. Tum
Sextus, qui semper Corneliam vexare vult, per iocum pilam iacit et Corneliam ferit.
Statim irata Cornelia ad matrem se vertit et, "Cur me semper vexat Sextus, mater?"
clamat. "Cur pilam in Quam molestus puer est Sextus!"
me iacit?
"Veni ad me, carissima," respondet mater et filiam complexu tenet. "Sextus te ferire
in animo non habebat. Est puer strenuus, est puer temerarius, non tamen est puer 10
scelestus."
"Sed cur Sextus apud nos habitat?" rogat CorneUa, quae adhuc irata est. "Cur pater
Sexti eum ad nos mittit?"
(continued)
nonus, Jiinth alter... alterum, the one... the other

Sextum taedebat, it bored Sextus 6 iocus, -i, m.Joke, prank
aperio, aperire, to open per iocum, as a prank
pila, -ae, f., ball ferio, ferire, to hit., strike
Visne...? Do you want...? 7 verto, vertere, to tum

ludo, ludere, to play 9 carissima, dearest
pila ludere, to play ball 10 animus, -i, m., mind
eam, her, it in animo habere, to intend
excipi5, excipere, to welcome, receive, 12 apud, prep. + ace, with
catch
Exercise 16a
Responde Latine:
1. Cur nihil facere Sextum taedebat?

2. Quid facit Sextus?
3. Cur est Corneha irata?
4. Habebatne Sextus in animo CorneHam ferire?
WHY IS SEXTUS A PEST? 119

5
.
"Pater Sexti ad Asiam iter facit. Quod pater abest, necesse erat Sextum in Italia
relinquere. Itaque, quod pater Sexti hospes patris tui est, Sextus apud nos manet." 15
"Quid tamen de matre Sexti?" rogat filia. "Cur ilia non curat?"
filium
"Eheu!" respondet Aurelia. "Mater Sexti, ut scis, iam mortua est. Matrem non habet
Sextus." Tacebat Cornelia, non iam Ira commota.
Eo ips5 tempore tamen Sextus, "Visne nobiscum ludere, Cornelia?" exclamat.
"Quamquam tu es puella, pilam iacere fortasse potes." Dum clamabat, iam ridebat et 20
effugiebat. Iterum irata Cornelia, "Abl, moleste puer!" clamat. "Pila ludere nolo."
1 relinquo, relinquere, to leave behind ilia, she

itaque, adv., and so, therefore 17 ut, adv., ^j-
hospes, hospitis, m./f., guest, host, scio, scire, to know

friend, a pei'son related to one of mortuus, -a, -um, dead
another city by ties of hospitality 19 nobiscum = cum nobis, with us
16 de, prep. + abl., down from, concerning,
about
Responde Latine:
1 Cur Sextus cum Corneliis habitat?

2. Qualis puer est Sextus?

Nouns and Adjectives: Agreement I
In Chapter 6, you learned the general principle that an adjective always agrees with
the noun it describes or modifies. Adjective agreement must be considered fi"om three
points of view:
1. The adjective must be the same gender as the noun it modifies:

magnwj canis (masculine)
magn« vox (feminine)
magn«7// iter (neuter)
2. The adjective must be the same case as the noun it modifies:

magnwy canis (nominative)
magn/ canis (genitive)
magnww canem (accusative)
magno cane (ablative)
120 CHAPTER 16
3. The adjective must be the same number (singular or plural) as the noun it modifies:
magnwj canis (singular) magnf canes (plural)
magn« vox (singular) magru/e voces (plural)
magnw/w iter (singular) magruaf itinera (plural)
The fact that adjectives must agree with their nouns does not mean that the adjective
and noun will always have identical endings, as the examples above show. Most of the ad-
jectives you have met use the same endings as the 2nd declension masculine noun servus
when they modify masculine nouns; they use the same endings as the 1st declension
noun puella when they modify feminine nouns; and they use the same endings as the
2nd declension neuter noun baculum when they modify neuter nouns. For this reason
they are referred to as 1st and 2nd declension adjectives. Here is a complete chart of the 1st
and 2nd declension adjective magnus, magna, magnum:
Number 1st and 2nd Declension

Case Masc. Fern. Neut.
Singular
Nominative magniis magna magnum
Genitive magni magnae magn/
Dative magnd magnae magnd
Accusative
Ablative
magnfim
magnd
magnam
magna
magnu/n
magnd
9
Vocative magne magna magni//n
Plural
Nominative magn/ magnae magna
Genitive magndriim magnari/m magndra/n
Dative magn/'s magn/s magn/s j^S
Accusative
Ablative
magnds
magn/s
magnas
magnis
magna
magn/s '9
»
Vocative magn/' magnae magna
In future vocabulary fists, 1st and 2nd declension adjectives will be given as foUows:
magnus, -a, -um, big, great, large, loud (voice, laugh), sfiowing the masculine nominative
singular form and the endings of the feminine and neuter nominative singular forms.
Look at the following example:
Cum senators Romano iter facit.

Romano is masculine singular ablative in agreement with senatore.
In this sentence
The endings are different since the noun belongs to the 3rd declension, while the adjec-
tive uses 1st and 2nd declension endings (2nd declension for masculine, as here). Some-
times, of course, the endings may be the same, when the adjective and noun belong to
the same declension:
Cum viro Romano iter facit. Cum femin^ Roman/? iter facit.
SUMMARY: Adjectives agree with the nouns they describe in gender, case, and number.
The adjective and the noun it modifies may belong to different declensions and end with
different letters.

.
Exercise 16b
For each noun below, first identify the declension of the noun, then tell what
gender, case, and number it is, and finally give the proper form of the
adjective bonus, -a, -um to modify the noim:
1. cubiculi 7. auxilium (2 possibilities)

2. filiarum 8. puellam
3. clamorem 9. n5minis
4. vocum 10. artem
5. itinere 11. patres (2 possibilities)
6. servTs 12. civis (4 possibilities)
Exercise 16c
Read aloud and translate. Identify all noun-adjective pairs and explain how
the adjectives agree with their nouns:
1 equos dominl in viam ducebant, alii e villa currebant et magnas cistas in

Alii servT
raedam ponebant.
2. Ubi Cornelius multas epistulas scribit, nemo eum impedit.
3. Si liberorum magnae voces patrem vexant, Aurelia pueros strenuos in hortum mittit.
4. Puellarum nomina vocat ancilla nova; sed strenuae puellae magnam vocem ancillae
non audiunt.
5. Plaustrum duas habet rotas; in plaustra onera magna rustic! ponunt; plaustra boves
tardi per vias in magnam urbem nocte trahunt.
6. Magnum numerum servorum Cornelius in vinea vicina spectabat.
7. ServT spectabant Getam, qui in ramis arboris dormiebat.
novus, -a, -um, new
Exercise 16d
Make the adjective in parentheses agree with the noun (if necessary, use the
Latin to Engish vocabulary list at the end of the book to find the gender of
the nouns):
1. aestatem (calidus) 6. nominum (alius)

2. nocte (frigidus) 7. onera (magnus)
3. sororibus (bonus) 8. viatores (tardus) (2 possibilities)
4. urbis (magnus) 9. boves (tardus) (4 possibihties)
5. ars (novus) 10. fragoris (magnus)
122 CHAPTER 16
WORD Study iv
Numbers
The Latin words for numbers provide English with a great many words. For exam-
ple, the English word unite (to bring together as one) comes from the Latin number
Onus. The English word duet (music for two performers) is derived from duo in Latin,
and triple {three fold) traces its ancestry to the Latin tres.
Exercise 1
Match these English words with their meanings:
L sextet a. five babiesborn together

2. unique b. an eight-sided figure
3. decimate c. one-of-a-kind, without equal
4. quadrant d. people in their seventies
5. duplex e. to destroy one tenth of
6. septuagenarians f a set of three
7. octagon g- one fourth of a circle
8. triad h. a period of 100 years

9. quintuplets i. a group of six
10. century i-
a two-family house or an apartment
on two levels
The Roman Number System

The origin of Roman numerals from one to ten is in the human hand. The Roman
numeral I is one finger held up; the numeral II is two fingers, and so on. The numeral V
comes from the v-shape between the thumb and the other four fingers pressed together,
and it therefore represents five. When two V's are placed with their points touching, the
numeral X is formed, representing ten. There were a limited number of letters used by
the Romans to express numerals: I =1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, and = M
1000. AllRoman numerals are based on these.
The number system of the Romans may seem awkward compared to the Arabic sys-
tem we use today. As Roman numerals grew larger, they became increasingly hard to
read. Although no longer used in mathematics, Roman numerals are still part of our
everyday experience: on the face of a clock, in the chapter headings of our books, and in
writing the year of an important date.
Here are some rules to remember about Roman numerals:
\. A numeral followed by a smaller numeral represents addition: VI = 5 + = 6. 1
2. A numeral followed by a larger numeral represents subtraction: IV = 5 - = 4. 1
3. A smaller numeral between two larger numerals is subtracted from the second
of the larger numerals: MCM = 1000 + (1000-100) = 1900.
.
MB
-'OSPROCOS.
iss.c/t5u:
.'
INCIVVENTV
Ff,c/!DENtSS<?
-Mf
Roman milestone of
217/218 A.D.
Trentino, Alto Adige
Exercise 2
Give the following in Arabic numerals:
1. XXI 6. XXXIV
2. DC 7. LXXXVIII
3. XL 8. MDLXXni
4. LVll 9. MCMXLVI
5. XIX 10. MDCCCLXIV
Exercise 3
Give the following in Roman numerals:
1 your age
2 the year of our story, A.D. 80
3 the current year
4. the year Rome was founded, 753 B.C.
5. your age in 2 5 years time
Exercise 4
Find five examples of Roman numerals in use in your environment.
124 CHAPTER 16
Exercise 5
Here is a translation of the inscription on a slab of limestone set up by
Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was consul in 143 B.C., at a place called Forum
Popilii on the road from Rhegium, located at the tip of the toe of Italy, to
Capua, just north of Naples. Read it aloud, translating all of the Roman
numerals into EngHsh (note that IIII is another way of writing IV):
I built a road from Rhegium to Capua, and on this road I set up all of the
bridges, the milestones, and the road-markers. From this place (Forum Popilii) it
is LI miles to Nuceria, XXCIIII to Capua, LXXIIII to Murana, CXXIII to
Cosentia, CLXXX to Valentia, CCXXXI to die Statue at the Strait, CCXXXVII
to Rhegium; the total number from Capua to Rhegium is CCCXXI miles. And I
also, as praetor in Sicily, tracked down the runaway slaves of the Italian
landowners and returned DCCCCXVII men; and I also was the first to make
herdsmen withdraw from public land in favor of farmers. I built a market and
public buildings here.

CHAPTER
Do We Stay at an inn?
trat undecima hora. Raeda adhuc manebat quod raedarius earn movere non
in fossa
poterat. Aurelia sollicita erat; Cornelia lacrimabat; etiam pueri perlcula iam timebant;
Cornelius in via stabat sollicitus et caelum spectabat quod iam advesperascebat.
Tandem Eucleides, "Videsne illud aedificium, domine?" inquit.
"Video," Cornelius respondet. "Quid est?" 5
"Caupona est. Visne igitur ibi pernoctare, domine?"
Clamat Aurelia, "O me miseram! Cauponas non amo. Saepe ibi perlcula sunt magna.
Fortasse caupo alios equos habet. Fortasse equi cauponis raedam e fossa extrahere
possunt. In caupona pernoctare timeo."
"Cur times, mea domina?" Eucleides rogat. "Nullum est periculum. Omnes cauponae 10
non sunt periculosae. Omnes caupones non sunt scelesti. Ille caupo est amicus meus.
Graecus est et vir bonus."
Tum Aurelia, "Cornelius est senator Romanus. Senatores Roman! in cauponis non
pernoctant."
Cornelius tamen, "Quid facere possumus?" inquit. "Hic in Via Appia pernoctare non 15
possumus. Niilla vehicula iam apparent quod advesperascit. Est niillum auxilium. Ilia
caupona non procul abest. Necesse est igitur ad cauponam Ire. Agite, pueri!"
Itaque, dum Eucleides Cornelios ad cauponam ducebat, raedarius solus in via
manebat; raedam et equos custodiebat.
undecimus, -a, -um, eleventh pemocto, pernoctare, to spend the

caelum, -i, n., sky night
advesperascit, advesperascere, it caupo, cauponis, m., innkeeper
gets dark 11 periculosus, -a,-um, dangerous
aedificium, -i, n., building 12 Graecus, -a, -um, Greek
caupona, -ae, f., imi 19 custodio, custodire, ?o gw^7'^
Exercise 17a
Responde Latine:
1. Cur raeda in fossa manebat?

2. Cur Cornelius sollicitus erat?
3. Quid videt Eucleides?
4. Ubi pernoctare possunt?
5. Cur Aurelia in caupona pernoctare non vult?
6. Ubi Cornelii pernoctare non possunt?
7. Quis raedam et equos custodiebat?
DO WE STAY AT AN INN? 127

FORMS
Verbs: Regular Verbs (Review)
Most Latinverbs are regular and belong to one of four conjugations. Review the
present and imperfect forms of such verbs, as given on page 138 of the Forms section at
the end of this book. Practice by giving all of the forms of the following verbs: amo,
amare; iubeo, iubere; curro, currere; facio, facere; and dormio, dormire.
Verbs: Irregular Verbs II
Some sum, esse and its compounds (see page 108). Four
verbs are irregular, hke
other common irregular verbs, like sum and its compounds, do not belong to any one of
the four conjugations: volo, velle, to wish, want, be willing; nolo (= non volo), nolle, to be
unwilling, not wish; fero, ferre, to bring, carry; and eo, ire, to go. You will notice that
these irregular verbs have the same personal endings as the regular verbs:
The Present Tense

Infinitive velle nolle ferre ire
Imperative — nolT fer i
noli fa ferfe ife

e
o JO 1 void nolo ferd ed
v>
3
2 VIS non \i\s fers is
I B
3 vulf non vulf ferf If
e
re
1 volu/nus nolumus feri/nus \mus
» To
.a 3 vulf/s non vulf/s ferfis itis
2
E
3 a.
nolufif feru/if eunt
Z 3 volu/if
Th e Imperfect Tense ^^
e nolebam \bam fereftam
o 1 vole6a/n
2 vol efias nolebas tbas ferefias
3 vole/raf no\ebat \bat ferei&af
re
1 vol eAa/ni/s no\e bamus '\bamus fereftamiis
0)
2 Mo\Qbatis r\o\e batis '\batis fere6af/s
E
a \/o\ebant n6\ebant tbant ferefianf
Z 3
Exercise 17b
1. In fossam descendere nolo. 7. Aureha in caupona pernoctare non

2. Plaustrum onus fert. vult.
3. Cornelii et Eucleides ad cauponam 8. I, fatue!
eunt. 9. Servi cistas ferunt.

4. Syrus raedam e fossa extrahere vult. 10. Ubi pernoctare vTs, domine?
5. Cistas ad raedam ferimus. 11. N5li in cauponam ire, Cornelia!
6. Cum amicis Romam eo. 12. Fer aquam, serve!
128 CHAPTER 17
Exercise 17c
Read each questdon aloud and translate it. Then give an answer in a complete
sentence in Latin:
1. Ubi Sextus manebat? 13. Quid facitis, servi?

2. Unde Cornelii veniunt? 14. Quid in via vides, Sexte?
3. Cur Romam ire non poterant? 15. Ubi haeret raeda?
4. Quid fers, Dave? 16. Cur in via pernoctare non vultis?
Quid faciebatis, servT? 17. Quo Ibant Cornelii?

Eratisne diu in fossa? 18. Cur ad urbem Ire Cornelia non vult?
Quo Cornelii Ire volunt? 19. Unde veniebas, Cornelia?
Quid puellae in agrls faciebant? 20. Scelestusne sum?
Quid Davus servos et ancillas 21. Quo Syrus equos ducit?
facere iubebat? 22. Cur equi Ire non possunt?
10 Poterasne clamare? 23. Quid non procul aberat?
11 Quo itis, Cornelii? 24. Cur in caupona pernoctare
12. Quid ferebas, Dave? nolebatis?
Exercise 17d
Give the Latin for the following (use irregular verbs):
1. Carry the chests to the inn, slaves! 6. Do you wish to see the buildings,
2. Marcus, why are you carrying Sextus' Marcus?
chest? 7. We are going to Rome today.
3. We do not wish to spend the night in 8. The slow wagon is carrying a large
an inn. load.
4. We were going to Rome. 9. All the Roman senators are going to
5. Sextus wants to see the great Roman the city.
buildings. 10. I am going to my country house.
A Roman country inn '^^Ô^
DO WE STAY AT AN INN? 129

k - fW<?
h.. i»
.
Review III: chapters 13-17

Exercise Ilia: Present and Imperfect of Regular and Irregular Verbs
In each sentence below supply the appropriate form of each of the following
verbs or verbal phrases, first in the present and then in the imperfect tense.
Read aloud and translate each sentence you make:
euro conspicio portare volo

moveo custodio portare nolo
extraho portare possum fer5
1 Ego cistam 4. Nos cistam _
2. Tu cistam 5. Vos cistam _

3. Servus cistam 6. Servi cistam
In each sentence below, supply the appropriate form of the verb eo first in
the present and then in the imperfect tense; translate each sentence you make:
1. Ego Romam 4. Nos Romam

2. Tu Romam 5. Vos Romam
3. Cornelius Romam 6. Cornelii Romam
Exercise lllb: Neuter Nouns
Change the nouns and adjectives in italics to plural, make any other necessary
changes, read aloud, and translate:
1. Pueri in rz/^/c?//o dormiebant. 6. Cornelius servos ^/2a//o verberabat.

2. Servus onus magnum, portat. 7. Senator ad urbem iter facit.
3. Sextus miiiyniir rotarum in via 8. Raeda est vehiculum Romanum.

audiebat. 9. Rusticus in plaustro dormit.
4. Cornelii in cisio iter faciebant. 10. Rota a>/finfirma erat.
5. Is/i2ignun\ periculum in viis est.
Exercise tile: Numbers

Complete the sentences with Latin words for the appropriate numbers, read
aloud, and translate:
1. Quot filios habet Cornelius? Cornelius filium habet.

2. Quot fihas habet Cornelius? Cornelius filiam habet.
3. Numerus liberorum Cornelii est
4. Quot pedes habet lupus? Lupus pedes habet.
5. Quot liberl ad urbem iter faciunt? liberi ad urbem iter faciunt.
(continued)
REVIEW III: CHAPTERS 13-17 131

. .
6. Quot rotas habent raeda et cisium? Raeda et cisium rotas habent.

7. Quot pedes habent duo lupi? Duo lupi habent pedes.
8. Quot nomina habet Cornehus? Cornehus _ nomina habet.
9. Quot nomina habet CorneHa? Cornelia nomen habet.
10. Quot pedes habent tres pueri? Tres pueri _ pedes habent.
Exercise litd: Nouns and Cases

Select the correct word, read the sentence aloud, and translate it:
1 In agris errabant pueros/pueri/puerorum

2 Cornelius multos habebat. canes/servum/ancillas/amici
3. Quid facit Aureliam/Aurelia/Aureliae
4. Rustic! baculis excitant. canis/boves/equus
5. Quam molesta est ! Sextus/puellae/Flavia/Corneliam
6. Sub arborum ramis dormit cives/servus/rustic5s
7. Canes latrantes timebant pueros/pueri/puella
8. In agris sunt multae arbores. Cornelii/villa/vineam
9. Ancillae liberorum curabant. tunica/tunicae/canis/cistas
10. novas induere puella/puellae/tunica/tunicas
volunt.
Exercise Hie: Agreement of Adjectives and Nouns

For each adjective below, select the noun or nouns that are in the correct
gender, number, and case for the adjective to modify them. Explain your
choices:
1. magna nox, onera, fragore, rota

2. magnis nocte, oneribus, servis, feminas, rotis
3. magnae domini, rotae, oneri, vocis
4. magnos voces, fragores, filios, pedes
5. magnum onus, vocum, baculum, cistam
132 REVIEW 111: CHAPTERS 13-17

Exercise lllf: Adverbs
Often nouns and adverbs have the same endings. Identify the adverbs in the
following sets of words. Give the meaning of each adverb:
1. fortasse 5. iter
fratre itenim
saepe
sorore
2. fossa 6. deinde
frustra matre
interea nomine
pictura
praeterea
3. etiam 7. nondum
iam numerum
ianuam
4. ianitorem ramo
identidem raro
tandem silenti5
subit5
REVIEW III: CHAPTERS 13-17 133

1
Exercise lllg: Reading Comprehension

Read the following passage and answer the questions with full sentences
in Latin:
ONE HERO WINS A WAR

Ubi Tullus Romanos regebat, pugnabant Roman! cum
Hostilius, rex tertius,
non procul aberat. Pugnare tamen volebant
civibus Albae Longae, urbis quae
neque Roman! neque Albam, nam mult! Roman! aut am!c6s aut propinquos in
urbe Alba Longa habebant. Itaque Roman! consilium capiunt et nuntios ad
Albanos mittunt.
Ndnti!, "Non necesse est," inquiunt, "cunct!s Romanis cum cunctis Albanis
pugnare. Nos inter milites nostros fratres habemus trigeminos, nomine Horatios.
Vos quoque inter vestros fratres habetis trigeminos, nomine Curiatios. S! vultis,
h! fratres cum ill!s pugnabunt, et proeli! victores victoriam bell! pro patria sua
reportabunt." 10
Hoc
consilium Albanos delectat. Fratres in proelium fest!nant. Ferociter
pugnant Horati! et Curiati!. Unus e Curiati!s vulnus accipit, tum alter, deinde
tertius. Curiati! tamen duos e Horatiis necant. Unus Horatius contra tres
Curiatios vulneratos stat, solus sed incolumis. Horatius tamen non timet sed
consilium capit. 15
Ex illo loco iam currit Horatius et a Curiati!s effugit. Curiati! Horatium
petunt sed, quod vulnerat! sunt, magms intervallis currunt. Itaque, ubi unus
Curiatius fratres praeterit, Horatius se vertit et eum necat. Iterum effagit Horatius;
iterum se vertit et unum e Curiatiis necat. Hoc mod5 omnes tres Curiatios necat
Horatius unus. Victor est Horatius et victoriam bell! habent Roman!. 20
1 rex, regis, m., king bellum, -i, n., war

tertius, -a, -um, thii-d pro, prep. + abl.,yor, 07i behalf of
rego, regere, to rule patria, -ae, f., nation, Jiative land
3 2iu.t...2iut^ con], either... or

^ 10 reportabunt, (they) will bring back
propinquus, -i, m., relative 1 delecto, delectare, to please
4 consilium, -i, n.,plmi 12 e Curiatiis, of the Ciiriatii

consilium capere, to form a plan vulnus, vulneris, n., wound
6 cunctis R5manis, for all the Romans accipio, accipere, to accept, receive
7 inter, prep. + ace, between^ among 13 tertius, -a, -um, third

miles, militis, m., soldier neco, necare, to kill
trigeminus, -a, -um, triplet contra, prep. + ace, against

8 vester, vestra, vestrum, your 14 vulneratus, -a, -um, wounded
9 hi . . . illis, these . . . those 1 7 magnis intervallis, with big gaps
pugnabunt, (they) will fight between them
proelium, -i, n., fight, battle 19 hoc modo, in this way
victor, victoris, m., conqueror, victor
134 REVIEW III: CHAPTERS 13-17

..
1. With whom were the Romans fighting?

2. Were the Romans and Albans eager to fight?
3 Why or why not?
4. What do the Romans do before joining battle?
5. Whom do the Romans have among their soldiers?
6. Whom do the Albans have?
7. How do the Horatii and Curiatii fight?
8. Who are wounded? Who is not?
9. What does the surviving Horatius do when the wounded Curiatii pursue him?
10. Who is victor in the battle?
1 1 Who has victory in the war?
Exercise lilh: Identification of Forms

In the passage above, identify the following:
1 Five imperfect verb forms.

2. Four neuter nouns.
3. Four adverbs.
4. All examples of the Latin words for "one," "two," and "three."
5. Two prepositional phrases using the accusative case and two using the ablative case.
REVIEW 111: CHAPTERS 13-17 135

Forms
The following charts show the forms of typical Latin nouns, adjectives, pronouns,
and verbs in the cases and tenses presented in this book. As an aid in pronunciation,
markings of long vowels and of accents are included.
I. Nouns
1st 2nd 3rd

Declension Declension Declension
Number
Case Fern. Masc. Masc. Masc. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut.
Singular
Nominative puella servus puer ager baculi//n pater vox nomen
Genitive puellae servi puer/ agr/ bacul/ patr/s voc/s nomm/s
Dative puellae servo puero agrd baculd patr/ voc/ nomm/
Accusative puellam serv om puerum agro/n baculi//n patre/n voce/n nomen
Ablative puella servo puerd agrd baculd patre voce nomme
Vocative puella serve puer ager baculf//n pater vox nomen
Plural
Nominative puellae serv/ puer/ agr/ bacula patres voces nomina
Genitive puellaru/n servdfii/n puerdru/n agr drum bacu\drum patru/n \jocum nommw/n
Dative puellis serv7s puer/s agr/s bacul/s patr/Aus \jocibus nomin /6i/s
Accusative puellas servos puerds agrds bacula patres voces nomma
Ablative puell/s servis puer/s agr/s bacul/s paribus \jocibus nom'mibus
Vocative puellae serv/ puer/ agr/ bacula patres voces nomma
II. Adjectives
1st and 2nd Declension 3rd Declension

Number
Case Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
Singular
Nominative magnus magna magnum omn/s omn/s omne
Genitive magn/ magna© magn/ 6mn/s 6mn/'s 6mn/s
Dative magno magnae magno omn/ omn/ omn/
Accusative magni//n magna/n magnum omne/n omnem omne
Ablative magnd magna magnd omn/ omni omn/
Vocative magne magna magnum 6mn/s omn/s omne
Plural
Nominative magn/ magnae magna omnes omnes 6mn/a

Genitive magnorum magnarum magnorum omnium omnium omnium
Dative magn/s magn/s magn/s omnibus omnibus omnibus
Accusative magnds magnas magna omnes omnes omnia
Ablative magn/s magn/s magn/s omnibus omnibus omnibus
Vocative magn/ magnae magna omnes omnes omnia
136 FORMS
I.
III. Numbers
Case Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nominative unus ijna unum

Genitive unius unius unius
Dative On; un7 un;
Accusative unum unam mum
Ablative und una und
Case Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nominative duo duae duo tres tres tr/'a
Genitive duSrum du arum du orum Xxium Xxium Xxium

Dative duobus du abus duobus tri'bus Xxibus Xxibus
Accusative duds duas duds tres tres Xxia
Ablative duobus duabus du oAus tn'bus Xxibus Xxibus
IV. Personal Pronouns
Singular Plural
Case 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1
Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nominative ego tu is ea id nos v6s el eae ea

Genitive mel tul eius eius eius nostri vestrl eorum earum eorum
nostrum vestrum
Dative mihi tibi el el el nobis vobis els els els
Accusative me te eum eam id nos vos eos eas ea
Ablative me te eo ea eo nobis vobIs els els els
V. Relative Pronoun
Singular Plural
Case Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nominative qui quae quod qui quae quae

Genitive CUIUS CUIUS CUIUS quorum quarum quorum
Dative cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Accusative quem quam quod quos quas quae
Ablative quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus
VI. Interrogative Pronoun

Singular Plural
Case Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nominative quis quis quid qui quae quae

Genitive CUIUS CUIUS cuius quorum quarum quorum
Dative cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Accusative quem quem quid quos quas quae
Ablative quo quo quo quibus quibus quibus
FORMS 137
VII. Regular Verbs
The Present Tense
1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Infinitive par are habere mitt ere iacere {-id) aud/re

Imperative para habe mitte iace audi
par ate habefe mitt/fe iac/te audtte
e S paro habed mittd audio
o 1 iacid
S2
a> 1 2 paras habes mittis iacis audls
o.
o i« 3 paraf habef mittif iacif audif
ce
re
1 pa ramus habemus mittimus iacimus audimus
5 2 par a tis habeft's mittif/s iacif/s audif/s
E
3 '^
3 para/If habenf mittunf iaciunf audiunf
z
The Imperfect Tense

c
o re 1 parafcam habe6am mitte 6am \ac\ebam aud\ebam
0)
1 2 paraAas habefias mitte ftas '\ac\ebas audie&as
D.
•a i« 3 parabaf habeAaf mitte 6af '\ac\ebat aud\ebat
c
re
0)
1 parabamus habeAamus mitte ftamus \ac\ebamus aud\ebamus
.a babe batis
E i 2 para6af/s mitte 6af/s \ac\e batis audio batis
3 paraAanf babebant m\ne bant audlebant
Z 3 \ac'\ebant
VIII. Irregular Verbs
The Present Tense

Infinitive esse posse velle nolle ferre ire
Imperative es — — n6l7 fer I
esfe nol/fe ferfe ife

e
o re 1 sum possum void nold ferd ed
2
u 1 2 es potes VIS non VIS fers Is
a.
•a
c
K 3 esf potesf vulr non vulf ferf if
re
1 su mus possumus volumus nolumus ferimus imus
0)
.a potestis non vulf/s
E 5 2 estis vulf/s fer tis if/s
3 °- 3 sunt possunt voluof noluuf ferunt eunf
Z
The Imperfect Tense

c
o 2 1 eram poteram vole 6am noleAam fere 6am \bam
» 1 2 eras poteras vol e6as noleAas fere6as tbas
a.
oe s; 3 eraf pot eraf vol eAaf noleAaf fereAaf tbat
re
1 eramus poteramus vol eAamus noleAamus fer ebamus '\bamus
0)
.a vole6af/s n6le6af/s fere batis
E i 2 eraf/s pot eraf/s '\batis
3 °- era nf poterauf vol eAanf noleAanf fere bant \bant
Z 3
138 FORMS
Building the AAeaning
I. PARTS OF SPEECH
The following are six basic parts of speech:
nouns: names of persons, places, things, quahties, or
acts (see page 4)
adjectives: words that describe persons, places,
things, quahties, or
page 4)
acts (see
verbs: words that denote actions (e.g., sits) or existence (e.g.,
is) (see
page 4)
adverbs: words that modify verbs, adjectives, or
other adverbs (see
pages 100-101)
prepositions: words such as /rom, in, and at, which introduce
prepositional phrases (see page 64)
conjunctions: words that link other words, phrases,
or clauses (see
pages 146-147)
n. BASIC PATTERNS OF LATIN SENTENCES

You have met Latin sentences with three basic patterns:
A. Subject and Intransitive Verb (see page

20)
Cornelia sedet. (1:3)
Cornelia sits.
This sentence has only a subject (S) and an intransitive

verb (IV).
Cornelia is in the nominative case and is dierefore the
subject of the
sentence.
The verb in the above sentence expresses an action
that simply
tellswhat the subject is doing. The action of the verb does
not affect
anyone or anything else. Verbs when so used are
called intransitive
verbs (IV).
The verb est in the following sentence is of the same type:

In pictura est puella (1:1) .
A girl is in the picture.

Theiê is a girl in the picture.
B. Subject, Linking Verb, and Complement (see page 8)
Cornelia est puella. (1 1)

:
Cornelia is a girl .
This sentence has a subject, Cornelia, and a verb, est, as well as an-
other word in the nominative case, puella. This word is linked to the
subject by the verb est. The word puella is called a complement (C)
BUILDING THE MEANING 139

f^
because it completes the meaning of the sentence. Est is called a link-

ing verb (LV) because it links the subject with the complement.
The linking verb in the following sentence links the subject with an
adjective, which serves as a complement:
Cornelia est laeta (1:2-3) .
Coi-nelia is happy .
When the subject is plural the verb and the complement are also plural:
Marcus et Sextus sunt amici (3:2-3) .
Marcus and Sextiis are fiiends .
C. Subject, Direct Object, and Transitive Verb (see page 20)

Sextus Corneliam vexat. (4:1)
Sextus annoys Coimelia .
In this sentence there is a subject, a direct object (DO; see pages 20

and 40-41), and a verb. The direct object is in the accusative case, and
itnames the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. The
verbs in such sentences are said to be transitive verbs (TV).
m. SENTENCE TYPES
Every Latin sentence expresses a statement, a command, an exclamation,
or a question.
A. The following are statements:
In pictiira est puella. (1:1)

A girl is in the picture.
Flavia scribit. (1:5)
Flavia writes.
Sextus Corneham vexat. (4:1)

Sextus annoys Cornelia.
B. Sentences may express commands and have their verbs in the

imperative (see page 74):
Descende, Sexte! (4:6)

Come downy Sextus!
Abite, molesti! (3:8)

Go away, pests!
Negative commands are expressed with noli (singular) or nolite (plur-

al) plus an infinitive (see page 74):
Noli servos excitare! (9:9)

Don Y wake up the slaves!
140 BUILDING THE MEANING

. ?
C. A sentence may express an exclamation:

Quam celeriter appropinquat! (15:12)
How quickly it is approaching/
D. Statements can be turned into questions by placing an important

word (often the verb) first and attaching the letters -ne to it (see page
13):
Puer ignavus est. Estne puer ignavus? (5:4)

The boy is cowardly. Is the boy cowardly^
(statement) (question)
Questions are often introduced by interrogative words such as the

following:
Cuius...? Whose. . . ?
Cur....^ Why...?
Qualis...? What sort of...?
Quern...? Whom...?
Quid...? What...?
Quis...? Who...?
Quo...? Where... to?
Quo instrumento. With what implement. . How.
. ? . .
Quomodo...? In what manner. ..? In what way. . . ? How ...?

Quos...? Whom...?
Quot...? How many...?
Ubi...? Where. . . ?
Unde...? From where. . . ?
IV. MORE ABOUT VERBS

A. Tenses of Verbs: Present and Imperfect
Verbs can be in the present tense, as were all of the verbs in the early
chapters of this book (see page 73). Here are some examples of sen-
tences with verbs in the present tense. Note the English translations:
1 in a simple statement of fact:
Cornelii Romam redire parant.

The Cornelii prepare to return to Rome.
2. in a description of an ongoing action:
Hodie Cornelii Romam redire parant.

Today the Cornelii are preparing to return to Rome.
3. in a question:
Auditne Davus clamorem?

Does Davus hear the shouting?
4. in an emphatic statement:
Clamorem audit.
He does hear the shouting.
5. in a denial:
Clamorem non audit.

He does not hear the shouting.
So far in this courseyou have studied one other tense, the imperfect
(see pages 98 and 106-107). The imperfect tense shows action in the
past that was
1 . going on for a time:
Ego et Marcus spectabamus cisium. (14:10)

Marcus and I were watching the carriage.
Corneha dormire volebat. (13:8)

Cornelia wanted to sleep.
1. repeated:
Marcus vexabat Corneliam. (13:7-8)

Marcus kept annoying Cornelia.
3. habitual or customary:
Davus in Britannia habitabat.

Davus used to live in Britain.
4. beginning to happen:
Equos ad raedam nostram devertebat. (14:1 1)

He began to turn the horses aside in the direction of our caniage.
B. Infinitives
The infinitive is the form of the verb marked by "to..." in English

(e.g., "to walk") and by the letters -re in Latin (e.g., errare, ridere, as-
cenders, and dormire) (see page 26). You have seen three uses of the
infinitive in Latin sentences:
1. The complementary infinitive (see page 26):
Sextus arbores ascendere vuh.

Sextus wants to climb trees.
Here the infinitive completes the meaning of the main verb. Other
verbs and verbal phrases that are often completed with infinitives are:
nolle, posse, parare, solere, timere, and in animo habere.

2. The infinitive with impersonal verbal phrase (see page 34):
Necesse est neque servum neque ancillam reprehendere. (6:14—15)

It is necessmj to scold neither slave nor slave-woman.
N5bis necesse est statim discedere. (9:13-14)

It is necessary for us to leave immediately.
3. Accusative and infinitive (see page 72):
Aureha Comeliam docet villam curare. (6:1 1)

Aiirelia teaches Cornelia (how) to take care of the country house.
Ancillam iubet ahas tunicas et stolas et pallas in cistam ponere.

(10:2)
She order's the slave-woman to put other tunics and stolas and pallas
into a chest.
V. MODIFIERS
There are many ways in which the thought expressed by a sentence can be
elaborated and made fiiller and clearer. For example, various kinds of
modifiers can be used. Any noun or verb in a sentence can have modifiers.
A. Modifiers of Nouns
1. Adjectives may be used to modify nouns. They must agree with

the nouns they modify in gender, case, and number (see pages
34-35 and 120-121):
Flavia in villa vicina habitat. (1:4)

Flavia lives in a neighboring country house .
Cum senat5re Romano iter facit. (page 121)

He travels with a Roman senator .
2. Adjectives that modify the subject of the verb may sometimes best
be translated as adverbs:
BrevT tempore, ubi Marcus advenit, eum laetae excipiunt. (5:12-13)

In a short time, when Marcus arrives, they welcome him happily.
3. You have also seen a word or phrase in the genitive case used as a
modifier (see page 80), usually with another noun. The genitive
case relates or attaches one noun or phrase to another:
Davus ad portam villae stat. (11:17)

Davus stands near the door of the country house.
The genitive case sometimes indicates possession:
Vilicus ipse villam domini curat. (1 1:3)

The overseer himself looks after the country house of the master.

You have also seen words or phrases in the genitive case used with
adjectives, such as plenus (see page 80):
Area est plena servorum et ancillarum. (11 :4)

The threshing floo?' is full of slaves and slave-women.
4. For subordinate clauses that modify nouns, see VIII below.
B. Modifiers of Verbs
1. Adverbs may be used to modify verbs (see page 100):
Laeta est Flavia quod Cornelia iam in villa habitat (1:5)

.
Flavia is happy because Cornelia is now living in the country house.
Adverbs may express time (e.g., adhuc, stilt)^ place (e.g., hie, here), or
manner (e.g., celeriter, quickly) (see pags 100-101).
2. Nouns or phrases in the ablative case without a preposition may

be used to modify verbs (see pages 90-91). Such nouns or phrases
may indicate any of the following:
Time when:
Etiam in pictura est villa rustica ubi Cornelia aestate habitat (1:2) .
Also in the picture is the countiy house and farm where Cornelia lives
in summer.
Time within which:
Brevi tempore Flavia quoque est defessa. (2:4-5)

In a short time Flavia is also tired.
Instrument or Means:
Davus Getam baculo verberat (12:17-18) .
Davus beats Geta with his stick.
Davus Getam tunica arripit (12:17) .
Davus grabs hold of Geta by the tunic.
Cause:
Tua culpa raeda est in fossa. (14:7)

Because ofyour fault the carriage is in the ditch.
Ifs your fault that the carriage is in the ditch.
Manner: a phrase consisting of a noun and adjective in the

ablative case may be used to indicate how something happens.
This is called the ablative of manner:

Turn venit Davus ipse et, "Tacete, omnes!" magna voce
clamat (11:6)
.
The72 Davus himself comes, and he shouts in a loud voice, "5^ quiet,
/»
everyone.
The preposition cum may be found in this construction when the

noun is modified by an adjective, e.g., magna cum voce.
3. Prepositional phrases also modify verbs. Some prepositions are used
with the accusative case (see page 64):
ad villam (2:7) per agros (9:1)
to/toward the country house through the fields
lanitor ad ianuam villae dormit. (9:3) prope nvum (5:3)

The doorkeeper sleeps near/at the door of near the stream
the countiy house.
in piscmam (3:8)
into the fishpond
With names of cities the accusative case is used without the preposi-
tion ad to express the idea "to":
"Eugepae!" clamat Sextus, qui Romam Ire vult. (7:14)

''Hurray!'' shouts Sextus, who wants to go to Rome.
Some prepositions are used with the ablative case (see pages 64
and 90):
aburbe (13:12) ex agns (2:7): see page 64

from the city out of the fields
cum canibus (12:9) in pictura (1:1): see page 64

with dogs in the picture
e silva (5:12): see page 64 sub arbore (1:3)

out of the woods under the tree
4. For subordinate clauses that modify verbs, see VIII below.

VI. OTHER USES OF CASES
A. The accusative case is used in exclamations:
O me miseram! (9: 1 8)
Oh poor mel
B. The vocative case is used when addressing a person or persons

directiy (see page 56):
Descende, Sexte! (4:6)

Come down, Sextus!
VII. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions are words that join together (Latin con-, together + iun-
gere, to join) sentences or elements within a sentence. Coordinating
conjunctions join elements that are simply added to one another and
are of equal grammatical importance (Latin co-, together, same + ord5,
order, rank):
Cornelia sedet et legit. (1:3)
Cornelia sits and reads.

Etiam Sextus dormit neque Corneliam vexat. (6:2)
Even Sextus is sleeping and is not annoying Cornelia.
Marcus neque ignavus neque temerarius est. {S:S-6)

Marcus is neither cowardly nor rash.
Hodie puellae non sedent sed in agris ambulant. (2:2-3)

Today the girls are not sitting hut are walking in the fields.
Servi in villa sedent, nam defessi sunt. (8c: 8)
The slaves are sitting in the country house, for they are tired.
Sextus est puer molestus qui semper Corneliam vexat.

Cornelia igitur Sextum non amat. (4:1-2)
Sextus is an annoying boy who always annoys Cornelia.
Cornelia, therefore, does not like Sextus.
Vm. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

A clause is a group of words containing a verb. The following sentence
contains two clauses, each of which is said to be a main clause because
each could stand by itself as a complete sentence:
Rident Marcus et Corneha, sed non ridet Sextus. (4: 10- 11)
Marcus and Cornelia laugh, but Sextus does not laugh.
• I
Subordinate (Latin sub-, below + ordo, order, rank) clauses are
clauses that are of less grammatical importance than the main clause in
a sentence. They are sometimes called dependent (Latin de-, down from
+ pendere, to hang) clauses because they hang down from the main
clause and cannot stand by themselves. They are joined to the main
clause by pronouns, adverbs, or conjunctions.
Subordinate clauses are modifiers. They may be descriptive, like

adjectives, and modify nouns:
Corneha est puella Romana quae in Italia habitat (1:1-2)

.
Cornelia is a Roman girl who lives in Italy .
Etiam in pictura est villa rustica ubi Cornelia aestate habitat . (1:2)
Also in the picture is a country house and farm where Coinelia lives in the summer .
But most subordinate clauses are adverbial, that is, they modify the
verb of the main clause or the action of the main clause as a whole and
are introduced by subordinating conjunctions that express ideas such as
the following:
si, condition:
Si tu puer strenuus es ascende arborem! .
Ifyou are an energetic boy climb a tree!

,
quamquam, concession:
Ouamquam dominus abest necesse est nobis strenue laborare. (11 :7)
.
Although the master is away , it is necessary for us to work hard.
dum and ubi, time:
Dum Cornelia legit . Flavia scribit. (1:4-5)

While Cornelia reads Flavia writes.
.
Dum per viam ibant . Aurelia et Cornelia spectabant rusticos qui in agris
laborabant. (13:3-4)
While/As long as they were going along the road Aurelia . and Cornelia were
lookijig at the peasantswho weir working in the fields.
(Dum with the imperfect tense = while/as long as.)
Pueri, ubi clam5rem audiunt statim ad . puellas currunt. (5:10)

The boys, when they hear the shout immediately , run to the girls.
quod, cause:
Cornelia est laeta quod iam in villa habitat (1:2-3).
Cornelia is happy because she now lives in the countty house .

"I
)••
.j"fi.']
.
PRONUNCIATION OF lATIN
Consonants
The / before a vowel is a

Latin alphabet does not have the letters 7 or w; the letter
consonant and is pronounced as j/, and v pronounced as w. The letters k,y, and z occur
is
in few Latin words, the latter two letters only in words taken over by the Romans from
their neighbors the Greeks.
In pronouncing Latin you will find the following rules of use.
Most consonants are pronounced as in English, but the following should be noted:
b before s or t is pronounced as English^: urbs, observat.
c is always hard and pronounced as English k: cadit.
g is hard, as in English "get": gemit.

gn in the middle of a word may be pronounced as the ngn in Enghsh "hangnail":
magnus.
i before a vowel is a consonant and is pronounced as English 3/: iam.
r should be rolled: ramus.
s is pronounced as in English "sing," never as in "roses": servus.
V is pronounced as English w. villa.
Vowels
The following approximations are offered for the pronunciation of short and long vow-
els. In addition, long vowels should be held approximately twice as long as short vowels.
Short Long
a = Enghsh "alike" (ad) a = Enghsh "father" (clamat)
e = English "pet" (ex) e = English "date" (descendit)
i = English "sip" (Italia) i = Enghsh "sleep" (iratus)
o = English "for" (arborem) o = English "holy" (in horto)

u = English "foot" (ubi) u = English "boot" (furtim)
The diphthong ae pronounced as the 3/ in English "sky" (amicae). The diphthong
is
au is pronounced as the ow in English "how" (audit). The diphthong ei is pronounced as

the "ay" in English "say" (deinde).
Syllables
In dividing Latin words into syllables, note the following rules:
1 A single consonant between two vowels usually goes with the second vowel:
no-mi-ne R5-ma-na vT-ci-na
2. Two consonants between vowels are usually divided between the syllables:
puel-la pic-tu-ra riis-ti-ca
PRONOUNCIATION OF LATIN 149

.
Accents
Latin words are accented according to simple rules:
1 If the next to the last syllable (the penult) has a long vowel or a diphthong, it will
receive the accent:
discedo
2. If the penult has a short vowel followed by two consonants, it will usually receive
the accent:
extendo
3. Otherwise, the accent falls on the third syllable from the end (the antepenult)-.
Britannicus
4. Almost all words of two syllables are accented on the first syllable:
For example: legit Exception: adhuc

Careful observations of the long marks (macrons) over the vowels will thus help with
both pronunciation and accenting of Latin words.
150 PRONOUNCIATION OF LATIN
• I
LATIN TO ENGLISH
VOCABULARY
Numbers in parentheses at the end of entries refer apud, prep. + ace, with (16)
to the chapters in which the words appear in vocab- aqua, -ae, f., water (6)
ulary entries or in Building the Meaning or Forms arbor, arboris, f., tree (1)
sections. Roman numerals refer to Review chapters. area, -ae, f., open space, threshing-floor (11)
arripio, arripere, to grab hold of snatch (5)
ars, arris, gen. pL, arrium, f, skill (14)
A
a or ab, prep. + zbl^from (13)
ascendo, ascendere,
audio, audire,
to climb,
to hear, listen to (4)

climb into (a carriage) (4)
abeo, abire, irreg., to go away (3, 9) auriga, -ae, m., charioteer (13)
Abi!/Abite! Go away! (3) auxilium, -i, n., help (5, 15)
absum, abesse, irreg., to be away, be Fer/Ferte auxilium! Bring help! Help! (5)
absent (11)
accidit, accidere, it happens (14)
ad, prep. + ace,
adhuc, adv., still (5,

to, toward,
1 3)
at, near (2, 9)
B
baculum, -i, n., stick, staffs (\Q, 15)
adiuvo, adiuvare, to help (6)
bonus, -a, -um, good (12)
advenio, advemre, to reach, arrive (at) (5)
bos, bovis, m./f., ox, cow (15)
advesperascit, advesperascere, it gets dark (17)
brevi tempore, in a short time, soon (2, 12)
aedificium, -I, n., building (17)
Britannia, -ae, f., Britain (8)
aestas, aestatis, f., summer (1)
Britannicus, -a, -um, British (3)
aestate, in summer (1, 12)
ager, agri, m., field (2)
ago, agere, to do, drive (8, 14)
Age! /Agite! Come on! (8)
aUus, alia, aliud, another, other (10) cado, cadere, to fall (3)
alii... alii..., sofne... others... (9) caelum, -i, n., sky (17)
alter, altera, alterum, a/the second, one (of two), the calidus, -a, -um, warm (5)
other (of two) (1) canis, canis, m./f., dog (12)
alter... alter, the one... the other (16) carissimus, -a, -um, dearest (16)
ambulo, ambulare, to walk (2) caiipo, cauponis, m., innkeeper (17)
arnica, -ae, i., fiend {!) caupona, -ae, f., ifin (17)
amicus, -i, m.,fi'iend (3) Cave!/Cavete! Be careful! Watch out for...! Beware!
amo, amare, to like, love (4) (4, 13)
ancilla, -ae, f., slave-woman (6) celeriter, adv., quickly (8, 13)
animus, -i, m., mind (16) celerrime, adv., very fast, very quickly (14)
in animo habere, to intend (16) celo, celare, to hide (11)
aperio, aperire, to open (16) centum, a hundred (15)
appareo, apparere, to appear (15) cesso, cessare, to be idle, do nothing (14)
appropinquo, appropinquate, to approach (4) cibus, -i, m.,food (6)
LATIN TO ENGLISH VOCABULARY 151

cisium, -I, n., light two-wheeled carriage (14, 15)
cista, -ae, f., tnink, chest (10)
e or ex, prep. + 2\A.,fi-om, out of (2, 5, 9)
civis, civis, gen. pL, civium, m./f., citizen (13)
eadem, the same (3)
clamo, clamare, to shout (3)
eam, hei; it (9, 1 6)
clamor, clamoris, m., shout, shouting (5)
Eccel Look! (l)
commotus, -a, -um, moved (14)
effiigio, effugere, to flee, run away, escape (11)
complexu, in an embrace (9)
ego, / (5)
concido, concidere, to fall down (14)
Eheu! Alas! (7)
conspicio, conspicere, to catch sight of{^)
eius, his, her(s), its (2)
consulo, consulere, to consult (7)
eo, ire, irreg., to go (7, 17)
convoco, convocare, to call together (12)
eo ipso tempore, at that very moment (10)
coquo, coquere, to cook (6)
eos, them (5)
Comelianus, -a, um, belonging to Cornelius (10)
epistula, -ae, f., letter (7)
eras, adv., tomoiTow (10, 13)
equus, -i, m., horse (10)
cubiculum, -i, n., room, bedroom (8, 15)
erat, (he/she/it) was (13)
culpa, -ae, i., fault, blame (14)
erro, errare, to wander (5)
cum, prep. + abl., with (12)
esse (see sum)
cuncti, -ae, -a, all (14)
est, (he/she/it) is {\)
Cur...? adv., Why...?{\)
et, conj., and (1)
euro, curare, to look after, take care of (6)
etiam, adv., also, even (1, 6, 13)
ciirro, currere, to iiin (2)
Eugepae! Hurray! (7)
custodio, custodire, to guard (17)
eum, him, it (5)
ex or e, prep. + 3Lh\.,fi-om, out of (2, 5, 9)
excipio, excipere, to welcome, receive, catch (5, 16)
D
de, prep. + abl., down from, concerning, about (16)
excito, excitare,
exclamo, exclamare,
to rouse,
to
wake (someone) up
exclaim, shout out (10)
(8)
exeo, exfre, irreg., to go out (5)

decern, ten (15)
exspecto, exspectare, to look out for, wait for (15)
defendo, defendere, to defend (I)
extraho, extrahere, to drag out, take out (14)
defessus, -a, -um, tired (2)
deinde, adv., then, next (8, 13)
descend©, descendere, to come/go down, climb

down (4)
deverto, devertere, to turn aside (14) facio, facere, to make, do (l)
dies, diei, m., day (5, 13) Iter facere, to travel (13)
discedo, discedere, to go away, depart (9) Quid facit...? What does... do?
diu, adv., for a long time (15) What is... doing? (1)
doceo, docere, to teach (6) fatuus, -a, -um, stupid (13)
domina, -ae, f., mistress, lady of the house (17) femina, -ae, f., woman (3)
dominus, -i, m., master (1 1) ferio, ferire, to hit, strike (16)
dormio, dormire, to sleep (4) fero, ferre, irreg., to bring, cany (5, 12, 17)
duco, ducere, to lead, take, bring (7) Fer/Ferte auxilium! Bring help! Help! (5)
dum, conj., while, as long as {\) ferociter, 2idv.,fieirely (13)
duo, duae, duo, two (15) festino, festinare, to huny (9)
152 LATIN TO ENGLISH VOCABULARY

filia, -ae, f., daughter (11) ignavus, -a, -um, cowardly, lazy (5)
filius, -1, m.,son (11) ille, ilia, illud, that, he, she, it{\\, 15, 16)
fortasse, adv., perhaps (15) ilia nocte, that night (11)

fossa, -ae, f., ditch (12) immobilis, -is, -e, motionless (12)
fragor, fragoris, m., a'ash, noise, din (4) impedio, impedire, to hinder, prevent (11)
firater, fratris, m., brother (11) in, prep. + abl., in, on (1,9)
fngidus, -a, -um, cool, cold (5) in animo habere, to intend (16)
frons, fronds, i., forehead (12) in itinere, on a journey (10)
frustra, adv., in vain (14) in, prep. + ace, i7ito, against (3, 9)
furtiin, adv., stealthily (4, 13) incito, incitare, to spur on, urge on, drive (10)
incolumis, -is, -e, unhurt, safe and sound (14)
induo, induere, to put on (8)
infirmus, -a, -um, weak, shaky (4)

gaudeo, gaudere, to be glad, rejoice (14)
inquit, (he/she) says, said (7)
gemo, getnere, to groan (3) interea, adv., meanwhile (10, 13)
gero, gerere, to wear (10) interpello, interpellare, to interrupt (14)
Graecus, -a, -um, Greek (17) intro, intrare, to enter, go into (8)
Graeci, -orum, m. pL, the Greeks (I)
inuro, inurere, to brand (12)
invenio, invenire, to come upon, find (12)
H
habeo, habere, to have, hold (10)
iocus, -i,
per iocum,
m.,joke, prank (16)
as a prank (16)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself, themselves,
in animo habere, to intend (16)
veiy (6, 10)
habito, habitare, to live, dwell (1)
ira, -ae, f., anger (\ 1)
haereo, haerere, to stick (14)
iratus, -a, -um, an^ (3)
hie, adv., here (9, 13)
ire (from eo), to go (7, 1 7)
hodie, adv., today (2, 13)
Ita vero! adv.. Yes! Indeed! (3, 13)
homines, hominum, m. p\., people (15)
Italia, -ae, f., Italy (1)
hora, -ae, f., hour (9)
itaque, adv., and so, therefore (16)
hortus, -i, m., gai-den (3)
iter, itineris, n., journey (10, 13, 15)
hospes, hospitis, m./f, guest, host, friend, a person
iter facere, to travel (13)
related to one of another city by ties of hospitality (16)
iterum, adv., again, a second time (8, 13)
iiibeo, iubere, to order, bid (10)
I
iacio, iacere, to throw (10)
iam, adv., now, already (1, 8, 13)
non iam, adv. no longer (2, 13) laboro, laborare, to work (3)
ianitor, ianitoris, m., doorkeeper (9) laborantes, working (7)
ianua, -ae, f., door (9) lacrimo, lacrimare, to weep, cry (9)
ibi, adv., there (5, 13) lacrimans, weeping (9)
id quod, that which, what (11) laetus, -a, -um, happy, glad (1)
idem, eadem, idem, the same (3) lana, -ae, f., wool (6)
identidem, adv., again and again, repeatedly (13) lanam trahere, to spin wool (6)
igitur, conj., therefore (4) latro, latrare, to bark (12)

lego, legere, to read (I) neque...neque..., conj., neither... nor... (5)
lente, adv., slo'cvly (2, 13) nescio, nescire, to be ignorant, not to know (9)
liberi, -oruiTi, m. pi., children (10, 11) nihil, nothing (4)
littera, -ae, f., letter (of the alphabet) (12) nohis, for us (9)
longus, -a, -um, lo7ig (15) nobiscum, with us (16)
lucet, lucere, it is light, it is day (6) nocte, at night (12)

ludo, ludere, to play (16) nolo, nolle, irreg., to be unwilling, not to
pila ludere, to play ball (16) wish {5, 17)
lupa, -ae, f., she--d'olf(lT) Noli/Nolite + infin., Do?i't. . .! (9)
lupus, -i, m., wolf (5) nomen, nominis, n., Jiame (1, 15)
nomine, by name, called (1)
M
magnus, -a, -um, big, great, large, loud (voice, laugh) (4)
non, adv., not (2, 13)
non iam, adv., no longer (2, 13)
nondum, adv., ?iot yet (6, 13)

magna voce, a loud voice (4) i?i
nonus, -a, -um, ninth (16)
magno nsu, with a loud laugh (13)
nos, we, us (8)
maneo, manere, to remain, stay (9)
noster, nostra, nostrum, our (14)
mater, matris, f., mother (6, 11)
novem, nine (15)
me, me (4)
novus, -a, -um, new (16)
mecum, with me (9)
nox, noctis, gen. pL, noctium, f., night (1 1)
meus, -a, -um, my, mine (7)
ilia nocte, that night (11)
mihi,/or me, to me (8)
nocte, at night (12)
mille, a thousand (15)
nubes, nubis, gen. pL, nubium, f., cloud (15)
Minime! adv., No! Not at all! (3, 13)
nuUus, -a, -um, no, none (9)
miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, miserable,
numerus, -i, m., number (1 1)
wretched (9)
nunc, adv., now (6, 13)
mitto, mittere, to send (9)
nuntius, -i, m., messenger (7)
molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, annoying (4)
molestus,
mortuus, -a,
-i,
-um, dead
m., pest (3)
(16) o
6 (used with vocative and in exclamations) (9)
moveo, movere, to move (14)
mox, adv., soon, presently (6, 13) O me miseram! Poor me! Oh dear me! (9)
rmilti, -ae, -a, fnany (3) observo, observare, to watch (6)
murmur, murmuris, n., murmur, rumble (15) occupatus, -a, -um, busy (7)
miisso, mussare, to mutter (11) octo, eight {\S)

olfacio, olfacere, to catch the scent of, sviell (12)
N
nam, conj., ybr (8)
olivetum,
omnes, omnia,
-i, n., olive
all,
grove (14, 15)
eveiyone, eveiything (6, 9)
omnia quae, eveiything that (6)

narrator, narratoris, m., narrator (8)
onus, oneris, n., load, burden (15)
-ne (indicates a question) (3)
Neapolis, Neapolis, f., Naples (15)
necesse, adv. or indecl. adj., necessaiy (6, 13)
nemo, neminis, m./f, no one (9) palla, -ae, f.,palla (10)
neque, conj., and. .not (6) . paratus, -a, -um, ready, prepared (10)
I
. . ?
parens, parentis, m./f., parent (1 1) Quam...! adv., //ozi;....'(13)
paro, parare, to pirparr, get ready (5) quamquam, conj., although (11)
pars, partis, gen. pi., partium, {., part, diirction (13) Quando...? adv.. When.. J (12)
pater, patris, m., father (6, 1
1) quattuor, four (15)
per, prep. + ace, through, along (6, 9) Quem...? Whom...?{S)
per iocum, as a prank (16) qui, quae, quod, who, which, that (1, 3, 14)
periculosus, -a, -um, dangerous (17) Qui...? Who...?{^\.){6)

penculum, -i, n., danger (14, 15) Quibuscum...? With whom...? {\2)
pemocto, pemoctare, to spend the night (17) Quid...? What...?{\,^)

perterritus, -a, -um, frightened, terrified iS) quidam, quaedam, quoddam, a certairi (10)
pes, pedis, m.,foot (13) Quid facit...? What does. . .do? What is. . .doing? (1)
peto, petere, to look for, seek, head for, aim at, quiesco, quiescere, to rest, keep quiet (13)
attack (5) quingenti, -ae, -a, five hundred (IS)

pictura, -ae, i., picture (1) quinquaginta,y?/ry (15)
pila, -ae, f., ball (16) quinquGffive (15)
pfla ludere, to play ball (16) Quis...? Quid...? Who...? What...? (l,^)
piscina, -ae, i., fishpond (i) Quid facit...? What does... do?
placide, adv., gently, peacefully (14) What is. . .doing? (1)
plaiistrum, -i, n., wagon, can (15) Quo...? adv.. Where... to? (4)
plenus, -a, -um, fiill (11) Quocum. . ? With whom ...? {\2)
Pompeii, -orum, m. pi., Pompeii quod, conj., because; v/ith verbs of feeling, that (1, 13)
pono, ponere, to put, place (10) quod, which, that (14)
porta, -ae, f., gate (11) Quo instrumento. . .? With what instrument. . .
porto, portare, to carry (6) By what means. . . ? How? (12)

possum, posse, irreg., to be able; I can (5, 14) Quomodo...? adv.. In what manner. ..? In what
poterat, (he/she/it) was able, could (li) way...? How...? (12)
potest, (he/she/it) is able, can (5) quoque, adv., also (2, 13)
praeclarus, -a, -um, distitiguished, fa?nous (13) Quos...? Whom...? (7)
praeterea, adv., besides, too, moreover (15) Quot. . ? How many. . .

.?
(1 5)
praetereo, praeterire, irreg., to go past (15)
praetexta, toga, -ae, f., toga with ptn-ple border (10)
princeps, principis, m., emperor

procul, adv., in the distance, far
(7)
off', far (15)

R
raeda, -ae, f carnage (10) ,
promitto, promittere, to promise (9) raedarius, -i, m., coachman, driver (10)
prope, prep. + ace, near (5, 9) ramus, -i, m., branch (4)
puella, -ae, f., girl (I) redeo, redire, irreg., to return, go back (7)
puer, pueri, m., boy (3) relinquo, relinquere, to leave behitid (16)
piilvis, pulveris, m., dust (15) repello, repellere, drive
to off, drive back (5)
purgo, piirgare, to clean (6) reprehendo, reprehendere, to blame, scold (6)
respondeo, respondere, to reply (5)
revoco, revocare, to recall, call back (7)
Q^
quae, who (1, 11)
rideo, ridere,
risu, magno,
to laugh,
with a loud laugh (13)

smile (3)
Qualis. . . ? What son of. . . ? (4) rivus, -i, m., stream (5)

rogo, rogare, to ask (12) strenuus, -a, -um, active, energetic (2)
Roma, -ae, f., Rome (7) strenue, adv., strenuously, hard (6, 13)
Romam, to Rome (7) sub, prep. + abl., under, beneath (1,9)
Romanus, -a, -um, Roffian (1) subito, adv., suddenly (3, 13)
Romani, -orum, m. pi., the Romans (III) sum, esse, irreg., to be (I, 14)
rota, -ae, f., wheel (15) sum, (they) are (2)
rustica, villa, -ae, f., country house and farm (1) surgo, surgere, to get up, rise (6)
rusticus, -I, m., peasant (13) suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their (own) (9)
saepe, adv., often (2, 13) tabellarius, -i, m., courier {\'!>)
saluto, salutare, to gi-eet, welcome (7) taceo, tacere, to be quiet (9)
Salve !/Salvete! Greetings! Hello! (7) Tace!/Tacete! Be quiet! (9)
salvus, -a, -um, safe (5) tacite, adv., silently (9, 13)
scelestus, -a, -um, wicked (10) taedet, taedere, it bores (16)
scio, scire, to know (16) tamen, adv., however, nevertheless {6, 13)
scribo, scribere, to write (1) tandem, adv., at last, at length (2, 13)
se, himself herself oneself itself themselves (11) tantum, adv., only (15)
secundus, -a, -um, second (9) tardus, -a, -um, slow (15)
sed, conj., but (2) te (see tii), you (4)
sedeo, sedere, to sit (1) temerarius, -a, -um, rash, reckless, bold (5)
semisomnus, -a, -um, half-asleep (9) tempto, temptare, to tiy (9)
semper, adv., always (4, 13) tempus, temporis, n., time (2, 8, 12, 15)
senator, senatoris, m., senator (7) brevi tempore, in a shoit time, soon (2, 12)
senex, senis, m., old man (I) eo ipso tempore, at that veiy moment (10)
septem, i'eyew (15) teneo, tenere, to hold (9)
Septimus, -a, -um, seventh (13) terreo, terrere, to frighten, ten-ify (4)
servus, -i, m., i-Zz/ye (3) timeo, timere, to fear, be afraid (to/of (5)
sex, six (15) toga, -ae, f., toga (8)
si, conj., //(5) toga praetexta, toga with purple border (10)
silentium, -i, n., silence (15) toga virilis, toga ofmajihood, plain white toga (10)
silva, -ae, f., woods, forest (5) trado, tradere, to hand over (7)
simul, adv., together; at the same time (9, 13) traho, trahere, to drag, pull (6, 12)
soleo, solere +infin., to be accustomed (to), be in the lanam trahere, to spin wool (6)
habit of (10) tres, tres, tria, three (13, 15)
soUicitus, -a, -um, anxious, worried (4) tribus diebus, in th'ee days (12, 13)
solus, -a, -um, alone (3) Troia, -ae, f., Troy (I)
soror, sororis, f., sister (11) Troianus, -a, -um, Trojan (I)
specto, spectare, to watch, look at (7) Troiani, -orum, m. pi., the Trojans (I)
statim, adv., immediately (5, 13) tii (ace. te), you (sing.) (4)
statua, -ae, f., statue (3) tum, adv., at that moment, then (4, 13)
sto, stare, to stand (10) tunica, -ae, f., tunic (8)
stola, -ae, f., stola (a woman's outer gai-ment) (10) tuus, -a, -um, your (sing.) (9)

u
Ubi...?adv., Where...? {\Q, 12)
via, -ae,
Via Appia,
f., road, street (10)
-ae, f., the Appian Way (11)
vTcinus, -a, -um, neighboriiig (1)

ubi, adv., conj., where, when (1,5, 13)
video, videre, to see (4)
Unde...? adv., From where...? (12)
m., overseer, farm manager (11)
vilicus, -i,
undecimus, -a, -um, eleventh (17)

villa, -ae, f., coiintjy house (1)
unus, -a, -um, one (15)
villa rustica, -ae, countij house and farm
f., (1)
urbs, urbis, gen. pi., urbium, f., city (7)
vinea, -ae, f., vineyard (12)
ut, adv., as {\6)
vir, viri, m., 7nan, husband (3, 1 1)
uxor, uxoris, f., wife (11)
virga, -ae, f., stick, rod, switch (13)
vinlis, toga, toga of manhood, plain white toga (10)
V
ValelAâlete! Goodbye! (9)
vis (from \6\6),you
vito, vitare, to avoid (13)

want (16)
volo, velle, irreg., to wish, want, be

vehiculum, -i, n., vehicle (13, 15) willing {S, 17)
velle (see volo) \6s, you (pi.) (8)
venio, venire, to come (7) vox, vocis, f., voice (4)
verbero, verberare, to beat, whip (11) magna voce, in a loud voice (4)
verto, vertere, to mm (16) vult (from volo), (he/she) wishes, wants, is
vestigium, -i, n., track, footprint, trace (12, 15) willing {5, 17)
vexo, vexare, to annoy (4)

English to Latin
Vocabulary
Verbs are usually cited in their infinitive fonn. For as, ut
fiirther information about the Latin words in this list, as a prank, per iocum
please consult the Latin to English Vocabulary list. as long as, dum
ask, to, rogare
at, ad
A
able, (he /she/it) was, poterat
at last,
at length,
tandem
tandem
able, to be, posse at night, nocte
about, de attack, to, petere
absent, to be, abesse

attend to, to, curare
accustomed (to), to be, solere avoid, to, vTtare
active, strenuus away, to be, abesse
afraid (to/of), to be, timere

again, iterum
again and again, identidem B
against, in ball, pila
aim at, to, petere ball, to play, pfla ludere

Alas! Eheu! bark, to, latrare
all, cuncti, omnes be, to, esse
alone, solus beat, to, verberare

along, per because, quod
already, iam bedroom, cubiculum
also, etiam, quoque beneath, sub
although, quamquam besides, praeterea
always, semper Beware! Cave!/Cavete!

and, et bid, to, iubere
and... not, neque big, magnus
and so, itaque blame, culpa
anger, ira blame, to, reprehendere
angry, Iratus bold, temerarius
annoy, to, vexare bores, it, taedet

annoying, molestus boy, piier
another, alius branch, ramus

anxious, soUicitus brand, to, inurere
appear, to, apparere bring, to, ducere, ferre
Appian Way, the. Via Appia Bring help! Fer/Ferte auxilium!

approach, to, appropinquare Britain, Britannia
are, (they), sunt British, Britannicus

arrive (at), to, advenire brother, frater
158 ENGLISH TO LATIN VOCABULARY
i-
building, aedificium courier, tabellarius
burden, onus cow, bos

busy, occupatus cowardly, ignavus
but, sed crash, fragor
cry, to, lacrimare
call back, to, revocare D

danger, periculum
call together, to, convocare
called, nomine dangerous, periculosus
can, (he/she/it), potest dark, it gets, advesperascit
careful! Be, Cave!/Cavete! daughter, filia
carriage, raeda day, dies
carriage, light two-wheeled, cisium day, it is, lucet
carry, to, ferre, portare dead, mortuus

cart, plaustrum dearest, carissimus
catch, to, excipere defend, to, defendere

catch sight of, to, conspicere depart, to, discedere
catch the scent of, to, olfacere din, fragor

certain, a, quidam direction, pars
charioteer, aunga distance, in the, procul

chest, cista distinguished, praeclarus
children, liberi ditch, fossa
citizen, civis do, to, agere, facere
city, urbs do nothing, to, cessare

clean, to, purgare dog, canis
climb, to, ascendere doing?. What is.... Quid facit...?
climb down, to, descendere Don't...! Noli/Nolite + infinitive
climb into (a carriage), to, ascendere door, ianua
cloud, nubes doorkeeper, ianitor

coachman, raedarius down from, de
cold, frigidus drag, to, trahere
come, to, venire drag out, to, extrahere

come down, to, descendere drive off/back, to, repellere
Come on! Age!/Agite! drive, to, agere, incitare
come upon, to, invenire driver, raedarius

concerning, de dust, pulvis
consult, to, consulere dwell, to, habitare
cook, to, coquere

cool, frigidus
Cornelius, belonging to, Comelianus

could, (he/she/it), poterat eight, octo
country house, villa eleventh, undecimus
country house and farm, villa rustica embrace, in an, complexu
ENGLISH TO LATIN VOCABULARY 159

emperor, princeps gently, placide
energetic, strenuus get up, to, surgere
enter, to, intrare gets dark, it, advesperascit

escape, to, effiigere girl, puella
even, edam glad, laetus
everyone, omnes glad, to be, gaudere

everything, omnia go, to, ire
everything that, omnia quae Go away! Abi!/Abite!

exclaim, to, exclamare go away, to, abire, discedere
go back, to, redire
go down, to, descendere
fall, to, cadere go into, to, intrare
fall down, to, concidere go out, to, exire
famous, praeclarus go past, to, praetenre

far (off), procul good, bonus
farm manager, vilicus Goodbye! ValelAâlete!

fast, very, celerrime grab hold of, to, arripere
father, pater great, magnus

fault, culpa Greek, Graecus
fear, to, timere Greeks, the, Graeci
field, ager greet, to, salutare
fiercely, ferociter Greetings! Salvel/Salvete!
fifty, quinquaginta groan, to, gemere

find, to, invenire guard, to, custodire
fishpond, piscina guest, hospes

five, qumque
food, cibus
foot, pes
footprint, vestigium
H
habit of, to be in the, solere
for, nam half-asleep, semisomnus
forehead, firons hand over, to, tradere
forest, sflva happens, it, accidit
four, quattuor happy, laetus
friend, arnica, amicus, hospes hard, strenue
frighten, to, terrere have, to, habere
frightened, perterritus he, ille
from, a, ab, e, ex head for, to, petere
From where...? Unde...? hear, to, audire
full, plenus Hello! Salvel/Salvete!
help, auxilium
help!. Bring, Fer/Ferte auxilium!
help, to, adiuvare
garden, hortus her, earn
gate, porta her (own), sua
;fl
her(s), eius mto, m
here, hie is, (he/she/it), est
herself, ipsa, se is able, (he/she/it), potest

hide, to, celare it, eam, eum, id, illud
him, eum its, eius
himself, ipse, se itself, ipse, se
hinder, to, impedire its (own), suus
his, eius Italy, Italia
his (own), suus

hit, to, ferire
hold, to, habere, tenere

J
horse, equus joke, iocus
host, hospes journey, iter

hour, hora
house, country, villa
How...! Quam...!
How...? Quo instrumento..,? Quomodo...?
K
keep quiet, to, quiescere
How many...? Quot...? know, not to, nescire
however, tamen know, to, scire
hundred, a, centum
hundred, five, quingenti
Hurray! Eugepae!
hurry, to, festinare lady of the house, domina
husband, vir large, magnus
laugh, to, ridere
laugh, with a loud, magno risii
I lazy, ignavus
I, ego lead, to, ducere
idle, to be, cessare leave behind, to, relinquere
if, si letter, epistula

ignorant, to be, nescire letter (of the alphabet), littera
immediately, statim light, it is, lucet

in, in light two-wheeled carriage, cisium
in a loud voice, magna voce like, to, amare
in three days, tribus diebus listen to, to, audire
In what manner...? Quomodo...? live, to, habitare
In what way...? Quomodo...? load, onus
in vain, frustra long, longus
Indeed! Ita vero! long time, for a, diii
inn, caupona look after, to, ciirare
innkeeper, caupo look at, to, spectare

instrument...?, With what. Quo instrumento...? look for, to, petere
intend, to, in animo habere look out for, to, exspectare
interrupt, to, interpellare Look! Ecce!

loud, magnus neighboring, vicinus
loud laugh, with magno nsu
a, neither... nor, neque...neque
loud voice, in a, magna voce nevertheless, tamen
love, to, amare new, novus
next, deinde
M
make, to, facere
night,
night,
nox
at, nocte
night, that, ilia nocte
man, vir nine, novem

man, old, senex ninth, nonus
manager, farm, vilicus no, nullus
manner...?. In what, Quomodo...? no longer, non iam

many, multi no one, nemo
master, dominus No! Minime!
noise, fragor
me, me
me, for/ to, mihi none, nullus
me, with, mecum not, non

means...?. By what. Quo instrumento...? Not at all! Minime!
meanwhile, interea not yet, nondum
messenger, nuntius nothing, nihil
mind, animus now, iam, nunc
mine, meus number, numerus
miserable, miser
mistress, domina
moment,
moment,
at that, tum
at that very, eo ipso tempore
o
often, saepe
moreover, praeterea
Oh dear me! O me miseram!
mother, mater
old man, senex
motionless, immobilis
olive grove, olivetum
move, to, movere on, in
moved, commotus
on a journey, in itinere
murmur, murmur one, unus
mutter, to, mussare one (of two), alter
my, meus one. ..the other, the, alter.. .alter
oneself, se
tantum
N
name, nomen
only,
open,
open
to, aperire
space, area
name, by, nomine order, to, iubere
Naples, Neapolis other, alius
narrator, narrator other (of two), the, alter

near, ad, prope our, noster
necessary, necesse out of, e, ex
<
outer garment, woman's, stola reach, to, advenire
overseer, vilicus read, to, legere
ox, bos ready, paratus
ready, to get, parare
recall, to, revocare

receive, to, excipere
palla, palla
reckless, temerarius
parent, parens rejoice, to, gaudere
part, pars remain, to, manere
peacefully, placide repeatedly, identidem
peasant, rustdcus reply, to, respondere
people, homines rest, to, quiescere
perhaps, fortasse return, to, redire
person related to one of another city by ties of rise, to, siirgere
hospitality, hospes road, via
pest, molestus rod, virga
picture, pictura Roman, Romanus
place, to, ponere Romans, the, Roman!
plain white toga, toga virilis
Rome, Roma
play, to, ludere Rome, to, Romam
play ball, to, pfla ludere room, cubiculum
Pompeii, Pompeii rouse, to, excitare
Poor me! O me miseram rumble, murmur
prank, iocus run, to, currere
prank, as a, per iocum run away, to, effugere
prepare, to, parare
prepared, paratus
presently, mox
prevent, to, impedire
promise, to, promittere safe, salvus
pull, to, trahere safe and sound, incolumis
put, to, ponere said, (he/she), inquit
put on, to, induere same, the, idem

same time, at the, simul
CL
quickly, celeriter
says, (he/she), inquit
scent of, to catch the, olfacere
scold, to, reprehendere

quickly, very, celerrime
second, secundus
quiet!, Be, Tace!/Tacete!
second, a/the, alter
quiet, to be, tacere
second time, a, iterum
videre
Rm
rage, ira commotus
see, to,
seek, to, petere

a, -self, -selves, ipse, se
rash, temerarius senator, senator

send, to, mittere stupid, fatuus
seven, septem suddenly, subito
seventh, septimus summer, aestas

shaky, infirmus summer, in, aestate
she, ilia switch, virga
she-wolf, liipa
shout(ing), clamor
shout, to, clamare
shout out, to, exclamare take, to, ducere
silence, silentium take care of, to, curare
silently, tacite take out, to, extrahere
sister, soror teach, to, docere
sit, to, sedere ten, decem
six, sex terrified, perterritus
skill, ars terrify, to, terrere
sky, caelum that, file
slave, servus that, qui

slave-woman, ancilla that (with words of feeling), quod
sleep, to, dormire that night, ilia nocte
slow, tardus that which, id quod
slowly, lente their (own), siius
smell, to, olfacere them, eos

smile, to, ridere themselves, se
snatch, to, arripere then, deinde, turn
some... others, alii... alii there, ibi
son, filius therefore, igitur, itaque
soon, brevi tempore, mox thousand, a, miUe

space, open, area three, tres
spend the night, to, pemoctare threshing-floor, area
spin wool, to, lanam trahere through, per

spur on, to, incitare throw, to, iacere
staff, baculum time, tempus
stand, to, stare time, in a short, brevi tempore
statue, statua tired, defessus
stay, to, manere to(ward), ad
stealthily, furtim to Rome, Romam
stick, baculum, virga today, hodie
stick, to, haerere toga, toga
still, adhuc toga of manhood, toga virilis

stola, stola toga with purple border, toga praetexta
stream, rivus together, simul
street, via tomorrow, eras

strenuously, strenue too, praeterea
strike, to, ferire trace, vestigium

track, vestigium warm, calidus
travel, to, iter facere was, (he/she/it), erat
tree, arbor was able, (he/she/it), poterat

Trojan, Troianus watch, to, observare, spectare
Trojans, the, Troiani Watch out for...! Cave!/Cavete...!
troublesome, molestus water, aqua
Troy, Troia way...?. In what, Quomodo...?
trunk, cista we, nos
try, to, temptare weak, infirmus
tunic, tunica wear, to, gerere
turn, to, vertere weep, to, lacrimare
turn aside, to, devertere weeping, lacrimans
two, duo welcome, to, excipere, saliitare
what, id quod
What...? Quid?
u
under, sub
What does... do? Quid facit...?
What sort of...? Qualis...?
wheel, rota
unhappy, miser
when, iibi
vmhurt, incolumis
When...? Quando...?
unwilling, to be, nolle
where, ubi
urge on, to, incitare
Where...? XJbi...?
us, nos
Where. ..to? Quo...?
us, for, nobis
which, qui
us, with, nobiscum
while, dum
whip, to, verberare
V
vehicle, vehiculum
who, qui, quae
Who...?Quis...?
Whom...? Quem...?
very, ipse
whom...?. With, Quocum...?
vineyard, vinea
Why...?Ciir...?
voice, vox wicked, scelestus
voice, in a loud, magna voce wife, lixor
willing, (he/she) is, vult
w
wagon, plaustrum
willing, to be, velle
wish, to, velle
wish, not to, noUe

wait for, to, exspectare wishes, (he/she), vult
wake (someone) up, to, excitare with, apud, cum

walk, to, ambulare with a loud laugh, magno risii
wander, to, errare wolf, liipus
want, to, velle woman, femina

want, (you), vis woods, silva
wants, (he/she), vult wool, lana

wool, to spin,
work, to,
lanam trahere
laborare
Y
Yes! ita veto!
working, laborantes
you (sing.), tu, (pL), vos
worried, sollicitus
your (sing.), tuus
wretched, miser
write, to, scribere
f
INDEX OF Grammar
-a, ablative case, 65 -es, noun and adjective ending, 40
ablative case: answering questions, 90-91; expressions, conversational, 74
nouns, 65; prepositional phrases, 64
accent, marks, 54 feminine nouns. See nouns, feminine
accusative case: direct object of verb, 41;
prepositional phrases, 64 gender: adjectives, 120-121; nouns and
accusative plural, ending, 43 adjectives, 34—35
action, past, 106-107 genitive case: forms, 81; noun modification,
adjectives: definition, 4; endings -as, -os, 80; singular or nominative plural, 84
-e's, 40; gender, 34-35, 120-121;
Latin base words into English, 57-58;
imperative. See verbs, imperative
noun agreement, 120-121; number, 121;
infinitives: complementary, 26; identifying
singular and plural forms, 14; vocative, 56
conjugations, 72; impersonal verbal
adverbs, endings, 100-101
phrase, 34; use with verbs, 72
agreement, nouns and adjectives, 120-121
intransitive verbs. See verbs, intransitive
articles, absence in Latin, 3
-as, noun and adjective ending, 40

masculine nouns. See nouns, masculine
modification, adjectives, 34-35
base words: adjectives, 57-58; nouns, 57-58
mottoes, 103
case: ablative. See ablative case; accusative.

See accusative case; adjectives, 120-121; negative imperative. See verbs, imperative
dative. See dative case; genitive. See genitive
neuter, noims, 114
case; nominative. See nominative nominative case, 41

case; noun, 81 nominative plural: confusion with genitive
complementary infinitive. See infinitive,
singular, 84; ending, 43
complementary nouns: adjective agreement, 120-121; cases, 41;
complements, sentence element, 8 cases and declension forms, 81;
conjugation, verbs, 72 declensions, 41; definition, 4;

endings -as, -6s, -es, 40; feminine, 34—35;
dative case, forms, 81 gender, 34—35, 120-121; Latin base words
declensions: ablative and nominative, 65; into English, 57-58; masculine, 34—35;
feminine and masculine, 41; genders, 115; neuter, 114; singular and plural forms, 14;
genitive plural, 98; i-stem noims, 98; neuter vocative, 56
noims, 1 14; nominative or accusative plural, 43; number: adjectives, 121

noun, 41, 81 numerals and numbers: English derivatives, 123;
derivatives, Latin in English, 22-23 forms, 116; Roman system, 123
dictionary, derivation of words, 23

direct objects. See objects, direct objects, direct, 20
-OS, noun and adjective ending, 40
-e, silent, 57
endings: accusative plural, 41; adjective, 14; parts of speech. See nouns, adjectives, verbs
adverbs, 100-101; declension, 41; direct objects, plural, verb and person, 54
35; -w, 20; masculine and feminine, 34-35; positive imperative. See verbs, positive imperative
nominative singular, 41; noun and adjective -as, prepositional phrases: ablative case, 64,
-OS, -es, 40; nouns, 14; plural, 35; verb, 54; 90; accusative case, 64
verb and person, 54; vocative, 56 pronouns, personal endings, 54
INDEX OF GRAMMAR 167

w
root words. See base words imperfect tense, 98, 106-107;

infinitives, 72; intransitive, 20; irregular, 54, 108,
singular, verb and person, 54 128; Unking, 8; persons, 54; prepositional phrases
spellings, Latin derivatives, 22-23 as modifiers, 64; present tense, 73; regular, 128;
subjects, sentence element, 8 sentence element, 8; transitive, 20; translation, 3
suffixes: Latin sources in English, 102; 3rd vocative adjectives. See adjectives, vocative
declension nouns, 102 vocative nouns. See nouns, vocative
vowels: ablative case, 65; sovmd, 54; sounds in
tense, verbs, 73 personal verb endings, 73
transitive verbs. See verbs, transitive
words, clues to meaning, 42
verbal phrase, impersonal with infinitive, 34
verbs: conjugations, 72; definition, 4; endings, -t
and -nt, 8-9; imperative, positive and negative, 74;
168 INDEX OF GRAMMAR

1 1 1 1 1 7
Index of Cultural
Information
Achilles, 28, 30 Buildings, 45

Ad astra per aspera, 103 Bulla, 17
Adonis, 68
Aeneas, 28-31,51,68-69, 85 Caesar, Julius, 86
Aeneid, 3 Calder, Alexander, 87
Aeolus, 68 Capitoline Hill, 1 1
Aesop, 44 Captives, The (Plautus), 75

Agamemnon, 28 Capua, 125
Agriculture, 45 Career, 60
Agriculture, On Caqje diem, 103
(Cato), 75 Carthage, 3
(Columella), 45 Carthaginians, 10
Alba Longa, 86, 109 Catilinarian conspiracy, 59
Albans, 109 Cato, 75
Alban triplets, 109 Cattle raiding, 109
Albanus, Mount, 86 Caveat emptor, 103
Amor ille penitus insitus, 61 Census, 1 1
Amphorae, 76 Ceremony, naming, 1
Amulet, 17 Ceres, 69
Amulius, 86, 87 Chain-gang labor camps, 76
Ancestor, 83 Cicero, 59, 61, 103
Anchises, 28, 30, 51,85 "City and a Country Mouse, A," 44
Apartments, 45 City villa, 47
summer, 47 Clan, 83
winter, 47 Class status, 110
Aphrodite, 69 Cloaca maxima, 1 1
Apollo, Phoebus, 69 Clothing, 17

Appian Way, The 99 Cogito ergo sum, 103
Ares, 69 Cognomen, 83
Ars longa, vita brevis, 103 Columella, 45
Artemis, 69 Construction projects, 110
Artifacts, Roman writing, 40 Cornelia, 10
Ascanius, 30, 86 Council, male, 59
Asia Minor, 11, 28 Country houses, 45
Athena, 69 groundplan, 46
Augury, 87 Country inn, 129
Augustus, Emperor, 116 Crete, 3
Aventine Hill, 87 Creusa, 30
Cumae, 69
Baths, 47 Cupid, 69
BotticelH, 110 Curiatii, 109
Branding, 75, 76
Britain, 37, 75 Daedalus, 61
Brutus, Lucius Junius, 60, 111 Dardanian, 29
INDEX OF CULTURAL INFORMATION 169
imimki
1 11 1
David, 60 Guardianship, 11
Day, division of, 67 Hair, care, 55

Delphi, 69 Hay lofts, 45
Demeter, 69 Hector, 29, 30
Descartes, 103 Helen, 28
Diana, 69 Hephaestus, 69
Dido, 31,68 Hera, 69
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 59 Hermes, 69
Divorce, 59 Hestia, 69
Dominus, 59 Homer, 28
Domus, 45 Horace, 44, 103
Dum spiro, spero, 103 Horae, 67
Durer, 61 Horatii triplets, 109
Horatius, 109
Education, moral, 60
Egypt, 77 Icarus, 61
Emancipation, 59 Iliad, 28
Epitaph, 83 Imperium, 111
Errare humanum est, 103 Ink, 4
Etruria, 110 Institutions
Etruscan, 111 legal, 109
religious, 109
Fable, 44
Insulae, 45
Familia, 59
Italians, 3
Family
Italo-Trojan nation, 85
relationships, 59-61
Italy, 11,31,68
structure, 10-11
lulus, 86
Farmers
staff, 45 Juno, 31,69
tenant, 45 Jupiter, 68, 69, 109
Father, legal power, 1 temple, 1 1
Faustulus, 85, 86 Juvenal, 76

Festina lente, 103 Kings, Roman, 109
Fidenae, 109
Firmo et tueor, 103 Lampreys, 76
Flogging, 76 Lares, 17
Forum, Roman, 37, 109, 111 Latins, 3
JuHi, 77
Latinus, King, 31, 85
Popihi, 125 Latium, 31, 85

Freedom, slave buys, 77 Laurentum, 47
FUG, 75 Lavinia, 31, 85
Fugitivus, 75 Lavinium, 31, 85

Laws, 109
Genitive case, naming of girls and women, 83 Letters (Pliny), 47-48, 77
Geometry, 37 Libertus, 77
Goddesses, 68-69 Livestock, 45
Gods, 68-69 Livy, 85, 87
household, 17 Love, 60
Gracchi brothers, 10 Loyalty, 75
Grain, 45 Lucretia, 110
Greece, 68
Magistrates, 60
Greeks, 28-31
Make-up, 55
Grooming, 55
170 INDEX OF CULTURAL INFORMATION

1 1 1 1
Mangones, 37 Plautus, 75
Manumissio, 77 Pliny, 47, 48, 77
Manus, 59 Pluto, 69
Mare, 47 Pons Sublicius, 1 1
Marriage, 59 Poseidon, 69
with manus, 59 Praenomen, 83
Mars, 69, 86 Priam, 28, 29
Master, 59 Prison, 75
Matronae, 109 Profit, 75
Mediterranean Sea, 3 Promenades, 47
Menecrates, Julius, 60 Property, 59
Menelaus, 28 Proserpina, 69
Mercury, 68, 69 Punic War, Second, 10
Mihi cura futuri, 103
Rebellion, 75
Milestone, 116
Remus, 85, 86, 87
Miliarium aureum, 116
Republic, form of government, 111
Military posture, 109
Rhea Silvia, 86
Minerva, 30, 69
Rhegium, 125
Mother, duties, 1
Rhetoric, 37
Mottoes, Latin, 103
Rhodes, 37
Mycenae, 28
Roads, 101, 116
Mythology, Roman, 85
Roman numerals, origin, 123
Names, 83 Rome, 3
Naples, 125 boundaries, 110

Natural History (Pliny the Elder), 47 founding, 85-87
Neptune, 68, 69, 109 Romulus, 59, 60, 85, 86, 87, 109
Nicknames, 83 Rutulians, 85
Nil sine magno labore, 103
Sabines, 109
Nomen, 83
Sandals, 17
Numa Pompilius, 109-110
Satires (Juvenal), 76
Numbers, 116
Scipio Africanus, Cornelius, 10
Numerals, 116, 123
Scrolls, 4
Numitor, 86-87
Seasons, 67
Odyssey, 28 Semper fidelis, 103

Olive oil, 45 Senate, 60, 110, 111
Olympus, Mount, 68 Senators, 17, 109
Organization, Roman society, 1 10 Seneca, 103

Ostia, 110 Service, 60, 75, 77
O temporal O mores!, 103 Sesterces, 37
Overseer, 37, 45, 75 Seven hills, 110

Sibyl of Cumae, 85
Palatine Hill, 87 Silvae (Statins), 61
Palla, 17 Silvian dynasty, 86
Paris, 28 Silvius, 86
Paterfamilias, 59 Slavery, 37, 59, 75
Patria potestas, 59 agricultural, 75
Pen, quill, 4 buy freedom, 77
Penates, 17 dealer, 37
Persephone, 69 market, 37
Phoenician, 3 naming, 83
Pilleus, 77 women, 76
INDEX OF CULTURAL INFORMATION 171

1 7 1 7 1 1 1
Soleae, 17 Tullus Hostilius, 109

Sparta, 28 Tunic, 17
M Spinning, wool, 1 Tumus,
Tuscany, 47
85
State, 60
Statius, 61
Ulysses, 28, 30
Stola, 17
Storehouses, 45 Veii, 109-110
Street of Crime, 110 Venus, 28, 68, 69
Sunlight, seasonal, 47 Vergilius Maro, Publius, 3
Veritas vos liberabit, 103

Tanaquil, 110
Vesta, 69, 86
Tarquinius
Vesuvius, Mount, 1
Collatinus, 111
Vicus Sceleratus, 1 10
Lucius, 110
Vilicus, 37,45
Sextus, 111
Villa, 45
Superbus, 111
maritimae, 47
Tarquin the Proud, 1 1
riistica, 45
Teeth, cleaning, 55
urbana, 47
Terraces, 47
Virgins, Vestal, 69
Thrace, 3
Volens et potens, 103
Thracians, 37
Vox clamantis in deserto, 103
Tiber River, 86, 87, 110
Vulcan, 69
Time, 67
Toga, 17 Walls, painted, 47
Toga praetexta, 1
Weaving, 11
Toga virilis, 1
Wills, 77
Townhouses, 45 Windows, 47
Trojans, 30, 31 Wine, 45
horse, 29 Wives, 109
Trojan War, 28 Women, names, 83
Troy, 28, 29, 30, 68, 85 Zeus, 69
Tullia, 59, 110
Tullius, Servius, 110
172 INDEX OF CULTURAL INFORMATION

This book belongs to COSC
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TIMELINE Monte Vista, CO 81 144
ca. 1184 B.C. The Fall of Troy and the Wanderings of Aeneas
THE REGAL PERIOD

753 B.C. The Founding of Rome by Romulus
753-509 B.C. The Kings of Rome

Aeneas Numa Pompilius Tullus Hostilius Ancus Marcius
Tarquinius Priscus Servius Tullius Tarquinius Superbus
THE REPUBLIC
509-264 B.C. The Early Republic
Legendary Heroes of Early Rome
Horatius Mucins Scaevola Cloelia Cincinnatus
Invasion of the Gauls
War with Pyrrhus
26+-241 B.C. The First PunicWar
218-201 B.C. The Second Punic War
201-146 B.C. Rome Becomes a World Leader
The Third Punic War
146-63 B.C. Roman Republic
Deadly Struggles within the
The Gracchi Gains Marius Lucius Cornelius Sulla Gnaeus
Pompeius
63-44 B.C. The Collapse of the Republic
Marcus Tullius Cicero Gains Julius Caesar Mark Antony
Cleopatra Octavian
THE EMPIRE
31 B.C. -A.D. 14 The Augustan Age
A.D. 14-180 The Early Empire
The Julio-Claudians: Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero

The Flavians: Vespasian Titus OUR STORY: A.D. 80-81 Domitian
The Five Good Emperors: Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius
Marcus Aurelius
A.D. 211-476 The Late Empire
Caracalla Diocletian Constantine
A.D. 330 Founding of Constantinople
A.D. 403 The Twentieth Legion defeats Alaric the Visigoth
A.D. 476 Romulus Augustulus, last of the Roman emperors, overthrown by

Odoacer the Cxcrman
This new edition of ECCE ROMANI now offers:
beautifully illustrated, full-color, easy-to-read pages

color-coded grammar presentations
discussion of multiculturalism within the Roman empire
consolidated grammar and syntax back matter for easy reference
full English to Latin vocabulary at the end of each book
annotated Teacher's Guides
The full ECCE ROMANI program is available in a flexible

format and includes:
Hardcover Student Book I (l-A and l-B) 0-8013- 1201-9

Student Book II (ll-A and ll-B) 0-8013- 1202-7
Student Book III 0-8013- 1203-5
Softcover Student Book l-A 0-8013- 1204-3
Student Book l-B 0-8013- 1205-1
Student Book ll-A 0-8013- 1206-X
Student Book ll-B 0-8013- 1207-8
Student Book III 0-8013- 1208-6
Teacher's Guide I (l-A and l-B) 0-8013- 1217-5

Teacher's Guide II (ll-A and ll-B) 0-8013- 1218-3
Teacher's Guide III 0-8013- 1219-1
Language Activity Book l-A 0-8013- 1209-4
Language Activity Book l-B 0-8013- 1210-8
Language Activity Book ll-A 0-8013- 1211-6
Language Activity Book ll-B 0-8013- 1212-4
Teacher's Language Activity Book l-A 0-8013- 1213-2
Teacher's Language Activity Book l-B 0-8013- 1214-0
Teacher's Language Activity Book ll-A 0-8013- 1215-9
Teacher's Language Activity Book ll-B 0-8013- 1216-7
Testmasters Level I (l-A and l-B inclusive) 0-8013-1220-5

Testmasters Level II (ll-A and ll-B inclusive) 0-8013-1221-3
Testmasters Level III 90000> 0-8013-1222-1
Longman SSS
9 '780801"312045
ISBN a-flD13-12DM-3
7=i72fi

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ECCE ROMAN! '.

A LATIN READING PROGRAM

MEETING THE FAMILY

Copyright© 1995 by Longman Publishing Group.

Longman, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, N.Y. 10606

This edition of Ecce Romani is based on Ecce Romani:

Photo credits: Credits appear on page xv.

Acknowledgments: Reiterated thanks are due to the consultants who

Executive editor: Lyn McLean

Maps: Laszlo Kubinyi

23456789 10-DOC -9998979695

Thalia Pantelidis Hocker David Tafe

Glenn M. ICnudsvig Rex Wallace

Maureen O'Donnell Allen Ward

Ronald Palma Elizabeth Lyding Will

David J. Perry Philip K. Woodruff

CHAPTER 1 TWO ROMAN G I RLS 3

BUILDING THE MEANING: Parts of Speech: Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs 4

CHAPTER2 A SUMMER AFTERNOON 7

BUILDING THE MEANING: Subjects, Verbs, Linking Verbs, and Complements 8

FORMS: Verbs: The Endings -t and -nt 8

ROMAN LIFE I: A Roman Family 10

CHAPTER3 IN THE GARDEN 1

FORMS: Nouns and Adjectives: Singular and Plural 14

BUILDING THE MEANING: Direct Objects and the Ending -m 20

C HAPTE R 5 MARCUS TO THE RESCUE 25

BUILDING THE MEANING: Infinitive with Impersonal Verbal Phrase 34

CHAPTER? BAD N EWS 39

CHAPTER 8 GETTING UP EARLY 53

FORMS: Verbs: Persons 54

BUILDING THE MEANING: Accusative and Infinitive 72

FORMS: Verbs: Conjugations 72

Verbs: The Present Tense 73

CHAPTER 11 A SLAVE RUNS AWAY 79

ROMAN LIFE VIL Roman Names 83

BUILDING THE MEANING: Genitive Singular or Nominative Plural? 84

WORD STUDY in 102

CHAPTER 15 VEHICLE SPOTTING 113

CHAPTER 16 WHY IS SEXTUS A PEST? 119

CHAPTER 17 DO WE STAY AT AN INN? 127

Information 169 • Time Line (inside back cover)

The Appian Way 99

The Latin Language

trative materials sought for ECCE ROMANI.

landMuseum of Art, John L. Severance um, St. Albans, Hertfordshire/ Bridgeman

Two ROMAN Girls

1 Ecce! Look! quod, because

quae, who sedet, (she/he) sits, is sitting, does sit

L Quis est Corneha? Quis...? Who...?

TWO ROMAN GIRLS

When learning Latin you will

blocks of meaning in sentences. The most important parts of speech are:

nouns: names of persons, places, things, qualities, or acts;

1. puella 3. aestate 5. legit 7. Flavia

1. In the picture is a country house and farm.

TWO ROMAN GIRLS

1 quoque, also non iam, no longer

2iim.Q2i^/friends currit, {she/he) runs, is running.

1. Ubi habitant Cornelia et Flavia?

These sentences may also be written as follows with no change in meaning:

Look at these sentences:

Cornelia Qst puella Romana.

Puellae in agris currunt quod laetae sunt.