Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Technology advancement has driven the utilization of digital evidence during legal
proceedings in the court.
• Digital Evidence also categorized as Electronic/Computer Evidence, Computer
associated evidence and Computer generated Evidence. Example of Digital Evidence
are Computer, Photograph, Mobile Phones, Tablets/I pads. GPS Devices, Computer Hard
Drives and so on.
• Data/Evidence obtained can prove crucial to the outcome in all forms of criminal
activities as well as for cases such as Homicide, Rape, Breach of trust, Conspiracy,
Murder, Drug Trafficking and etc.
INTRODUCTION
(CONT)
• For evidence to be deemed admissible, it must be obtained with reasonable and
least intrusive means so that it’s physical characteristics abides by the rules of
digital evidence.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
• Malaysia court agrees that oral testimony and certificate submission are two ways of
authenticating digital evidence, but that methods are not adequate to ensure the
credibility and originality of digital evidence submitted.
• Apart from presenting maker or witness to the court to authenticate digital evidence
submitted, another authentication method used in court is by getting an expert opinion
from digital forensics experts.
• Under section 45 of the Evidence Act, the expert opinion rule is applicable where the
evidence obtained requires a computer forensic specialist to validate it rather than
calling a maker or a witness before the trial.
DIGITAL FORENSIC EXPERT
(CONT)
• Although there is no particular provision to cater for digital forensics evidence
admissibility in court, Malaysia court has agreed upon the admissibility of digital
forensics evidence as a form of expert opinion on the condition that expert follows the
rules and procedures during the submission of evidence. The Malaysian court
acknowledges all reports and testimonials from them [Digital Forensic Expert].
• To secure it as authentic content, the court must evaluate the collection, preservation
and discovery of the evidence.
• In Malaysia, Cybersecurity Malaysia agency [consist of digital forensic experts] has been
established under the Malaysian Government to handle digital forensics affairs.
• This experts help to preserve the custody chain in its original and authentic form from
its collection time until it is produced in court.
CONCLUSION
• Mohamed, D., & Ramlee, Z. (2013). Cases of electronic evidence in Malaysian courts: the civil and Syariah perspective.
• Brett Shavers, in Placing the Suspect Behind the Keyboard, 2013 EvidenceAct 1950 (Act 56)
• Anushia Kandasivam (2016, October 11).Understanding Digital Evidence in Malaysian Courts. Retrieved from
https://www.digitalnewsasia.com/digital-economy/understanding-digital-evidence-malaysian-courts
• Malayan Law Journal Articles/2013/Volume 3/Computer Evidence in Malaysia: Where are We?
• Christine Sgarlata, Chung and David J Byer, 'The Electronic Paper Trail: Evidentiary Obstacles to Discovery and
Admission electronic Evidence', 4 BU J SCI & TECH L 5, 22 September 1998
• [1937] MLJ 38
• Malaysia, C. L. J. L. (2006, July 28). Bulletin_27_2006. Retrieved May 23, 2020, from
https://www.cljlaw.com/others/clj_bulletin/Bulletin_27_2006.htm?fbclid=IwAR2F4dLlmcHlvwbrpzKhi7Bp1kx5uyr1dGTDBGflM2JU
9Q8zRl6fzhJX9-E
• Charles Ramendran. (2019, November 1). Raped, murdered by a beast. The Sun Daily. Retrieved from
https://www.thesundaily.my/local/raped-murdered-by-a-beast-XY1562462
• Radhakrishna, Gita. (2014). Digital evidence in Malaysia. Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review. 9.
10.14296/deeslr.v9i0.1987.
• Nurainolmardhiah Binti Abdul Halim, Setra Ginsim and Siti Khadijah Binti Baharuddin. (2015). CASE STUDIES: ADMISSIBILITY OF
DIGITAL RECORDS AS LEGAL EVIDENCE IN MALAYSIA. National Archives of Malaysia
• Charles Ramendran. (2019, November 1). Raped, murdered by a beast. The Sun Daily. Retrieved from
https://www.thesundaily.my/local/raped-murdered-by-a-beast-XY1562462
• Dr Duryana Mohamed and Dr Zulfakar Ramlee. (2014). CASES OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN MALAYSIAN. COURTS: THE CIVIL AND
SYARIAH PERSPECTIVE. E-Journal of Social Science Research. No1 (2), page 4.
• Ibid at p 7.
REFERENCES ( C O N T )
• Mohamad, A. M. (2019). Admissibility and Authenticity of Electronic Evidence in the Courts of Malaysia and United Kingdom.
International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 4(15), 121-129.
• [2007] 7 CLJ 68
• Sethia, A. (2016). Rethinking admissibility of electronic evidence. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 24(3),
229-250.
• John C. O’Brien, ‘The Hearsay Within Confrontation’ (2010) Saint Louis University Public Law Review Vol.XXIX:501
• Mohamed, D. (2011). Computer evidence: Issues and challenges in the present and the future. LNS (A) lxvii.
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