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    1992 OTC Kaplan Wave Impact Forces On Offshore Structures Re-Examination and New Interpretations OTC-6814-MS PDF

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    OTC 6814 Wave Impact Forces on Offshore Structures: Re-Examination and New Interpretations Paul Kaplan, Hycromechanics Inc. ‘Te apr wos cle senso yt OTC Fram Canto Slows evi lan conned in an shat unm heater). Content a he see ‘onan reson a Sano Cares td westerly oye aot) Te nea spe snare ie (oe She cetan conus Seroiegraa ware sy whom he pater esd ABSTRACT ‘A__now mathematical model is presented for determining the time histories of impact forces on horizontal Corcular members and fat’ deck’ structures of “offshore Platforms. Comparison with characteristics of measured ata allows explanation of various anomalies, aswell as futher insight into the effects of measurement system dynamics. Extensions of the analysis are. described for application to problems of impact on vertical cyjinders, as ‘well as overhanging decks oF jacket structure legs during platform transport. INTRODUCTION The problem of wave impact forces on offshore platforms has primary been concentrated (in the past) on the case of horizontal members in the splash zone, where these support members experience Impact forces ‘due to contact with the crosts of incident waves. A number of publications related to this problem area have appeared in OTC and related publications ((1}(5), where both theoretical ‘analyses and experimental results have been presented and discussed. The results there have been primarly concerned with vertical impact forces on tho cylinder structure, but some consideration was also given to horizontal forces. While most of the experimental dala in these. papers. was that from model tests, data on @ large Ooean Test Structure (CTS) in the Guit ot Mexico together with an associated theoretical analysis-corelation study were presented in (5). Athough these results have arrived at _ some generally accepted value for the poak vertical impact forco, there were a number of questions related fo the nature of the load time history. Various effects associated with the measurement procedures; the influence of inertial reactions; effects of measurement system dynamics; Influence of fiters | used in data acquistion and analysis processes; ete. have {an influence on the measurements that must be considered when determining the nature of the impact forces and thelr | magnitudes. ‘Such aspects were not uniformly considered in all of the prior publications. 7 Another important problem area, of more recent concern, involves. impact forces on platform deck structures. (particulary for older platform installations). Large impact forces occur due to extreme waves whose crests ‘can inundate the deck stucture due to insutlcient alr gaps. ‘These reduced air gaps occur as a consequence of Subsidence of the local seabed region (or settement of the piatioom over timo), as well as the increased extreme wave heights that were not forecast as well when these earler Blatiorms wore Installed. A particular Wustallve case is that (of the Ekofisk platform The Ekoisk platform deck is composed of tat plating, for which typeof structure there are large loads possible. Other platforms have their deck composed of finite number of beams on which grating is placed, so that a reduced “hard structure* region is prosont. "For such cases the horizontal deck loads are then usually the dominant loads on the dock structure. ‘The nature of the loads on fat plate decks differs from that on horizontal cylinders, and the theoretical methods used for each type of structural element are described in the present paper. ‘The approach used in this paper is similar to techniques used in analysis of ship slamming phenomena, ‘The theoretical resuits are described herein, together with consideration of various -non-hydrodynamic etfects associated with measurement system characteristics and dala processing procedures that affect the nature of experimental observed measurements. A description is also given of mothods for extension of the analysis to apply to ‘other impact phenomena associated with offshore structures, DESCRIPTION OF THEORETICAL ANALYSIS The basic method of theoretical analysis. of impact forces primarily considers. hycrodynamic inertial forces. In addition other contributions that arise due to buoyancy and ‘drag forces are also included. Separate treatments for, horizontal cylinders and flat plate dock structures” are presented below. WAVE IMPACT FORCES o¥ OFFSHORE STRUCTURES~ EEXAMINATIN AND NEW INTERPRETATIONS ore 6814 Horizontal r Fores ‘The case of a horizontal cylinder treated here uses a two-dimensional analysis assumed to apply to the case with waves ing normal to the cylinder horizontal axis. As shown in Figure 1 the cylinder center is located at height H above the MWL. 1 is the wave elevation above the MWL, z is the penetration of the cylinder into the water, and A, is the immersed sectional area. It is assumed here that ‘the wave dimensions are large compared to the cylinder radius (9) so that the wave elevation is locally latin IS intersection with the cylinder. ‘The vertical force has been derived in {1}, with an ‘additional extension to include a drag force contibution in [5]. The ‘total vertical force (per unit length along the oylinder axis) is expressed by amie 5 0 a2 whore the fist arm is the buoyant force; the term pAfi Tepresonis tho effect of the spacial pressure gradient in the waves; the Tors involving my ar found fron the me rato ot change of verical fu momentum; and the lst tom feprosenis a crag force, The ‘uanily m, is the. vertical ‘adéed mass, which is function of te degre of Immersion {eis A). Tho drag force term is nvodvced inthe same way'a¢ inthe clasecal Morson equation, with the quanily (2) as. varying cross-section horizontal langih reorence for drag force evaluation {with & maximum value equal to the ‘eyinder diameter. The quantity C, (2m) is a ag coetcent for vercal flow, which also is inleated to vary with immersion, Bul Is taken to have te constant Valve of 10 in th prosent case. Fy po + (m, + palit + JZ) Co(Z) (1) In the calculations of vertical impact force the inertial term proportional to n° is only evaluated when 1>0, which corresponds to conditions of increasing immersion. | When. 40 that particular term is set equal to z0r0. This treatment is based on considerations of vertical momentum transfer ‘only upon ‘water entry" and not during conditions, ‘associated with water ext. Such a treatment is always used in ship slamming analysis (see (6]48)) and is cared ‘over to the present case. ‘The horizontal force acting on the cylinder in waves has not been evaluated In the cited OTC references, but, has been derived in [5]. The results obtained there are [presented bolow, in torms of operations based on the horizontal wave ‘orbital velocity v. The horizontal force (Positive in the same direction as v) is also ablained by use of a momentum analysis combined with a drag force term. The horizontal force is expressed by am, % AY av + viviin (2) 6, (2) 2 oe @ =A + my v4 Tv B vuln (2) 6, (2) where the time rate of change of m, (the lateral added mass, which depends on the degree of Immersion) Is given in terms of tie rate of change of m, with respect to immersion (2) and. the vertcal velocity "There is no itference in the treatment of this term, in accordance with the sign of 4 (as was done for the vertical impact force), since momentum transter in the lateral direction "is, Continuous. For the drag force component term, hizi) is tho vortical reference length which varies with immersion and has a maximum value equal to the cylinder diameter. ‘The quantily Cait) is the lateral drag coefficient, which pphysicaly varie& in accordance with the degree of immersion but is taken as the constant value Cy =1.0 in the present case. ‘The present impact problem is an impulsive flow ‘process which corresponds to the free surface boundary Condition on the velocity potential given by @=0. The values of m, and amjéz were found in [1] by use of theoretical analysis ‘applied to circular segments up the point of complete immersion (zi=2). However since actual ‘Bhysical immersion conditions exceed that value, and also since values of the lateral hydrodynamic added mass. m, ‘are also required, another method was applied to determine these added mass terms and thelr derivatives with respect to degree of immersion or penetration into the water. The procedure used was the Frank close-it method [9]. using body geometric oftsets, evaluated for the tree suriace limit Conalton of high frequency (corresponding to 9-0). The values of m, and m,, as woll as their derivatives with respect to z, are shown in Figures 2 and 3 up to the value ‘These values are then available for use in the theoretical calculation of the vertical and horizontal impact forces on horizontal cylinders. Flat Plate Deck Forces ‘The vertical impact force on flat plate deck structure Is obtained by means of a combined momentum and drag force analysis, assuming the deck is inundated by the wave crest which exceeds its location above the MWL. The ‘momentum analysis method is similar to that of flat surface slamming of advanced marine vehicles [7], except that there is no motion of the body (Le. plate) and the sea water can {90 over and around the plate. Considering the plate to be fectangular, of length L and width b, the case with waves ‘propagating In a direction along the longth is analyzed by fnalogy to the treatment in [7]. ‘The vertical momentum component term is defined by Foe a Som, @) Simi ° where ma, is given by * bet O) 8 ™ whore c Is the wetted length. This leads to ae at 6 Fig, =P BC Hi +p — ibe me 8 a “The quantities ¢ and aciat are determined from the relative degree of wating of the flat deck underside, which occurs ‘as the Incident wave travels along the deck from its initial ‘contact location. The second torm on the right in Eq. (6) ‘continually varies up to the time when the wetted length ¢ Feaches the end of the plato, after which ac/et=0 and that term is then zero throughout the remaining time that the Particular wave elevation is contacting the deck. Adding the ‘drag force gives the total vertical force as ® m4, , wr ciep ach + Panic Cle 6) 3 aa e oTe 6814 where the value of C, used here is 2.0, with the quantity in parenthesis representing the force per unit plate width. For purposes of illustration in the present case, the deck pate ie assumed to be of nogligile thickness so that no ‘buoyancy force component is included. ‘The expression in Eq. (6) represents a continually varying force as a function of time during wave passage, Since large waves are also generally long compared to the imensions of a platform deck, the spacial variability of the wave properties along the deck is not considered in evaluating the force expression in Eq. (6), Le. the wave function variability is only considered as a function of time. CALCULATED RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT In order to Hlustrale the basic nature of the results ‘obtained from the present theory, some. representative results are llustrated here for idealized cases tat consider ‘only regular sinusoidal waves. The wave condition is that for a deep water wave with an amplitude of 32 ft. and a period of 12 sec. The horizontal cylinder selected has @ Giameter of 9 ft. (Le. r=1.5 ft), and is locatod by H=15 ft ‘above MWL. The results for the cylinder vertical force (per, unit length), according to the present theoretical model for this case, are shown in Figure 4. “This theoretical force record, which was calculated wih time interval steps of 0.0825 sec, exhibis the ‘expected sharp inlial rise time charactorstic of such theoretical representations. The occurence of a negative value portion at the end of the force time history is also ‘xibited in Figure 4, wit a poak negative force of about 25% of the postive ‘nal peak This appearance airs ftom that ilustrated in (1. where the latter porton of the time history ilustration there. showed another positive peak at the end of the record. Those results, which didnot incuse any drag force coriibuton, arose. dua te tne cect use of the slam force term (proportonal to 1) without Considering the interretafon of a zoro value whan ij<0 but Used. the. procise. mathematical oxpression rect An example of the use of the theoretical expression ‘without ‘ccounting for the presently indcated interpretation of that | term is ‘shown in Figure 6, where the positive. pulse-ike ralure. of the force at the ‘ond of the time Mistory is ilustated. "There is a small nogatve force rogion also shown there (due to the drag force influence) which ‘overcome by the (eroneous) siam force term. ‘The horizontal force time history on the cylinder for this case is shown in Figure 6, which is characterized by ppulse-tke “intial and final portions (in opposite sign rections) as well as a full broad region in between which has the same sign as the lateral wave velocity v. The ppulse-ke portion can be shown to arise from the slam force {orm (second term on the right in Eq, (2)) which changes sign in accordance with 7). Comparisons can be made in regard to only the features of the time history records when examining ‘experimental time history records. Exact comparisons ‘cannot be made due to the nature of the actual waves used in the experiment (sometimes random waves, as In the case of OTS data shown in [6]), or the influence of the Measurement andior data processing systems, etc. However enough qualitative features are available for ‘general comparison purposes. KAPLAN ‘An example of a measured time history of the vertical force on a horizontal cylindrical member of the OTS is shown in Figure 7, where the occurrence of appreciable negative force was ilustrated. This was an unexplained anomaly in the results of the OTS impact investigation (5). ‘The relative magnitudes of positive and negative force Peaks are not proper indications, since the intial postive Peak of this force was significantly suppressed by the fitering applied to the data in that OTS study (a discussion of effects of fters and measurement system dynamics is siven in the next section). Another illustration of negative Vertical force in a time history racord Is shown in results of model tests. in [2], but no information on the effects of Measurement system dynamics or other influences on such data was discomible from that study. However the evidence of such negative force values at the end of th force time history is very apparent ther. Measurements of horizontal forces on the OTS. horizontal cylinder member, together with comparison with theory, are given in [5]. The theoretical model for horizontal force in {6] is the samo as that described herein. An ilustraion. of such results and comparison of theory and measurement (Including fiter effects that are small for the horizontal force) for a huricane wave segment is given in Figure 8. The agreement, for a realistic wave caso, is generally quite good for this horizontal force. The general features of the record are also consistent with te time history form shown in Figure 6, For the flat dock case the vertical force (per unit width) is found for the same theoretical sine wave as used to ilustate the circular cylinder case. The plate is located 15 ft. above MWL, with the ilusvated case for a plate of length L=60 ft. The vertical force time history for this case is shown in Figure 9, where the theoretical results according to Eq. (6) are shown as well as th resuits without the inclusion of the drag force component. it can be seen that the drag force provides additional peak value contributions in both the posiive and negative force portions of the record. The presence of relatively large positive and negative force values is evident here. The influence of the ‘api fall-off of the postive force due to affival at the end of the plate (whore ocat=0) Is also apparent in Vie record, wit the drag force and the inerial force (proportional fon) acting together to produce the nogaive force in the ator portion of the record. No buoyant force. contibuton is Included here, which would also ha ‘An illustration of experimental resuits for the vertical force on a plate deck, as obtained trom model test measurements [10], is given in Figure 10 for the case of a regular sine wave. It can be seen that the vertical force time histories exhibit both positive and negative peak values, with the negative peak as large (or larger) than the Postive peak value. The nature of the actual time histories In the experimental studies in [10] may also be influenced by measurement system dynamic response effects (lo be discussed in the following section), but there is no specific information on the measurement system properties in [10} ‘The magnitudes of the vertical forces on plated decks are much higher then the horizontal forces acting on that type deck (up to 8 times as large, reported in {0}. When the deck plating was removed, ‘leaving only deck beams, the vertical force was significantly reduced to about the same genoral order of magnitude as the horizontal force in the tests reported in [10], However the same a WAVE INPACT FORCES ON OFFSHOE STRUCTUR: -REEKAMINATIN AND Ni ERPRETATIONS phenomena of large positive and nogatve peaks in the Vertical force occurred, while horizontal forces were one: sided only during the eof the wave crest. No analysis of these results for that class of deck structure is provided in the present paper. EFFECTS OF MEASUREMENT AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS One of the problems experienced in relating theory and experiment for impact phenomena is due to the effects of measurement procedures, measuring system dynamics, and diferent data acquisition and processing methods. Some of these aspects have been considered to some extent in some of the prior references (e.g. [3}{6}) but further discussion is merited here. One important aspect of all measurements. is the requirement to only provide a measurement of the extemal impact force acting on the structure of interest, without Including any extraneous force effects. It is therefore necessary to correct for any inertial forces due to acceleration of the structure so that a pure external force measurement is obtained. For the case of offshore structures this has. only been done and reported (for impact forces) in [5], while a similar correction method has also been applied to the measured ship-model impact data reported in [6]. None of the other OTC references cited here have included any correction of such inortial forces when carrying out measurements of impact forces. ‘Another important aspect is related to data sampiing rates (for digital data acquisition systems) as well as any subsequent fitering action on the recorded data. Impact Phenomena are impulsive in nature, and the force ‘ccurrence usually involves rapid ‘rise (and fll) Characteristics in their time history appearance. Such high frequeney phenomena require high samplrg rales so tal ‘no information is lost due to an inadequate frequency range associated with the resulting sampling bandwiath. Similarly the use of fiters should be resticled as well since high frequency effects are inherent in impact phenomena, and fitering action will possibly delete Important aspects of the time history records if the fier frequency cut-off value is 100 Jow. Both problems described here in the data acquisition ‘and processing methods were present in the OTS data (see [), which resulted in a limitation of utility of much of the ‘measured impact force data in that project. ‘The influence of measurement system dynamics is also an important feature that affects the magnitude and ‘appearance of impact force time histories. With an actual {force represented by F, is measured by a system that has its own dynamic properties, the measured force (denoted as F.) will differ from F, in’ a manner dependent on such caracteristics as the tme extent and form of the impulsive force, the natural period of the dynamic measurement system, and also (to a lesser extent) the degree of damping of the measurement system. There are various guidelines ‘conceming the relations between these parameters that determine the relation between F,, and F,. ‘Although most measuring systems are assumed to give a measure of the force in terms of static detlection Values related to pre-tested steady state calibration values, different responses are found when dynamic effects are considered. "The usual method of analysis of such systems ‘considers “them to be general second order dynamic systems subjected 10 impuisive inputs (e.g. see. [11). ‘Assuming a pulse-type input provides @ response whose amplitude is ‘a function of the ratio of the pulse time ‘duration to the system natural period, as well as a function ‘of the input pulse shape. The maximum value of the response is given in terms of the “dynamic oad factor Which is the ratio of the maximum dynamic response to the Value produced by the same input when applied statically. Some ilustraive ‘results for the dynamic load factor for diferent pulse shapes fs given in Figure 11 It ean be soon from the results in Figure 11 that it would be necessary to have a measuring system with a ‘short natural period compared to the pulse time in order to have a relative response magnitude of 1.0 which would correspond to the true static response value. Thus a relatively high natural trequency would be required for a measuring system that could provide a proper magnitude of an impulsive force, with that natural frequency about 2-3, times larger than the frequency content of the force pulse. For cases where the natural period was about the same as, the pulse time, the peak response could reach up to about 41.7 times the actual force peak (for properly representative pulse shapes). The results in Figure 11 are only measures of peak ‘amplitude but that information does not ilustrate the nature of the appearance of the resulting time history (which could be significantly distorted in comparison to the actual force record). The results in Figure 11 are only for undamped systems, but the usual level of damping in measurement systems’ would not alter those indicated results to any appreciable degree. Some illustrations of possible measured time history responses, for a selected form of force record, are shown in (4) for diferent ratios of the rise time to system natural period. Very different magnitudes and response time histories, as compared to the selected force record form, wore found as outputs from such a systom. Thus great care must be exercised in determining the actual impact force magnitudes and overall_time Histories when establishing the nature of such disturbances a inputs to platform structural design analyses. In order to establish the actual impact force time history (F,) from a measured result (F,), it is possible to relate thein by the convolution integral expression 1 Far= ff mearcoee ” ° whore h(t) is the impulse response function of the measuring system. Applying Fourier transtorm operations to this relation leads to F, (i) = Hila) Fo) ® where the — symbol represents the Fourier transform and Hila) is the Fourier wansform of the impulse response function h(t). With F, given by F(iol/H(ia), and assuming that the impulse response properties of the measuring system are known, application of the inverse Fourier transform operation will yield the actual impact force time history. Similar type analyses were applied in [5] in order to ilustrte the effect of fiter operations on theoretical force time histories in order to allow some comparison with measured forces that were fitered in the OTS project work. APPL \TIONS AND EXTENSIONS OF ANAL ‘The description and discussion above provides the basic tools for estimation of impact loads on two types of structural elements of offshore platforms, Procedures. for Interpretation of laboratory andior eld measurements, in terms. of various effects of measurement instrumentation and data processing methodology, are also provided. However the important aspect of concer "is. the ‘determination of appropriate design load values, In addition {o enlarged understanding of the basic phenomena. For the case of horizontal circular “members the basic peak theoretical values have generally been verified as a result of all of the prior studies. Thus the vertical force slam ‘coeticent, defined by ® °