Project Report Uma 2 UTTURGRE PDF

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM”

Submitted to
MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

(An autonomous institute under RGTU, Bhopal)
In partial fulfilment for the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
2014-2018
Supervised To Submitted by
Prof. POOJA SAHU UMA KEN(0901EC141106)
Dr. ABHISHEK KUMAR AWASTHI VARTIKA KHOIYA (0901EC141109)
UTKARSH BADAL(0901EC141108)
Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior
MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

(An autonomous institute under RGTU, Bhopal)
GWALIOR (M.P.)
2014-2018
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this major project entitled “AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM ” which is being
submitted by UMA KEN, VARTIKA KHOIYA,UTKARSH BADAL in partial fulfilment for the award of
degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING under RAJIV GHANDHI
TECHNICALUNIVERSITY, BHOPAL (university of technology of Madhya Pradesh). It is a record of their
own work carried by them under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the matter
presented in this major project has not been submitted for the award of any other diploma or degree
certificate.
Under the guidance of
Mrs. POOJA SAHU
Asst. Prof.
Dr. ABHISHEK KUMAR AWASTHI
Asst. Prof.
DR. P.K. SINGHAL Dr. R.K. PANDIT

PROFESSOR & H.O.D. DIRECTOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS MITS, GWALIOR
Automatic Irrigation System Page 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are extremely thankful to our adorable Dissertation supervisor Assistant professor Mrs.POOJA
SAHU and Dr.ABHISHEK KUMAR AWASTHI Department of Electronics Engineering, M.I.T.S. Gwalior,
for the able guidance, affectionate encouragement, and constructive comments rendered during the course of
the work. She was instrumental in conceptualizing and developing the theme, and her support was available
in all stages of work.
We are very grateful to honourable prof. Dr. R. K PANDIT, Director, Madhya Institute of Technology and
Science, Gwalior for his keen interest in welfare of students and for providing us the opportunity to carry out
the project in this esteemed organization.
We would like to express my sincere gratitude to prof. Dr. P.K. Singhal, Professor of Head, Department of
Electronics Engineering, for valuable support discussions and providing best facilities in the department.
We would like to show our appreciation to our family members, for giving us moral support. We would like
to thank all our friends and well-wishers who were involved directly or indirectly in successful completion
of the present work.
UMA KEN (0901EC141106)
VARTIKA KHOIYA (0901EC141109)
UTKARSH BADAL (0901EC141108)

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this project titled “AUTOMATIC
IRRIGATION SYSTEM ” in the partial fulfilment of requirement for award of degree of BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING IN ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING AT MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE, GWALIOR. This is an authenticated record of our work carried under supervision of
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Mrs.POOJA SAHU.
We have not submitted the matter embodies in this project for the award of any degree or diploma anywhere
else.
Date: 01/05/2018 UMA KEN (0901EC141106)
Place : Gwalior VARTIKA KHOIYA (0901EC141109)
UTKARSH BADAL (0901EC141108)

ABSTRACT
The motivation for this project come from the countries where economy is completely based on the
agricultures and the climate conditions. Lead to back of rains and scarcity of water. The farmers working in
the farm lands are solely dependent on the rains and bore wells for the irrigation of the land
The aim of our projects is to minimize the natural intervention by the farmers. This project is developed to
senses the moisture content present in the soil. We can detect the if soil dry or wet with motor ( power
supply ) in this operation. an automatic irrigation system without microcontroller using soil moisture sensors
does the operation of the system without requiring manual involvement of the person.
Automated irrigation system using soil moisture sensors will some the following purposes: As there are no
un-planned uses of water, a lot of water is saved from being washed. The irrigation is the only when there is
not enough moisture in the soil and sensors decides when the pump to be turned on/off should. Save a lot of
time for the farmers, this also gives much needed rest to the farmers as they don’t have to go and turn the
pump on/off normally.
The advantages of this project to decrees the human involvement and still make certain appropriate
irrigation system with high frequency.

LIST OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE.....................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................3
DECLARATION..................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................5
LIST OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................6
LIST OF FIGURE................................................................................................8
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................9
1.1 OVERVIEW..................................................................................9
1.2 HISTORY IN INDIA...............................................................9-10
1.3 NECESSITY...............................................................................10
1.4 AIM OF THE PROJECT............................................................10
1.5 ORGANISATION OF PROJECT........................................10-11
CHAPTER-2 METHEDOLOGY...................................................................12
2.1 SOURCE OF INFORMATION..........................................12-14
2.2REQUIRED INPUT DATA......................................................14
2.3 EXPECTED RESULTS......................................................14-15
CHAPTER-3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION..............................................16
3.1 MODEL DEVELOPMENT.......................................................16
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM THEORY............................................16-18
3.3 COMPONENT SPECIFICATION............................................ 18
3.3.1 SENSOR.......................................................................18-19
3.3.2 RELAY..............................................................................19
3.3.3 POTENTIOMETER.....................................................19-20

3.3.4 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT...........................................20-21
3.3.5 POWER SUPPLY.......................................................21-22
3.3.6 LED...................................................................................22
3.3.7 DIODE..............................................................................22
3.3.8 RESISTER...................................................................22-23
3.4 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAIL.............................................................23-24
3.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ...........................................................................25-26
3.6 WORKING PERFORMANCE..................................................................26
CHAPTER-4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.........................................27-29
CHAPTER-5
5.1 CONCLUSION........................................................................30
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE.....................................................................30
5.3 APPLICATIONS......................................................................31
REFERENCE...................................................................................................32

LIST OF FIGURE
FIG.NO. TITLE DISCRIPTION PAGE NO.
1.1 Domestic automatic irrigation 13
1.2 Sensor used in soil content 14
1.3 Block diagram of automatic irrigation 17
1.4 Soil moisture sensor circuit 18
1.5 Figure of potentiometer 20
1.6 Constructional figure of automatic 23
Irrigation system
1.7 Circuit diagram of automatic 25
Irrigation system
1.8 Automatic irrigation system using 28
Soil moisture sensor

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Now days, many people are facing a lot of problems watering the plants in the gardens, especially
when they are away from house, in such cases, watering plants become as they are involved in other works,
with losing their time and efforts. A proper use of the water to the plants is most important due to the lack of
rainwatering shortage of water for this reason we use this automatic plant watering or automatic irrigation
system as it is very useful in all climatic conditions.
1.1 Overview of automatic irrigation system:
Irrigation is key to a successful gardens long gone are the days of manual working or relying as a
friend to water when you are on vacation or away on business. Theproject presented herewaters your plants
regularly when you are absent. The comparator monitors the sensors and when sensors sense the dry
condition then the project will switch on the motor and it will switch off the water when the sensors are in
wet. Thecomparator does the above job it receive the signals from the sensors.
First here we can clearly defined the term irrigation is artificial applications of water to land or soil
,irrigation process can be used for the cultivation of agricultural crops during the spam or inadequate
rainfall and for maintaining ,land scopes, automatic irrigation systems does the operation of a systems
without requiring manual involvement of a persons.
1.2 History:
Irrigation in India includes a network of major canals from Indian River, groundwater,well based
system tanks and the rain water harvesting projects for agricultural activities of this groundwater system is
largest.
Major irrigation canals were built after millions of people died each in the series of major famines in the 19th
century in British India …however,much of the added irrigation capacity during the colonial era was
provided by ground water,wells and thanks operated manually. In 2013-14, only about 47.7% of total
agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated.[1] The largest canals in India is Indira Gandhi canal, which
is about 650 km long. About 2/3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons.

India’ irrigation covered crop area was about 22.6 million hectares in 1951 it increased to potential of 90
moa at the end of 1995, including of canals and groundwater wells.
1.3 Necessity:
In automatic irrigation system does the operation of a system without requiring manual involvement
of persons every irrigation system such as drip, sprinkler and surface gets automated with the help of
electronic appliances and detectors such as computer,timers,sensors and other mechanical devices.And also
irrigation is very important because irrigation is essentially the artificial application of water overcome
deficiencies in in rainfall for growing crops 9contor, 19670, irrigation is a basic determinant of agriculture
because it’s inadequate are the most powerful constraints on the increase of agricultural productions.
Irrigation is so necessary because the crops needed water to grow. Those early people invented a system of
canals that they due to irrigate their crops, they also built gates into these canals so that they could control
the flow of water.
1.4 Aim of the project:
We know that the water is the very precious resource and must be properly used. Agriculture is one
of those areas which consume a lot of water. Irrigation is a time consuming process and must be done on
timely basis. The aim of this project is to develop a type of automatic irrigation system, which measures the
moisture of soil and also soil moisture sensors.
Soil moisture sensor can save up to 60 per cent of water used in irrigation. This project is implemented for
small gardens and residential environment. By using advanced soil moisture sensor, the same circuit can be
expanded to large agriculture fields. The circuit is designed to work automatically. So there is no need for
any human intervention.
1.5 Organization of the project:
Appropriate environment conditions are necessary for optimum plant growth, improved crop yields and
efficient use of water and other resources the organisation of the project is to design a simple, easy to install
circuit to monitor and record the values of soil moisture and fertilizer land that are continuous modified and
controlled in order to optimize them to achieve maximum plant growth and yield.
It communicates with the sensor modules real time in order to control the irrigation process sufficiently
inside a field by actuating a motor (To irrigate the

The fields ) according to the necessary condition of the crop ,an integrated (LED) liquid crystal display is
also used for real time display of acquired form the sensor and the status of the various devices also , the
use of easily available components reduces the manufacturing cost.
The design of the circuit is flexible as the software can be changed and time it can thus be tailor made to the
specific requirements of the user.
This makes an efficient system for optimization of yield with, minimum use of water; this system is also
economical, portable and user friendly. Automating the data acquisition process of the soil condition allows
plant growth with less labour requirement.

CHAPTER-2
METHEDOLOGY
We literate the many of statement themes and theory of the about automatic irrigation system
without microcontroller of plants is much a very time consuming activities to be done in reasonable amount
of time, it required a large amount of human resources, Traditionally, all the steps we executed by human,
Now a days some system are technological reduce the workers of the required to water the plants, with such
systems the control is very limited and many resources are still wasted.
Water is one of these resources that are used excessively, was irrigation is one method used to water the
plants, method represents massive losses since the amount of water given in the excess of the plants needs
the excess water is evacuated by the holes of the pots in greenhouses, or it percolates through the soil in the
fields.
2.1 Source of information:
The required information was found from the variety of the sources. Information about the various
principles and types of soil moisture probes was acquired from the Ontario ministry of agriculture. Food and
Rural affairs website.[3] And several probes manufacturers and vendors. A promotional package containing
technical datasheets, test results and a sample geotextile sheet were obtained from sole no textiles. [4]
Different types of electric valves were researched on the internet, and the solenoid valve was offered by the
mechanical engineering department at McGill University. During the design, a manual on digital system
design. [5] and a manual on electrical power [6] were consulted.

Figure 1.1 - Domestic automatic irrigation system
This figure 1.1 is clearly informed about plantation and the simplest overview of the automatic irrigation
system without microcontroller in the field of agriculture department and other industrial areas As well as
automatic irrigation of our domestic pots. This is the complete methodology of the project, the entire soil
this process sometimes consumes more water or surface is saturated and often stays wet long after irrigation
sometimes the water reaches late due to which crops is completed.On the contrary many types of irrigation
is before visible wilting occurs. Slowed growth rate modern irrigation technique that slowly applies weight
fruit follows slight water deficiency. To solve this problem, it is important to remember the two main
objectives, which are to make a more efficient use of the water and to minimize the labour.

Figure 1.2 – Sensor used in soil content
2.2 Required input data:
Depending on the types of plant irrigated (e. g. cactus or geranium); the required soil moisture for
growth and maintenance varies. It is also useful to determine the amount of water that the plants absorb
during the certain period to choose the size of the reservoir and the refilling frequency.Plant was purchased
and in a typical environment, and their water consumption was evaluated experimentally. This experiment is
discussed in further.
In the future the user will not be have to know how much water the plants, consume only their required soil
moisture levels. The feedback will control the amount of water supplied automatically to the plants. A table
of moisture levels for most common plant species may be attached to the retail package for convince.
2.3 Expected Results:
The chosen approach is expected to yield the following results. All design candidates can be
evaluated separately and compared with each other in terms of these elements.
• Low installation cost: A domestic user must be able to afford the system to irrigate his or
her home plants; the installation must be simple enough not to require a technician.
• Reduced labour: The once the system is installed, the required labour will be limited to
refilling the water supply periodically. This is the first aspect implied by full automation.
• Decrease in water input: If the water used dependonly the actual consumption of the
plants and no water is wasted, one should observe a decrease in the water input in the future;
this can be translated into many savings.
• Low maintenance: A good system requires is the very small maintenance, easy to find and
easy to replace.
• Low power consumption: The consumption of electrical energy can also be minimized to
reduce the total costs associated with the system, each component can be optimized
independently but the objective relates to the total power consumpt

CHAPTER -3
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
In this section we will describe the development of the system, (automatic irrigation system without
microcontroller using soil moisture sensor). In the according of the time, centuries and generation the
development of the automatic irrigation system are also developed advanced. Day by day it’s expressed in
the whole country and much popular as compared to the other irrigation systems all industries and the field
of agriculture as well as horticulture it’s use in the high levels.
3.1 Model development:
On the basis of model development of the automatic irrigation system without microcontroller is
seen that the This study is designed to develop an automatic irrigation system that switches (ON/OFF) a
pump motor by sensing the moisture content of the soil using wireless technology. The project uses 8051
series microcontroller, which is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moistures of the soil
through sensors.
This is achieved by using an op-amp as comparator which acts as interface between the sensing device and
the microcontroller. Once the controller receives the signal, it generates an output that drives a relay for
operating the water pump. An LCD display is also interfaced to the microcontroller to display the status of
the soil and water pump ON/Off condition. The sensing arrangement is made using two stiff metallic rods
inserted to the agricultural field required to be in control. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced
to the control unit. This concept can also be enhanced by integrating XBEE/Bluetooth technology, such that
whenever the water pump switches ON/OFF, the information is sent to a smart mobile phone or XBEE
transceiver module regarding the status of the pump.
3.2 Block diagram, Theory:
To understand the simply overview of the automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensors we
will describe through the block diagram of the automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensors.

Figure 1.3 – Block diagram of automatic irrigation system
In his figure the block diagram is easiy to understand the basic block diagramof the irrigaton system using
soil moisture sensors . we know that thblock diagram of any system is the overview of the our systems and
how is it
Work And also tells about the physical hardware of the discription of the component as well as also tells
about the how does our system works and which process is followed by the systems. Also known as all
these characteristic of physical and internal . here the block diagram is which procedure are follow and
which principle based on.
Here we clearly explaied the overview of the block diagram of the automatic irrigation system using soil
moisture sensors. In this figure we can easily seen that the first of the most important content soil dry and
wet sensors are directly connected to theLM324 ic comperator and ref voltage are also directly cnnected to
the LM324 ic. Than the ic comperator are furthur connected to the transister driver circuit , after this the
transister driver circuit one port is direct connect to the LED display as well as also other one port is
connected to the relay in downward.
In downward the relay is direct connection with the power supply(a.c.) and other one terminal is added to
the water pump.
So when the power supply is on than the sensors are goes to the wet condition of the soil and the pump is off
and also LED is off not glow the LED , after this the other case is when the soil moisture sensors are takes in

the dry conditions of the soil yet power switch is on then the pump is on condition means the flow of water
easily in the pump and the LEDis alsi glowing automatically and our systems process is completely filled.
This process are being contineu in many times and more portable to doing a good irrigation of our houses
pots, industries and also in the field of agriculture. So this is the fully overview of the automatic irrigation
system using soil moisture sensors.
3.3 Component specification which are used:
In this section here we specify the all components which are used in automatic irrigation system
using soil moisture sensors one by one.
3.3.1 Sensors:
soil moisture (definition) a soil moisture sensor measures the quantity of water contained in a
material, such as soil on a volumetric or gravimetric basis. To obtain an accurate measurement, a
soil temperature sensor is also required for calibration.
Figure 1.4 – Soil moisture sensor circuit

Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. ... Reflected microwave radiation is
affected by the soil moisture and is used for remote hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe instruments
can be used by farmers or gardeners. Most soil moisture sensors are designed to estimate soil volumetric
water content based on the dielectric constant (soil bulk permittivity) of the soil.
3.3.2 Relay:
Relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays are used an electrically and mechanically
switch. Relay are used where it is necessary control the circuit by a separate low- power signal, or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
“ Arelay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industries controlls, automobiles and
applications.”
In this relay one circuit to switch and second circuit which can be completely separate from tha first. For ex
a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230 v AC mains circuit.
There is no electrical connections inside the relay, bitween the two circuits; the link is magnetic and
mechanical. In this automatic irrigation system without microcontroller using soil moister sensor we will
using the 6 volt, 100 ohm relay. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or
close one or many sets of contacts.
The relay allow the isolation of two separate sections of a systems with two different voltage sources i. e., a
small amount of voltage / current on the other side but two voltages mixup. The heart relay of the
electromagnet.( A coil of wire that’s becomes a temporary magnet when electricity flows through it ).
When the current is switched off, the contacts open again, switching the circuit off. A useful property
of relays is that the circuit powering the coil is completely separate from the circuit switched on by the relay.
3.3.3 Potentiometers:
A potentiometer is a three-terminalresistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable

voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or
rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for measuring electric
potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle, hence its name. This is the
diagram of a potentiometer and it is widely used in the automatic irrigation system using soil moisture
sensors. It has contain many parts of such that tree terminals,

Figure 1.5 – Diagram of potentiometer
Upper parts shaft as a long rod and middel part is contain threaded collar, Nut, washer, phenolic water and
the lower part is casing. Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume
controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers,
for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a
watt).
3.3.4 Integrated circuit:
In this automatic irrigation system using soil moisture we have used in two IC, one of the NE555and
the other one is LM324 used.first we tells about the general discription of the NE555 ic, this ic isThe "NE”
letters of the original parts numbers (NE555) were temperature designations for analogy chips from Signe
tics, where "NE" was commercial temperature family. This is the physical block diagram of NE555 ice, it’s
used.

Figure 1.5-NE555 IC pin diagram
This is the 8 pin ic, and the NE555 parts were commertialtemperature range, range is ( 0 to 70 ) degree
celcious. This were available to high reliability metal and inexpensive plastic packages. And this ic are
commonly and widely used in the automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensors. One of the other
ic are used is the LM324 ic. Thid is the also most ic used in the automatic irrigation systems using soil
moisture sensorr. Its more expansive ic LM324.
Here we can seen the physical diagram of the LM324IC LM324 is a 14pin IC consisting of four independent
operational amplifiers (op-amps) compensated in a single package. Op-amps are high gain electronic voltage
amplifier with differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. The output voltage is many times higher
than the voltage difference between input terminals of the op-amps.These op-amps are operated by a single
power supply LM324 and need for a dual supply is eliminated. They can be used as amplifiers, comparators,
oscillators, rectifiers etc. The conventional op-amp applications can be more easily implemented with
LM324. This is the simple 14 pin consisting, first, seventh, Eight and the last fourteenth pin are output OF
1st, 2rd 3rd and 4th comparator. Second, sixth, nine and fourteenth pin inverting input of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
comparator. Further third, fifth, tenth and twelfth pin is non-inverting input of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th comparator.
And other the last fourth pin VCC function is supply voltage: 5V (up to 32V) and eleventh pin is grounded
(0V). This is the pin description of the LM324 ice and it’s more and more used in automatic irrigation
system using soil moisture sensors. Now a days this IC‘s used in the many automatic systems in every field.
3.3.5 Power supply:
The input of the circuit applied from the regulated power supply, the arc. Input i. e., 230 volt from
the main supply is step down by the transformer to 12 volt and is fed to the rectifier. Power supply is the
main part of the automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensors, without this the system does not the
work properly because the power supply is must be necessary to operate the automatic irrigation system
using soil moisture sensors. In anyfields. ………….....The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.
c. voltage so to get the pure d. c. voltage to the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to filter to remove any

arc. Components, now this voltage is given to voltagetoobtain pure constant dc voltages. That is power
supply of the systems.
3.3.6 LED (Light- emitting diode):
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-leadsemiconductorlight source. It is a p–n junctiondiode that

emits light when activated.[7] When a suitable current is applied to the leads,[8][9]electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence, and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2) and
integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern.LED is used to the automatic
irrigation system using soil moisture sensors, in as a valve. When the sensors sense the moisture of the wet
soil than this LED is glowing properly, if the sensor goes to the dry conditions of the soil theLED is not
glowing when the switch is on.
3.3.7 Diode:
A diode is a two-terminalelectronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction

(asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite)
resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of
semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals.
in this project automatic irrigation system without microcontroller using soil moisture sensor we can
sufficeintely used the electrical device namely diode. ‘’Adiode placed in series with the positive side of the
power supply is called a reverse protection diode. It ensures thst current can only flow in the positive
direction, and the power supply only applies a positive voltage to your circuit.’’
One significant application of diodes is to convert AC power to DC power.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the
diode's forward direction), while blocking it in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). As such, the
diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behaviour is called
rectification, and is used to convert the alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).
3.3.8 Resistance:
A resistor is a passivetwo-terminalelectrical component that implements electrical resistance as a

circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. Our automatic irrigation

system there are tworesistances is used.This is two terminal resistances are most useful to the automatic
irrigation system using soil moisture sensors and in the operation of our systems the resistance is
compulsory. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds
and forms. Resistors are also implemented within circuits the electrical function of a resistor is specified by
its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than. 9magnitudes.We
can see here the picture Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or
a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activities of the
resistance.
In this section we will see the complete performance analysis of our automatic irrigation system without
microcontroller using soil moisture sensors, and also tells about the functionality and construction as well as
working operation of the system. And also study to the circuit diagram of the systems brifly.in this section
we can also the all information about the automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensors and all
construction of circuit as well as operation process. This analysis are also tells about the quality and quantity
of the systems.
3.4: Constructional detail:
firstly here be briefly explain in the construction of the automatic irrigation system without
microcontroller using soil moisture sensors the constructional detail of this automatic irrigation system is
easy to understand. This automatic irrigation system depends on the output of the humidity sensors.
Whenever there is aneed of excess water in the desired fields, than it is impossible to use sensor technology.
But by using DTMF technology, we will be able to irrigate the desired fields in desired quantity. This is all
about the automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensors with circuit and block diagrams. we hope
that you might have got a better understanding about the concepts. The construction theory is not difficult to
understand of automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensors.

Figure 1.6 – constructional figure of automatic irrigation system
The block diagram of this automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensors is contain the three main
gears, namely an IC, a mother drive (power supply ), and the sensor circuit. This is the fully construction al
figure of the project in this construction we has used the 6 volt, 100 ohm relay this relay switch connection
are usually labelled as COM, NC and NO.
construction of this automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensors is contain the many components
such as in this circuit there is two potentiometers are used and the two most of the important ice is one of the
LM324, and the other one is NE555 ice used. Both of IC is the most popular IC in the field of electronics.
In this circuit one LED (Light emitting diode) is used because this is main part of the construction of the
system this LED (Light emitting diode) is give the output of the automatic irrigation system using soil
moisture sensors. When sensor sense the soil moisture than the LED (Light emitting diode), is glowing or
not glowing based on how much quantity moisture are present in the soil.
And two resister are 330 ohm are also connected for the LED (light emitting diode), one diode which is
connected to the relay through wire. Sensor that sense the soil dry and moisture. Power supply (a. c.)
alternating current must be uses to the switch on or off. Filter is also sued in this system construction. The
last components are pump is used in this circuit for automatic irrigation.

3.5 Circuit diagram:
Here we can see the mostimportant circuit diagram of the automatic irrigation system without
microcontroller using soil moisture sensors. This circuit diagram is not very easy to understand the all circuit
theory. The circuit diagram of automatic irrigation system is shown below. To make the circuit work and to
water the plants, we use this simple logic: when the soil is dry, it has high resistance and when the soil is wet
it has low resistance. This circuit consists of two probes that are placed into the earth. These probes perform
the work only when the soil resistance is low and they cannot perform when the resistance of the soil is high.
The voltage supply provided from a battery which is connected to the circuit, when the soil becomes dry or
wet and sense by the sensor. Here we can briefly express the circuit diagram of the project (automatic
irrigation system without microcontroller using soil moisture sensor) also explain with the help of
Figure 1.7 circuit diagram of automatic irrigation system
In this circuit diagram there are two resistances is connected serially and connected to the diode, diode is
connected to the IC 2 NE555 pin, and further this IC 2 is directly connected to the 6 volt relay, we know that
the relay is the important component of our system automatic irrigation system without microcontroller
using soil moisture sensors. This relay is also directly connected to the 9 to 12 volt ac (alternating current)
power supply, power supply is one of the most content of this circuit diagram and is the use of relay it is

convert to the ac (alternating current) to dc (direct current).and the soil moisture sensor is also connected to
the power supply and last the water pump are using to the irrigation of water it’s connections from the pots,
fields etc.
3.6 Working performance:
In this section we can completely see the working process of the our automatic irrigation system
without microcontroller using soil moisture sensors and also easily understand it.in this process firstly the ac
(alternating current ) power supply to the first. So is the soil is the dry the on than the pump is start is now I
will show the circuit in the working mode. We will be plugging in the wire of the positive terminal. Than the
LED shows the status of the pump so according to if the LED is glowing the pump is on, than we will switch
is on the ac supply but I would to tell you that the work have dry soil. So these terminal (sensor) are not put
in the dry soil but has sensors sense anything, so that the sensors is dry so I will start and we can see the
LED is on and the pump is also on (mean start water flow in the pup) than as soon as the irrigation is
complete. The soil would be wet like this have for some water in this bucket we will be putting the sensors;
you can see this LED is off. AC supply is still going but the pump is off, because the relay is switched off.
Because the sensors sense wet in to the soil, as soon as take out the sensor and putting in the dry conditions
on the table to LED is on the pump is also on too. An again I would put sensors in the wet soil, ac
(alternating current) supply is on but the pump is off and LED (Light emitting diode) is also the off
condition.This process can continuously many times according to the when sensors sense to the moisture in
soil. This is the full working process of the system automatic irrigation system without microcontroller using
soil moisture sensors

CHAPTER-4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Here we can see that in this section we have to observe the results and discussion. We discussed
complete project and as well as results, we know that ‘’the project is designed to develop an automatic
irrigation system without microcontroller using soil moisture sensor which switches the pump on/off on
sensing the moisture content of the soil. … The project uses to receive the input signal of varying moisture
condition of the soil through the sensing arrangement.’’
In the domain of farming, utilization of appropriate means of irrigation is significant. The benefit of
employing these techniques is to decrease human interference and still make certain appropriate irrigation.
Also continuous increasing demand of food requires the control in highly specialized greenhouse vegetable
rapid improvement in food production technology.
In this project the system was tested using different soil samples. The amount of time the system took to
irrigate different soil samples in different states. First we took the sandy type soil samples to test this soil
sample the initial soil state (% dryness) with 5.0 (seconds) irrigation time, similarly the other loamy type soil
sample used which initial soil state 100 (% dryness) with 12.0 (seconds) irrigation time. In this type we are
test the many different type soil samples used.
It can be seen from the results obtained that the system responded linearly with respect to the degree of
dryness for the three soil types. There is a linear relationship between the degree of soil dryness and the time
taken to irrigate the soil. At 50% dryness, irrigation durations were 2.0, 2.0 and 2.5 seconds for

Figure 1.8 – Automatic irrigation system using soil moisture sensor
Sandy, loamy and clayey soils respectively. While at 70% dryness, irrigation durations increased to 3.0, 7.5
and 8.0 seconds for sandy, loamy and clayey soils respectively. It is seen that irrigation in loamy soil
generally took longer in loamy soil than in sandy soil, and clayey soil irrigation took longest. In this project
automatic irrigation system without microcontroller using soil moisture sensor the process of irrigation
becomes easy, accurate and practical with the same soil sample impossible. Because of the idea above the
shared and can be implemented in agricultural as well as industrial difficulties of accurately measuring dry
soil and water fields in future to promote agriculture and industries to next level.
The volumes, volumetric water contents are not usually output from moisture sensor and level system plays
major determined directly. Role in producing the output. In agriculture lands and biggest industrial fields
with severe shortage of rainfall, this model (automatic irrigation system without microcontroller using soil
moisture sensor) can be successfully applied to achieve great results with most types of soil.

In this project the main component 6 volt, 100 ohm relay are used.The relay switch connection our usually
labelled as COM, NC and NO.
COM = common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the switch.
NC = normally closed COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
NO = normally open COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
We observe that this project used LN324 IC has numerous circuit application, we can use it
widely.In this automatic irrigation system without microcontroller using soil moisture sensor is also can
used to this component namely filter, we discussed the capacitive filter can also use in this project, because
it removes the ripples from the output. Received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load
is maintained constant. However if either of the two is varied, D. C. voltage received at this point changes.
Therefor a regulator is applied at the output.

CHAPTER – 5
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion:
We have to conclude the project “Automatic irrigation system without microcontroller using soil
moisture sensors” has been successfully studied. The project is developed to sense the moisture content
present in the soil. We can detect if the soil dry or wet with motor A.C. (alternating current) supply
operation.
Under irrigation loads to increased soil salinity with consequent build-upof toxic, salts on the soil surface in
areas with high evaporation. Than here the idea of that helps not only farmers even for the watering the
gardens also, which senses the soil moisture, and switches the pump automatically when the power is on.
Even after this they need to wait until the field is properly watered, which makes them stop doing other
activities.
It can be installed easily in a home environment and requires little resource. The design is still in a prototype
stage. More tests need to be conducted before the efficiency. Durability, reliability can be demonstrated.
Additionally, many improvements can be made to make the system more versatile, customisable and user
friendly.
The advantages of this project to decrease the human involvement and still make certain appropriate system.
Automatic irrigation system without microcontroller using soil moisture sensors is very use
5.2 Future Scope:
The working of the project is dependent on the output of humidity sensors. Whenever there is a need
for excess water in the desired field. (RICE crops), then it will not be possible by using sensors technology.
For this, we will have to adopt the DTMF Technology. By using this we will be able to irrigate the desired
field and in desired amount.

5.3 Applications:
this project has the following applications in many field of agriculture and the other industrial fields.
• This circuit can be used to measure the loss of moisture in the soil over time due to evaporation and
intake.
• This project minimizes water waste and improves plant growth.
• The circuit is designed to work automatically. So, there is no need for any human intervention.
• The project is intended for small gardens and residential environment. By using advanced soil
moisture sensor, the same circuit can be expanded to large agriculture fields.

REFERENCE
[1] Agricultural irrigated land (% of total Agricore land) the World Bank (2013).
[2] Ontario ministry of Agriculture, Food and rural Affairs, monitoring soil moisture, consulted 2005 / 02
/11. Www. Gov. on a / OMDFRA / English / crops/ hurt/ news / all Ontario /a01103 al. ham
[3] Sole no Textiles, The Aqua mat R IRRIGATION SYSTEM; A vision of Growth rooted in efficiency
2003, www. Aquamatsystem.com
[4] BROWN, Stephen and VRANESIC, Vodka Fundamentals of Digital logic with VHDL Design, mc
Grow Hill, 2000
[5] FITZGERALD, A. E., KINGSLEY, C. and UMANS, S. O. electric machinery. 6th Edition, mc Grow
Hill, 2003
[6] “LED ‘’ The American heritage science dictionary. Houghton with in Company. 2005 led and LED.
[7] Denial Gomez, FAE Avnet “T1 LED Lighting solution overview” (PDF). Texanmicrosystems.P.4.
[8] Steger, s; Viper, R. G.; witzigmann, B. (September 9). Dip/AQUA: unified modelling of
electroluminescence in nanostructures. 2009 9th international conference on numerical simulation of
optoelectronic devices. PP. 73-74.
[9] “Physical Explanation – General Semiconductor” 2010 – 05 – 25. Retrieved 2010 – 08 – 06.

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A

“AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM”

MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

Prof. POOJA SAHU UMA KEN(0901EC141106)

Dr. ABHISHEK KUMAR AWASTHI VARTIKA KHOIYA (0901EC141109)

MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

Under the guidance of

Mrs. POOJA SAHU

Dr. ABHISHEK KUMAR AWASTHI

DR. P.K. SINGHAL Dr. R.K. PANDIT

Automatic Irrigation System Page 2

in all stages of work.

the project in this esteemed organization.

of the present work.

UMA KEN (0901EC141106)

VARTIKA KHOIYA (0901EC141109)

UTKARSH BADAL (0901EC141108)

Automatic Irrigation System Page 3

ENGINEERING IN ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING AT MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Mrs.POOJA SAHU.

Date: 01/05/2018 UMA KEN (0901EC141106)

Place : Gwalior VARTIKA KHOIYA (0901EC141109)

UTKARSH BADAL (0901EC141108)

Automatic Irrigation System Page 4

pump on/off normally.

irrigation system with high frequency.

Automatic Irrigation System Page 5

2.1 SOURCE OF INFORMATION..........................................12-14

2.2REQUIRED INPUT DATA......................................................14

2.3 EXPECTED RESULTS......................................................14-15

CHAPTER-3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION..............................................16

3.1 MODEL DEVELOPMENT.......................................................16

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM THEORY............................................16-18

3.3 COMPONENT SPECIFICATION............................................ 18

Automatic Irrigation System Page 6

3.3.4 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT...........................................20-21

3.3.5 POWER SUPPLY.......................................................21-22

3.4 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAIL.............................................................23-24

3.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ...........................................................................25-26

3.6 WORKING PERFORMANCE..................................................................26

CHAPTER-4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.........................................27-29

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE.....................................................................30

Automatic Irrigation System Page 7

FIG.NO. TITLE DISCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1.1 Domestic automatic irrigation 13

1.2 Sensor used in soil content 14

1.3 Block diagram of automatic irrigation 17

1.4 Soil moisture sensor circuit 18

1.5 Figure of potentiometer 20

1.6 Constructional figure of automatic 23

1.7 Circuit diagram of automatic 25

1.8 Automatic irrigation system using 28

Soil moisture sensor

Automatic Irrigation System Page 8

1.1 Overview of automatic irrigation system:

Automatic Irrigation System Page 9

1.4 Aim of the project:

1.5 Organization of the project:

Automatic Irrigation System Page 10

Automatic Irrigation System Page 11

2.1 Source of information:

Automatic Irrigation System Page 12

Figure 1.1 - Domestic automatic irrigation system