DESIGN FOR SHEAR 31 INTRODUCTION ., | Structural members in reinforced concrete have to resist shearing forces which seldom act on their own but in combination with flexure, axial force and sometimes torsion. Often, falure of reinforced concrete beam in flexural shear may not lead to an immediate collapse by itself. However, it can significantly reduce flexural stengeh as well as ductility Hence, the state of shear falure is treated by the Code as an ultimate limit tate for design purpose. “The behaviour of reinforced conerete beam under shear is very complex mainly due to its nonhomogeneity, presence of cracks and reinforcement, and the nonlinearity of its material response 32. SHEARIN A HOMOGENEOUS BEAM In a homogencous clastic beam a vertical shear force causes complimentary shear stress tnd diagonal tensile and compressive stresses of the same magnitude, as shown in Figute 3A. "The ditection of the principal compressive stresses takes the form of an arch, while the tensile stresses have the curve of a suspended chain, Near the supports where shearing forces are greater, the principal stresses become inclined and the greater the shear force,62 | Reinjosd Concrete Design the greater will be the angle of inclination, The tensile stresses cause diagonal cracking of the concrete near the be provided, ddue to shear ate liable to support so that shear reinforcement must Compression — Diagonal tension Tension cracks IN) severe Figure 3. Stress eajectories in a homogeneous bean ‘The shear force is transmitted through the cracked member by a combination of the uuneracked concrete in the compression zone, the dowelling action of the Rexutal seinforcement and the aggregate interlock across tension cracks, as show in Figure 3.2 Aggregate interlock TT Doveacion Figure 32 Components of shea tessanceDesign for Shear | 63 33 DESIGN METHOD Jo EC2 method of shear design is known as The Variable Strut Indnation Method. In this shod the reinforced concrete beam in shear is represented by an analogous truss, as thown in Figure 3.3. The concrete acts as the top compression and diagonal compression embers inclined at an angle @ to the horizontal. The bottom chord is the horizontal feasion steel and the vertical links are the transverse tension members, ‘The angle of ‘eoncrete strut varies, depending on the shear force applied ‘Concrete stro in compression Vertical shear steel in tension Bi 2 fein sheng ot one habe 20030 / ‘Saa vie fabocos \ Visi, iz Veoro Bose (oss =ffets ahd @ » Nit as WS ‘Three important parameters need to be considered in the deviation of design equations, Ramely the compressive strength of the diagonal concrete stmt, the required. shear Ainforcement for vertical ties, as well as the addtional tension required in the bottom shor member. cost64 | Reinforced Conte Design 34 THE DIAGONAL COMPRESSIVE STRUT ‘The shear force applied 10 the section must be limited so that excessive compe stresses do not occur in the diagonal compressive strut, leading to a compressive f the concrete, The maximum design shear force Vgq is limited by the ultimate ¢ strength of the diagonal conerete member in the analogous truss and its component La Vee Vass {eax (bu x 2008 0) xsin 8 We \ fabs 200s O5in 8 v sin6:“*By conversion of the trigonometrical functions, equation (3.1) can also be express fared Vrs es fos by 21 (cot 0+ tan 0) Jn BC2 equation (3.2) is modified by the inclusion of a strength reduction fac concrete cracked in shear vy and the introduction of coefficient taking account of the of the stress in compression chord dey. Thus, = 2 Aoyrif by 2! (cot 8+ tan O) arvi(fal 15) by, 0.94 ! (cot 0+ tan 8) ‘accv0.6fa bud! (cot 0+ tan 6) EC2 limits the d value to be between and vjare values are used, doy = 1.0, %4 = 06 (1 —fx/250) hence, t0 45 degrees, ‘The recommended values fi jvenin Clause 62,3 of EC2. For the purpose of this module the fel 0.36 fabud(l— f./250) (cord + tand) Vacun = 3.5 THE VERTICAL SHEAR REINFORCEMENT ‘The shear resistance of the link is given by Vesa Sorte Goud 1.15) daw OB ThAoeign for Shear | 65 he links are spaced at a distance s apart, then the shear resistance of the link is inereased tionately and is given by Vass — O8Thadee (= cot B18) O.87f Ave (0.94 cot 8/3) = OT8hadind (cot 0s) force will be resisted by the provision of links with no ditect contribution from shear lity of concrete itself. Vos Fras O.T8h nv (cot 0/3) rearranging 4 Vou 64) 5 078 j,deotd ecifes a minimum value for Ayu/s such that, 9.2.2 EC2 0.080, Jf. 65 fu fe 9.2.2 EC? also specifies that the maximum spacing of vertical link should not exceed 5d, ADDITIONAL LONGITUDINAL FORCE using this method of shear design it is necessary to allow for the additional mudinal force in the tension steel caused by the applied shear force Vay. This tudinal tensile force AFy is caused by the horizontal component required to balance {compressive force in the inclined concrete strut Resolving che applied shear force horizontally, the longitudinal component of the force the compressive strut is given by Longitudinal force = (Veqsin @)x cos @ | = Vegcot 866 | Reinfred Conarte Design Ieis assumed that half of tis force is carried by the reinforcement in the tension zone the beam, with the addtional tensile foree to be provided ia the tensile zone ven by As = (0.5 Fea cot 8 a To provide for this longitudinal force at any cross-section, it is necessary to pt longitudinal reinforcement additional to that required at that section to resist bending ‘otal force given by Mey + AFy should not be greater than Meda! 2 where Medan maximum hogging or maximum sagging moment along the beam. 3:7 DESIGN PROCEDURE The following procedure can be used to determine vertical shear reinforcement. (1) Calculate design shear force Vex 2) Deteemine.thg conerete strut capacity For 9= 220 and (cot #= 25 and cot 4 = 1.0 respectively) Su.!250) (cot + tan) y= 036buAhat If Vea > Vain 0= 45%, redesign section Tf Vea < Vein 0= 22%, use 0 reinforcement as follows; and calculate the shear he Va S 7 OFefxdeotd (cot = 05137 SadDesign for Shear | 67 FS) Vadim 9= 22° < Vea < Vaan O= 45° fay © Y > iB fgdead (6) Caleta the minimum inks reqied by EC2:€19:2265, = 2086, Fa : Te (1) Calcutate the additional longitudinal tensile force caused by the shear and the required additional longitudinal reinforcement @ AFy = 05% eq cod © 4 “WF 087 simply supported beam of 8.5 m span is to carry a uniform ultimate load of 85 KN/m. beam dimensions are 225 x 500 mm (b x d) and the longitudinal reinforcements ded ate 4H25 and 2H16 for tension and compression respectively. Design the shear forcement using vertical links. Assume fa = 25 N/mm? and fi, = 500 N/m. SHEAR BETWEEN WEB AND FLANGE OF A FLANGED SECTION tudinal complementary shear stresses also occur in a flanged section along the between the web and flange, a8 shown in Figure 34, This is allowed for by transverse reinforcement over the wdeh of the flange on the assumption that this ement ats as tes combined with compressive struts inthe concrete. It is necessary check the possibilty of failure by excessive compressive stresses in the struts and to le suficientstel area co prevent tensile flue in the tes.(68 | Reinforced Concrete Design (Source: Figure 6.7 MS EN 1992.1-1) Figure 34 Shear between flange and webs The longitudinal shear sires, pg atthe web-lange interface is determined aceording to Ah on Gap AM 6b 2 EHD, where AM = the change in moment over the distance Ax The maximum value allowed for Av is half the distance between the section with zero ‘moment and that where maximum moment occurs. Whete point loads ‘exceed the distance between the loads. The concrete strut capacity of th occur Ax shold not he flange is given by, Yaw Via sin 8, cos O, = 06 fg /250)Cf,, /1.5)sin 8, 005 6, OAS A~ fy, 1250) (Cot, + tan 8,) (G8) ‘The permitted range of the values of cot 6 are recommended as follows; 10 cot Hh £20 s (450 S 6, 26,59) S Or 38.6) for compression flange: 10 cot 4; $1.25 for tension flanges (4Design for Shear | 69 9 DESIGN PROCEDURE (@) _Cilelae the longitudinal design shear stress, vp atthe web-ange interface af, a9, (@) If mes ess than or equal to O.fas = 0.4Yéu/1.5) = 027fa, then no sheae reinforcement is required, Proceed to Step (0) @) Cheek the shear stresses in the inclined strut. To prevent crushing of the ‘concrete in the compressive struts the longitudinal shear stress is limited to, << OMfall~ fu. /250) (cot 8, +tan8,) "The lower value of the angle és fist tried and ifthe shear stresses are too high the angle is calculated from the following equation; 8, = 0Ssin*|——__*#___ « “ Tara ram < 45° 69) | (Calculate the transverse shear reinforcement required as, | Aw = O87, 0008, @.10) ‘BC? requires that the area of transverse steel should be the greater of (a) that given by fquation (3.9) or (b) half of that given by equation (3.10) plus the area of steel required by sverse bending of the flange. The minimum amount of transverse steel required in the ne is 0.266) Lam Am = ——G% > 0.0013 mm/m, where, B= 1000 mm i acne [A simply supported beam of 9 m span is to cary a uniform ultimate load of 90 KN/m. The Team dimensions are: By = 600 mm, by = 250 mm, f= 100 mm, d = 530 mm, d? = 45 tm. The longitudinal reinforcements provided are 5H20 and 21112 for tension and compression respectively. Design the shea reinforcement using vertical links. Assume ox = 25 N/m? and fy = 500 N/mm70 | Reinforced Conerte Design 3.10. SECTIONS NOT REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT. capacity (Vaas) w resist the ulimate shea foree (Fe) resulting from the worst combi of actions on the structure, although in most eases a nominal or minimum atoune of reinforcement will usually be provided. The concrete sections that do not requize reinforcement are mainly lightly loaded floor shb with pad footing. In those sections wh Vos S Vaio, no calculated sheae reinforcement is required. The shea resistance of the conerete, Pasi Such situations is given by an empiial 4 expression; te = [0.12K(100 ps fx)" J Bud With @ minimum value of Voix = (0.035E Fe!) Duck where the dlp shear esitanc of he section without tear reinforement k= [1+ (200/a)""] < 20 with dexpressed in mm Pr = Aslbudd) = 0.02 As) = the area of tensile reinforcement that extends > (ha + d) beyond the section considered by the smallest width of the section in tensile area (ram). A4'm span simply supported slab with effective depth d action of 15 kN/m per m width. The 110-200 bar, Assuming fx 150 mm isto carry an ultimate eel reinforcement a the tension side consists of 5 N/mm? and fx = 500. N/mm. Verify sheae.Design for Shar | 71 Design of shear reinforcement for rectangular section Design of shear reinforcement for flanged section Verification of shear for section not requiring shear reinforcementDesign for Sh" Reinforaed Concrete Design Characteratk tengo concete, fu 228 Nie Patina 0.86 df all = 250) / (oot + tan 8) “ag 250% 0 25250) = Meretire angle @ ae 8 = Sin (18 le f280) MS Box SOX RT aT 92206) | Max epoch san = 0:75 = 075x510 398mm | ay ton76 | Reinforced Concrete Design aaa mein] 23 mm)Design for Sbear | 77 ‘Charscterie strenuih of concrete, Fur = 25 Nim ‘Charmctersts stongth of sel fg = 500 Verity shear Vee (ER (1009 Fa)! al Tetaooay'™ 2 20 Ve@00/ 150°" = 34s Pras = (O03SK 7) baal