PROTOZOANS

PARASITE MODE OF RESERVOIR/S SOURCE/S INTERMEDIAT DISEASE ETIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT PREVENTION
TRANSMISSION OF E HOSTS ASSOCIATION OF THE
INFECTIO DISEASE
N
TREMATODES

1. Entameoba Ingestion of mature Fecal- No IH 1.Intestinal Ingestion of Routine: 1.Diloxanide 1.Improve

histolytica cyst contaminate amoebiasis mature cyst 1. Direct fecal furoate environmental
d material from fecally- smear (DFS) 2. sanitation
Venereal 2. Amebic liver contaminated 2. Formalin Ether Metronidazole
transmission abscess material. Concentration 3. Tinidazole 2. Vaccines
Technique 4. Secnidazole
3. Amebic colitis (FECT) 3. Health
3. Merthiolate education and
4. Ameboma Iodine Formalin promotion
Concentration
5. Secondary Test (MIFC) 4. Proper hand
amebic 4. Staining washing
meningoenceph
alitis Advanced:
1. Indirect
Hemagglutination
Test(IHAT)
2. Enzyme-linked
Immunosorbent
Assay (ELISA)
3. Indirect
Fluorescent
Antibody Test
(IFAT)
4. Polymerase
Chain Reaction
(PCR)
5. Culture using
Locke-egg serum,
Boeck-Drbohlav
medium
2. Naegleria fowleri 1. Nasal Water No IH 1. Primary 1. Penetration Routine: 1. Amphotericin 1. Chlorination
 penetration of contaminate amebic of trophozoites 1. Cerebrospinal B in of water at 1
amebae d with meningoenceph in the nasal Fluid Examination combination ppm or higher
amoebae alitis (PAM) mucosa and with
migrating to Advanced: clotrimazole
the brain via 1. Polymerase 2. Azithromycin
the olfactory Chain Reaction 3. Voriconazole
nerves (PCR)
2.
Immunostaining

3. Acanthamoeba 1. Inhalation of cyst 1. Improper No IH 1. 1. Entry of cyst Routine: 1. Surgical 1. Robust

or trophozoite disinfection Granulomatous and 1. Epithelial excision of the immune system
of contact amebic trophozoite biopsy or corneal infected cornea
2. Ingestion of cyst lens2. encephalitis through the scrapings 2. Clotrimazole 2. Contact lens
Swimming, (GAE) eyes combined with hygiene
3. Improper contact using a hot 2. Inhalation of Advanced: pentamidine,
lens practices tub, or 2. cyst or 1. Culture isethionate,
showering Acanthamoeba trophozoite 2. Polymerase &Neosporin
4. Skin penetration while Keratitis 3. Skin chain reaction 3. Amphotericin
wearing penetration of (PCR)
lenses. cyst and 3. Histopathologic Advanced AK:
3. Coming trophozoite in stains and 1. Deep
into contact ulcerated or microscopy lamellar
with broken skin keratectomy
contaminate
d water.
4. Having a
history of
trauma to
the cornea.
4. Giardia lamblia, Host ingests with Humans Direct There is no 1. Chronic Man acquires Routine: 1.Metronidazol 1. Proper
Giardia the mature cysts. personto- intermediate host infection infection by 1. Serodiagn e 250 mg three disposal of
duodenalis person 2. Biliary ingestion of osis times a day for waste water and
colic cysts in Antigen 5 to 7 days feces.
contaminated detection (pediatric 2. Practice of
3. Jaundice water and food Enzyme- dose: 15 personal
linked mg/kg/day in hygiene like
immunoso three divided handwashing
rbent doses) before eating
assay 2. Tinidazole and proper
(ELISA) For adults: disposal of
2. Molecular single dose of diapers.
 Method 2g For 3. Prevention of
DNA children: 50 food and water
probes mg/kg contamination.
and 3.
polymeras Furazolidone
e chain For adults: 100
reaction mg four times
(PCR) daily for 10
3. Duodenal days 6
aspiration mg/kg/day in
4. Enterotest four divided
® (HDC doses for 7 to
Mountain 10 days)
View, CA) 4. Albendazole
is an alternative
at For adults:
400 mg/day for
5 days and
For children:
10 mg/kg/day
for 5 days
5. Trichomonas The trophozoite Humans Sexual There is no 1.Severe pruritic Sexual 1. Direct 1. 1. Limiting the
vaginalis cannot survive intercourse intermediate host vaginitis intercourse fluroscent Metronidazole number of
outside and so antibody (DFA) 2 g orally as a sexual partners.
infection has to be 2.Endometritis 2. Cysteine- single dose or 2. Proper use of
transmitted directly peptoneliver- 500 mg orally protective
from personto- 3.Pyosalpingitis maltose (CPLM) twice a day for devices such as
person. Sexual medium and 7 days condoms
transmission is the 4.Neonatal plastic envelope 2. Tinidazole 2 spermicidal
usual mode of pneumonia medium (PEM) g as a single foams.
infection. dose 3. Prompt
3. Molecular follow-up of
5.Conjunctivitis method and patients and
Serology their contacts,
Diamond’s as well as health
modified medium, and sex
and Feinberg and education.
Whittington
culture medium.

5. Pap smear
6. Trypanosoma The parasite is The reservoir Tsetse fly Humans and 1.Acute (early The parasite is 1.Culture(Weinm 1. Pentamidine 1. Control of
 brucei usually transmitted being wild game (Glossina animals central nervous usually an’sor Tobie’s for gambiense tsetse fl y
via the bite of the animals like morsilans system transmitted via medium) HAT (Dose 3–4 population (most
bloodsucking tsetse bush buck, group) invasion) the bite of the 2. Imaging (CT mg/kg of body important
fly (Glossina spp.) antelope and Tsetse fl y 2. Chronic (late bloodsucking Scan and MRI) weight, intra preventive
feeding from an domestic (Glossina central nervous tsetse fly 3.Serodiagnosis muscularly daily measure) by
infected animals like palpalis system (Glossina spp.) (ELISA, IHA, for 7–10 days) wide spraying of
mammalian host. cattle. group) invasions) IIF,CATT,CFT) 2. Suramin for insecticides,
4.Molecular rhodesiense traps, and baits
diagnosis(PCR) HAT (Dose 20 impregnated
mg/kg of body with
weight in a insecticides. (No
course of 5 vaccine vailable)
injections
intravenously,
at an interval of
5–7 days)
7. Leishmania Bite of infected Domestic dog humans Sand fly 1. Kala-azar or Being bitten by 1. Bone marrow 1. Pentavalent 1. Control of
donovani female Fox species visceral an infected biopsy or splenic antimony vector
phlebotomine leishmaniasis sand fly. aspirate for compounds like population by
sandflies. 2. Pyrexia smear and urea stibamine, using effective
Transmission 3. Splenic culture. neostum, insecticides.
through blood enlargement 2. ELISA, IFAT neostibosan, 2. Prevention of
transfusion. 4. Liver 3. PCR aminostiburea, sandfly bite by
Congenital infection enlargement 4. Skin test sodium- using mosquito
of a child from 5. Hyperplasia 5. Inoculate antimony- net, door and
mother while still in 6. Anemia serum of infected gluconate window screen,
uterus. 7. Intestinal person in 2. Pentamidine periodic
Possible lession laboratory isethionate fumigation and
transmission during animals. avoiding, the
coitus. ground floor for
sleeping
purposes.
8. Plasmodium species Bite of an infective humans Humans humans 1. Malignant Being bitten by 1. Light Chloroquine, 1. Early
female Anopheles tertian malaria infected microscopy Primaquine, diagnosis and
mosquito. 2. Cerebral female 2. Rapid Tatenoquine, prompt
malaria Anopheles diagnosis: Mefloquine treatment.
3. Benign tertian mosquito. -ParaCheck Pf for - 1st ever 2. Usage of
malaria P. falciparum potential insecticide
4. Quartan (detects HRP II) vaccine treated nets.
malaria -OptiMal candidate: RTS, (ITNs)
(detects pLDH) S/ASO1) 3. long-lasting
(brand name: insecticide-
 Mosquirix) treated nets.
(LLIN)
4. Wearing of
light coored
clothing
5. Using insect
repellants
containing
DEET on the
body.
Using
permethrin
insecticide as
repellant spray
for clothing.
9. Babesia microti Bite of Idxodes Rodents, Vertebrates May manifest Gold Standard- The standard effective
scalpularis ticks, Ixodes spp. emotional PCR, Definitive treatment of prevention
blood transfusion, liability, diagnosis human strategies
Organ transplant, depression and requires direct babesiosis include avoiding
transplacental route hyperesthesia. microscopic utilize a drug ticks infested
Hemolytic examination pf combination of area, application
anemia, Gemsa-stained clindamycin and of bug repellants
hemoglobinuria peripheral blood quinine or in clothes,
with jundice smear, azithromycin control of rodent
become Immunochromato and population
apparent with graphic test. atovaquone.
pulmonary
edema.
10. Cystoisospora fecal-oral route HUMANS C. Belli is the Oocyst of C. Belli asymptomatic Cystoisosporiasi
belli causative agent may be detected infections may s can be
of a medical in the feces by be managed prevented by
condition direct with bed rest following good
affecting the microscopyor and a bland sanitary
small bowel formalyn diet, while practices,
called ether/ethyl asymptomatic thorough
Cystoisosporiasi concentration test infections, such washing and
s (FECT) ; other as those cooking food,
concentration occuring AIDS and drinking
techniques that patient, can be safe water.
can also be used treated with
includes zinc TRIMETHOPRI
sulfate and sugar M-
floatation SULFATEMET
HOXAZOLE