Chosen Problems of Light Technics in The Transport

Chosen Problems of Light Technics
in the Transport
Report
CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

Laboratorium 1
Measure Flux of Bulbs
Our project was to measure bulbs with an integrating sphere. The integrating
sphere is a spherical shell used to determine total luminous flux by means of
photometric measurement of a spot of light through an aperture in the shell
whose white interior produces thorough diffusion of light from a source placed
at its center.
In the lighting system we use the following bulbs: (we measured three type:
incandescent, LED, halogen).
▪ Incandescent lamps – classic bulb
▪ Tungsten Halogen Lamps

▪ Fluorescent lamps
▪ High/Low pressure sodium lamps
▪ Mercury vapour
▪ Metal halide
▪ LED lamps
The incandescent lamp is the oldest source of electric light and, nowadays, the
most commonly used one. It is also the one that possesses the widest variety
of alternatives and it may be found in almost all installations, specially when a
low luminous flux is required. The main parts of an incandescent lamp are the
filament, the filament supports, the glass bulb, the filling gas and the base.
The bulbs come in variety of sizes and shapes. Each light bulb is designated by
a letter which is then followed by a number. Letter represents the shape of the
bulb; number represents the diameter in eighths of an inch.

The advantages of the incandescent light bulbs:
▪ Good for lighting small areas.
▪ Cheap for the consumer.
▪ No toxic materials are present.
▪ Safe to handle.
▪ Fast on time.
▪ No flicker.
Also it has disadvantages:
▪ Not energy Efficient.
▪ Not good for large areas.
▪ Low lifespan compared to other light bulbs.
The halogen lamp is an advanced form of incandescent lamp. The filament is

composed of ductile tungsten and located in a gas filled bulb just like a
standard tungsten bulb, however the gas in a halogen bulb is at a higher
pressure. The glass bulb is made of fused quartz, high-silica glass or
aluminosilicate. This bulb is stronger than standard glass in order to contain
the high pressure. This lamp has been an industry standard for work lights and
film/TV lighting due to compact size and high lumen output. The halogen lamp

is being replaced slowly by the white LED array lamp, miniature HID and
fluorescent lamps.
Advantages:
▪ Halogen Lamps are small, lightweight
▪ Low cost to produce
▪ Does not use mercury like CFLs(fluorescent) or mercury vapor lights
▪ Better color temperature than standard tungsten (2800-3400 Kelvin), it
is closer to sunlight than the more "orangey" standard tungsten.
▪ Longer life than a conventional incandescent
▪ Instant on to full brightness, no warm up time, and it is dimmable
Disadvantages:
▪ Extremely hot (easily capable of causing severe burns if the lamp is
touched).
▪ The lamp is sensitive to oils left by the human skin, if you touch the bulb
with your bare hands the oil left behind will heat up once the bulb is
activated, this oil may cause an imbalance and result in a rupture of the
bulb.
▪ Explosion, the bulb is capable of blowing and sending hot glass shards
outward. A screen or layer of glass on the outside of the lamp can
protect users.
▪ Not as efficient as HID lamps (Metal Halide and HPS lamps)

LED is a light source that is created by a light emitting diode. For decades, LEDs
have been used as indicator lights on myriad products; however, starting in the
2000s, they began to replace incandescent, halogen and fluorescent bulbs.
LEDs draw considerably less power and are up to 80% more efficient. Although
claims are made for some bulbs lasting 25 years, one should expect a long
lifespan under normal usage.
Advantages:
▪ Some LEDs are capable of outputting 135 lumens/watt making them
much more efficient than incandescent bulbs which average 15
lumens/watt.
▪ Unlike CFL bulbs LEDs reach full brightness instantaneously as opposed
to having to go through a warm-up period.
▪ LEDs are much more environmental friendly, not only due to efficiency,
but also because they don’t contain any potentially hazardous material
such as mercury.
▪ Because light emitting diodes are based on some of the same
fundamental technology that is found in computer chips, they are highly
controllable. Depending on the manufacture, the color and brightness
for each bulb can be changed at will.
Disadvantages:
▪ Perhaps the main disadvantage of LEDs is their cost. Because the
technology is fairly young the initial cost to transition from conventional
lighting to LEDs is much more than switching to CFLs. As manufacturers
develop new methods to make LED bulbs the cost is sure to drop
considerably. A great analogy is the mobile phone. In 1983, the first
commercially available cell phone cost $4000. Today cell phones start as
cheap as $20.
▪ Another disadvantage is that LEDs are directional. For example, this
means if you placed one in a table lamp you’d likely get a single beam of
light instead of light that radiates throughout the entire room. However,
LED manufactures are aware of this and are currently developing ways
to defuse the light properly so that it acts more like conventional light
bulbs.
Comparison;

The below table shows a comparison between different light bulbs used
commonly. LED light is the most energy efficient light bulb with high price.
They have huge lifespan and use less amount of energy only. Compact
Fluorescent Light Bulbs also uses very little heat and also they are efficient
than incandescent light bulbs. Next is the Halogen bulb which is the improved
version of the incandescent ones.
Presented by Nazim Karaosmanoglu and Borbála Ivicsics

Laboratorium 1 ( the diagrams) - by Iulia Dobos
● The purpose of this laboratorium is to measure the Luminance and the Flux ( which is the
Luminance lx * 0.66) from 4 different types of light bulbs :
1) 100 W
2) 140 W
3) 15 W
4) 7 W
1) 100 W
Voltage Current Power Luminance Flux

No. Cos ϕ
[V] [A] [W] E [lx]
1 244.9 0.44 115 1 2384 1573.4
2 221.1 0.40 97 1 1660 1095.6
3 174.4 0.37 68 1 690 455.4
4 158.5 0.35 61 1 580 382.8
5 138.3 0.32 49 1 472 311.5
6 123.0 0.30 42 1 382 252.1
7 104.4 0.28 33 1 219 144.5
8 71.9 0.23 20 1 105 69.3

2) 140 W

No. Cos ϕ
[V] [A] [W] E [lx]
1 224.8 0.65 167 1 3500 2310
2 220.8 0.61 143 1 2420 1597.2
3 202.1 0.59 126 1 1856 1224.96
4 174.0 0.54 100 1 1106 729.96
5 158.1 0.51 87 1 758.4 500.5
6 139.0 0.48 71 1 467.8 308.7
7 122.3 0.44 59 1 284.0 187.4
8 103.1 0.40 46 1 138.0 91.08

3) 15 W

No. Cos ϕ
[V] [A] [W] E [lx]
1 253.6 0.1 21 0.83 1440 950.4
2 221.9 0.09 18 0.9 1250 825
3 200.9 0.09 18 0.9 1210 798.6
4 172.2 0.09 14 0.92 968 638.88
5 157.2 0.09 13 0.92 886 584.76
6 136.8 0.09 12 0.97 755 498.3
7 121.8 0.09 11 1 618 407.88
8 101.1 0.09 10 1 424 279.84

4) 7 W

No. Cos ϕ
[V] [A] [W] E [lx]
1 243.8 0.04 10.5 1 552 364.32
2 220.5 0.03 9.5 1 497.9 328.61
3 174.7 0.03 8 1 385.5 254.43
4 158.9 0.03 7 1 342.1 225.78
5 137.0 0.03 6 1 283.3 186.97

The conclusions:
-The light bulb 100 W have the great value for W/lx, in conclusion it consumes the biggest
amount of power. On the other hand, the most economical light bulb is 6W.
-The greatest Luminance lx value is obtained from 15W and the lowest is obtained from 6W.
-Light bulb 6W can regulate the power at 5 even if the voltage suffer modifcation, but at an
minimum value it will stop functioning.

Laboratorium 2
TUNGSRAM H4 (NORMAL HALOGEN)
Tungsram is in one of Hungary's largest, oldest, and

internationally most prestigious firms, known for light bulbs and
electronics. Established in Újpest in 1896, it initially produced
telephones, wires and switchboards.
Like all incandescent light bulbs, a halogen lamp

produces a continuous spectrum of light, from
near ultraviolet to deep into the infrared. Since
the lamp filament can operate at a higher
temperature than a non-halogen lamp, the
spectrum is shifted toward blue, producing light
with a higher effective color temperature and
higher power efficiency. This makes halogen
lamps the only option for consumer light source
with Black-body radiation spectrum similar to
that of the sun and most suitable for the eyes.

OSRAM COOL BLUE (XENON LOOK)
Osram is a lighting manufacture based in Munich,

Germany. The company established in 1919, the name comes
from the combination of Osmium and Wolfram. The company
has been in Poland since 1991.
With its 4,200 Kelvin, COOL BLUE INTENSE is currently the

bluest automotive lamp with ECE approval on the market.
With its powerful, bright bluish-white light, whose cool beam
makes it look very like a Xenon lamp, it gives real design fans
their money's worth. The automotive lamp also gives a
high-contrast light similar to daylight, which makes it easier
on the eyes than the light from standard headlamps.

Lamp- TUNGSRAM H4 (NORMAL HALOGEN)
Voltage- 13.57[V]
Curent-4.91[A]
Point and Illuminance E [lx] for reflector with bulb:

area on
H7 (25m) H7 (10m) Measurement
the screen
B50L E≤0.3 E≤1.87 7.9
75L E≤12 E≤75 73.8
75R E≥12 E≥75 104.6
50L E<15 E<93.57 57.1
50R E≥12 E≥75 93.7
50V E≥6 E≥37.5 100.3
25L E≥2 E≥12.5 27.3
25R E≥2 E≥12.5 28.6
Area III E≥0.7 E≥4.375 21/3/5.6/6.6/4.2
Area IV E≥3 E≥18.75 61.5/77.2/82.8/45.1/43

.2
Area I E≤2×E50R E≤2×E50R 30.2/50.6/49.2/34.5/22

.9

Lamp- OSRAM COOL BLUE (XENON LOOK)
Voltage- 13.57[V]
Curent-5.12[A]
Point and Illuminance E [lx] for reflector with bulb:

area on
the screen
B50L E≤0.3 E≤1.87 7
75L E≤12 E≤75 63.6
75R E≥12 E≥75 130.2
50L E<15 E<93.57 55.2
50R E≥12 E≥75 104.9
50V E≥6 E≥37.5 140.2
25L E≥2 E≥12.5 30.6
25R E≥2 E≥12.5 26.5
Area III E≥0.7 E≥4.375 2.3/3.6/7.5/5.2/3.5
Area IV E≥3 E≥18.75 56.1/82.2/104.2/63.5/52

.2
Area I E≤2×E50R E≤2×E50 31.1/53.8/53.2/32.8/24

R

Philips Bulbs

Philips Long Life
· Philips is the choice of major car manufacturers

For 100 years, Philips has been at the forefront of the automotive lighting industry,
introducing technological innovations that have become standard on modern
automobiles. Today, one in two cars in Europe and one in three worldwide is
equipped with Philips lighting
· Wide range of 12 V lamps to meet all functions

Which 12V lamp for which function? Philips Automotive offering includes all car
specific functions: high beam, low beam, front fog, front indicator, side indicator,
rear indicator, stop light, reversing light, rear fog light, licence plate lights, rear
position/parking light, interior lights.
· No replacement necessary for 100 000 km

With Philips LongLife EcoVision drivers don’t have to worry about changing a
headlamp for at least 100 000 km.
· Philips car lamps are made of high-quality quartz glass


UV-quartz glass is stronger than hard glass and highly resistant to temperature
extremes and vibrations, which eliminates the risk of explosion. Philips quartz-glass
lamps (filament 2 650ºC and glass 800ºC) are able to withstand severe thermal shock.
With the capability of increased pressure inside the lamp, UV-quartz glass is able to
produce a more powerful light
· Philips car lamps are highly resistant to humidity

Only a burning bulb made of quartz glass (filament 2650°c, glass 800°c) can resist
thermal shocks: if a drop of cold water touches the hot bulb, which can happen when
you drive through water with a broken headlight unit.
· Philips car lamps are highly UV resistant

Philips special anti-UV coating technology protects the headlights against harmful
ultraviolet radiation, making Philips UV-coated quartz glass perfect for all driving
conditions and ensuring their longevity
Lamp:Philips Long Life Voltage:13,57[V] Curent:5,01[A]
Point and area on I Iluminance E [lx] for reflector with bulb:

the screen
B50L E≤0.3 E≤1.87 5.7
75L E≤12 E≤75 53.5
75R E≥12 E≥75 111.0
50L E<15 E<93.75 77.4
50R E≥12 E≥75 93.7
50V E≥6 E≥37.5 108.5
25L E≥2 E≥12.5 31.1
25R E≥2 E≥12.5 28.2
Area III E≥0.7 E≥4.375 2.1/3.6/5.3/4.5/3.3
Area IV E≥3 E≥18.75 61.0/79.5/97.7/48.9/48.6
Area I E≤2xE50R E≤2xE50R 30.8/59.2/61.6/33.5/24.8

Lucas Premium Xenon
Product Description
With more and more vehicles being manufactured with Xenon bulbs as standard
there is now a greater need for a high quality range of replacement bulbs on the
automotive aftermarket. As Xenon bulbs are relatively new in the market in
comparison to standard headlamp bulbs they tend to come with a higher price tag,
which is considerably more noticeable when buying from the main dealers, but
this doesn’t always have to be the case.
Lucas Lighting provides a comprehensive range of aftermarket OE quality bulbs

including a high quality range of Xenon bulbs. This pack contains a single H7
Xenon headlight bulb, that’s provides you with a 90% brighter beam compared to
standard tungsten and halogen tungsten bulbs. Suitable for any vehicle that
currently uses Xenon headlights and for those who are looking to achieved a
greater level of safety that can be achieved through clear lighting and visibility that
can be extended by an extra 20m when using these bulbs.
With over 4000 parts in their range, Lucas provides a genuine alternative to main
dealer parts when it comes to replacement lighting and door mirrors, for over 90%
of the vehicle parc coverage. Each part is manufactured to original equipment
specification (OE), to a quality level comparable to OE equipment and to the high
standard customers can expect from the Lucas brand. All the products comply
with European vehicle legislation and E-marking requirements. With this
reassurance, you can order safe in the knowledge that a replacement Lucas part
will not let you down.

Lamp:Lucas Premium Xenon Voltage:13,57[V] Curent: 5,12[A]

Laboratorium 4
Light in a corridor
Objective: Measure Illuminance in a corridor and compare it

with regulations.
Instruments Used: Illuminance meter.
Surface: Corridor inside the Transport Faculty. Each tile

(40x40cm) is considered as a measurement point.
Procedure: Measure a surface of 7 tiles by 15 tiles (105 tiles

aprox. 16.8m2) under a lamp with 1 light bulb, a lamp with 2
old light bulbs and under a lamp with 2 new light bulbs.

Measurements

Interpretation of the measurements
For a corridor in a public building as this case, a school, the average Illuminance
should be equal or over 100 lux, and the Uniformity Uo (ratio between minimum Illuminance
and average Illuminance) should be equal or over 0,4.
With the regulation in mind we can make conclusions about the measurements:
● In the first case, one light bulb, although the Uniformity is 0,48 (bigger than
0,4) the average Illuminance is 73,2 lux (well below 100 lux). There is a need
to replace the light bulb that is broken for a new light bulb.
● In the second case, two old light bulbs, the average Illuminance and the
Uniformity are in order with the regulation (134,1 lux and 0,57). We can also

see that there are some measurements points with Illuminance below 100
lux. this means that the fact that the lights bulbs are still working does not
mean that it will match the requirements/regulations. A future light bulb
replacement should be considered.
● In the third case, two new light bulbs, the average Illuminance and the
Uniformity are well in order with the regulation, 139,6 lux and 0,59. There is
no need to make any changes.
In the next Figures there is a visual interpretation of the results, being an Illuminance
equal or over 100 lux acceptable, color .

This visual interpretation proves all the statements made above.
We can clearly see that although the second case has an average Illuminance above
100 lux, there is some points with Illuminance below 100 lux (red/orange color) that must
interpreted carefully.
Comparing the second case in the last, we can say that the Illuminance of a light bulb
decays over time.
The Illuminance should be measured periodically and the light bulb should be
replaced on it does not fulfill que requirements, before the light bulb stops working.

Bibliography
● http://eilv.cie.co.at/
● https://www.osram.com
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen_lamp
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsram
● http://www.philips.co.uk/

Special Thanks
Special Thanks to our Professor Mr. Piotr Tomczuk for teaching us
different problems of light techniques in transports.
With his teachings we are not going to look to a “simple” light bulb in
the same way.
Thank you for not only being a teacher, but also for being a great person
who cared about our stay in Warsaw and wanted us to take the most out this
beautiful city and country.
Sincerely,
The Erasmus Class, 1st semester 2016/2017

Chosen Problems of Light Technics in The Transport

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Chosen Problems of Light Technics

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

The halogen lamp is an advanced form of incandescent lamp. The filament is

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

Presented by Nazim Karaosmanoglu and Borbála Ivicsics

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

Voltage Current Power Luminance Flux

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

Voltage Current Power Luminance Flux

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

Voltage Current Power Luminance Flux

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

Voltage Current Power Luminance Flux

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

Tungsram ​is in one of Hungary's largest, oldest, and

Like all incandescent light bulbs, a halogen lamp

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

Osram is a lighting manufacture based in Munich,

With its 4,200 Kelvin, COOL BLUE INTENSE is currently the

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

Point and Illuminance E [lx] for reflector with bulb:

B50L E≤0.3 E≤1.87 7.9

75L E≤12 E≤75 73.8

75R E≥12 E≥75 104.6

50L E<15 E<93.57 57.1

50R E≥12 E≥75 93.7

50V E≥6 E≥37.5 100.3

25L E≥2 E≥12.5 27.3

25R E≥2 E≥12.5 28.6

Area III E≥0.7 E≥4.375 21/3/5.6/6.6/4.2

Area IV E≥3 E≥18.75 61.5/77.2/82.8/45.1/43

Area I E≤2×E50R E≤2×E50R 30.2/50.6/49.2/34.5/22

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

Point and Illuminance E [lx] for reflector with bulb:

B50L E≤0.3 E≤1.87 7

75L E≤12 E≤75 63.6

75R E≥12 E≥75 130.2

50L E<15 E<93.57 55.2

50R E≥12 E≥75 104.9

50V E≥6 E≥37.5 140.2

25L E≥2 E≥12.5 30.6

25R E≥2 E≥12.5 26.5

Area III E≥0.7 E≥4.375 2.3/3.6/7.5/5.2/3.5

Area IV E≥3 E≥18.75 56.1/82.2/104.2/63.5/52

Area I E≤2×E50R E≤2×E50 31.1/53.8/53.2/32.8/24

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

·​ Philips is the choice of major car manufacturers

·​ Wide range of 12 V lamps to meet all functions

·​ No replacement necessary for 100 000 km

·​ Philips car lamps are made of high-quality quartz glass

CPoLTT academic year 2016/2017

·​ Philips car lamps are highly resistant to humidity

·​ Philips car lamps are highly UV resistant

Point and area on I Iluminance E [lx] for reflector with bulb:

B50L E≤0.3 E≤1.87 5.7

75L E≤12 E≤75 53.5

75R E≥12 E≥75 111.0

Tungsram is in one of Hungary's largest, oldest, and

· Philips is the choice of major car manufacturers

· Wide range of 12 V lamps to meet all functions

· No replacement necessary for 100 000 km

· Philips car lamps are made of high-quality quartz glass

· Philips car lamps are highly resistant to humidity

· Philips car lamps are highly UV resistant

Objective: Measure Illuminance in a corridor and compare it

Instruments Used: Illuminance meter.

Surface: Corridor inside the Transport Faculty. Each tile

Procedure: Measure a surface of 7 tiles by 15 tiles (105 tiles