EXPERIMENT -1

Objective:
 
To estimate the amount of barium in the whole of the given
solution of barium chloride.
 
The Gravimetric Estimation of Barium:
 
The given barium chloride solution is made up to a definite volume. A
measured volume of it is then treated with dilute sulphuric acid and then
treated with dilute sulphuric acid and barium precipitated as barium
sulphate.
 

 
The precipitated barium sulphate is separated and weighed.
The mass of Barium in the whole of the given solution is
calculated knowing that 233.36 g of barium sulphate contains
137.36 g of barium.

PROCEDURE:
 
 The given barium chloride solution is made up to 100mL in a standard
flask.
 20mL of solution is pipetted into a 250 mL beaker.
 About 5mL 2N HCl is added and diluted to 150mL with distilled water.
 The solution is heated to boiling and a hot solution of 4N H2SO4 (10 -
15mL) is added drop by drop with constant stirring, till the
precipitation is complete.
 The solution containing the precipitate is heated in a water bath for 5
minutes.
 The precipitate is allowed to stand for an hour.
  The clear solution is decanted through an ashless filter paper .

 The precipitate is washed with hot distilled water to free sulphate

ions.

 The particles adhering to the sides of the beaker and glass rod are
removed by a policeman.

 Finally the precipitate is washed once again.

 The dried filter paper is folded and placed in a crucible which has
been previously weighed.

 The filter paper with the precipitate is first incinerated on a Bunsen

burner by a low flame and then transferred to an electric burner.
 The crucible is transferred to desiccator and cooled.
 When cold, the crucible is weighed.
 Heating, cooling and weighing are repeated till concordant values
are obtained

Calculation:
Mass of crucible + lid= 38.027 g

Mass of crucible + lid + barium sulphate=50.050 g

Mass of barium sulphate =12.023 g

233.36 g of barium sulphate contains 137.36 g of barium .

Mass of barium (b-a) g of barium sulphate=7.076 g.

 Therefore,Mass of Barium in the whole of the given solution

=7.076 g.

RESULT-:

Mass of barium in the whole of the given

solution=7.076 g.

Experiment--2
IR SPECTURM USING SALT PLATE

Instrumentation and Working Principles of Infra

Red (IR) Spectroscopy Using Salt Plates.
(i) To learn sample prepartion and handling procedures to measure
an IR spectrum using salt plates.
(ii) Spectral analysis of the sample measured.
Instrumentation and Working Principles of Infra
Red (IR) Spectroscopy Using Salt Plates.
When two atoms combine to form a stable covalent moleculer, there are two
repulsion forces acting between the two hetero atoms. One between the
positively charged nuclei of both the atoms and the other between the negative
electron clouds. The other force is the attraction between the nucleus of one
atom with the electons of the other atom. Balancing the forces between them,
the two atoms settle at a mean internuclear distance or the bond length where
the total energy of the system is minimum. Any change like pulling the atoms
away or squeezing them brings change in the bond length which requires an
input of energy.

A diatomic molecule with the above description is considered as two vibrating

masses that are connected by a spring. The internuclear distance between the
atoms at energy minimum is referred to as the equilibrium distance (re)Any
change in this distance is given by Hooke' law as:
f=-k(r-r0)

where f is the restoring force and r is the bond length. The energy associated

cinsidering the energy curve to be parobolic is given as :

E= 1/2k(r-re)2

Observation-:
ANALYSIS-:

Sample given is of aspirin. Chemical

structure of aspirin is
 RESULT-:

Since aspirin contains cooH and c=o bond ,the observed

graph of intensity v wavenumber(cm-1) resembles the ir

specturm graph of carboxyllic acid and aldehydes.

EXPERIMENT-3
 EMF MEASUREMENT
 

1. To
find EMF of the cell.
2. To
calculate the Gibbs free energy change of the cell
reaction.
3. To
calculate the Equilibrium constant.
4. To
predict the spontaneity of the cell reaction.
 
Theory:
 
Electrode at which oxidation takes place is anode and the
electrode at which reduction takes place is cathode. When a
metal is in contact with its own ion solution it develops a
potential with respect to the electrolyte. The potential
difference developed at the anode - electrolyte interface is
called oxidation potential and the potential difference
developed at the cathode -electrolyte interface is called
reduction potential. The potential difference between the anode
and cathode is called the EMF of the cell. The potential
difference measured at standard conditions (1 atm pressure,
273K) is called standard electrode potential. Standard electrode
potential gives the tendency of the electrode to get oxidized or
reduced. If the electrolytes are different the two compartments
are joined by a salt bridge, which is a tube containing a
concentrated electrolyte solution in agar jelly that completes
the electrical circuit and enables the cell to function.
 

Standard Hydrogen Electrode (S.H.E.):

  
The potential of Standard hydrogen electrode used as the reference
electrode has been arbitrarily taken as zero. The electrode consist of a
glass jacket consisting of dry hydrogen gas bubbled at one atmosphere.
There is a platinum wire sealed in the glass jacket. The entire system is
immersed in 1M HCl solution. 

Nernst Equation,
 

 
 

For a standard cell,

 

 
By van 't Hoff relation,
 

 = equilibrium constant
 
Spontaneity or Feasibility of Reaction:
  
 
Reaction

Negative >1 Positive Spontaneous

Zero =1 Zero Equilibrium
Positive <1 Negative Non -
spontaneous
 

Materials Required:
 
1. Beaker
2. Voltmeter
3. Salt bridge
4. Electrode Used  -  Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr,
Fe, Cd, Ti, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag, Au, 2H
5. Electrolyte  Used -LiCl, KCl, BaCl2, CaCl2, NaCl,
MgSO4, Al(NO3)3, MnSO4, ZnSO4, Cr(NO3)3, FeSO4, CdSO4, TiNO3, 
CoSO4, NiSO4, SnSO4, PbNO3, CuSO4, AgNO3, AuNO3, HCl
 

Procedure:
 
 Set the temperature.

 Select the cathode from the list.

 Select the anode from the list.

 Select concentration of the electrolyte.

 Record the voltage of the cell.

 Calculate the Gibbs free energy from the voltage obtained from
experiment.

 Calculate the Equilibrium constant.

  Predict the spontaneity of the cell reaction.

Observations and Calculations-:

 EXPERIMENT-4

ACID BASE TITRATION

 Objective:
 

To determine the amount of substance in a solution

of unknown concentration using various titrimetric
methods.
 
Theory:
 
Titration:
 

The word titration comes from the Latin word

"titulus", which means inscription or title. The French
word title means rank. Therefore, Titration means the
determination of concentration or rank of a solution
with respect to water with a pH of 7. 
 
The standard solution is usually added from a
graduated vessel called a burette. The process of
adding standard solution until the reaction is just
complete is termed as titration and the substance to be
determined is said to be titrated.
 
All chemical reactions cannot be considered as
titrations. A reaction can serve as a basis of a titration
procedure only if the following conditions are satisfied:
 
1. The reaction must be a fast one.
2. It must proceed stoichiometrically.
3. The change in free energy (ΔG) during the reaction
must be sufficiently large for spontaneity of the
reaction.
4. There should be a way to detect the completion of
the reaction.
 Procedure:
 
 Choose the titrant.
 Choose the titrate.
 Select the normality of the titrate.
 Choose the volume of the liquid to be pipetted out.
 Select the indicator.
 Start titration.
 End point is noted at the colour change of the solution.
 From the final reading the normality of titrant can be
calculated by the equation:

 After finding the normality, the amount of given substance

in the whole of the given solution can be calculated by the
equation:

Points to Remember while Performing the

Experiment in a Real Laboratory:
 
1. Always wear lab coat and gloves when you are in the lab.
When you enter the lab, switch on the exhaust fan and make
sure that all the chemicals and reagents required for the
experiment are available. If they are not available, prepare the
reagents using the components for reagent preparation.
2. Properly adjust the flame of the Bunsen burner. The
proper flame is a small blue cone; it is not a large plume, nor is
it orange.
3. Make sure to clean all your working apparatus with
chromic acid and distilled water and ensure that all the
apparatus are free from water droplets while performing the
experiment.
Observation and Calculations-:

 Titrant .......HCL....

 Titrate........NH3...

 Normality of Titrate(N2)....0.1N..

 Volume of Titrate(v2)......1ml...

 Volume of Titrant(v1)....0.1ml...

 N1*V1=N2*V2

 Normality of Titrant(N1)=0.1N

 Equivalent weight of Titrant=36.5g

 Mass of Titrant used=0.00365 g

Result-:

 Normality of Titrant =0.1N

 Mass of Titrant used=0.00365g