2020/8/13 O-yatoi gaikokujin - Wikipedia

O-yatoi gaikokujin
When o-yatoi gaikokujin ( Jap. お雇い外国⼈ , "Contract foreigners") refers to the Japanese foreign experts who were called in the second half of
the 19th century into the country to the modernization of Japan to accelerate.

The "foreign contractors" were supposed to introduce new, western technology and train Japanese specialists. Some also worked as missionaries on
the side . More than half came from the Anglo-Saxon region. A list from March 1872 names 214 people, including 119 English, 50 French, 16
Americans, 9 Chinese and 8 Prussians. [1] This tendency remains roughly the same even afterwards. For the period from 1868 to 1889, a total of
2,690 people can be identified in the government's records, including 1,127 British, 414 American, 333 French, 250 Chinese, 215 German, and 99
Dutch. [2] They were valued and rewarded accordingly. In 1874 there were 520 foreign contractors whose salaries were 2.272 million yendevoured a
third of the annual budget. The interest of the Japanese government in a rapid replacement by local specialists was correspondingly strong.

With the end of extraterritoriality in 1899, this system was abolished. Some foreigners such as Lafcadio Hearn , Josiah Conder and Edwin Dun
remained in the country in other employment relationships. Some "foreign contractors" also contributed to the modernization of neighboring Korea
.

contents
Known "foreign contractors"
Human and veterinary medicine
Jurisprudence, Administration and Economics
Military affairs
Science and math
Engineering
Art and music
Humanities and Education
Missionaries
Other
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See also
Web links
Individual evidence
Known "foreign contractors"

Human medicine and veterinary medicine

Erwin von Bälz , internist
Leopold Müller , military doctor
Theodor Hoffmann , military doctor
Johannes Ludwig Janson , veterinarian
Ferdinand Adalbert Junker von Langegg , doctor
Julius Scriba , surgeon
Wilhelm Dönitz , anatomist
Hans Gierke , anatomist
Heinrich Botho Scheube , internist
Wilhelm Schultze , military doctor
Ernst Ziegel , physiologist
Joseph Disse , anatomist
Jurisprudence, Administration and Economics
Georg Michaelis , lawyer
Ottmar von Mohl , lawyer, diplomat
Albert Mosse , lawyer
Otfried Nippold , lawyer
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Heinrich Waentig , economist and lawyer

Karl Rathgen , administrative lawyer
Hermann Roesler , political economist
Ludwig Loenholm , lawyer
Gustave Emile Boissonade , lawyer
Paul Mayet , statistician, social politician
Adolph von Wenckstern , political economist
Heinrich Waentig , political economist
Military affairs
Jules Brunet , artillery officer.
Léonce Verny , builder of the Yokosuka Arsenal.
Karl Koeppen , sergeant
Jacob Meckel , major
Francis Brinkley , Military Science
Henry Walton Grinnell , naval officer
Science and Mathematics
Thomas Corwin Mendenhall , physicist
Franz Hilgendorf , zoologist
Ludwig Döderlein , zoologist
Edward S. Morse , zoologist
Charles Otis Whitman , zoologist, successor to Morse
Edmund Naumann , geologist
Curt Adolph Netto , metallurgist
James Alfred Ewing , physicist, engineer
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Oskar Kellner , agricultural chemist, animal nutritionist

Oskar Korschelt , chemist
Oskar Loew , agricultural chemist
Erwin Knipping , meteorologist
Karl Hefele , forest manager
Eustachius Grasmann , forest scientist
William P. Brooks , agronomist
William Smith Clark , agricultural expert
Horace Capron , agricultural expert
Edwin Dun , agricultural expert
John Milne , geologist, seismologist
Engineering
Edmund Morel , engineer
Francis Henry Trevithick , railroad engineer
Hermann Rumschöttel , railway engineer
Richard Francis Trevithick , railroad engineer
Rudolf Lehmann , engineer
Johannis de Rijke , river engineering engineer
Gottfried Wagener , chemist, technologist
Wilhelm Heise , engineer
Henry Dyer , engineer
George Arnold Escher , engineer
John Alexander Low Waddell , engineer, bridge builder
Charles Dickinson West , engineer, shipbuilder
Thomas James Waters , engineer, architect
Wilhelm Böckmann , architect
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Josiah Conder , architect

William Edward Ayrton , physicist, electrical engineer
Art and Music
Edoardo Chiossone , graphic artist
Luther Whiting Mason , musician
Ernest Francisco Fenollosa , art critic
Franz Eckert , composer, musician
Rudolf Dittrich , musician
Luther Whiting Mason , music educator
Antonio Fontanesi , painter
Vincenzo Ragusa , sculptor
Charles Edouard Gabriel Leroux , musician, composer
Humanities and Education
Raphael von Koeber , philosopher
Ernest Francisco Fenollosa , philosopher, East Asian scholar
Basil Hall Chamberlain , linguist, Japanologist
Lafcadio Hearn , language teacher, writer
Viktor Holtz , educator
Karl Florenz , linguist, Japanologist
Emil Hausknecht , pedagogue, English studies
Rudolf Lange , lecturer in German, Latin and geography, Japanologist
Missionaries
William Griffis , missionary, writer
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Guido Verbeck , missionary, teacher

Horace Wilson , missionary, teacher
Others
Thomas Alexander
See also
German-Japanese relations
Web links
Commons : O-yatoi gaikokujin (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:O-yatoi_gaikokujin?uselang=de)  - collection
of images, videos and audio files

Dentsu Advertising Museum (https://web.archive.org/web/20070405003920/http://www.dentsu.com/MUSEUM/meiji/index1.html) (

Memento from April 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
lib.u-tokyo.ac.jp (http://www.lib.u-tokyo.ac.jp/tenjikai/tenjikai97/) (Japanese)
Individual evidence
1. O-yatoi gaikokujin ichiran (table of foreign contractors). Chūgai-dō, Tokyo 1872 ( digitized version, National Diet Library) (http://kindai.n
dl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/995036)
2. Hazel Jones: Live Machines: Hired Foreigners and Meiji Japan. University of British Columbia Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0774801157
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