PRE-THESIS

GREEN APARTMENT

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME : SRINIVAS PULLOGI
ROLL NO. :1003019
CLASS : B.ARCH (PTDC) 6TH YEAR, 11TH
SEM
SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND
ARCHITECTURE, J N A F A U
 GREEN APARTMENT
Title: GREEN APARTMENT
SYNOPSIS

Introduction :The concept of a green building was developed in the 1970s in response to the
energy crisis and people’s growing concerns about the environment.

A Green Building, also known as a sustainable building, is a structure that is designed, built,
renovated, operated, or re-used in an ecological and resource efficient manner.

Sustainable development is maintaining a delicate balance between the human need to improve
lifestyles and feeling of well-being on one hand, and preserving natural resources and ecosystems,
on which we & future generations depend

India the seventh largest country in the world and one of the five fast developing countries isa
leading economy and home to over one billion people living in various climatic zones. Energy is the
primary and most universal measure of all kinds of work by human beings and nature. Whatever
happens in the world is only the expression of flow of energy in either of its forms. Energy
consumption in the developing countries is increasing at a faster rate. As conventional energy
sources are depleting day to day, utilization of alternative energy sources is the only solution.
India’s economy has been growing at a fast pace ever since the process of economic reforms
started in 1991. Construction plays a very vital important role in its economy contributing on an
average 6.5% of the GDP. Commercial and residential sectors continue to be major market for the
construction industry. The sector consumes a lot of energy throughout the life cycle of building thus
becoming a major contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. The energy used by the building
sector continues to increase primarily because new buildings are constructed faster than old ones
are retired
 GREEN APARTMENT
SYNOPSIS
Energy demand increasing 25% of the total electricity consumption is in residential/commercial
Sector. Projected annual increase in energy demand is 5.4billion kWh in residential and commercial
Buildings. Domestic water consumption is 30 billion m3 and projected increase to 111 billion m3
by2050. Construction and building wastes pose serious environmental threats. 80-90% of the
energy used by the building is consumed during operational stage of a building life cycle. The other
10-20% is consumed during extraction and processing of raw materials, manufacturing of products,
construction and demolition. In addition to governments initiative like Energy Conservation Building
Code (ECBC) developed by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, National Action Plan of Climate
change and Mission on solar, Sustainable Habitat and Energy Efficiency the need of the hour is
energy efficient and low emission Green buildings which incorporate efficient technologies to meet
their energy requirements from low cost and naturally available materials, The various building
rating systems enable the designer to apply green concepts and criteria so as to reduce the
environmental impacts.
Aims:
To study and analyse the existing rating systems and design apartments incorporating the rating
Systems guidelines.

Objectives:
To study the GRIHA rating systems.
• Protecting occupant health
• Improving employee productivity
• Using energy, water and other resources more efficiently
• Reducing overall impact to the environment
• Optimal environmental and economic performance
• Satisfying and quality indoor spaces
 GREEN APARTMENT
SYNOPSIS
Scope and Limitation:
 Designing an Apartment following the rating systems guidelines within the scope of study.
 The scope of study is limited to the study of the rating systems used for residential only.
 Operational and Maintenance costs are not considered in the process of study.
 Doesn’t deal with economies of the projects.

Methodology:
Setting Up of Aim .

Objectives

Identifying the scope and limitation

Literature & Data Collection Desk top Study Case Study

 GREEN APARTMENT
SYNOPSIS
Considerations of a green building:
Control erosion to reduce negative impacts on water and air quality
Reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use
Limit disruption of natural water hydrology by reducing impervious cover, increasing on-site
infiltration and managing storm water run-off
Encourage and recognize increasing levels of self-supply through renewable technologies to reduce
environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel energy use
Provide a high level of individual occupant control of ventilation and lighting systems to support
good health, better productivity and a comfortable atmosphere
Provide a connection between indoor spaces and outdoor environment through the introduction of
sunlight and views into the occupied areas of the building.
How to make a building green:
Building design
Orientation
Building insulation (walls of AEC block and roof with over deck insulation and roof lawn)
Window sizing
Window shading (fixed overhangs)
Glass selection
Envelope efficiency measures contributed to 12% savings over base case
System design
Energy efficient lighting (CFLs , efficient tube lights and electronic ballasts)
Daylight sensing (90% lighting energy savings)?
Efficient chillers, Variable air volume systems.
Wind towers for pre cooling of fresh air.
Lighting efficiency measures contributed to 15% savings over base case and HVAC efficiency
measures contributed 20% savings over base case.
 GREEN APARTMENT
SYNOPSIS

Constitutes a green building

A) Sustainable Site:
•Appropriate site selection.
•Effective use of nature.
•Soil erosion control.

B) Water use efficiency:

•Capture storm water from impervious areas of the building for ground water re-charge or reuse.
•Do not use potable water for landscape irrigation. Use recycled water/storm water.
•Install moisture denser on plants for water conservation.
•Use recycled water for toilet flushing.
•Use ultra high efficiency water fittings and controls.
•Monitor water consumption through on-line controls.

C) Energy efficient and eco-friendly equipment:

•Design orientation of the building to get maximum day-lighting.
•Use green wall and green roof to avoid heat gain into the building.
•Adopt spectrally natural glass materials such that it reduces heat gain, minimize lighting of
landscape features.
•Use of energy efficient goods
•Use zero CFC base refrigerants in refrigeration and air-conditioning system.
•Use of renewable energy to reduce environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel energy use.
•Establish Baseline data for energy consumption
 GREEN APARTMENT
SYNOPSIS

D) Eco-friendly building materials and resources:

•Recyclable and Salvage materials.
•Material from local sources mitigating / reducing environmental impact.
•Impact of manufacturing and transportation.
•Salvage controls.
•Material pollutant management
•Health Hazard management of workers on site.
•Material storage methodologies.
•Waste management.
E) Indoor air quality:
•Distribution channels for air intake movement and exhaust
•Climate and pollution monitoring systems.
•Elimination of chemically toxic materials and devices.
•Maintenance of optimum temperature and humidity.
F) Energy system management:
•30% to 40% saving in operation costs.
•Alternative energy system design
•Optimization of Conventional Energy.
•Building management, control and monitoring systems.
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Literature/ Data
Collection

Green Apartment
2. Literature/ Data Collection
1. Introduction

. A green building is one which uses less water, optimizes energy efficiency,
conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces
as compared to a convectional building.

. The concept of green buildings is not as nascent as we think it is. For example, our
own Ancestors worshipped the five elements of nature - Earth as 'Prithvi, Water as
"Jal', Agni as 'Energy', Air as 'Vayu', and Sky as 'Akash'. Today through the LEED
(Leadership in Energy & Environmental Leadership) green building rating system,
we are rediscovering the Indian ethos.

. Green buildings are operationally very efficient compared with similar conventional
buildings. The various operational savings and other benefits are stated below.
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Energy Efficiency
Literature/ Data
Collection
Green buildings are around 25-30% more energy efficient, with gold-rated buildings as
much as 37% efficient. On an average, green buildings obtain 2% of their energy from
renewable or green sources. This energy efficiency proves beneficial during peak periods,
when energy costs rise due to higher demand. This reduces the demand for fossil
fuel-generated electricity and reduces pollution and the emission of GHGs.

Water Efficiency

Green buildings use 20-30% less water compared with similar conventional buildings. This reduces
the operational water expenses and the pressure on civic amenities. Moreover, 70-100% of used
water is treated and reused for landscaping and air conditioning. This reduces the load on an area's
sewage system. Through these measures of conservation and the reuse of water, green buildings
save on operational costs and simultaneously promote sustainability.

Waste Reduction

Green buildings emphasize waste reduction. Construction wastes and demolition debris are the main
wastes produced during the construction process, and these wastes degrade the quality of the
environment. Green buildings ensure waste reduction by: the reuse and minimization of construction
wastes and debris and diverting them to recycling units; the use of existing building structure and
reclaimed building materials in the core and shell of a project; the
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Increased use of recycled content in construction materials; designing the structure to produce less
scrap and execute it according to the plan. Green buildings reduce construction waste by
approximately 50% compared with that of similar conventional buildings, hence accruing all the
above-mentioned benefits.

: Perceptions and Realities

Having covered on the benefits it is also important to know that people have different perceptions on
green buildings; some are correct and some are otherwise. It is important to look at these

: Green buildings are costlier

Reality: Considerable research and analysis has been carried out with regard to the cost impacts of a
green building. The cost could be slightly higher than a conventional building. But the incremental
cost is always relative and depends on the extent of eco-friendly features already considered during
design.
The incremental cost would appear small if the baseline design is already at a certain level of good
eco-design; It would appear huge if the base design has not considered green principles.

The second and rather a critical paradigm is to look at the incremental cost in relation to the life cycle
cost. Over its life cycle, the operating cost would work out to 80-85 % while the incremental cost
which is a onetime cost is only 8-10%.
There is a decreasing trend in the incremental cost over the years. This trend would continue and we
all look forward to the day when the cost of a green building is lower than a conventional building.
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Green buildings have to be air-conditioned

Reality: Green building concepts and the LEED rating can be applied for non-air conditioning
buildings. It has been applied on three such buildings in India viz., IGP office Hyderabad, the Royal
Engineering College, Gulbarga, LIC office, Shimoga.

While performing the energy analysis using software tools, such buildings will input the same cooling
system both in the baseline and the proposed design. This ensures that the building is recognized
for any of the other energy efficiency measures incorporated, for example - the envelop, lighting, roof
insulation etc.,
This kind of an approach also ensures that an apple-to-apple comparison is made while evaluating
two green buildings, whether conditioned or not.

Green buildings take more time

Reality: There is a general perception that going the green way may affect the project schedules.
This was perhaps the case for the CII-Godrej GBC building when it was the first time that a green
building rating tool was being applied in the country.

The design in this case took about one-and-half years while the construction was completed in about
9 months! Thanks to the Green building movement; now there is so much of capacity building that
has
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 happened in the country. Now, there is absolutely no difference in the time involved in
constructing a green building vis-a-vis a normal building. The time schedule for the rating can
be synchronized with that of the building. This has been amply demonstrated in buildings like
the Wipro in Gurgaon and Grundfos in Chennai.

 Why are Green Buildings Relevant in India?

 There is no debating that the human race is growing faster than the planet earth can sustain.
This unsustainable growth is clearly causing certain environmental changes that need to be
reversed, or at the very least, slowed down.

 Now, there are many different things that can do to correct our ways and minimize
environmental degradation. However, green buildings seem to be the lowest hanging fruit in
this quest to achieve reasonably sustainable growth.

 Buildings are responsible for a large portion of our emissions, especially in a country like
India where the sector contributes significantly to GDP, is a huge employment generator,
energy consumer, water consumer, wastewater and waste generator. Yet green buildings are
easy to design and build. Additionally, green buildings do not cost much more to build than
non-green buildings, and they are not prone to political disagreement, unlike other clean
development measures. These factors make building green a very attractive option for
governments to pursue.

 India is a large country with a large population and huge developmental challenges.
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It is practically impossible for even the most efficient government machinery to supply water and
electricity for 1.3 billion people. Aside from that, they cannot manage the waste generated by the
people and these processes at no additional cost.

We are a water-deficient country and the energy crisis seems to be perennial in nature. Moreover
the unsustainable energy and water policies are not helping the cause.

Green building has become the "something new" that has not been done before. Developers are
trying hard to leverage their green building credentials for branding purposes and tapping into the
new niche market.

The Future of Green Building in India.

As of 2015, there are close to 2500 buildings registered for green certification with over two billion
square feet of built up space. The green building market is expected to touch $50 billion by the
end of 2016, creating thousands of jobs in the process.
It's extremely optimistic about the future of this sector in India. Green buildings and the concept
of smarter living offers tremendous opportunity for overhauling an average Indian's lifestyle.
As the general public becomes more aware of the benefits of green buildings, developers will get
creative and find new ways to brand, market and sell green buildings, hence creating a conducive
atmosphere for the sector to grow exponentially. One only hopes this frantic activity remains
clean and green the way it was envisioned to be.
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Sustainable design is not a recent concept - it's a recently lost one.

The reason we make buildings today is much the same as the reason we have always built - to make
safe, healthy shelters that protect us from wind and rain, keep us warm when it's cold, and keep us
cool and shaded when it's hot. Over long periods of time, by trial and error, people have evolved the
tried and proven solutions that we call vernacular building - and these solutions all contain elements
of sustainable design.

Since the time when humans lived in caves and enjoyed the benefits of stable temperatures and
natural ventilation with zero mortgage and environmental impact, we have been refining our use.

of resources to provide improved shelter. Until very recently in human history, this refinement
occurred within sustainable principles because it was dependent on available resources and
technologies. These limitations meant that solutions had to be effective yet still work with the
environment and available materials rather than transforming and dominating them.

Cheap, accessible, fossil energy sources and the proliferation of technology and new materials have
encouraged us to solve building problems differently.

Unfortunately, many of these new methods are compromising the ability of our planet home to
sustain us in the long or even medium term.

Despite our technological advances, our housing needs have remained similar - albeit with increased
levels of comfort and technology. This is because in the last few thousand years, humans have
evolved very little physically. It is our technology that has changed and it has changed the way we
build - not always for the better
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 The new challenge is to use our technology to minimize environment
impacts, whilst continuing to improve the comfort and performance of
the homes we create.

 Vernacular Homes Industrial Homes   Green Homes

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Literature/ Data
Rating System: Collection
 The building ratings were developed due to the growing concerns in the building industry and
management, in areas such as sustainability, building performance, environmental impact,
energy, cost efficiency and maintenance. The rating systems were a partial response to these
issues, proposing quantifiable tools to evaluate and measure the level of a buildings
environmental performance, evaluation and rating systems, addressing a wider range of
environmental issues.

 Over the past few years new rating tools have been introduced in many countries in order to
improve the knowledge about the level of sustainability in each country's building stock.

 In 1990 The Building Research Establishments Environmental Assessment Method

(BREEAM) was launched. It is one of the first acknowledged rating systems to evaluate the
sustainability of buildings in the UK.

 The rating programme is a tool which enables the designer to apply green concepts and criteria,
so as to reduce the environmental impacts, which are measurable.
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Building Rating System in India:
 In India, there are two distinct systems of rating that are popular. The first is the Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system implemented by Indian Green Building
Council (IGBC) and managed by the CII Green Building Centre. The second is an Indigenous rating
system called Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) which has been developed
and implemented by The Energy-and Research Institute (TERI).

 Both the rating systems are point-based and rate a building based on energy efficiency, water
efficiency, material efficiency, and indoor air quality. However, they differ in their approach to the
rating methodology and benchmarks established for various criteria. These rating fall under the
intent based ratings.

Rating systems for building are popular in India because they enable:

 Quantification of benefits accrued through energy savings, water savings, etc.

 Decision making based on life cycle costs

 Increased motivation for users and owners to fulfil their commitment to the
environment.

 Generation of awareness of the need for sustainability through media attention.

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GRIHA Rating System Collection

 GRIHA is an acronym for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment. GRIHA is a Sanskrit
word meaning - 'Abode'. Human Habitats (buildings) interact with the environment in various
ways. Throughout their life cycles, from construction to operation and then demolition, they
consume resources in the form of energy, water, materials, etc. and emit wastes either directly in
the form of municipal wastes or indirectly as emissions from electricity generation. GRIHA
attempts to minimize a building's resource consumption, waste generation, and overall ecological
impact to within certain nationally acceptable limits / benchmarks.

 Going by the old adage 'what gets measured, gets managed', GRIHA attempts to quantify
aspects such as energy consumption, waste generation, renewable energy adoption, etc. so as
to manage, control and reduce the same to the best possible extent.

 GRIHA is a rating tool that helps people assesses the performance of their building against
certain nationally acceptable benchmarks. It evaluates the environmental performance of a
building holistically over its entire life cycle, thereby providing a definitive standard for what
constitutes a 'green building'. The rating system, based on accepted energy and environmental
principles, will seek to strike a balance between the established practices and emerging
concepts, both national and international.
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Evolution of GRIHA
 The rapid increase in Indian population and growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has given
rise to an enormous demand for buildings with a subsequent pressure on availability of
resources. Another key challenge for the built-environment of Indian cities is the diminishing
availability of water for urban areas.

 In order to be sustainable, the environmental pressures of increased demand for resources

coupled with a rapidly changing climate are being addressed by policy makers at various levels.
Several policy and regulatory mechanisms to address the urban challenges, implemented
through national plans and programmes have been devised. The Ministries and agencies at the
Centre have designed frameworks such as the Environmental Clearance to ensure efficiency in
resource use for large projects (i.e. more than 20,000 sq m built up area), the Energy
Conservation Building Code (ECBC) applicable to air conditioned commercial buildings with
connected load

 More than 100 kW and the Solar Buildings Programmed for Energy Efficient Buildings, for
implementation by the designated State agencies and municipal bodies.

 However as in most countries, there is a huge scope to optimize the effectiveness of policy by
encouraging a more holistic life-cycle approach to building. Lack of disincentives for non-
compliance, agencies and systems working in factions (i.e. various departments at Centre and
State looking at issues related to energy efficiency, renewable energy, water resources, waste
management independently; as opposed to a holistic approach that would address the building
sector encompassing water, energy etc. as a whole); and implementation of codes and standards
prior to verification on site, leading to implementation challenges on site are some of the
difficulties faced during implementation of policies on sustainable habitats.
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 This tool has been adopted by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. This tool, by its
qualitative and quantitative assessment criteria, is able to 'rate' a building on the degree of its
'greenness'.

Figure 1: Evolving landscape of sustainable habitats in India: genesis of GRIHA

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The basic features of GRIHA Literature/ Data
Collection
The system has been developed to help 'design and evaluate' new buildings (buildings that are still
at the inception stages). A building is assessed based on its predicted performance over its entire life
cycle - inception through operation. The stages of the life cycle that have been identified for
evaluation are:

• Pre-construction stage: (intra- and inter-site issues like proximity to public transport, type of soil,
kind of land, where the property is located, the flora and fauna on the land before construction
activity starts, the natural landscape and land features).

• Building planning and construction stages: (issues of resource conservation and reduction in
resource demand, resource utilization efficiency, resource recovery and reuse, and provisions for
occupant health and well-being). The prime resources that are considered in this section are land,
water, energy, air, and green cover.

• Building operation and maintenance stage: (issues of operation and maintenance of building
systems and processes, monitoring and recording of energy consumption, and occupant health and
well-being, and also issues that affect the global and local environment).
The benefits
On a broader scale, this system, along with the activities and processes that lead up to it, will benefit
the community at large with the improvement in the environment by reducing GHG
(greenhouse gas) emissions, reducing energy consumption and the stress on natural resources.
Some of the benefits of a green design to a building owner, user, and the society as a whole are as
follows:
Reduced energy consumption without sacrificing the comfort levels
Reduced destruction of natural areas, habitats, and biodiversity, and reduced soil loss from erosion
etc.
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
Collection
Reduced air and water pollution (with direct health benefits)

 Reduced water consumption

 Limited waste generation due to recycling and reuse

 Reduced pollution loads

 Increased user productivity

 Enhanced image and marketability

 2.4.4 Criteria and their weightage

 GRIHA is a guiding and performance-oriented system where points are earned for meeting the
design and performance intent of the criteria. Each criterion has a number of points assigned
to it. It means that a project intending to meet the criterion would qualify for the points.

 Compliances, as specified in the relevant criterion, have to be submitted in the prescribed

format. While the intent of some of the criteria is self-validating in nature, there are others such
as energy consumption, thermal and visual comfort, noise control, and indoor pollution levels
which need to be validated on-site through performance monitoring.

 Different levels of certification (one star to five stars) are awarded based on the number of
points earned. The minimum points required for certification is 50.
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 Griha
- green rating for integrated habitat
assessment

 Points achieved GRIHA Rating

 50-60 *
 61-70 **
 71-80 ***
 81-90 ****
 91-100 *****
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CRITERIA OF RATING : Collection
NO. CRITERION POINTS
1 Site selection 1
2 Preserve and protect landscape during 5
construction
3 Soil conservation (till post-construction) 2
SITE PLANNING
4 Design to include existing site features 4

5 Reduce hard paving on-site and/or provide 2

shaded
hard-paved surfaces
6 Enhance outdoor lighting system efficiency 3
and
use renewable energy system for meeting
outdoor lighting requirements

7 Plan utilities efficiently and optimize on-site 3 HEALTH AND

circulation efficiency WELL BEING

8 Provide minimum level of sanitation/safety 2

facilities for construction workers

9 Reduce air pollution during construction 2

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NO. CRITERION CollectionPOINTS
10 Reduce landscape water requirement 3

11 Reduce water use in the building 2

12 Efficient water use during construction 1

13 Optimize building design to reduce 8

conventional
energy demand
14 Optimize energy performance of building 16
within BUILDING
specified comfort limits PLANNING AND
15 Utilization of fly-ash in building structure 6 CONSTRU-
CTION
16 Reduce volume, weight, and construction time 4 STAGE
by
adopting efficient technologies (such as pre-
cast systems)
17 Use low-energy material in interiors 4

18 Renewable energy utilization 5

19 Renewable-energy-based hot water system 3

20 Waste water treatment 2 RECYCLE

,RECHARGE
21 Water recycle and reuse (including rainwater) 5
&REUSE
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NO. CRITERION Collection
POINTS

22 Reduction in waste during construction 1 WASTE

MANAGEM
23 Efficient waste segregation 1 ENT
24 Storage and disposal of wastes 1
25 Resource recovery from waste 2
26 Use low-VOC paints/adhesives/sealants 3

27 Minimize ozone depleting substances 1

28 Ensure water quality 2 HEALTH

29 Acceptable outdoor and indoor noise 2 &WELL
levels BEING
30 Tobacco smoke control 1
31 Provide at least the minimum level of 1
accessibility for persons with disabilities

32 Energy audit and validation MANDA

TORY
33 Operation and maintenance 2
34 Innovation points 4
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Apartment:
Collection
Introduction
An apartment or flat is a self-contained housing unit (a type of residential real estate) that occupies
only part of a building. Such a building may be called an apartment building, apartment house, block
of flats, tower block, and high-rise.
Increasing urban population forced to redefine the housing definition by means of land sharing due to
un-affordability of buying independent land. In spite of setback (because of having apartment culture),
the mushrooming of such an existence of apartments all became an invertible task.
The following are few considerations which are found in these large scale housing projects.
Integration of variety of open spaces, Arrangements of dwelling units.
Sufficient lighting and ventilation, Recreation and community areas.
Provision of interaction areas with sitting arrangements.
Commercial way of designing of apartment plans is not encouraged.
Evolution:
The importance and relevance of humor behavior to the physical environment increases when we
form groups and live in confinement with industrialization and sudden infuse of population in
urban areas.
The development of settlements has become a commercially controlled social
venture shelter, the basic need of man is being packaged and solid like a , .
commercial product apartment being the operative word with
no need to improve the quantitative aspects of the
environment. Due to tendency of migration by village to
cities, there is considerable rise in the price of city land
and hence, it has become practically impossible even
for the higher class of the society to have a detached house in a thickly populated city area. This had
led to the conception of apartments or flats.

,
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Reasons for increase in popularity of apartments:Collection
• Growing land shortage due to increase in urban population.
• Desire to live in urban areas.
• Need to be nearer to commercial zones and close to center of
• Collective action is necessary for easy in urban life
• The reduction of domestic responsibilities and labor which apartments proved
Design Parameters:
hi multi-unit and apartment design and it is important to understand their relationship to both passive
design and social aspects of sustainability.

Reducing Energy Demand

The energy demand in a building is essentially for lighting and ventilation. By studying the sun
path
and wind direction pattern arfd by adopting suitable passive design techniques, energy
consumption
Orientation:
can be reduced.
Layout and design of building should be as per solar
geometry. Longer dimensions of building should face
north and south and shorter dimensions should face
east and west.
The southern sides of the plots should b shaded by
deciduous trees. The east and west facades should
be protected by using shading device, vegetation or
buffer spaces.
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Literature/ Data
Courtyard should be oriented along east-west axis to Collection
capture maximum wind. To create cooler
microclimate conditions, water elements should be provided along the wind paths.
Building/ Site planning to increase Cross Ventilation:
Outdoor breezes create air movement through the house interior by the “push-pull ” effect of positive
air pressure on the windward side and negative pressure suction) on the leeward side.
With openings near the top of stacks, warm air can escape whereas cooler air enters the building
from openings near the ground. The windows play a dominant role in inducing indoor ventilation due
to wind forces.
Ratio of Built Form to Open Spaces & Building Plan Form

For any given building form, the more compact the design the less wasteful it is in gaining/losing hat.
Building form can affect solar access and wind exposure as well as the rate of heat loss or heat gain
through the external envelope.
The general design objectives are
• Contain the exposure of external elements by means of compact building envelope and careful
consideration of the treatment of different elevations
• Use sheltering and buffering.

Dense Vegetation Cover to Moderate Micro-Climate

Landscaping is an important element in altering the micro
climate of a place.Proper landscaping reduced direct sun from
striking and heating up building surfaces. It is the best way to
provide a buffer for heat, sun, noise, traffic, and airflow or for
diverting airflow or exchanging heat in a solar-passive design.
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Courtyards
Collection
Due to incident solar radiation in a courtyard, the air gets
warmer and rises. Cool air from the ground level flows
through the louvered openings of rooms surrounding a
courtyard, thus producing air flow.

At night, the warm roof surfaces get cooled by convection

and radiation. If the roof surfaces are sloped towards the
internal courtyard, the cooled air sinks into the court and
enters the living space through low-level openings, gets
warmed up, and leaves the room through higher-level
openings.

Pergola
These are excellent at reducing the solar heat gain in a
building because they completely shade the walls.
They also cut the solar intensity creating cool spaces
even without plants or shrubs.

Daylight Integration
Day lighting has a major effect on the appearance of space and can have considerable implications
on energy efficiency, if used properly. Its variability is subtly pleasing to the occupant in contrast to
the relatively monotonous environment produced by artificial light. It helps to create optimum
working conditions by bringing out the natural contrast and color of objects. The presence of natural
light can bring a sense of wellbeing and awareness of the wider
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environment. Day lighting is important particularly in commercial and other non-domestic buildings
that function during the day. Integration of day lighting with artificial light brings out considerable
savings in energy consumption. A good day lighting system, has number of elements most of which
must be incorporated into the building design at an early stage. This can be achieved by considering
the following relation to the incidence of day light on the building.
• Orientation, space organization and geometry of the space to be lit
• Location, form & dimension of the fenestrations through which day light will enter
• Location & surface properties of internal partitions that affect the day light distribution by reflection
• Location, form and dimensions of shading devices that provides protection from excessive light and
glare
• Light and thermal characteristics of the glazing materials
Relation between WWR and VLT to achieve recommended daylight levels:
Table 3: Recommended daylight factors for interiors as per Bureau of Indian Standards DF 1%-80
lux. Design sky IL luminance 800-lux.
SI. No. Location Daylight Factor%
     
1 Dwellings Kitchen 2.5
     
2 Living Room 0.65
     
Window Wall Ratio (WWR)
Window Wall Ratio is the ratio of Vertical
fenestration area to gross exterior wall area.
Gross exterior wall area is measured
horizontally from the exterior surface; it is
measured vertically from the top of the floor
to the bottom of the roof. The optimum WWR
recommended is 20-30% with daylight
integration.
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Providing basic amenities in order to reduce the use of private vehicles
Benefits
• Facilities like grocery stores, health care, community halls, ATMs, parks, and recreational facilities
need to be located within a 500-metre radius from where the people live or residential complexes
come up.
• This will ensure that the people do not have to travel long distances in their private vehicles to
procure things of daily use
• There would be minimal adverse impacts on the environment, as there would be limited emission
of polluting greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide.
• Provision of basic facilities in new and upcoming residential localities develop into buzzing
centers.
• People are saved from the drudgery of going long distances and have more quality time to spend
as they wish to.
2.6.2 Maximizing System Efficiency
The main components of a building envelope which induce thermal heat gain in building and whose
design is critical in creating thermal comfort within a building.
• ECBC gives a prescription of the U-factor and R values which can be followed to insulate the
envelope which goes as follows
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Comfort Requirements and Physical Manifestations in Buildings

HOT AND DRY CLIMATE ZONE

Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation

Reduce Heat Gain

Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building

Increase thermal resistance Insulation of building envelope

Increase thermal capacity (Time lag) Massive structure

Increase buffer spaces Air locks/lobbies /balconies/verandahs

Decrease air exchange rate (ventilation during
Smaller windows openings, night ventilation
day-time)
External surfaces protected by overhangs, fins and
Increase shading
trees
Increase surface reflectivity Pale colour, glazed china mosaic tiles etc

Use glazing with lower SHGC and provide shading for

Reduce solar heat gain
windows. Minimize glazing in East and West

PROMOTE HEAT LOSS  

Increase air exchange rate (Ventilation during
Courtyards/wind towers/arrangement of openings
night-time)
Increase humidity levels Trees, water ponds, evaporative cooling
 Green Apartment:

Windows and Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation is a controllable phenomenon and an efficient rate can be achieved through proper
design of window openings and orientation of the structure based on the wind direction.
Ventilation is required for fresh air, cooling for comfort conditions and for taking away the heat in the
building structure. For the successful design of a naturally ventilated building the wind characteristics
and air flow patterns around a building, influenced by climate, neighboring topography, plants and
buildings has to be taken into account. Furthermore the fulfillment of natural ventilation depends on
the location of vents (e.g.: windows and roof lights) and the interior design (e.g. walls, openings and
courtyards).

Day lighting
• Day lighting is an inseparable part of design, and
should be considered at the earliest stages of-design
process.
Factors for the design of day lighting
• Critical indoor illuminance
• Critical outdoor illuminance
• Day light factor distribution
 Green Apartment:
Factors affecting the day light distribution
• Room depth
• Height of the window head
• Shading devices
• Glazing type Room depth
Deeper rooms have a poorer uniformity ratio — the ratio of the day
lighting factor at the back of the to that at the front shows how the
infirmity ratio varies as a room of a given cross section gets deeper.
Contributions to Daylight Factor
Height of window head
The higher the window head, the deeper will be the penetration of day lighting; at the same time,
however the view from the window will be cut. This aspect is easily adaptive and a good distribution
can be achieved in the space while maintaining the visual connections.
Shading of Windows
Heat gain through window is determined by the overall heat loss co-efficient U-value (W/m2-k) and
solar energy gain factor, and is much higher as compared to that through opaque wall. Direct
sunlight can cause glare. Incorporation of shading elements with windows help in: keeping out the
sun's heat, block uncomfortable direct sun, and soften harsh daylight contrasts. Shading devices
are therefore necessary to allow glare free natural light. Shading devices are also critical the visual
and thermal comfort and for minimizing mechanical cooling loads. Shading devices the windows
and walls moderate heat gains into the building.
Internal shading is the most effective ways of shading, as it cuts off direct sunlight during summer
and allows winter sunlight to enter inside the space. However, hi cloudy weather or if not designed
properly, these can reduce daylight availability inside the space. For such cases, external moving
shading devices are preferred.
External shading devices should be designed according to the orientation of fa9ade. For instance
• On North orientation minimum or no shading is required.
• On South orientation external shades should be designed after studying the sun path .
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• Shading devices on South Collection
orientation could be permanent
in nature, as most part of the day, Sun remains in South orientation.
• It is preferable to design movable external shading devices on East and West facades, so that the
shades could be removed after sun faces opposite orientation.

Horizontal Sun Angle (HSA)

This is the horizontal angle between the normal of the
window and the Sun azimuth angle at a given time.
The horizontal sun angle at critical hours can be cut by the
vertical fins provided as external shading device.

Vertical Solar Angle (VSA)

It is the angle that a plane containing the bottom two
points of the window and the center of the sun makes
with the ground when measured normal to the shaded
surface. The vertical solar angle at critical hours can be
cut by the horizontal fins provided as external shading
device.
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Solar angles for various cardinal directions
The critical Horizontal Solar Angle (HSA) and
Vertical Solar Angle (VSA) for fenestrations to be cut on cardinal
Solar angles
located on the cardinal directions (as shown in various directions
the figure) given below in the table should be cut Cardinal
HAS
down by designing appropriate shading devices directions VSA
in the composite climate — North 37.8 79.4
East - 33.2
Example of Solar angles to be cut on various West - 58
cardinal directions in composite climate building South -68.9 85.1
Solar Angles to be cut on various cardinal North-east (NE) 44 42.3
directions North-west
-50.9 68.3
(NW)
South-east (SE) -46 43.3
South-west
39.1 64
(SW)
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Solar control glazing Collection
Solar control glazing are very effective against heat flow
across the window but can reduce the transmission
of light inside. The choice of glazing affects the daylight,
solar heat gain, and heat loss through a window. These
are measured by visible transmittance, the total solar
transmittance and the U value. The following are the
different glazing types

Single glazing gives the best daylight. It offers little

resistance to the passage of heat. The small amount
of insulation that single glazing does provide is
actually due to thin films of still air at exist next to the
glass.
Double- glazing offers much better insulation.
It comprises two panes of glass with a sealed space
between. The space is filled with air or an inert gas
with better insulating properties than glass. It gives
about 20% less daylight than single glazing.
In low-E (low —emissivity) double glazing,
the reduction in the day lighting factor is by another
10% with respect to double glazing.
Tinted double-glazing has low
visibility, thus cutting out daylight. Typically,
more than 2sq.mt of tinted glazing will be required
to admit as much daylight as Isq.mt of clear glass.
 Green Apartment
Reducing Heat Island Effect Literature/ Data
Strategies to reduce heat island at the community level:
Collection
 Cool paving materials for roads, sidewalks, and parking lots.
 Planting trees and vegetation
 Cool Pavements
Pavements with low solar reflectance absorb large amounts of heat and can be up to 70° F (40°C)
hotter in the sun than cooler alternatives. Permeable, or porous, pavements allow water to percolate
and evaporate, cooling the pavement surface and surrounding air. Permeable pavements can be
constructed from a number of materials including concrete, asphalt, and plastic lattice structures filled
with soil, gravel, and grass.

Trees and Vegetation

Increasing a city's vegetative cover by
planting trees, shrubs, and vines is a
simple and effective way to reduce the
heat island effect. Scientists estimate
that planting trees and vegetation for
shade can reduce a building's cooling
energy consumption by up to 25 percent
annually.
In addition to direct shading, trees and
vegetation cool the air through
evapotranspiration. Urban vegetation
also provides economic, environmental,
and social benefits such as enhanced
storm water management and reduced
air pollution. Grass can be used as
ground cover to absorb solar radiation
and aid evaporative cooling.
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Resisting heat gain
Unwanted heat gain can be reduced by
• Decreasing the surface area of the building exposed to
the outside.
• Using materials that absorb heat slowly.
• Providing buffer spaces.
Street width and orientation
Streets must be narrow so that buildings mutually shade
each other. They need to be oriented in the north-south
direction to block solar radiation.
 Terrace Garden/Green Roof
Green roofs have the potential to improve the thermal
performance of a roofing system through shading,
insulation, evapotranspiration and thermal mass, thus
reducing a building's energy demand for space conditioning.
The green roof moderates the heat flow and helps in
Planning Within the Unit reducing the temperature.
Rooms should be located to take best advantage of the
sun for good thermal comfort and natural light and ventilation.
East-facing rooms
• Will have good morning light.
• Can gain heat in the morning all year round.
• May need some shading in summer to prevent morning
heat gain which may lead to overheating during the day.
• Can be cool, in the late afternoon.
• Are often suitable for bedrooms, kitchen and breakfast room .
 Green Apartment
West-facing rooms
Literature/ Data
• have good afternoon daylight Collection
• can overheat in the late afternoon for much of the year
• may require vertical shading to prevent excessive overheating and glare in the afternoon
• Provide good direct solar gain for thermal mass heating of living spaces in the evening.
• Suitable as a living area in households where occupants are away from home during the day-
time but at home in the evenings.
• Not suitable as a kitchen as the heat from dinner preparation coincides with low-angled
afternoon and evening sun, causing glare and overheating.
North-facing rooms
• Have good daylight most of the day
• Have solar gain for most of the day throughout the year
• may require horizontal shading to prevent overheating in summer
• have good passive solar gain in winter.
• The main living spaces such as living, family and dining rooms should be north facing where
possible.
South-facing rooms
• Have lower levels of daylight during parts of the year have little or no heat gain.
• They are most suited for the location of the garage, laundry, bathroom, toilet, workroom and
stairs, where people spend little time and/or use infrequently.
»•
Building Materials
For years the building industry had been dependent on a seemingly endless supply of high quality
materials, supplies and energy resources. These become more significant when buildings are a
global scale consume about 40% of the raw stone, gravel and sang, 25% of wood, 40% of
energy and 16% of water each year. A building industry that depends on diminishing resources will
ultimately become more costly as the resources will continue to be depleted, and would thus pose a
negative impact.
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The underlying principle assumes that all stages in the life of a material — right from the raw
material, extraction, manufacture and transportation to the installation, operation,
maintenance, and the recycling and waste management cause some degree of environmental
impact which needs to be evaluated. The need for this analysis is justified when considering the
present state of the environment, and hence would provide a sustainable format for the evaluation of
efficiency of building material.
Sustainable materials have five major benefits
1. They have a similar or lower price compared to traditional materials.
2. They do not exhaust the existing supplies of finite materials.
3. They save energy and reduce harmful emissions.
4. As they are encouraged by the building control, planning permissions are more likely to be received.
5. Since they are less harmful to occupants, they make healthier buildings.
Building materials are mostly made from naturally available materials like clay, stone, sand or
biomass. Proper selection of building materials would help to conserve these natural
resources.
A material that is suitable for one place may not be suitable elsewhere. We also need to understand
that the building styles and design are heavily influenced by prevailing fashions, especially the
fashions in the developed world. This was one of the reasons why many modern construction
materials could ease out more durable, climate responsive traditional building materials in the
developing world. The points to be noted for material and product selection are:
Use naturally available materials, especially organic renewable materials like timber, trees, straw,
puss, bamboo etc. Even non-renewable inorganic materials like stone and clay are useful, since they
can be reused or recycled.
 Use certified timber. Check the reliability of the certificates, as forgery is possible.
 Do not use sand quarried from coral reefs.
 Check origin of soil for land filling.
 Check whether quarry sites are rehabilitated.
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Use materials with low-embodied energy content for all structural work infill systems.
 Use locally available materials and technologies, employing local work force.
 Use materials amenable for reuse and recycling. Pure material like bricks, wood,
concrete, stone, metal sheets are most suitable for this purpose. Composite materials like
prefabricated solid foam-metal or foam-plaster elements are difficult to separate and to recycle.
 Use industrial waste-based bricks / blocks for non-structural or infill wall system.
 Reuse/ recycle construction debris.
 Minimize use of wood for interior works and use any of the following in place of wood.
Composite wood products such as hardboards, block boards, lumber core plywood, veneered
panels, particle boards, medium/ low-density fiberboard made from recycled wood scrap from
sawmill dusts or furniture industry and bonded with glue or resin under heat and pressure.
Materials/ products made from rapidly renewable small-diameter trees and fast-growing low-
utilized species harvested within a ten-year cycle or shorter, such as bamboo, rubber, ucrasia,
eucalyptus, poplar, jute/cotton stalks, etc. The products include engineered products, bamboo
ply boards, rubber, jute stalk boards, etc.
 Products made from wastes. These could be wood waste, agricultural wastes, and natural
fibers, such as sisal, coir, and glass fiber in inorganic combination with gypsum, cement, and
other binders, such as fibrous gypsum plaster boards, etc.
Salvaged timber and reused wood products such as antique furniture.

 Use water-based acrylics for paints.

 Use acrylics, silicones, and silicon zed acrylic sealants for interior use.
 Use adhesives with no/ low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions for indoor use. It could
be acrylics or phenolic resins such as phenol formaldehydes.
 Use water-based urethane finishes on wooden floors.
 Use particleboard made with phenol-formaldehyde resin rather than urea formaldehyde, to
control indoor VOC emissions.
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 Collection
S Avoid the use of products using asbestos and CFC.
 S Minimize the use of metallic surfaces and metallic pipes, fitting, and fixtures.
 S Use products and materials with reduced packaging and/ or encourage manufacturers to reuse
or recycle their original packaging materials.
 S Wherever possible, use permeable wall structures made of palm leaves, reed, grass or
bamboo to promote aeration and low heat storage
Some materials under the given categories are:
Recycled materials.
• Fly ash bricks • Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks
• Hollow blocks
• Bagasse
• Brick wall with insulation
• Extruded polystyrene • Rubber wood
• Glass wool etc.,
• Construction debris

Reclaimed
• Wooden doors •Windows •Glass •Steel •Stone

Rapidly renewable materials are materials which have a harvest period of 10 years or fewer
• Bamboo
• Straw
• Grass
• Agri fibers
• Cork
• Cotton
• Natural rubber
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• Wool Collection
Baseline criteria for Energy performance of the building as given in the IGBC manual prescriptive
method:
• Glazing U-value Maximum U-Value 2.8 (W/m2K)
• Wall Assembly - U Value 1.8 (W/m2K)
• Roof Assembly - U Value 0.5(W/m2K)
Building Technologies
Indian architecture has been the most enduring evidence to technological achievement when seen in
the frame of culture, civilization, and range of variations in the Indian climatic conditions. The building
technologies have been developed in the chronological course of time. In a streamlined manner,
these technologies speak the language of the built form developed against the harshness of the
prevailing climate.
Residential Apartment
Roofing/ flooring Zip block system, pre stressed slab, hallow floor slabs,, precast waffle/cored
units, precast in situ thin ribbed slabs, precast waffle slabs
systems
Burnt brick masonry: Fly ash/sand lime/Fal- 6, reinforced grouted brick
masonry, interlocking bricks, reinforced hollow bricks with framed RCC
Building systems construction, precast stone blocks. Precast concrete blocks: Hollow/fly ash
based aerated or cellular, composite Ferro-cement walling interlocking
concrete blocks, curtain walls, structural glazing systems .
Precast RCC doors and windows, PVC doors/ windows shutters, partitions,
Doors/windows energy-efficient windows, fiberglass reinforced plastic doers, resin bonded
sawdust door panels, natural fiber reinforced polymer door/windows. MDF
particle board doors/windows. Gypsum based ceiling tiles, doors/windows,
partitions, demountable systems with various types of recycled wooden
boards.
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Literature/ Data
The most prominent traditional building techniques inCollection
ancient India incorporated the use of stone,
timber and soil.
1. Roofing/flooring System: Hollow floor slabs
The overall dimensions of the unit are 350x60x12cm. System of construction — the steel end-pieces
with four openings define a trapezium-shaped cross section of the floor slab, so that when finally
assembled the V — shaped gaps between the slabs can be easily filled with concrete.
Reinforcement is laid and four GI pipes are pushed lengthwise through the holes in the end. The
concrete is poured and compacted simultaneously to ensure no air pockets develop around the
pipes. The concrete is case very dry so that it will not collapse when the pipes are removed. The
pipes are later pulled out with an electrical winch as show in figure.
2.Walling Systems: Cast in Situ Flv Ash Walls
Using a high fly ash mix comprising cement, lime, fly ash and sand in appropriate proportions,
depending on the quality of fly ash with a pre-measured water: cement ratio, cast-in-situ walls can be
built. These can be cast to any thickness using a steel shuttering. By using this system 20%
economy, quicker construction, good finish on both the sides of the wall and more carpet area can
be achieved. Similar walls can be cast using Fal- G cement.
3. Walling Systems: Flv ash based lightweight aerated concrete walling and roofing blocks
These are manufactured by a process that involves the mixing of fly ash, quick lime or cement and
gypsum, and foaming agents like aluminum powder. These are considered excellent products for
walling blocks and prefab floor slabs.
Optimizing the Use of Renewable Sources of Energy
Renewable energy sources also called non-conventional energy are sources that are continuously
replenished by natural processes. For example, solar energy, wind energy, bioenergy- bio-fuels
grown sustainably), hydropower etc., are some of the examples of renewable energy sources.
Most of the renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from sun and wind and can never be
exhausted, and therefore they are called renewable.
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However, most of the world's energy sources are derived from conventional sources fossil fuels
such as coal, oil, and natural gases. These fuels are often termed non-renewable energy sources.
Although, the available quantity of these fuels are extremely large, they are nevertheless finite
and so will in principle 'run out' at some time in the future. Renewable energy sources are
essentially flows of energy, whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are, in essence, stocks of energy.
The following are the various forms of renewable Renewable energy
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Bio energy
• Hydro energy
• Geothermal energy
• Wave and tidal energy
Solar Energy
Solar energy is the most readily available and free
source of energy since prehistoric, times. It is estimated
that solar energy equivalent to over 15,000 times the world's annual commercial energy consumption
reaches the earth every year.
India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7 kWh/m2for 300 to
330 days in a year. This energy is sufficient to set up 20 MW solar
power plant per square kilometer land area ".
Solar energy can be utilized through two different routes, as solar thermal
route and solar electricsolar photovoltaic) routes. Solar thermal route uses
the sun's heat to produce hot water or air, food, drying materials etc. Solar
photovoltaic uses sun's heat to produce electricity for lighting home and
building, running motors, pumps, electric appliances, and lighting.
 Green Apartment
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Solar water heaters
Collection
Most solar water heating systems have two main parts: a solar collector and a storage tank. The
most common collector is called afloat plate collector. It consists of a thin, flat, rectangular box with a
transparent cover that faces the sun, mounted on the roof of building or home. Small tubes run
through the box and carry the fluid — either water or other fluid, such as an antifreeze solution — to
be heated. The tubes are attached to an absorber plate, which is painted with
special coatings to absorb the heat. The heat builds up in the collector, which is passed to the fluid
passing through the tubes. An insulated storage tank holds the hot water. It is similar to water heater,
but larger is size. In case of systems that use fluids, heat is passed from hot fluid to the water stored
in the tank through a coil of tubes.
Solar water heating systems can be either active or passive systems. The active system, which are
most common, relies on pumps to move the liquid between the collector and the storage tank. The
passive systems rely on gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is heated.
Solar Photovoltaic (PV): Photovoltaic is the technical term for
solar electric. Photo means light" and voltaic means "electric". PV
cells are usually made of silicon, an element that naturally releases
electrons when exposed to light. Amount of electrons released from
silicon us depend upon intensity of light incident on it. The silicon
cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs the electrons to flow
in a path to create an electric current, this current is guided
into a wire that is connected to a battery or DC appliance.
Typically, one cell produces about 1.5 watts of power. Individual cells are connected together
to form a solar panel or module, capable of producing 3 to 110 Watts power.
Panels can be connected together in series and parallel to make a solar array, which can produce v
amount of Wattage as space will allow. Modules are usually designed to supply electricity at Volts.
PV modules are rated by their peak Watt output at solar noon on a
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clear day. Some applications for PV systems are lighting for commercial buildings, outdoor (street)
lighting rural and village lighting etc. Solar PV systems are found to the economical especially in the
hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid power supply will be expensive to reach.

Basic steps for reducing water consumption

• Avoid water intensive appliance
• Use water efficient faucets and toilets —
• Install ultra low-flow flush toilets (flow rate of 311 per flush),
• Waterless urinals, EFS-coupled urinals (flow rate at 0.5 It per flush),
• Faucet aerators and low-flow showerheads (flow rate of 9.0 Lt. per minute) S Water efficient
toilets —
• Conventional toilets use 13.5 Its of water per flush.
• Low flush toilets are available with a flow rate of 6 It. of water per flush and
• Ultra low flush toilets with a flow rate of 3 It. of water per flush.
An overall reduction of water consumption of 40%-50% is possible due to the use of low-flow h toilets.
Dual flush adapters can be used for standard flushing for solids and a modified aller flush for liquids.
This can result in saving of 2.2 — 4.5 Its per flush.
• Water less toilets
• Electronic flush systems
• Waterless urinals
• Sensor taps for urinals
Water conservation in landscape irrigation
• Water conservation in landscape can be achieved by
• The use of efficient irrigation systems such as drip irrigation
• Use low flow irrigation equipment
• The use of native species and drought resistant plants
 Green Apartment
Rain water harvesting Literature/ Data
Collection
Rain Water Harvesting is a way to capture the rain water when it rains, store that water above
ground or charge the underground and use it later. This happens naturally in open rural areas. But in
congested, over-paved metropolitan cities, we need to create methods to capture the rain water.
Traditionally, rainwater harvesting has been practiced in arid and semi-arid areas, and has provided
drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation and a way to replenish
ground water levels.
AREA OF CATCHMENT X AMOUNT OF RAINFALL = VOLUME OF WATER RECEIVED

Potential
The total amount of water that is received in the form of
rainfall over an area is called the rainwater endowment
of that area. Out of this, the amount that can be
effectively harvested is called the water harvesting
potential.
Influencing factors
Among the several factors that influence the rainwater
harvesting potential of a site, eco-climatic conditions
and the catchments characteristics are considered to
be the most important.
Catchments area characteristics
Runoff depends upon the area and type of the
catchments over which it falls as well as surface
features. (Runoff coefficient for any catchments is the
ratio of the volume of water that runs off a surface to
the volume of rainfall that falls 9n the surface).
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Harvesting System Collection
Broadly rainwater can be harvested for
two purposes
• Storing rainwater for ready use in
containers above or below ground
• Charged into the soil for withdrawal
later (groundwater recharging)

Recharge pits
Recharge pit is 1.5m to 3m wide and 2m to 3m deep. The excavated pit is lined with a k/stone
*
wall with openings (weep-holes) at regular intervals. The top area of the pit can be ered with a
perforated cover. Design procedure is the same as that of a settlement tank.
Soak ways / Percolation pit
Percolation pits, one of the easiest and most effective means of harvesting water, are generally not
more than 60 x 60 x 60 cm pits, (designed on basis of expected runoff as described for settlement
tanks), filled with pebbles or brick jelly and river sand, covered with perforated concrete slabs wherever
necessary.
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C. Storm water management
Collection
Storm water is pure rainwater plus anything the rain carries along with it". Storm water should be
considered a valuable resource. Its re-use leads to water savings and reduced environmental
impact. In urban areas storm water is generated by rain runoff from roof, driveways, footpaths and
other impervious or hard surfaces.
Storm water is a useful resource that can replace imported water for uses where high quality water is
not required, such as garden watering. There are a number of steps the homeowner can make to
better manage Storm water, and reduce the environmental impact of their home.
• Avoid cut and fill on your block when preparing the building foundations. Attempt to
• maintain the existing topography and drainage pattern. If you do have to cut and fill, stabilize the
soil and re vegetate as soon as possible.
• Retain vegetation, particularly deep-rooted trees that can lower the water table, bind the soil, filter
nutrients, decrease run-off velocities, capture sediment and reduce the potential for dry land
salinity.
• Retain Storm water on your block with permeable paving, pebble paths, infiltration trenches, soak
wells, lawn, garden areas and swales.
• Minimize impervious surfaces such as paved areas, roofs and concrete driveways
Waste water reuses
On-site wastewater re-use provides numerous opportunities to reduce water use within the home. At
present, potable (drinkable) water is used for practically everything in the house and garden.
Wastewater re-use opportunities vary according to where you live. Urban households typically have
a connection to a centralized, or reticulated, sewage system, whereas rural households age their
wastewater on-site.
We are literally flushing our drinking water down the toilet!"
There are two types of wastewater created in a home, each of which can be treated and used in
various ways.
Backwater is water that has been mixed with waste from the toilet. Backwater requires biological
or chemical treatment and faction before re-use. Black water should only be re-used outdoors
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Grey water
is wastewater from non-toilet plumbing fixtures suchCollection
as
showers, basins and taps. Depending on its use, grey
water can require less treatment than black water and BLACKWATER LITRES/PERSON/DAY
generally maintains fewer pathogens. Treated grey water    
can be reused indoors for toilet flushing and clothes Toilet 22
washing, both of which are significant consumers of water.    
Grey water can also be used for garden watering. Grey GREYWATER LITRES/PERSON/DAY
water collection, treatment and reuse for toilet flushing and    
outdoors. Shower 56
   
Hand Basin 6
   
Calculating wastewater volume Kitchen tap 12
The table below indicates the amount of wastewater you    
can expect from your home after applying simple water Dishwasher 5
use ,  
efficiency measures.  
Laundry tap 7
   
Man made systems for waste water treatment Washing machine 27
• Conventional treatment system    
• Artificial wetlands or reed bed systems Total grey water 113
   
Total overall 135
   
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G.O - 168
'Group Development Scheme'
Collection
is reckoned as development of
Residential Buildings in a
Campus or Site of 4000sq.m
and above in area and could be
row houses, semi-detached,
detached Houses, Apartment
blocks or High-Rise buildings or
mix or combination of the
above.
Parking:
(c) Stilt Floor meant for parking
is excluded from the permissible
height in the above Table.
Height of stilt floor shall not be
less than 2.5m. In case of
parking floors where
mechanical system and lift are
provided, height of such parking
floor shall not be less than
4.5m. (e) **Buildings of height
above 15m and below 18m in
Sl.Nos.9, 10 and 11 above,
shall be permitted only if such
plots abut minimum 12m wide
roads only.
 Green Apartment
Literature/ Data
Conditions: Collection

(i) The setbacks are to be left after leaving the affected area of the plot / site, if any, for road
widening.

(ii) Where a site abuts more than one road, then the front setback should be insisted towards the bigger road width and
for the remaining side or sides, the setback as at Column-10 shall be insisted. In case of individual residential buildings
the option is given to the applicant to propose front setback on one of the roads. In such case he shall not have access
from the other side / sides. On the other side / sides the applicant can leave the setback either as per the required front
setback based on the road width or to provide the side setback as given in Column-10. (5ii)A strip of at least 1m
greenery / lawn along the frontage of the site within the front setback shall be developed and maintained with greenery.
(iv)For Plots above 300sq.m in addition to (iii) above, a minimum 1m wide continuous green planting strip in the
periphery on remaining sides are required to be developed and maintained within the setback.
(v) For all residential / institutional / industrial plots above 750sq.m, in addition to (iii) and (iv) above, 5% of the site area
to be developed as organized open space and be utilized as greenery, tot lot or soft landscaping etc., and shall be
provided over and above the mandatory setbacks. Such organized open space could be in more than one location and
shall be of a minimum width of 3m with a minimum area of 15sq.m at each location. (vi)If the strip of greenery / lawn and
the organized open space (tot lot) are not maintained, 10% of additional Property Tax every year would be imposed as
penalty by the Sanctioning Authority till the condition is fulfilled.

(vii) In all plots 750sq.m and above, provision shall be made for earmarking an area of
3m X 3m for the purpose of setting of public utilities like distribution transformer, etc.
within the owner's site subject to mandated public safety requirements,
(viii) In case of plots 300 - 750sq.m, it is permitted to transfer up to 1m of setback from
any one side to any other side without exceeding overall permissible plinth area. The
transfer of setback from front setback is not allowed.
(ix)In case of plots above 750sq.m, it is permitted to transfer up to 2m of setback from any one side to any other side
without exceeding overall permissible plinth area, subject to maintaining of a minimum 2.5m setback on other side and a
minimum building line. The transfer of setback from front setback is not allowed.
 Green Apartment
Literature/ Data
Collection
(x) For narrow plots having extent not more than 400sq.m and where the length is 4 times of the width of the plot, the
setbacks on sides may be compensated in front and rear setbacks so as to ensure that the overall aggregate
setbacks are maintained in the site, subject to maintaining a minimum of side setback of 1m in case of buildings of
height up to 10m and minimum of 2m in case of buildings of height above 10m and up to 15m without exceeding
overall permissible plinth area. (This Rule shall not be applicable for made-up plots).
(xi) Where the lighting and ventilation of a building is through the means of a chock or inner courtyard or interior open
space / duct, such open space shall be open to sky and of area at least 9sq.m and no side shall be less than 2m.
Such open spaces / ducts may be allowed above stilt floor.
(xii) The space between 2 blocks shall not be less than the side setback of the tallest
block as mentioned in Table - III and this shall not be considered for organized open space
(tot lot).
RESTRICTIONS ON PROJECTIONS IN MANDATORY OPEN SPACES:
The following are the Restrictions on Projections in the mandatory open spaces / setbacks /
interior open spaces:
a) Cornice, Chajjas / weather shades only of width not exceeding 60cm shall be allowed in the
mandatory setbacks.
b)No balcony projections or corridor shall be permitted projecting within the mandatory open
spaces / setbacks in case of non-high rise buildings. These, if provided for, shall be set back as per
the minimum mandatory open spaces and the setbacks shall be clear from the edge of the balcony
or corridor. However, a Portico or Canopy without access to the top may be considered in the
front open space.
(c) In case of Individual Residential Building in plots more than 300sq.m:
• in the front setback only a security
• guard booth of 2sq.m is allowed. Septic tank, well may be allowed in the rear and side open spaces.
• A setback of at least 1m from the property or boundary line of the plot shall be provided for these structures.
• Parking sheds, generator room may be allowed in the rear and side open Spaces.
• The height of these accessory buildings shall not be more than 2.5m and shall not occupy more
• than l/4th of the plot width. These shall be so located that they do not hinder the fire safety
measures and operations.
 Green Apartment
Literature/ Data
b) The parking spaces may be provided in
Collection
• Basements or cellars (one or more) / multi-level
(allowed for plots 750sq.m and above only) or
• Stilt floor or in upper floors (at any level) or
• The Open space over and above the setbacks i.e.
after leaving the setbacks to be left around the
• building with adequate vehicular access, aisle,
drives, ramps required for manoeuvring of
vehicles, or
• Common pool parking area (in the case of Group
Housing Scheme / Cluster Housing / Row
Housing Schemes).
• Any of the above or all the above or combination
of the above.
• Wherever Mechanical system and car lifts are
proposed enabling two tier parking, the required
parking is computed accordingly.

(c) The other aspects for providing parking spaces are:

• Misuse of the area specified for parking of vehicles for any other use shall be summarily
demolished / removed by the Enforcement Authority.
• The parking spaces should be efficiently designed and clearly marked and provided with
adequate access, aisle, drives and ramps required for maneuvering of vehicles.
• Cellar floor shall be used only for parking and not for any habitation purpose. There shall be
ventilation to cellars with not less than 2.5% of each cellar floor area.
 Green Apartment
Literature/ Data
• In respect of Apartment Complexes / Building / BlockCollection
of residential nature, in sites up to 750sq.m
the Parking requirement shall be deemed to be met if the entire stilt floor is left for parking.
• Common and Continuous cellar parking floors between adjoining buildings would be allowed
depending upon structural safety aspects, mutual agreement between owners, etc.
• In the Stilt floor a watchman room and 2 toilets (W.C), with maximum built up area of 25sq.m
may be allowed. Such space shall not be disposed and shall be part of common facility of the complex.
• For parking spaces in basements and upper floors, at least two
• ramps of minimum 3.6m width or one ramp of minimum 5.4m width and adequate slope 1 in 8
shall be provided. Such ramps shall not be allowed in mandatory setbacks including building line, however
• They may be permitted in the side and rear setbacks after leaving minimum 7m of setback for
movement of fire-fighting vehicles.
• Access to these may also be accomplished through provisions of mechanical lifts.
• The minimum width of the drive way shall be 4.5m.
• In case where the permissible set back is less than 4.6m the pillars position in stilt floor shall be
designed that there shall be clear space of 3.6m (excluding Greenery) is available for movement of
vehicles.
• Cellar shall be with a setback of at least 1.5m in the sites of extent of up to l000 sq.m, 2m in the sites of
extent of more than l000 sq.m and up to 2000sq.m, and 3m in the sites of extent of more than 2000sq.m
from the property line. In case of more than one cellar,
• 0.5m additional setback for every additional cellar floor shall be insisted.
• Up to 10% of cellar may be utilities for utilities and non-habitation purpose like A/C Plant room,
Generator room, Sewerage Treatment Plant ($TP), Electrical installations, Laundry, etc,
• Visitors' parking shall be provided with minimum 10% of the parking area mentioned in Table-V
and may be accommodated in
• The mandatory setbacks other than front setback where ever such setbacks are more than 6m
(excluding green strip).How ever this is not permissible in case of transfer of setback. The
Visitors' Parking facility shall be open to all visitors which shall be properly demarcated on ground.
 Green Apartment
Literature/ Data
NBC 2005 (India)
Lift shall be provided in all building: In case of buildingCollection
having height more than 13 mts lift shall be
provided .lifts shall be provided from ground floor and shall have minimum capacity of six persons.
• Fire safety or fire protection : apartments exceeding G + 3 floors, a certificated of
approval from the director of fire force .
• every floor of a flat apartment or residential accommodation exceeding 150 sq.mts of floor area with
a capacity for accommodating more than 20 persons shall have at least 2 doorways as remote as
practicable from each other.
• One stair case shall be provided as a fire staircase if any two sides of a staircase are
kept totally open to external open air space.
• The height of hand rail in the stair case shall not be less than 90 cms ,no gap in the
balusters shall be more than 10 cms.
• Every building having a height of more than 25 mts, shall be provided with diesel generators which
can be utilized in case of failure of the electricity.
• Foundation & structural design : all materials and workman shall be of good quality conforming
generally to accepted standards of NBC.
• Slab or balcony overlooking any exterior or interior open space which are 2 mts or below should be
provided with parapet walls or guard rails of height not less than
• 1.20 mts and such guard rail shall be firmly fixed to the walls
Plumbing service : water conservation and the health aspects of plumbing have become important in
the construction
Lighting protection : the lightning conductor which is also known as lightning rod
or air terminal is one of the best known forms of shielding device.
Building services : the planning design and installation of electrical installations, air conditioning and
heating work shall be carried out as per NBC. the planning design including the number of lifts, types
of lifts, capacity of lifts, depending on occupancy of building population on each floor and height of
building.
Rain water harvesting :system and solar water heater are mandatory for newly constructed buildings .
 Green Apartment
Pathways: Literature/ Data
Collection
• The approach to the buildings from road/street/internal means of access shall be through paved
pathway of width not less than 1.5 m, provided its length is not more than 30 m.
• In existing built-up areas in the case of plots facing street/means of access less than 4.5 m in
width, the plot boundary shall be shifted to be away by 2.25 m from the central line of the
street/means of access way to give rise to a new street/means of access way of 4.5 m width.
Community Open Spaces and Amenities
• The community open spaces shall be provided catering to the needs of area of layout,
population for which the layout is planned and the category of dwelling units. The following
minimum provision shall be made:
o 15 percent of the area of the layout, or
o 0.3 to 0.4' ha/1 000 persons; for low income housing the open spaces shall be 0.3 ha/1 000
persons.
• No recreational space shall generally be less than 450 mz.
• The minimum average dimension of such recreational space shall be not less than 7.5 m; if the
average width of such recreational space is less than 24 m, the length thereof shall not exceed 2.5
times the average width. However, depending on the configuration of the site, commonly open
spaces of different shapes may be permitted by the Authority, as long as the open spaces provided
serve the needs of the immediate community contiguous to the open spaces.
• In such recreational spaces, a single storied structure as pavilion or gymnasia up to 25 m2 in
area may be permitted; such area may be excluded from FAR calculations.
• Each recreational area and the structure on it shall have an independent means of access.
Independent means of access may not be insisted upon if recreational space is approachable
directly from every building in the layout. Further, the building line shall be at least 3 m away from
the boundary of recreational open space .
 Green Apartment
Literature/ Data
Open Spaces (Within a Plot)
• Every room intended for human habitation shall abut on an Collection
interior or exterior open space or an
open VERANDAH open to such interior or exterior open space.
The open spaces inside and around a building have essentially to cater for the lighting and
ventilation requirements of the rooms abutting such open spaces, and in the case of buildings
abutting on streets in the front, rear or sides, the open spaces provided shall be sufficient for the
future widening of such streets.
Open Spaces Separate for each Building or Wing
• The open spaces shall be separate or distinct for each building and where a building has two or
more wings, each wing shall have separate or distinct open spaces for the purposes of lighting
and ventilation of the wings.
• However, separation between accessory and main buildings more than 7 m in height shall not be
less than 1.5 m; for buildings up to 7 m in height no such separation shall be required.
• The open space shall be the minimum distance measured between the front, rear and side of the
building and the respective plot boundaries. The front, rear and side of the building shall be the
point of the building nearest to the boundary.
Residential Buildings
Exterior Open Spaces
Front open space: Every building fronting a street shall have a front space, forming an integral
part of the site as below:
For streets less than 7.5 m in width, the distance of the building (building line) shall be at least 5
• from the centre line of the street
• Rear open space: Every residential building shall have a rear open space, forming an integral
part of the site, of an average width of 3 m and at no place measuring less than 1.8 m, except that
in the case of back-to-back sites, the width of the rear open space shall be 3 m throughout.
Subject to the condition of free ventilation, the open space left up to half the width of the plot
shall also be taken into account for calculating the average width of the rear open space. For
plots of depths less than 9 m, for buildings up to 7 m in height, the rear open space may be
reduced to 1.5 m.
• Rear open space to extend the rear "wall: The rear open space shall be co-extensive with the
entire face of the rear wall. If a building abuts on two or more streets, such rear open space shall
be provided throughout the face of the rear wall. Such rear wall shall be the wall on the opposite
 Green Apartment
side of the face of the building abutting on the Literature/ Data
wider street unless the Authority directs otherwise. Collection
• In case of corner plots less than 300 mz in area, the rear open space should be 2.4 m minimum.
• Projections into Open Spaces: Every open space provided either interior or exterior shall be kept
free from any erection thereon and shall be open to the sky, except as below:
a) Cornice, roof or weather shade not more than 0.75 m wide;
b) Sunshades over windows/ventilators or other openings not more than 0.75 m wide;
c) Canopy not to be used as a sit out with clearance of 1.5 m between the plot boundary and the canopy;
d) Projected balcony at higher floors of width not more than 1.2 m; and
e) Projecting rooms/balconies [see (d)] at alternate floors such that rooms of the lower two floors get light
and air and the projection being not more than the height of the storey immediately below. However,
these projections into open spaces shall not reduce the minimum required open spaces.
Greenbelts, Landscaping and Water Conservation
Greenbelts and landscaping including plantation of shrubs and trees help to certain extent in
enhancing the environmental quality.
• Planting of trees in streets and in open spaces should be done carefully to take advantage of both
shades and sunshine without obstructing the flow of wind circulation and sight. Their advantage
for abating glare and for providing cool and/or warm pockets in developed areas should also be taken.
Norms for Planting of Shrubs and Trees
• Suitable provisions may be made for greeneries including plantation of shrubs and trees as a part
of environmental protection in general. This aspect shall be taken care of from the initial stage of
town and country planning, zoning and planning of development of particular area and group
housing. Finally, this aspect shall also be taken into account in planning individual building of
different occupancies.
• The types of plants, the distance between trees/plants from the building and the distance between
plants shall be carefully worked out keeping in view the structural safety and aesthetic
requirements of buildings.
• Trees shall be numbered area-wise, plot-wise and road-wise by the concerned authority and they
shall be checked periodically.
 Green Apartment
Literature/ Data
Collection
Cutting and pruning of trees in public as well as private areas shall be suitably regulated. Trees
shall be cut only after obtaining the permission of the Authority designated for this purpose.
The landscape planning and design shall be done in accordance with Part 10 'Landscaping, Signs
and Outdoor Display Structures, Section 1 Landscape Planning and Design'.

Water Conservation and Augmentation

In view of critical shortage of water, conservation of water by rain water harvesting and by use
of recycled water to the maximum extent possible will be required. In* this regard the following
provisions may be adopted.
The local authority preparing a town-planning scheme or a development plan should see that the
local water bodies are preserved, and if dry, are activated by directing water-courses
appropriately. If required, the same should be enlarged, deepened, etc.
The water body should be protected by ensuring that no permanent/temporary construction
development takes place around it up to a distance of shall be suitably landscaped. Further, the
public shall have easy access to the water body.
The rain water run-off shall be suitably directed to Recharging Wells in plots belonging to the
local authority and of appropriate design.
The local authority should encourage for collection of rain water from roofs and terraces and
direct the same either to a storage tank or to a recharging well.
Buildings having central air-conditioning plants requiring water for cooling purposes may not be
allowed to use fresh water for the purpose.
Commercial or residential multi- storey complexes may use recycled water for flushing of toilets.
Separate storage tanks and separate distribution pipes shall be provided for the purpose
 Green Apartment
1.COMMON WEALTHY GAMES - 2 star project Desk top study
• The games village shall accommodate the players during the games and shall be occupied by
individual private homeowners after the games.
• A 47.3 hectare (118 acre) picturesque site has been selected on the banks of holy river Yamuna
for the purpose of construction of the games village.
• The project site is within the immediate vicinity of heritage monuments and historical landmarks,
combined with dense green natural covers on the sides

SITE AND LANDSCAPE

• The proposed apartment's blocks are arranged in site in a way so as to create visual
links with heritage sites in the vicinity.
• The topsoil of the entire excavated site has been collected and stored separately and
special measures have been taken for soil stabilization, such as- stockpiling, mulching, and
soon.
• Pervious paving has been provided extensively in the site .
• All the service lines and utility corridors on the site are well aggregated and ensure have
minimum disruption during future maintenance work.
WATER
• Water efficient landscaping is being practiced to minimize post construction water usage, by
providing native species, efficient irrigation systems and by limiting lawn areas.
• The building water consumption also has been reduced by use of high efficiency low-flow
fixtures. The construction water management on site is very efficient in terms of reuse of waste
water and less utilization of potable water in construction
 Green Apartment
HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
Desk top study
• The sanitation/safety facilities for the
• construction workers are provided as per
National Building Code 2005.
• These include provision of clean and
• hygienic accommodation, toilet facilities,
purified drinking water, general store,
a subsidized
canteen, medical facilities, day care
center and onsite safety equipment,
and so on.
• measures have been taken to reduce air
pollution during construction, such as –
site roads are regularly sprayed with water;
wheels of all vehicles are washed, and so on.

MASTER PLAN
Particular s 2BHK 3BHK 4BHK 5BHK TOTAL

No.of flats 31 765 209 163 1168

area 135 195 235 317 Sq. Meter

The proposed development consists of 4000 bedrooms spread across 34 towers varying in heights
(such as; 7 storeys to 9 storeys high).
 Green Apartment
Desk top study

A B

A) 2 bed room plan- 135 sq.mts, B)3 bed room plan - 195
sq.mts
C)4 bed room plan - 235 sq.mts, D) 5 bed room plan – 317
sq.mts D
C D
 Green Apartment
Desk top study
BUILDING DESIGN AND ENERGY
0
The building design has also included the existing
site features, such as, the visual
linkages with historical monuments, solar
geometry. Due to high density
planning requirements, the design did not permit
optimum orientation
for all apartment blocks.
0
As a result, the apartment blocks have equal
exposure towards all cardinal
directions.
0
The critical facades are shaded and have high
performance glazing to negate impact of direct
incident radiation. Several energy efficiency
measures such as roof insulation, high performance
glazing, energy efficient lighting and variable
refrigerant volume (VRV) based air conditioning
system have been provided to reduce the energy
consumption of the apartments significantly
RENEWABLE ENERGY
0
Solar photo voltaic system is proposed to
meet the 10% of total energy
requirements for internal lighting. 31 % of outdoor
lighting is provided through solar energy. Solar hot
water systems are
provided to meet part of water heating needs.
OTHER FEATURES Waste water recycling and solid
waste management for the entire campus are being
 Green Apartment
2.ZED Collective Desk top study
Location: YelhanKa, Bangalore
Occupancy Type Residential Apartment.
Built up area.1.5 acres
Completed September 2009
Green Consultant En3 Sustainability Solution.
Rating System GREEN HOMES

BCIL Zed Collective is World's largest Geo-Thermal Air-Conditioned Apartments; 1.5 acres with 72
units: Just 7 min drive from Yelahanka Circle on Doddaballapur Road offers mere 48 designer homes
per acre.

Design Concept:
The "Zed Collective" project incorporates several energy saving, water conserving, material
preserving measures in every apartment. The project is a true example of a sustainable application in
every sense and reflects BCIL’s Commitments and passion for creating environment friendly spaces.
The building development demonstrates sensitive planning for just 35-42 homes per acre as
compared to industry standards of 65-90 homes per pushes up demand for water, energy and other
resources .
 Green Apartment
Site Plan Desk top study
 Green Apartment
Available Dimensions Desk top study
Structure: Ground+ 3.
550 sq.ft Super Built-up- (1 BHK), 1360 sq.ft Super
Built-up (2 BHK) to 1481 Super Built-up (3
BHK)
5.2.4 Green Features in Zed Collective
• Zed Collective comes with eco friendly
features like Solar hot water system that
guarantees 24 hour hot water supply,
• Water efficient fixtures with flow control,
• Treated Fresh water,
• In-house Sewage Treatment Plant,
• Besser blocks instead of concrete blocks for better
thermal insulation,
• Wooden flooring in living and bedrooms,
• Low VOC paint for interiors that ensures that you have a non toxic indoor air,
• Rubber wood doors for internal rooms,
• Grit plastering for external surfaces that makes it a 'Zero Maintenance,
• Geo thermal cooling system for master bedrooms - Centralized air-conditioning system that
consumes just a third of conventional ACs,
• Green ventilation for basement that reduces day-time lighting,
• Sky garden for each home,
• Eco-scaped mezzanine space that gives you full lung space and a lot of green area to walk

around having designer play area for kids, Eco-friendly, aesthetically designed club house,
Rain water management through a 60,000 litres capacity tank, Solid waste management,
Construction debris reuse for Zed-Lite campus roads,
Energy-efficient power back-up system, Eco lighting - LED lights etc.
 Green Apartment
Desk top study
Materials
• Zed collective uses building technologies and materials (like stone debris instead of paints) that
reduces carbon emission through savings on resources and embodied energies.
• BCIL has used filler slabs,
incorporating fly ash blocks, to
save the amount of steel and
cement used.
• Gardens: To keep that temperature cool in your immediate environment, and so, inside your
home. Low embodied energy materials.

Water:
• A self sufficient and secure water supply system is also provided, using the rainwater collected
from the roofs, which is stored in shallow aquifers, through a system of drains, percolation pits,
trenches and wells.

Energy:
• Intelligent lighting systems blend motion sensors, ambient light sensors and timers to ensure that
lights are switched off when ,not needed.
• Compact fluorescent lamps and light emitting diodes (LED's) are used for common areas,
cutting power consumption by up to 80 per cent while protecting lighting efficiency.
• Each home also has "conscience meters", monitoring electric watts and water consumption.
• An electrical watt- meter fitted in each home indicates the wattage used at a particular time and
thus allows users to monitor their power consumption and introduce efficiencies.
• Meters on the kitchen and bathroom taps help to monitor the volume of water used in litres.
 Green Apartment
Desk top study

Land scalping Children Play area

 Green Apartment
Desk top study
Waste:
• Kitchen wastes are segregated into organic /inorganic wastes.
• Organic waste goes to the vermicomposting pits where they are converted into Vermicomposting,
a nutrient-rich natural fertilizer and soil conditioner to be used for the garden.
• Black water from the toilets and bathroom proceed toward the Sewage Treatment Plant, an
anaerobic digester where 70% of the biological matter is decomposed.
• Grey water proceeds to a de centralized water treatment system, which then passes through an
root zone treatment system.
• This water is used for irrigation of herbs, plants and grass.

Air:
TZed's ACs bring 100% fresh-air compared to the
regular AC, which gets only 80% fresh air in over
24 hours of working. Every bedroom is cooled: use
a combination of earth tunnel ventilation and
evaporative cooling to give you high Indoor Air
Quality