ACKNOWLEGEMENT

After finished fourth-year as a student of faculty of hydrology and water resources

engineering in Institute of Technology of Cambodia. School give us an obligation intern
related to our fields and write report about the results that we accomplice from internship.
To achieve our internship report successfully, we have plenty of accompany help and
support from many people who have given us permission, knowledge, financial support,
consulting and motivation. For this reason, we would like to mention all our sincere
thanks to
First of all, we would like to express our deep gratitude to our parents for finance support,
advice and encouragement since we were born.
Second, we would like thanks to his Excellency Dr. OM Romany, director of Institute of
Technology of Cambodia. According to his authorization for allowed us to do internship
in a company.
Third, we express our sincere to Dr. LY Sarann, head of faculty of hydrology and water
resources engineering who was so active and interactive with students throughout this
internship program. For his efforts, so that we can learn the technical work, apply theory
from school to real situation and what we never learned from school.
Fourth, we would like thanks to all lectures of Institute of Technology of Cambodia
especially, lecturers in our major for giving us fundamental lesson that are really essential
for our professional job.

Fifth, more thanks to Oddar Meanchey Provincial Hall who allow us to have an
opportunity to gain more knowledge besides school and take theory from class into real
work.
Sixth, we offer thanks to Mr. Kith Samak deputy director of planning and development
for give as an opportunity to grab knowledge beside school.
Finally, we wish all of you have a happiness, healthy and successful in your life.

i
 ABSTRACT

This report is done for study and rehabilitation laterite roads. It is 5.55 km long on
Commune/Sangkat Funds Project 2019 to 2020 in Oddar Meanchey province. Furthermore, it is
under Democracy Development Sub-National. In this report served the purpose on:
− Field study survey
− Rural road standard design
− Cost Estimation
− Evaluation

ii
 ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOL

ADT Average Daily Traffic

Applet A spreadsheet to calculate Design flow and structure size
AASHTO American Association for State Highway and Transportation Official
BOQ Bill of Quantity
CBR California Bearing Ratio
C/S Commune/Sangkat
DCP Dynamic Cone Penetration Test
GPS Global Positioning System
MoI Ministry of Interior
MRD Ministry of Rural Development
NCDD National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development
O&M Operation & Maintenance
PCU Passenger Car Unit
PIM Project Implementation Manual
R Riel (100Riel)
RRS Rural Road Standard
ST 1 Sub-Tertiary 1
ST 2 Sub-Tertiary 2
ST 3 Sub-Tertiary 3
T Tertiary
TSO Technical Support Officer

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEGEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................... ii

ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOL...................................................................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... iv

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. viii

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. ix

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. GENERAL....................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP ........................................................................................................... 1

1.3. BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................. 1

 Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 1

− Oddar Meanchey Administration ................................................................................................. 1

− The National Committee for Sub-national Democratic Development (NCDD) ............................. 3

1.4. INTERNSHIP WORK ....................................................................................................................... 4

1.4.1. Study Area ............................................................................................................................ 4

1.4.2. Advantages of C/S Fund Project ........................................................................................... 4

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 5

2.1. Road Base Course ......................................................................................................................... 5

2.2. Laterite Pavement ........................................................................................................................ 6

2.3. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................ 8

2.3.1. Data Collection ..................................................................................................................... 8

2.3.2. Survey Work ......................................................................................................................... 8

2.3.3. Traffic Survey ...................................................................................................................... 13

2.4. Rural Road Standard (RRS) ......................................................................................................... 15

iv
 2.4.1. Rural Road Responsibility ................................................................................................... 15

2.4.2. Width of RRS ....................................................................................................................... 16

2.4.3. Height of RRS ...................................................................................................................... 17

2.4.4. Camber of RRS .................................................................................................................... 17

2.4.5. Side Slope of RRS ................................................................................................................ 17

2.4.6. Fill Volume Calculation ....................................................................................................... 18

2.4.7. Volume of Existing Road ............................................................................................ 18

2.4.8. Fill Volume ................................................................................................................. 19

2.4.9. Volume of Laterite Pavement .................................................................................... 19

2.4.10. Cutting Area ............................................................................................................... 20

2.4.11. Grass Area ............................................................................................................... 20

2.5. Bill of Quantity............................................................................................................................ 20

2.5.1. Direct Cost .......................................................................................................................... 21

2.5.2. Indirect Cost ....................................................................................................................... 21

2.5.3. Profit Cost ........................................................................................................................... 21

2.5.4. BoQ for Earthwork (Laterite Road) ..................................................................................... 21

2.6. Field Evaluation .......................................................................................................................... 23

2.6.1. Width Checking................................................................................................................... 23

2.6.2. Camber Checking ................................................................................................................ 23

2.6.3. Slide Slope Checking ........................................................................................................... 23

2.6.4. Thickness Checking ............................................................................................................. 24

2.6.5. Compaction Checking ......................................................................................................... 25

2.6.6. Pipe Culvert Strength Checking .......................................................................................... 26

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 28

3.1. Geometry ................................................................................................................................... 28

3.2. BoQ............................................................................................................................................. 29

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................ 29

5. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 30

v
6. APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................................... 31

vi
vii
 List of Tables

Table 1.Percentage passing of grading materials ...................................................................... 5

Table 2.Recommended PCU conversion factor determination for road type........................ 14
Table 3. result from traffic survey ............................................................................................. 14
Table 4.Recommendation for Road Standard B....................................................................... 15
Table 5. categories of rural roads............................................................................................... 16
Table 6.Standard Width for Tertiary/Sub-Tertiary rural roads ............................................ 16

viii
 List of Figures

Figure 1. Structure of Provincial Hall ......................................................................................... 2

Figure 2. Structure of NCDD........................................................................................................ 3
Figure 3. Study Area Map ............................................................................................................ 4
Figure 4. Topo Equipment ............................................................................................................ 8
Figure 5.The conversion curve the concrete strength .............................................................. 27

ix
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL
In order to develop an area for any purpose, road is the first essential role that will go
ahead anything else because it gives various benefits for engineers to construct the
project faster and effectively. In Cambodia, rural roads also important part to consider
for transportation, economics growth, tourisms and especially, agriculture and non-
agriculture for expand their productivity on market and reduced their poverty.

However, in order to construct road properly we need to study about the area by doing
surveying, any concern to the project, evaluation the project after 50 percent done,
final evaluation and 6 months check after construction.

1.2. OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP

 Topic of Internship: The Improvements of Rural Road of C/S Fund
 Organization: Department of Planning and Development
 Position: Infrastructure Technical Assistance
 Training over:
− Collecting Data
− Input Data to program base on NCDD template
− Design Geometry of Road
− Bill of quantity (BoQ)
− Fields Evaluation

1.3. BACKGROUND

 Overview

− Oddar Meanchey Administration

Oddar Meanchey province was created in 1964 by the Royal Decree No 194 B.K, dated
July 12, 1964, during the Sangkum Reas Niyum period (1953-1970) Under the
administration of King Norodom Sihanouk, but after 1970, war broke out, all
administrative structures were relocated. Placed in Siem Reap.
According to Royal Decree No/RKT/0195/07 dated 27 January 1995, the province was re-
established as a separate from at that time, the structure was not operational until April 27,
1999 under the presidency of His Excellency SAR Kheng. Deputy Prime Minister and
Minister of Interior also announced Formal administrative work.

1
 Oddar Meanchey is located in the north-western part of Cambodia, bordering to the north
by Thailand: Buriram, Sorin and Sisaket, with a length of 224 kilometers, separating our
land and Thailand by the mountain Dong Rek with Thailand being all over the mountains,
with only five access points: Jokkiki, Thmor Hin, Orchum, Chiang Saem and Preah
Vihear. - South of Siem Reap Province - East to Preah Vihear Province - West to Banteay
Meanchey Province, approximately 439 km from Phnom Penh, by National Road 6A and
Through Kampong Cham province Continue along National Road 6 from Skun Pass
through Siem Reap to Krolanh District, Siem Reap with northbound road Number 68 goes
to Oddar Meanchey. The province covers an area of 6,158 km2.

Figure 1. Structure of Provincial Hall

2
 − The National Committee for Sub-national Democratic Development (NCDD)
The National Committee for Sub-national Democratic Development (NCDD) is the
inter-ministerial mechanism for promoting democratic development through
decentralization and deconcentration reforms throughout Cambodia.

NCDD was established by Royal Decree number នស/រកត/១២០៨/១៤២៩, dated on 31

December 2008. NCDD is accountable to the Royal Government of Cambodia for the
implementation of the Law on Administrative Management of the Capital, Provinces,
Municipalities, Districts and Khans (Organic Law), the Law on Administrative
Management of Communes/Sangkats and Decentralization and Deconcentration
policy.

To effectively implement the Organic Law and the C/S law, in line with D&D
policy NCDD has established sub-committees and a Secretariat to facilitate and
manage implementation.

Figure 2. Structure of NCDD

3
 1.4. INTERNSHIP WORK

1.4.1. Study Area

The project is located in Commune and Sangkat at Oddar Meanchey Province
such as:
− Sangkat Samrong
− Anlong Veng District

Figure 3. Study Area Map

1.4.2. Advantages of C/S Fund Project

The rural roads for commune, village and district are a massive progress for
people living there. The benefits of this project:
− Spend less time for travel
− Reduce costs for vehicle repair
− Reduce transportation costs, utilities and agricultural products
− Economic growth
− More touristic
− Encourage other development activities locally.

4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Road Base Course

• Composition

Aggregate shall be crushed stone or crushed gravel (Shingle) or other stones or approved
salvaged materials only. They shall be clean, strong durable and fairly cubical in shape,
and have low porosity. Sand shall be added to achieve the required grading. Aggregate
and sand shall be free from clay and organic matter.
Table 1.Percentage passing of grading materials

5
• Construction techniques

− Mixing: Screening and mixing shall be carried out prior to placing. Water is to be
added during mixing to keep the mixed material moist to avoid segregation.
− Placing: Prior to placing the sub-base/formation shall be watered. The mixed base
course shall be spread in two equal layers so that the compacted thickness of each
layer shall conform to the required thickness for the course.
− Compaction: Maximum layer thickness 150 mm. Pour water before compacting.
Compact with >5400 kg static roller or 2000-3000 kg vibrating roller. Begin at
outer edge. Move to opposite edge when broken aggregate becomes firm. When
both edges are firm gradually move towards center of road by overlapping roller
150 mm until mix has attained required compaction.
− Tolerance: The finished surface shall be ±10 mm from the design level.
• Uses

Road base course is use under road pavement.

2.2. Laterite Pavement

• Composition (Natural Laterite)

Minimum 10% of particles by weight passing 0.075 mm sieve. Minimum 20% of

particles by weight passing 2.36 mm sieve. Minimum 60% by weight consisting of
strong stones larger than 2 mm diameter. 100% of particles passing 60 mm sieve. No
particles bigger than half of layer thickness (depending on compaction technique: see
below) No organic matter, non-natural waste or unstable materials of any kind.
Soaked CBR shall not be less than 30%.
• Other requirements

− Water content: Not too wet to compact or too dry to compact.

− Testing: Completed laterite fill or laterite filled layers as inspected by the
Supervisor shall be tested with DCP at a frequency not less than one test for 300
m2 fill area. Areas where DCP results exceed 10 mm/blow shall be re-compacted,
or reworked and re-compacted until DCP results ≤ 10 mm/blow.

6
• Construction techniques

− Placing and shaping: Laterite to be placed in layers according to compaction

method watered and shaped by hand or by grader before compaction. Completed
surface of Laterite to be smooth and within 50 mm of lines shown on drawings.

− Watering: The moisture content should be 80 to 105% of optimum moisture

content. The contractor shall wet or dry the material to comply with the moisture
content required. When water is needed, is should be sprayed onto the soil before
final shaping with the grader. Three passes of the grader should be made to ensure
mixing of the soil with the water, before final shaping.

− Compaction: Compaction to be by roller with layer thicknesses and number of

passes according Compaction Methods table. The layer shall be compacted to a
dry density of at least 95% (Max Dry Density)
• Uses

Pavements of rural roads in areas where good quality laterite is available. Laterite may
also be used for sub-base course under road pavements, sub-foundations for small
structures and for pipe bedding material. Quantity measured for payment to be volume
of Laterite after placing and compaction. Where the contract is to supply Laterite only
the quantity measured will be the volume of Laterite measured loose in the truck.

7
2.3. METHODOLOGY

2.3.1. Data Collection

2.3.2. Survey Work

 Introduction
In order to find cut fill volume and clearing the road before construction we do
surveying. Surveying is process of determining the relative positions of various points
or stations on the earth surface by measuring the horizontal distances, vertical
distances angles and taking the details of these points and preparing a map or a plan of
any suitable scale. Moreover, it is able to determine the location of the road the level
of the road the level of the road (the existing level of the road compare to the design
level of road. In this process we use Topography Machine (Topcon AT-B3A / AT-
B4A). Surveying with topographies machine is a principal part of road construction.
Furthermore, we use data from surveying to calculate the soil for cut and fill volume
and other measurement. Topcon machine is a branch of surveying which deals with
measurement of relative heights of different points on, above or below the surface of
the earth. Thus, in topography, the measurements (elevations) are taken in the vertical
plane. Moreover, it is the general term applied to any of the various processes by
which elevation are determined. It is a vital operation in producing necessary data for
mapping, engineering design, and construction.
 Equipment
− Topcon AT-B3A
− Tripod
− Staff
− Tape 50 meters
− Handheld GPS
− Color Spray (Red Color)

Figure 4. Topo Equipment

8
  Procedure
− Setting up tripod
When setting up the tripod, the three legs must be pushed firmly in the ground. The tripod
head should be as horizontal as possible and the height should be such that the telescope
eyepiece will be comfortably at the observer’s eye level with a telescope tripod. check
that the leg clamps are tight. Attach the instrument to the tripod head with the tripod
fixing screw. To level up the instrument, turn the foot screw until the circular bubble is in
the center of the circle. The line of the sight is then automatically leveled.

Step1: Find a benchmark location near the Step2: Set your tripod up near the spot to
spot to measure. measure.

Step3: Connect device to the tripod and Step4: Level the device by adjusting the 2
position it over 2 leveling screws. leveling screws.

9
NOTE! A Benchmark (BM) is a permanent (fixed) mark established in the survey area to use as
a level reference point. A Benchmark can be a concrete base in which an iron bar is fixed,
indicating the exact place of the reference point.

Step5: Turn telescope 90 degrees and Step6: Check your level’s calibration by
adjust the third leveling screw. turning it 180 degrees.
− Sighting and Focusing
Using the optical sight turn the auto level toward the object. Point the telescope roughly at the
leveling staff. Turn the focusing knob until the staff image appears sharp and free from parallax
with respect to the reticle.

Step7: Twist the device’s focusing knob until the Step8: Position an E staff on top of BM.
image is clear.

10
 − Staff Reading
Look through auto level ’s telescope and locate the E staff. Then record the measurement
indicated by device’s corner, horizontal crosshair. Example in this figure H=1420mm

Step9: Find the height difference between level and

BM.
 Operation Method
− Determining the difference in elevation
Set up and level the instrument about halfway between two points, set a staff on point
A and B. Take note the reading a on A, then the reading b on B by using the
instrument. The difference in elevation of A, B is h=a-b

E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:

a
=1273mm, b=1037mm=> h=1273-1037= 236mm
so, the difference between point A and B is 236mm.

11
 − Determining the distance
To obtain the distance between two points, the reading of upper (A) and lower (B)
stadia hairs are used. The difference between the two readings multiplied by 100 gives
the distance from instrument to staff.

Example:
Upper Stadia line: A =3042mm
lower Stadia line: B= 2980mm
Distance from instrument to staff: D= (3042-2980) x100=6200mm=6.2m

− Horizontal Angle Measurement

Set up and level the instrument exactly over the reference point with the plumb bob. Align point
A, set the circle to read zero. Turn the telescope, align point B, read the circle. The reading will
be the horizontal angle between A and B. Example: ∠AOB=91.5° in the figure below.
 Testing and adjusting
To ensure the accuracy, adjustment is required before using the instrument.

12
 − Circular
Place the instrument on tripod head, turn the tool screws until the bubble is centered exactly in
the middle of circle. Rotate the instrument through 180. If the bubble still lies in the center, no
adjustment is required. If the bubble is displaced, it should be adjusted.
− Level line of sight (Testing)
Set and level the instrument at a point midway between two points. Focus instrument on leveling
staff at point A and note the reading of a1. Repeat for point B and reading b1 (see Figure below).
Move the instrument to a position (point C) about 2m from one of the points A or B. Level the
instrument once again and note the readings of a2, b2. If a1, b1 is not equal to a2, b2, adjustment
is required.

 Care of instrument
Cleaning: Wipe clean the outside painted surfaces. Blow dust off lenses then wipe very carefully
with clean cotton cloth. It is permissible to blow on lenses to remove dust before wiping. If
necessary, slightly moisten cotton cloth with ether or pure alcohol and wipe lens. Never use
liquids such as gas, benzine or water, and never touch lenses with fingers. Wipe a wet instrument
carefully. Remove it from container and allow it to dry out completely. Never keep a wet
instrument in the container.

2.3.3. Traffic Survey

For the purposes of rural road design, the prediction of future traffic flows will be based on
surveys of current traffic, and assessment of adjustments expected due to generated traffic,
diverted traffic and future growth. The standard for Traffic Flow measurement is Average Daily
Traffic (ADT), based on the Passenger Car Unit (PCU).
The Standards for Tertiary and Sub-Tertiary roads detailed by this document will accommodate
motor traffic flows from Zero to more than 2,000 vehicles per day. The following table provides
conversion factors for the various vehicle types:

13
 Table 2.Recommended PCU conversion factor determination for road type

ROAD TRAFFIC
(24 Hour from Traffic Count at Busiest Part of Road)
No Daily use traffic Number PCU equivalent
1 Passenger car 2 2
2 People walking 50 0
3 Motorcycles 30 12
4 Motorcycle-remorque 10 6
5 Bicycle 30 9
6 Animal cart 5 2
7 Light vehicle/van 2 2
8 Koyun 30 45
9 Medium truck (6 tyres) 1 2
10 Heavy truck (>6 tyres) 0 0
11 Bus (>4 tyres) 0 0
12 Mini-bus (4 tyres) 1 1.1
Average daily traffic (ADT) (PCU) 81.1
Total heavy vehicles (PCU) 1.1
Road Standard: B
Table 3. result from traffic survey
14
 Table 4.Recommendation for Road Standard B

2.4. Rural Road Standard (RRS)

2.4.1. Rural Road Responsibility

Non-Urban Roads are currently categorised as National road, Provincial road which
are the responsibility of Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT). The other
types of rural roads with light and medium-sized vehicles, which are the
responsibility of Ministry of Rural Development (MRD). The MRD has a
Department of Rural Roads and each provincial department of rural development has
a rural road office.
The principles of the Ministry of Rural Development, the Rural Roads are divided
into different categories of responsibility for rural roads as follows:
TERTIARY -District to District
SUB-TERTIARY 1 - District to Commune
SUB-TERTIARY 2 - Commune to Commune
SUB-TERTIARY 3 - Commune to Village and Village to Village

15
 Table 5. categories of rural roads

2.4.2. Width of RRS

In general, there are 3 types of rural road embankment with 5.5 meters of width. The
width of the road is enough for two vehicles to easily cross. Sometimes we have to
make roads less than 5 meters of width. Because the road standards of the Ministry of
Rural Development have shown the following standard:

Table 6.Standard Width for Tertiary/Sub-Tertiary rural roads

16
2.4.3. Height of RRS
Most of the rural roads in Cambodia are construct on flat terrain. The embankment of
road must be above 0.5m above normal water levels and the road surface must be
solid enough to support the load of the vehicle.

2.4.4. Camber of RRS

Camber is the slope of the road's surface. If the pavement is not steep enough, water
cannot flow out of the road surface. But if the camber is too steep, it's difficult to
drive. Based on NCDD specification, the camber of Laterite road is 7%.

2.4.5. Side Slope of RRS

Side slope is defined as the slope of the cut or fill expressed as the ratio of horizontal
distance to vertical distance. A 1:2 side slope indicates that for every horizontal
distance of 2 m, the corresponding vertical distance is 1 m, as shown below figure.
Almost all rural roads in Cambodia are design with 1: 2 (m = 2)

17
2.4.6. Fill Volume Calculation
• Volume of Sub-Base

Where, : The length from to

: Top width of road
: Height of and
: Side slope of road
: Road camber

2.4.7. Volume of Existing Road

Where, : The length from to

: Top width of Existing road at and
: Average height of existing road at and

18
2.4.8. Fill Volume

Where, : Compaction Factor. (From NCDD Specification k=1.3)

: Volume of Sub-Base
: Volume of Existing Road

2.4.9. Volume of Laterite Pavement

Where, : Compaction Factor. (From NCDD Specification k=1.3)

: Total length of road
: Top width of road sub-base
: Road camber
: Side slope of road

19
2.4.10. Cutting Area

Where, : Total length of road : Height of road sub-base

: Height of Existing Road B: Base of Existing Road
: The horizontal length of the old left side slope
: The horizontal length of the old right-side slope
: Side slope of road

2.4.11. Grass Area

Where, : Total length of road grassing

H: Height in average of road
: Side slope of road
: Point Number of grassing (From Point i to i+1 =50m)

2.5. Bill of Quantity

Cost estimating or BoQ is the process of forecasting the cost of building a physical
structure. Project owners use cost estimates to determine a project's scope and feasibility
and to allocate budgets. Contractors use them when deciding whether to bid on a project.
The calculation of project costs should not include tax.

Cost Estimate = Direct Cost + Indirect Cost + Profit Cost

20
2.5.1. Direct Cost
Direct costs are the costs that a recipient must pay to implement a direct cost plan,
including:
− Materials Cost
− Lose Materials Cost
− Labor Costs
− Equipment Cost
− Transport Costs

2.5.2. Indirect Cost

Indirect costs are the costs that you pay the recipient, but not the direct result of the
project.

Indirect Cost + Profit Cost = 10% x Direct Cost

2.5.3. Profit Cost

For the profit cost, if Contractor get the project implemented, they get a profit.
Therefore, we enter the percentage of the recipient's profit into the estimated value.

Indirect Cost + Profit Cost = 10% x Direct Cost

2.5.4. BoQ for Earthwork (Laterite Road)

− Material Cost Calculation

Material Cost = Quantity x Price per Unit

Where, Price per Unit we get from Standard Materials Price of MoI.
Example: Material: Project Sign Board
Quantity: 1 place
Price per Unit: 40,0000R
So, Material Cost = 1 x 40,0000 = 40,0000R

21
− Transport Cost Calculation

Transport Cost = Total weight of material x T x Distance

Where, T: Transport Cost per ton get from Standard Materials Price.
Transport Cost Depending on the distance from the market to the project site
and the condition of the road, good or medium.
Example: Equipment transport to the site 20 tons with 25 km. The transport
cost per ton in 1 km 500R.
So, Transport Cost = 20 x 500 x 25 = 250,000R
− The Total Cost

Total Cost = Direct Cost + Indirect Cost and Profit Cost

Where, Indirect Cost and Profit Cost = Direct Cost x 10%

And Direct Cost = Material cost + Transport cost +...
Example: Direct Cost = 5,000,000R + 2,500,000R = 7,500,000R
 Indirect Cost and Profit Cost = 7,500,000R x 10% = 750,000R
Therefore, Total Cost = 7,500,000R + 750,000R = 8,250,000

22
2.6. Field Evaluation

2.6.1. Width Checking

The Top Width of road is from point A to point B and The Top Width of road must
be measured perpendicular with central line.

2.6.2. Camber Checking

Camber is the slope of the road's surface. If the pavement is not steep enough, water
cannot flow out of the roadway. But if the back of the turtle is too steep, it's difficult
to drive. Based on NCDD specification, the camber of Laterite road is 7%. The
camber should be a straight slope on either side of the center line. The finished camber
should be 7% and checked with a chamber board every 100 meters.

2.6.3. Slide Slope Checking

Method of measurement the Road Side Slop is similar to the method for measuring
the road camber. The steepness of gradients is described as a ratio. For example, a
gradient of 1:2 means that over a horizontal stretch of two meters, the terrain will rise
one meter vertically.

23
 Method of measurement the Road Side Slop is similar to the method for measuring
the road camber. The steepness of gradients is described as a ratio. For example, a gradient of 1:2
means that over a horizontal stretch of two meters, the terrain will rise one meter vertically

2.6.4. Thickness Checking

The way to do this is to make a hole through the laterite. Test the thickness of the
laterite road at least 10 places per kilometer. The AVERAGE thickness for 10 tests
must be at least 85% of the specified thickness.

24
2.6.5. Compaction Checking
In this inspection, we use DCP for checking compaction. The design of the DCP is
uses an 8 kg weight dropping through a height of 575mm and a 60° cone having a
diameter of 20mm. The instrument is assembled as shown in figure. It is supplied
with two 13-17mm spanner wrenches, Tommy Bar, 3mm Hex Wrench and a bottle of
“Loctite 242” used for securing handle or top rod and bottom rod or cone joints.

− Hand Guard
− Handle
− Coupling
− Hammer Shaft
− Standard Shaft
− Base Plate
− Weight
− Cone
− Clevis Block
− Rule (1m)

Before beginning a test, the DCP device is inspected for fatigue-damaged parts, in
particular the coupler and handle, and excessive wear of the drive rod and
replaceable point tip. All joints must be securely tightened including the coupler
assembly and the replaceable point tip to drive rod.
After assembly the first task is to record the zero reading of the instrument. this is
done by standing the DCP on a hard Surface, such as concrete, checking that it is
vertical and then entering the zero reading in the appropriate place on the test sheet.
The DCP needs three operators, one to hold the instrument, one to raise and drop the
weight and a technician to record the results. The instrument is held vertical and the
weight carefully raised to the handle, ensure that the weight is touching the handle,
but not lifting the instrument. The operator then lets it fall freely (without lowering
it by hand). If during the test the DCP leaves the vertical no attempt should be made
to correct this as contact between the bottom shaft and the sides of the hole will give
rise to erroneous results.

25
 NOTE! For good quality granular bases readings every 5 or 10 blows are normally
satisfactory but for weaker sub-bases layers and subgrade reading every 1 or 2
blows may be appropriate. There is no disadvantage in taking too many readings,
however if too few are taken, weak spots may be missed and it will be more difficult
to identify layer boundaries accurately hence important information will be lost.

2.6.6. Pipe Culvert Strength Checking

Concrete Test Hammer is a tool that lets us know the strength of concrete. In fact, the
device is easy to use by hand. It can perform short-term tests on any sample part of a
building, and it also checks for damage features. This device is designed for the
purpose of letting us know what the contractor is doing.

− Surface preparation for experiments

Perform a few test impacts with the concrete test hammer on a smooth, hard
surface before taking any measurements which you are going to evaluate. Use a
grindstone to smoothen the test surface.

− Operation Method
Position the concrete test hammer perpendicular to the test surface. Position the
concrete test hammer perpendicular to and against the test surface. Push the
concrete test hammer against the test surface at moderate speed until the impact is
triggered. Each test surface should be tested with at least 10 impacts. The
individual impact points must be spaced at least 20 mm apart.
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− Analyze the Results
The curve attached to this device is displayed as a number (xxxx). The number
(xxxx) This is calculated in accordance with the value show from the experiment
by the device. On the diagram, three curves are shown. From these three curves
we can calculate the strength of concrete in the place where we experiment.
Example: This device is displayed as a number 32, mean that the rebound value
R=32 with POS-A. From the conversion curve the concrete strength is 26 MPa.

Figure 5.The conversion curve the concrete strength

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 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Geometry
After doing traffic survey we can determine which type of rural road base on NCDD and MRD.
It’s rural road type B (ADT less than 201). It has two different type one is new road and existing
road. To be secure and economic we also consider on flood level and Topography for geometry
design.

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Design Standards for Tertiary/Sub-Tertiary of rural road (type B)
− width 5.0m
− Side slope 1:2
− ADT: 0-200
− Laterite Pavement (thickness 150mm-200mm after compacted)
− Speed Desgin 40km/h (Flat/Mountainous)
− Elevation of road information minimum 0.5 m above the high flood water level.

3.2. BoQ

About Bill of quantity, the cost estimation is varying such as volume fill, raw materials,
transportation materials and unit cost materials on market.

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

After doing internship in Commune/Sangkat Funds Project 2019 to 2020 in Oddar Meanchey
province. we have learned and got an incredible experience such as doing survey as a field study
survey, any concern related to flood and environment, Laterite road design, cost estimation for
this project and Evaluation.
For our recommendation, first, on volume fill calculation from data survey it is not completely
accurate, we suggest to improve on volume fill calculation by adding compaction factor at least
1.3 to 1.5. During studying topography, we should make sure on BM in the right position, we
should record GPS data such as culvert, BM due to it is flexible to find real coordinate when we
do evaluation. Second, in BoQ we need to consider on unit cost (materials cost), distance from
raw material to site. Furthermore, The price of construction road it is depend on geometry design
such as thickness , existing road and new road ,and cost of materials.

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5. REFERENCES

− Basic Technical of Small-Scale Infrastructure

− Commune/Sangkat Fund Technical Manual
− MATEST-Concrete Test Hammer Operation Manual.
− Commune/Sangkat Fund Project Implementation Manual
− TOPCON AT-B2/B3/B4 Automatic Level Operation Manual.
− How to Use a Dumpy Level by wikiHow Staff (March 29, 2019). wikiHow
− Technical Specification-Volume II (2014). NCDD Technical Manual for Infrastructure
Project
− Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Operation Instruction. Khmer Associates Consulting
Engineering Co.Ltd (KACE.
− Rural Road Standards for Tertiary and Sub-Tertiary 1 Roads (2006). Ministry of Rural
Development (MRD).
− Training Materials of Basic Technical of Infrastructure for Commune/Sangkat (2011)

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6. APPENDICES

Activities of Field Survey

(Using Cross Section Method by Auto Level Instrument)

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 Activities of Field Evaluation
(Using DCP for Checking the Road Compaction)

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 Activities of Field Evaluation
(Using Hammer for Checking Pipe & Box Culvert Strength)

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Activities of Field Evaluation
(Checking the Geometry)

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 Some View on The Road after already Construction
(People who living at here are very happy when they have a new road to do something)

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