ASSIGNMENT OF BOTANY
(Bs Chemistry Morning)
Submitted to : Sir Akther
Submitted by : M Asfand Yaar
Roll No. : 440 (715440)
Topic : vascular cambium
Semester : 2nd (BS Chemistry)
Session : 2019 - 2023
Faculty Of Chemistry
Govt Muncipal Degree
College Faisalabad
Vascular cambium
Helianthus stem in section. The cells of the vascular
cambium (F) divide to form phloem on the outside,
located beneath the bundle cap (E), and xylem (D) on the
inside. Most of the vascular cambium is here in vascular
bundles (ovals of phloem and xylem together) but it is
starting to join these up as at point F between the bundles.
The vascular cambium:
This is the main growth tissue in the stems and
roots of many plants, specifically in dicots such
as buttercups and oak trees, gymnosperms such
as pine trees, as well as in certain vascular
plants. It produces secondary xylem inwards,
towards the pith, and secondary phloem
outwards, towards the bark. In herbaceous
plants, it occurs in the vascular bundles which
are often arranged like beads on a necklace
forming an interrupted ring inside the stem. In
woody plants, it forms a cylinder of
unspecialized meristem cells, as a continuous
ring from which the new tissues are grown.
Unlike the xylem and phloem, it does not
transport water, minerals or food through the
plant. Other names for the vascular cambium are
the main cambium, wood cambium, or
bifacial cambium.
.Vascular cambia are found in dicots and
gymnosperms but not monocots, which usually
lack secondary growth. A few leaf types also
have a vascular cambium. In dicot and
gymnosperm trees, the vascular cambium is the
obvious line separating the bark and wood; they
also have a cork cambium. For successful
grafting, the vascular cambia of the rootstock
and scion must be aligned so they can grow
together
Contents
• 1 Structure and function
•
o 1.1 Maintenance of cambial meristem
o 1.2 Hormonal regulation
• 2 See also
• 3 References
• 4 External links
Structure and function]
The cambium present between primary xylem
and primary phloem is called the intrafascicular
cambium (within vascular bundles). During
secondary growth, cells of medullary rays, in a
line (as seen in section; in three dimensions, it is
a sheet) between neighbouring vascular bundles,
become meristematic and form new
interfascicular cambium (between vascular
bundles). The intrafascicular and interfascicular
cambia thus join up to form a ring (in three
dimensions, a tube) which separates the primary
xylem and primary phloem, the cambium ring.
The vascular cambium produces secondary
xylem on the inside of the ring, and secondary
phloem on the outside, pushing the primary
xylem and phloem apart.
The vascular cambium usually consists of two
types of cells:
• Fusiform initials (tall, axially oriented)
• Ray initials (smaller and round to angular in
shape)
•
Maintenance of cambial
meristem
The vascular cambium is maintained by a
network of interacting signal feedback loops.
Currently, both hormones and short peptides
have been identified as information carriers in
these systems. While similar regulation occurs
in other plant meristems, the cambial meristem
receives signals from both the xylem and
phloem sides for the meristem. Signals received
from outside the meristem act to down regulate
internal factors, which promotes cell
proliferation and differentiation. Cambial cells
divide to produce secondary xylem cells
toward the central axis of the stem and
secondary phloem cells toward the outside.
The cambium originates from
undifferentiated cells that have retained
their embryonic capacity for continued
growth and differentiation.
Hormonal regulation
The phytohormones that are involved in the
vascular cambial activity are auxins, ethylene,
gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and
probably more to be discovered. Each one of
these plant hormones is vital for regulation of
cambial activity. Combination of different
concentrations of these hormones is very
important in plant metabolism.
Auxin hormones are proven to stimulate
mitosis, cell production and regulate
interfascicular and fascicular cambium.
Applying auxin to the surface of a tree stump
allowed decapitated shoots to continue
secondary growth. The absence of auxin
hormones will have a detrimental effect on a
plant. It has been shown that mutants without
auxin will exhibit increased spacing between the
interfascicular cambiums and reduced growth of
the vascular bundles. The mutant plant will
therefore experience a decrease in water,
nutrients, and photosynthates being transported
throughout the plant, eventually leading to
death. Auxin also regulates the two types of cell
in the vascular cambium, ray and fusiform
initials. Regulation of these initials ensures the
connection and communication between xylem
and phloem is maintained for the translocation
of nourishment and sugars are safely being
stored as an energy resource. Ethylene levels are
high in plants with an active cambial zone and
are still currently being studied. Gibberellin
stimulates the cambial cell division and also
regulates differentiation of the xylem tissues,
with no effect on the rate of phloem
differentiation. Differentiation is an essential
process that changes these tissues into a more
specialized type, leading to an important role in
maintaining the life form of a plant. In poplar
trees, high concentrations of gibberellin is
positively correlated to an increase of cambial
cell division and an increase of auxin in the
cambial stem cells. Gibberellin is also
responsible for the expansion of xylem through
a signal traveling from the shoot to the root.
Cytokinin hormone is known to regulate the rate
of the cell division instead of the direction of
cell differentiation. A study demonstrated that
the mutants are found to have a reduction in
stem and root growth but the secondary vascular
pattern of the vascular bundles were not affected
with a treatment of cytokinin.
