1. Explain the principle of operation of 1 -  Induction Motor?

Principle of Operation/Working Principle:

We know that for the working of any electrical motor whether its AC or
DC motor, we require two fluxes as the interaction of these two fluxes
produces the required torque. When we apply a single phase AC supply
to the stator winding of single phase induction motor, the alternating
current starts flowing through the stator or main winding. This
alternating current produces an alternating flux called main flux. This
main flux also links with the rotor conductors and hence cut the rotor
conductors. According to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, emf gets induced in the rotor. As the rotor circuit is closed
one so, the current starts flowing in the rotor. This current is called the
rotor current. This rotor current produces its flux called rotor flux. Since
this flux is produced due to the induction principle so, the motor
working on this principle got its name as an induction motor. Now there
are two fluxes one is main flux, and another is called rotor flux.
This induced current in the rotor will also produce alternating flux.
Even after both alternating fluxes are set up, the motor fails to start
because stator main winding can not be able to produce rotating flux or
rotating magnetic field (RMF). However, if the rotor is given a initial
start by external force in either direction, then motor accelerates to its
final speed and keeps running with its rated speed.
In order to avoid giving initial force to rotor which is quite
laboursome, stator is provided with another winding called
auxiliary/starting winding in addition to its main winding as shown
below.
Now as both these windings are space quadrature and also phase
difference between two fluxes produced by currents flowing through
these windings is created, so a rotating magnetic field (RMF) is
produced. And RMF can only produce torque on rotor. Now rotor also
produce RMF. But the rotor flux (Nr & Sr )will be lagging with respect
to the stator flux (Ns & Ss ) in direction of torque (T) or rotation as
shown below.
 Because of that lagging, Ns atttracts Sr and Ss attracts Nr . Due to which
the rotor will feel a torque which will make the rotor to rotate in the
direction of the rotating magnetic field i.e. in anti-clockwise direction as
shown above. In other words, these two fluxes produce the desired
torque which is required by the motor to rotate.
2. Explain about the double field revolving theory?
Unlike three phase induction motors, single phase induction motors
are not self starting. The reason behind this is very interesting. 
Single phase induction motor has distributed stator winding and
a squirrel-cage rotor. 

This theory is proposed to explain why there is no torque at start i.e.

when the rotor is at rest/standstill. 
Suppose stator has only one stator winding which is also called main
winding as shown in figure. And the rotor is squirrel-cage type. Now
When a single-phase Sinusoidal AC supply (V=Vm sinωt) is applied to
stator winding of single phase induction motor, it produces a
sinusoidal/alternating flux (Φ= Φ m sin𝜔t) which is only alternating i.e.
one which alternates along one space axis only as shown. That is, it
varies its magnitude and changes its direction along y-axis only. It is
not a synchronously revolving ( or rotating )  flux as in the case of a
three phase stator winding fed from a 3-phase supply in 3-phase
Induction Motor. Only rotating flux can produce torque on rotor. So
this type of alternating field cannot produce a torque.
That is why a single phase motor is not self-starting.
This can be beautifully explained by Double-field revolving theory.
 We have discussed that according to Double-Field Revolving Theory
this time-varying sinusoidal flux can be considered as two rotating
fluxes.

Double-Field Revolving Theory

The double-field revolving theory is proposed to explain this dilemma of
no torque at start and yet torque once rotated.

 When the stator winding (distributed one as stated earlier) carries a

sinusoidal current (being fed from a single-phase supply), a
sinusoidal space distributed flux, whose peak or maximum value
pulsates (alternates) with time, is produced in the air gap as shown
in figure(a).

 According to Double-Field Revolving Theory, this sinusoidally

varying flux (Φ= Φ m sinωt) is considered as the sum of two rotating
fluxes, the magnitude of each is equal to half the value of the
maximum value of alternating flux (Φ f = Φ b = Φ m/2 ), and both the
fluxes rotating synchronously at the speed, (Ns =120f/P) in
opposite directions. This is shown in Fig. (b-d).
 Φ f = Forward rotating flux ( rotating in anticlockwise direction)
Φ b = Backward rotating flux ( rotating in clockwise direction)
 The set of figures (Fig. (b-d)) show the resultant sum of the two
rotating fluxes or fields. This resultant sum of these components at
any instant produces instantaneous value of sinusoidal stator flux
shown in fig. (b & d) as the time axis (angle) is changing from θ =
0° to 90°). So the resultant of these two is the original stator flux.
 The magnitude of Φ is the resultant of Φ f & Φ b along y-axis and
phase of Φ is the angle through which both Φ f & Φ b rotates.
 Φ = Φ f + Φ b . For this we will consider three instants –
θ = 0°(instant 1), θ = 450(instant 2), θ = 90° (instant 3).
 Fig (a)  It shows the resultant flux or stator flux (Φ = Φ R) and its
two components Φ f & Φ b at θ = 0°. At this instant i.e. θ = 0°, Φ f is
along +ve X-axis and & Φ b is along -ve X-axis. So At start both the
components are shown opposite to each other. Thus the Φ = Φ R = 0.
This is nothing but the instantaneous value of the stator flux at
start. θ = 00.

 Fig (b)  This is nothing but the instantaneous value of the stator
flux at θ = 450. After 450, as shown the two components are rotated
in opposite directions in such a way that both are pointing in the
two different directions. Hence the resultant Φ = Φ R = resultant sum
of Φ f & Φ b along y-axis =Φ f + Φ b = (Φ m/2) sin45 + (Φ m/2) sin45 = Φ m
sin45 = Φ m/ √ 2 = 0.707 Φ mwhich is instantaneous value of stator
flux Φ at 450 .
 Fig (c)  After 900, as shown the two components are rotated in
opposite directions in such a way that both are pointing in the same
direction. The resultant Φ = Φ R = resultant sum of Φ f & Φ b along y-
axis = Φ f + Φ b = (Φ m/2) sin90 + (Φ m/2) sin90 = Φ m . This is nothing
but the instantaneous value of the stator flux at θ = 900 . Thus
continuous rotation of the two components gives the original
alternating stator flux.
 Both the components are rotating and hence get cut by the motor’s
rotor conductors. Due to cutting of flux, e.m.f. gets induced in
rotor which circulates rotor current. The rotor current produces
rotor flux.
 This flux interacts with forward component φf to produce a torque
in one particular direction say anticlockwise direction. While rotor
flux interacts with backward component φb to produce a torque in
clockwise direction. So if anticlockwise torque is positive then
clockwise torque is negative.
 At start these two torques are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction. Each torque tries to rotate the rotor in in its own
direction. Thus net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start.
And hence the single phase induction motors are not self starting.