讲师丨林伯虎 来源丨 Australian Strategic Policy Institute 日期丨 2020.06.

02 Tiger Times 01

美国对中国留学生突然 say no 的背后：一份核

心的后台报告（1）
• 美国考虑对哪些中国留学生拒签？这份澳洲报告什么来头？
• 军民融合的概念为什么被盯上，从军民结合到军民融合的转变中，
一字之差有何玄机？
• 大概多少中国院校被海外盯上？“上榜”标准是什么？

扫码听课

The China Defence Universities Tracker

讲解正文
听课笔记

Military–civil fusion is the CCP's policy of maximising linkages between

the military and the civilian sector to build China's economic and military
strength. The policy was promoted by President Hu Jintao in 2007 but has
been elevated to a national strategy by President Xi Jinping, who personally
oversees the Central Commission for the Development of Military–Civil
Fusion ( 中央军民融合发展委员会 ). It has its roots in efforts dating back
to the PRC's founding, including policies such as military–civil integration
and 'nestling the military in the civil'.

Many countries seek to leverage private industry and universities to

advance their militaries. However, as scholar Lorand Laskai writes, 'civil–
military fusion is more far-reaching and ambitious in scale than the US
equivalent, reflecting a large push to fuse the defense and commercial
economies.'

Military–civil fusion in China's university sector has spurred efforts to

increase academe's integration with defence and security. In 2017, the
Party Secretary of Beijing Institute of Technology, a leading university for
defence research, wrote that universities should 'stand at the front line of
military–civil fusion'.

'National defence technology research requires the participation of

universities', according to the Chinese government agency overseeing
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efforts to safeguard classified information at universities. The agency

describes universities as one of three parts of the national defence science
and technology innovation system. Alongside defence conglomerates,
which are responsible for large-scale projects and the commercialisation
of defence equipment, and defence research organisations, which are
institutes run by defence conglomerates or the military that are responsible
for breaking through research bottlenecks and developing key components,
universities undertake research at the frontier of defence technology.

Military–civil fusion is tied to the government's Double First-Class

University Plan ( 世界一流大学和一流学科建设 or 双一流 ) to build 98
of China's best universities into world-class institutions by 2050.

A 2018 policy document about the plan states that universities should
integrate into 'the military–civil fusion system' and 'advance the two-
way transfer and transformation of military and civilian technological
achievements'. The importance of international collaboration and foreign
talent to the Double First-Class University Plan means that military–civil
fusion, the improvement of China's universities and research collaboration
are becoming inextricable.

While military–civil fusion doesn't mean that barriers between the military
and other parts of PRC society have vanished, it's breaking down those
barriers in many universities. At least 68 universities are officially described
as parts of the defence system or are supervised by China's defence industry
agency, the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for
National Defense (SASTIND, 国家国防科技工业局 ).

At the same time, universities around the world are expanding their
collaboration with PRC partners. Much of that collaboration is mutually
beneficial, but it's clear that many institutions have not effectively managed
risks to human rights, security and research integrity. While universities
already have systems in place to manage these issues, they should be
revisited and strengthened.

Recent cases have demonstrated gaps in universities' management of

research collaboration. For example, the ASPI International Cyber Policy
Centre's 2018 report Picking flowers, making honey: the Chinese military's
collaboration with foreign universities highlighted concerns about the high
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level of international research collaboration involving the PLA. Between

2007 and 2017, the PLA sent more than 2,500 of its scientists to train and
work in overseas universities. Some of those scientists used civilian cover
or other forms of deception to travel abroad. All of them were sent out to
gain skills and knowledge of value to the Chinese military; all of them are
believed to be party members who returned to China when instructed.

This report uses the ASPI International Cyber Policy Centre's China
Defence Universities Tracker to explain how many of the concerns raised
by collaboration with the PLA increasingly apply to defence-linked
Chinese universities, security organisations and industry conglomerates.
The wedding of the military and the civilian in China's universities has
important consequences for policymakers and overseas universities engaged
with partners in China.

To help universities, companies and policymakers navigate engagement

with research institutions in China, the China Defence Universities Tracker
is a database that sorts institutions into categories of very high, high,
medium or low risk:

92 institutions in the database have been placed in the 'very high risk'
category
52 People's Liberation Army institutions
8 security or intelligence-agency institutions
20 civilian universities
China's 12 leading defence industry conglomerates.
23 institutions—all civilian universities—have been placed in the 'high
risk' category.
44 institutions—all civilian universities—have been placed in the
'medium' or 'low' risk categories.

The database is designed to capture the risk that relationships with these
entities could be leveraged for military or security purposes, including
in ways that contribute to human rights abuses and are against Australia's
interests. It provides overviews of their defence and security links and
records any known involvement in espionage or cyberattacks, inclusion
on end-user lists that restrict exports to them, and several measures of their
involvement in defence research. While this project has uncovered large
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amounts of previously inaccessible information on PRC universities and

research institutions, continued due diligence and research are required.

Research for the tracker was undertaken over the course of 2019. It focused
on identifying key indicators of defence and security links at each university
and developing reliable methods for evaluating those links. Institutions
were included in the project for their military links, security links or known
connection to human rights abuses or espionage. This research primarily
used online Chinese-language resources from universities or Chinese
Government agencies. We have attempted to archive all online sources
using the Wayback Machine or archive.today.
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词汇
fuse /fjuːz/ v.（使）（特质、思想等）结合，融合
○ to combine different qualities, ideas, or things, or to be
combined
○ e.g. We intend to fuse the companies into a single
organization. 我们打算将各家公司合并成一个机构。
fusion /ˈfjuːʒən/ n.（特质、思想等的）融合；合成
○ a combination of separate qualities or ideas
○ e.g. Her work is a fusion of several different styles. 她的作
品是几种不同风格的融合。
elevate /ˈelɪveɪt/ v. 拔，晋升，提升
○ to move someone or something to a more important level or
rank, or make them better than before
○ e.g. Their purpose is to elevate AIDS to the top of
government priorities. 他们的目的是使政府优先考虑艾滋
病问题。
oversee /ˌəʊvəˈsiː/ v. 监管，监察，监督
○ to be in charge of a group of workers and check that a piece
of work is done satisfactorily
○ e.g. A team leader was appointed to oversee the project. 任
命了一位组长来监管该工程。
integration /ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃən/ n. 结合；综合；集成；整合
○ the combining of two or more things so that they work
together effectively
○ e.g. the integration of data from other surveys 对其他调查
数据的整合
nestle /ˈnesəl/ v.（使）舒适地安顿下来；（使）偎依，（使）
依靠
○ to move into a comfortable position, pressing your head or
body against someone or against something soft
○ e.g. Sarah lay there peacefully, the child nestling by her
side. 萨拉安静地躺在那儿，孩子偎依在她身边。
leverage /ˈliːvərɪdʒ/ v. 利用（特质或者优势）来影响；获
得想要的结果
○ to use (a quality or advantage) to influence or obtain a
desired effect or result
○ e.g. She was able to leverage her travel experience and her
gift for languages to get a job as a translator. 她利用自己的
旅行经历和语言天赋找到了一份翻译的工作。
advance /ədˈvɑːns/ v.（知识、技术等）发展，进步
○ if knowledge, technology, etc. advances , it develops and
improves
○ e.g. This research has done much to advance our
understanding of language learning. 这项研究大大提高了我
们对语言学习的认识。
spur /spɜː/ v. 促进，刺激
○ to make an improvement or change happen faster
e.g. Lower taxes would spur investment and help economic
growth. 降低税率将刺激投资，有助于经济增长。
04
safeguard /ˈseɪfɡɑːd/ v. 保护，保卫（某物）
○ to protect something from harm or damage
○ e.g. The industry has a duty to safeguard consumers. 这个
行业有责任保护消费者。
classified /ˈklæsɪfaɪd/ adj.（资料、文件等）保密的，机密
○ classified information, documents, etc. are ones which the
government has ordered to be kept secret
○ e.g. He'll be getting full classified intelligence briefings. 他
将获得所有机密情报的简报。
conglomerate /kənˈɡlɒmərət/ n. 大型联合企业，企业集团
○ a large business organization consisting of several different
companies that have joined together
○ e.g. an international conglomerate 国际大型联合企业
bottleneck /ˈbɒtlnek/ n.（妨碍工作进度的）瓶颈，障碍
○ a delay in one stage of a process that makes the whole
process take longer
○ e.g. Understaffing has caused a real bottleneck. 人手不足
严重妨碍了整个进度。
undertake /ˌʌndəˈteɪk/ v. 承担；着手做（某事）
○ to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work, and
start to do it
○ e.g. Dr Johnson undertook the task of writing a
comprehensive English dictionary. 约翰逊博士担负起编写
一本综合性英语词典的工作。
inextricable /ˌɪnɪkˈstrɪkəbəl/ adj. 分不开的，无法分割的
○ two or more things that are inextricable are closely related
and affect each other
○ e.g. the inextricable connection between language and
culture 语言和文化之间密不可分的联系
vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/ v.（尤指莫名其妙地）突然不见，消失
○ to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be
easily explained
○ e.g. My keys were here a minute ago but now they've
vanished. 我的钥匙刚刚还在这里，现在却不翼而飞了。
mutual /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/ adj.（支持、帮助等）相互的，彼此的
○ mutual support, help, etc. is support that two or more
people give each other
○ e.g. MAMA puts new mothers in touch with each other, for
mutual support and friendship. “ 妈妈 ” 组织让新妈妈们彼
此接触认识，互相扶持，互相关爱。
highlight /ˈhaɪlaɪt/ v. 使 … 突出，使注意力集中于
○ to make a problem or subject easy to notice so that people
pay attention to it
○ e.g. Your résumé should highlight your skills and
achievements. 你的简历应该突出自己的技能和成绩。
deception /dɪˈsepʃən/ n. 欺骗（行为）
○ the act of deliberately making someone believe something
that is not true
○ e.g. She didn't have the courage to admit to her deception.
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词汇

navigate /ˈnævɪɡeɪt/ v.（为 …）导航，指引方向

○ to find which way you need to go when you are travelling
from one place to another
○ e.g. Early explorers used to navigate by the stars. 早期的探
险家往往靠星辰确定方向。

entity /ˈentəti/ n. 实体
○ something that exists as a single and complete unit
○ e.g. The mind exists as a separate entity. 思想作为一个独
立的实体存在。

espionage /ˈespiənɑːʒ/ n. 谍报活动，间谍行为

○ the activity of secretly finding out secret information and
giving it to a country's enemies or a company's competitors
○ e.g. a campaign of industrial espionage against his main
rival 针对他主要竞争对手展开的商业间谍活动

due diligence n. 尽职调查

○ reasonable steps taken by a person to avoid committing a
tort or offence
○ e.g. I also haven't done my journalistic due diligence on
this. 我还没有完全尽到一个记者的职责。
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今日习题

1. 根据英文释义写出文中出现的对应单词

______: to be in charge of a group of workers and check that a piece of work is done satisfactorily
______: to combine different qualities, ideas, or things, or to be combined

2. 一词多义

Which of the following underlined words is closest in meaning to the one in the sentence "Many countries
seek to leverage private industry and universities to advance their militaries. "? ____

A. A line of US tanks slowly advanced.

B. The group's research has done much to advance our knowledge of the HIV virus.
C. The meeting has been advanced to ten o'clock.
D. Recent advances in genetics have raised moral questions.

3. 翻译：根据给定中文回译英文

很多国家都寻求倚重于私人制造业和大学来发展军事力量。
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习题答案

3. Many countries seek to leverage private industry and universities to advance their militaries.
2. B
1. oversee; fuse

编辑丨闵闵闵