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Industeel
F% Ferrite Percentage
FCAW Flux Cored Arc Welding
FN Ferrite Number
GMAW Gas Metal Arc Welding
GTAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
HAZ Heat Affected Zone
HI Heat Input
I Intensity
PAW Plasma Arc Welding
PGMAW Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding
Pitting Resistance Equivalent
PREN
Number
PWHT Post Welding Heat Treatment
preliminary Welding Procedure
pWPS
Specification
SAW Submerged Arc Welding
SMAW Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Time Temperature
TTT
Transformation
U Voltage
UT Utrasonic Testing
Vr Cooling Speed
WRC Welding Research Council
Ws Welding Speed
An introduction to duplex stainless steels Overview of duplex welding
General points 12
1.1 Chemical compositions 14 2.1 Welding metallurgy 22
1.2 Mechanical properties 16 2.2 Welded joints preparation 26
2.7 Inspection 38
Welding datasheets Properties prediction software
General points
12 13
Introduction Chemical compositions
PREN
Grade UNS EN C max Cr Ni Mo N Mn Others
min
UR™ 2202 S32202 1.4062 0.03 22.5 2 0.3 0.21 1.3 27
Lean Duplex
UR™ 2304 S32304 1.4362 0.03 23 4 0.3 0.12 1 26
14 15
Introduction Mechanical properties
0.2 Y.S - Rp
0.2 Y.S - Rp
0.2 UTS - Rm UTS - Rm
0.2 min El - A
typical min ASTM/EN typical value
Grade UNS EN ASTM/EN
value
MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi %
UR™ 2507 S32520 1.4410 550 80 620 90 795 115 820 119 25
25 Cr Super S32520
Duplex UR™ 2507Cu 1.4507 550 80 630 91 750 109 795 115 25
S32550
UR™ 2507W S32760 1.4501 550 80 625 91 750 109 790 115 25
16 17
Introduction Chemical composition
40
Note: the ASTM G48 medium is not representative of in-service
conditions of most applications, but gives a ranking of the corrosion 30
resistance of the materials
20
10
120
0
Critical Pitting Temperature (°C )
5
05
65
31
66
100
7
07
M
90
25
62
36
22
45
05
25
™
™
™
UR
UR
™
22
UR
UR
UR
™
™
UR
™
UR
UR
UR
80
UR
60 c- Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
SCC is due to the combined influence of a corrosive environment
40
and stress (applied or residual). Standard austenitic grades are
20 highly sensitive to SCC in chloride-containing environments,
especially above 50°C. The combination of ferrite and austenite
0
makes duplex steels significantly more resistant to SCC.
4
5
UR 28
UR 1
66
02
04
65
4
7
07
05
25
82
62
3
90
36
22
23
45
25
22
™
™
™
™
™
UR
UR
d- Intergranular corrosion
™
™
™
™
UR
UR
UR
UR
UR
UR
UR
UR
UR
Lorem ipsum Thanks to their two-phase microstructure and their low carbon
content, duplex steels present an excellent resistance to
intergranular corrosion. Results obtained in various hot acid media
18 are available upon request. 19
Introduction Main applications
20 21
Overview of duplex welding Welding metallurgy
22 23
Overview of duplex welding Welding metallurgy
Austenite
Ferrite
Sigma phase
Chromium carbides
Figure 3: Sigma phase Figure 4: Chromium carbides
24 25
Overview of duplex welding Welded joints preparation
As for all other stainless steels, the welding zone must be carefully Figure 6: Joint design for both sides butt-welding
cleaned with a chlorine-free solvent in order to eliminate any grease
or paint marks.
26 27
Overview of duplex welding Welding processes
28 29
Overview of duplex welding Welding processes
Shielded Metal Arc Welding – SMAW Flux Cored Arc Welding – FCAW
SMAW can be used from a thickness of 5 mm. Rutile, basic-rutile Mineral flux cored wires can be used with GMAW and Ar + CO2
or basic-type covered electrode are available to weld duplex (18%) shielding gas. The high shielding gas activity and the rutile-
steels. The highest levels of toughness and the highest capacities type of the cored wires lead to rather low toughness levels but
of deformation are obtained with basic-covered electrodes. These acceptable for applications at room temperature or higher.
basic electrodes will preferably be used if the weld has to support
strong deformations (head forming) or if the weld must have good Gas Metal Arc Welding and Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding –
toughness properties at low temperature. GMAW and PGMAW
These semi-automatic or automatic welding processes are used for
The recommended heat input must be considered to choose the
thicknesses from 5 mm:
most appropriate electrode diameter. The weld should be made
•The short-circuiting transfer is used for low heat inputs
with stringer beads (the width of weave should not exceed twice
and therefore for the lowest plate thicknesses;
the electrode diameter). When a covered electrode is used to
•The spray-arc transfer or axial transfer, which is obtained
make the root pass, a backing shielding gas, as used for GTAW, is
with high current and voltage, leads to a stable arc and high
recommended. In the opposite case, the penetration must be finely
deposition rates;
ground.
•The pulsed arc transfer is obtained with special power
In all cases, the welder must hold a short arc to avoid any
sources. This process allows to benefit from spray-arc advantages
atmospheric nitrogen pick-up which may lead to an unacceptable
with reduced heat inputs and makes it possible to perform welding
level of porosities, for an already nitrogen-alloyed duplex weld metal.
in all positions.
Submerged Arc Welding – SAW
The shielding gas composition is very important for duplex welding
This welding process is used for flat position with a plate thickness
when using GMAW or pulsed GMAW processes. The shielding gas
from 10 mm. Basic flux leads to the best toughness properties
must avoid both nitrogen losses of weld metal and weld metal
and best ductility in weld metal, whereas rutile flux gives an easier
oxidation. Some ternary gases (Ar + CO2 + N2) or quarterly gases
removal of slag and often a lower sensibility to porosity.
(Ar + CO2 + He + N2) are available specifically for these two
A small filler diameter (often Ø 2,4 mm) must be chosen to respect processes. When an austenitic filler metal is used, the shielding gas
recommended heat inputs. For a given heat input, the choice of should be Ar + He + CO2 type.
welding parameters I, U, Ws is important. The use of both a moderate
current and a low welding speed (Ws < 45 cm/min) strongly The quality of the shielding gas must be stable. Leak of water-
reduces the risk of shrinkage voids or porosities which could be cooled gun system or pick-up of atmospheric nitrogen must be
unacceptable according to the most often used specifications of avoided since lack of compactness, such as porosities in the weld
compactness (X-Ray exams ASME VIII for instance). metal, may then be created.
Passes too fitted (backing pass after arc gouging and too narrow When GMAW is used for the root pass, a backing shielding gas is
grinding) must be avoided. The width of the bead should always be necessary and will be ensured by pure argon (Ar > 99,95%).
higher than its depth.
30 31
Overview of duplex welding Welding processes
The flow rate must be carefully set according to the nozzle diameter
and the use or not of a gas diffuser. Turbulences (too high flow
rate) which can introduce atmosphere in the weld pool must be
avoided. Moreover, the tungsten electrode extension can never
exceed twice or three times its diameter, except when the torch
has a gas lens. In this case, an electrode length of about 20 mm can
be used to solve the problem of accessibility. If not, uncontrolled Figure 9: Dissimilar weld
nitrogen addition in the weld metal may occur. It may result in a
too low ferrite content as well as compactness defects. A backing
shielding gas is necessary (pure argon Ar > 99,95%).
32 33
Overview of duplex welding Ferrite determination
Calculation methods
The ferrite content in the weld metal can be predicted from its
chemical composition using the ESPY diagram (results in ferrite
percent F%) or the WRC-1992 diagram (results in FN).
Measurement methods
The most common measurement methods to determine the ferrite Ferrite measurement can be performed by other methods, for
content in weld metal are magnetic methods as ferritscope (results instance by image analysis according to ASTM E1245. Nevertheless,
in F% or FN) or magne-gage (results in FN). Industeel strongly recommends using the metallographic grid
method.
Note that they cannot be used for very localized measurements.
Indeed, the metallographic grid method as per ASTM E562 with Expression of the results
sufficient magnification is the only way to obtain a relevant result The ferrite content results expressed with F% or FN are not
in HAZ. Based on Industeel’s experience, a magnification higher or equivalent. In fact, there is a correlation between ferritscope or grid
equal than x 400 is recommended. method result (F%), and those obtained by magne-gage expressed
in FN.
F% = 0.54 FN + 9.7
34 35
Overview of duplex welding Post-fabrication cleanup
Heat tints
SMAW - FCAW - Espy 20 to 35
Weld metal With exposure to oxygen at high temperature, a thin “straw tinted”
SAW Ferritscope 20 to 40
chromium oxide layer forms. As a result, a chromium-depleted layer
GMAW - GTAW - Espy 20 to 50 forms beneath the heat tint, and may have a reduced corrosion
Weld metal resistance. Heat tint oxides can be removed by pickling using
PAW Ferritscope 20 to 60
commercial picking pastes or by means of immersion in a fluo-nitric
Point grid at bath.
All processes HAZ < 70
> x 400
1.2 water
Table 1: Industeel’s recommendations of ferrite content ranges oxidation
Potential (V/SCE)
1 area
0.8
0.6
2.6 Post-fabrication cleanup 0.4
pitting
area
0.2
Welding operations can induce various surface defects such as weld 0
spatters, arc strikes, heat tints, embedded iron contamination, as Reference Heat tint Heat tint+ Heat tint + Heat tint +
grinding HF/HNO3 HF/HNO3
well as the presence of paint, dirt and crayon marks. These defects pickling pickling
15°C/24h 55°C/45mn
can initiate corrosion on the duplex plate surface and must be
removed. That is why post-fabrication cleanup is very important,
and shall be the same as for other families of stainless steels.
36 37
Overview of duplex welding Inspection
Minimum Maximum
Sampling Test acceptable
Standard Grade impact
location temperature corrosion
energy Sampling Test
Standard Grade rate
location temp.
UR™ 2205 Base calculated
A923B -40°C (°F) 54 J from weight
UR™ 2205Mo metal
loss
To be UR™ 2205 Base 25°C
agreed A923C 10 mdd
Base UR™ 2205Mo metal (77°F)
A923B UR™ 2507 -40°C (°F) upon by
metal
seller and UR™ 2507
Base 40°C
purchaser A923C UR™ 2507Cu 10 mdd
metal (104°F)
UR™ 2507W
Base 23+5°C
A1084B UR™ 2304 100 J Base 25°C
metal (73+9°F) A1084C UR™ 2304 10 mdd
metal (77°F)
38 39
Overview of duplex welding Bibliography
Standards references Bibliography
• ASTM E562, « Standard Test Method for Determining Volume • « The Welding of Stainless Steel – Materials and Applications
Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count», 2011. Series, Volume 3 » Euro Inox by Pierre-Jean Cunat, 2007 (Second
Edition).
• ASTM E1245, « Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion
or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic • « BM650 – Chaudronnerie en aciers inoxydables » Techniques de
Image Analysis», 2016. l’ingénieur, 2007.
• ASTM A923, « Standard Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental • « Practical Guideline for the Fabrication of Duplex Stainless Steel »
Intermetallic Phase in Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels», IMOA, 2014 (Third Edition).
2014.
40 41
Welding datasheets UR™ 2202
UR™ 2202 can be used at temperatures between -20°C (-4°F) If forming is finished above 950°C (1740°F) and cooling is fast
and +300°C (572°F). Please consult for temperatures between enough (activated air or water) the final heat treatment can be
-50°C (-58°F) and -20°C (-4°F). avoided.
UR™ 2202 has been designed to match the corrosion resistance When hot forming is applied to welds with 2209 or 2304 filler
of 304/304L for most applications with twice its yield strength. materials, a new heat treatment at 1050°C (1920°F) followed by
This lean duplex is a cost-efficient grade designed for liquor rapid cooling (active air or water) is required.
tanks in the pulp and paper industry, water storage and piping
systems, architecture and bridges, desalination, as well as chemical Cold forming
processing, and mild oil and gas applications. Due to its higher yield strength, forces required for the cold forming
of UR™ 2202 are larger than for austenitic steels and a minimum
bending diameter must be applied:
Standard •Minimum bending diameter = 3 x thickness for base metal.
•Minimum bending diameter = 4 x thickness for a welded assembly.
EN ISO 10028-7: 1.4062 – X2 Cr Ni N 22-2
ASTM: A240 - UNS S32202 Edges have to be ground and surfaces have to be carefully checked
ASME: SA240 – UNS S32202 before cold forming.
VDTUV Blatt: N° 557
A heat treatment (solution annealing between 980 and 1080°C
(1800 and 1975°F) followed by water-cooling) is always required
Chemical Analysis
when the final deformation by cold forming exceeds 10%. For cold
Typical values (weight %) deformation higher than 20%, an intermediate full-annealing heat
treatment is required.
C Cr Ni Mn N
0.02 22 2 <2 0.2
PREN = [Cr%] + 3.3[Mo%] + 16[N%] ≥ 25
42 43
Welding datasheets UR™ 2202
General welding conditions At high temperature, some duplex stainless steels may be susceptible
to intermetallic phases precipitations. For UR™ 2202, no intermetallic
Welding metallurgy phase precipitates even for exposure up to 100 hours. Only chromium
As for other duplex stainless steels, the weld metal of UR™ 2202 has carbonitrides are formed for such not recommended heat treatment.
a ferritic microstructure when solidifying.
Due to the high increase in temperature during welding (1100- The position of the welding thermal cycle on the TTT diagram shows
1400°C / 2010-2550°F), the ferrite content may increase in HAZ that precipitation in the duplex UR™ 2202 grade can be avoided very
due to austenite to ferrite transformation. During cooling, a part of easily since the grade is almost not sensitive (more than 1 hour at
the high-temperature ferrite retransforms into austenite, providing 850°C (1562°F) to get nitride precipitation).
the weld with a ferritic-austenitic microstructure.
Consequently, the ferrite content in HAZ and in weld metal is directly Thermal welding condition
linked to the cooling rate. Pre-heating
Preheating of UR™ 2202 is not necessary, and not recommended.
Interpass temperature
The maximum allowed interpass temperature for UR™ 2202 is
150°C (300°F).
Post-heating
Post-heating is not recommended and must be avoided when
temperature exceeds 290°C (550°F).
900
Heat input
Temperature (°C)
The cooling rate is inversely proportional to the heat input and depends
800 Detrimental
phases on the material thickness, welding configuration and welding process.
700
The heat input is calculated by means of the following formula:
We
ld
ing
600
cyc
500
Ws (mm/min) 1000
400
0.1 1 10 100 1000
The chemical composition of UR™ 2202 has been balanced to (1) Flux / gas are proposed by the filler material supplier depending
limit structural changes in HAZ and therefore there is no need to on filler material chemical composition and application. Welding gas
control minimal welding heat input. However, in case of specific with hydrogen addition is not allowed.
request on toughness properties, a minimal value of heat input can (2) Nitrogen can be added (1-2%) to avoid nitrogen loss in the weld
be recommended. metal.
A maximum heat input must be applied to avoid intermetallic phase in UR™ 2202 can be welded to carbon steels, low alloy steels or
welded metal, please follow the recommendations provided by filler austenitic stainless steels using superduplex, duplex, 309L or
metal suppliers. 309LMo filler materials. When an austenitic filler is used, the tensile
properties will be reduced (compared to those of the base metal),
Industeel has developed a software able to predict the main because of the lower nitrogen and ferrite content of the welding
properties of welded duplex steels taking into account the product.
welding parameters. Optimum heat input ranges calculated
from welding parameters can be provided upon request. A non-exhaustive list of commercial filler materials
recommended to weld UR™ 2202 can be obtained upon
request. The supply of filler materials lists by Industeel does
Choice of filler materials not take away responsibility from supplier of filler material
and fabricator who are responsible for their welding products
Two types of filler metals can be used to weld UR™ 2202: quality.
Homogeneous
Wire/flux or wire/gas couples proposed by filler material suppliers
Rods and wires (1) Slightly
must be respected in order to reach the expected weld metal
EN ISO 14343 / overalloyed
properties. Covered electrodes and flux shall be carefully dried in
ASME SFA 5.9
accordance with the supplier’s instructions.
Covered electrodes E2209-15
EN ISO 3581-A / E 237 NLR E2209-16
ASME SFA 5.4 E2209-17
Rods and wires (1)
EN ISO 14343 / 23.7 NL (2) E(R)2209 (2)
ASME SFA 5.9
Flux cored wires (1)
23.7 NLP E2209T1-1
EN ISO 17633 /
23.7 NLR E2209T1-4
ASME SFA 5.22
46 47
Welding datasheets UR™ 2202
Cleaning of welded zones is commonly performed by chemical To show that the application of previous advices is possible, an
methods. Mechanical methods can be preliminarily used. Welds can be example of a pWPS is provided. The parameters are coming from
finely ground and polished, sand-blasted or micro-beaded (products welds done by our teams.
without iron particles). Surface cleaning must be performed after
pickling.
Heat treatment
UR™ 2202 is delivered in the solution-annealed and water-
quenched condition (980/1080°C - 1800/1975°F). The chemical
composition of UR™ 2202 is optimized in order to obtain, after heat
treatment, nearly a 50% ferrite / 50% austenite microstructure.
48 49
Welding datasheets UR™ 2202
50 51
Welding datasheets UR™ 2304
General welding conditions The position of the HAZ welding thermal cycle on the TTT diagram
shows that precipitations in the duplex UR™ 2304 grade can be
Welding metallurgy avoided very easily since the grade is almost not sensitive.
As for other duplex stainless steels, the weld metal of UR™ 2304 has
a ferritic microstructure when solidifying. Thermal welding condition
Due to the high increase in temperature during welding (1100- Pre-heating
1400°C / 2010-2550°F), the ferrite content may increase in HAZ Preheating of UR™ 2304 is not necessary, and not recommended..
due to austenite to ferrite transformation. During cooling, a part of
the high-temperature ferrite retransforms into austenite, providing Interpass temperature
the weld with a ferritic-austenitic microstructure. The maximum allowed interpass temperature for UR™ 2304 is
150°C (300°F).
Consequently, the ferrite content in HAZ and in weld metal is directly
linked to the cooling rate. Post-heating
Post-heating is not recommended and must be avoided when
temperature exceeds 290°C (550°F).
Hot straightening
Hot straightening is not recommended for UR™ 2304.
Heat input
The cooling rate is inversely proportional to the heat input and depends
on the material thickness, welding configuration and welding process.
Microstructure of UR™ 2304 HAZ The heat input is calculated by means of the following formula:
1100
HI (kJ/mm) = I (A) * U (V) * 60
1000
Ws (mm/min) 1000
900
Temperature (°C)
Detrimental
800
phases
I and U are read or measured on the welding machine, Ws is the
700 welding speed.
We
ld
ing
600
cyc
les
500
400
0.1 1 10 100 1000
In order to limit the cooling rate, it is necessary to apply a minimal (1) Flux / gas are proposed by the filler material supplier depending
welding heat input. The following table shows the minimal heat on filler material chemical composition and application. Welding gas
inputs for small thicknesses. with hydrogen addition is not allowed.
(2) Nitrogen can be added (1-2%) to avoid nitrogen loss in the weld
Minimal recommended heat
Welding process metal.
input (kJ/mm)
SMAW 0.35 UR™ 2304 can be welded to carbon steels, low alloy steels or
Plused GMAW 0.50 austenitic stainless steels using superduplex, duplex, 309L or
GMAW 0.60 309LMo filler materials. When an austenitic filler is used, the tensile
properties will be reduced (compared to those of the base metal),
SAW 0.30 because of the lower nitrogen and ferrite content of the welding
GTAW-PAW 0.65 product.
A maximum heat input must be applied to avoid intermetallic phases
in welded metal, please follow the recommendations provided by A non-exhaustive list of commercial filler materials
filler metal suppliers. recommended to weld UR™ 2304 can be obtained upon
request. The supply of filler materials lists by Industeel does
Industeel has developed a software able to predict the main not take away responsibility from supplier of filler material
properties of welded duplex steels taking into account the and fabricator who are totally in charge of their welding
welding parameters. Optimum heat input ranges calculated products quality.
from welding parameters can be provided upon request.
Wire/flux or wire/gas couples proposed by filler material suppliers
Choice of filler materials must be respected in order to reach the expected weld metal
properties. Covered electrodes and flux shall be carefully dried in
Two types of filler metals can be used to weld UR™ 2304:
accordance with the supplier’s instructions.
Slightly
Homogeneous
overalloyed
Covered electrodes E2209-15
EN ISO 3581-A / E 237 NLR E2209-16
ASME SFA 5.4 E2209-17
Rods and wires (1)
EN ISO 14343 / 23.7 NL (2) E(R)2209 (2)
ASME SFA 5.9
Flux cored wires (1)
23.7 NLP E2209T1-1
EN ISO 17633 /
23.7 NLR E2209T1-4
ASME SFA 5.22
56 57
Welding datasheets UR™ 2304
Heat treatment
UR™ 2304 is delivered in the solution-annealed and water-
quenched condition (950/1070°C - 1742/1958°F). The chemical
composition of UR™ 2304 is optimized in order to obtain, after heat
treatment, nearly a 50% ferrite / 50% austenite microstructure.
58 59
Welding datasheets UR™ 2205
Post-heating
Post-heating is not recommended and must be avoided when
temperature exceeds 290°C (550°F).
Hot straightening
Hot straightening is not recommended for UR™ 2205.
Heat input
Microstructure of UR™ 2205 HAZ The cooling rate is inversely proportional to the heat input and depends
1100
on the material thickness, welding configuration and welding process.
The heat input is calculated by means of the following formula:
1000
900
HI (kJ/mm) = I (A) * U (V) * 60
Temperature (°C)
Detrimental
phases
800 Ws (mm/min) 1000
700
We
600
cyc
welding speed.
les
500
400
0.1 1 10 100 1000
In order to limit the cooling rate, it is necessary to apply a minimal (1) This solution gives to the weld metal an increased corrosion
welding heat input. The following table shows the minimal heat resistance.
inputs for 5 mm thick plates. (2) Flux / gas are proposed by the filler material supplier depending
on filler material chemical composition and application. Welding gas
Minimal recommended heat with hydrogen addition is not allowed. Nitrogen can be added
Welding process
input (kJ/mm) (1-2%) to avoid nitrogen loss in the weld metal.
SMAW 0.40 (3) Classification specifies N content between 0,08% and 0,20%,
Plused GMAW 0.50 but to keep good corrosion resistance and good austenite/ferrite
GMAW 0.50 equilibrium, we recommend a minimum content of 0,10% in
deposited filler metal.
SAW 0.30
GTAW-PAW 0.70 UR™ 2205 can be welded to carbon steels, low alloy steels or
A maximum heat input must be applied to avoid intermetallic phase in austenitic stainless steels using superduplex, duplex, 309L or
welded metal, please follow the recommendations provided by filler 309LMo filler materials. When an austenitic filler is used, the tensile
metal suppliers. properties will be reduced (compared to those of the base metal),
because of the lower nitrogen and ferrite content of the welding
Industeel has developed a software able to predict the main product.
properties of welded duplex steels taking into account the
welding parameters. Optimum heat input ranges calculated A non-exhaustive list of commercial filler materials
from welding parameters can be provided upon request. recommended to weld UR™ 2205 can be obtained upon
request. The supply of filler materials lists by Industeel does
Choice of filler materials not take away responsibility from supplier of filler material
and fabricator who are totally responsible for their welding
Two types of filler metals can be used to weld UR™ 2205: products quality.
Homogeneous Overalloyed (1) Wire/flux or wire/gas couples proposed by filler material suppliers
must be respected in order to reach the expected weld metal
E2209-15 (3) E2594-15
Covered electrodes properties. Covered electrodes and flux shall be carefully dried in
E2209-16 (3) E2594-16
ASME SFA 5.4 accordance with the supplier’s instructions.
E2209-17 (3) E2594-17
Rods and wires (2)
E(R)2209 (3) E(R)2594
ASME SFA 5.9
64 65
Welding datasheets UR™ 2205
Heat treatment
UR™ 2205 is delivered in the solution-annealed and water-quenched
condition (1040/1080°C - 1904/1975°F). The chemical
composition of UR™ 2205 is optimized in order to obtain, after heat
treatment, nearly a 50% ferrite / 50% austenite microstructure.
66 67
Welding datasheets UR™ 2205
68 69
Welding datasheets UR™ 2205Mo
70 71
Welding datasheets UR™ 2205Mo
Consequently, the ferrite content in HAZ and in weld metal is directly Interpass temperature
linked to the cooling rate. The maximum allowed interpass temperature for UR™ 2205Mo is
150°C (300°F).
Post-heating
Post-heating is not recommended and must be avoided when
temperature exceeds 290°C (550°F).
Hot straightening
Hot straightening is not recommended for UR™ 2205Mo .
Detrimental
800
phases
HI (kJ/mm) = I (A) * U (V) * 60
700 Ws (mm/min) 1000
We
ld
ing
600
cyc
500
welding speed.
400
0.1 1 10 100 1000
72 73
Welding datasheets UR™ 2205Mo
The heat input must be controlled (about 10 to 25 kJ/cm is generally UR™ 2205Mo can be welded to carbon steels, low alloy steels
advised) in order to limit the cooling rate and to avoid intermetallic or austenitic stainless steels using superduplex, duplex, 309L or
phase in welded metal. In addition, please follow the recommendations 309LMo filler materials. When an austenitic filler is used, the tensile
provided by filler metal suppliers. properties will be reduced (compared to those of the base metal),
because of the lower nitrogen and ferrite content of the welding
Industeel has developed a software able to predict the main product.
properties of welded duplex steels taking into account the
welding parameters. Optimum heat input ranges calculated A non-exhaustive list of commercial filler materials
from welding parameters can be provided upon request. recommended to weld UR™ 2205Mo can be obtained upon
request. The supply of filler materials lists by Industeel does
not take away responsibility from supplier of filler material
Choice of filler materials and fabricator who are responsible for their welding products
Two types of filler metals can be used to weld UR™2205: quality.
Homogeneous Overalloyed (1) Wire/flux or wire/gas couples proposed by filler material suppliers
must be respected in order to reach the expected weld metal
E2209-15 (3) E2594-15 properties. Covered electrodes and flux shall be carefully dried in
Covered electrodes
E2209-16 (3) E2594-16 accordance with the supplier’s instructions.
ASME SFA 5.4
E2209-17 (3) E2594-17
Rods and wires (2)
E(R)2209 (3) E(R)2594
ASME SFA 5.9
Heat treatment
UR™ 2205Mo is delivered in the solution-annealed and water-
quenched condition (1040/1080°C - 1904/1975°F). The chemical
composition of UR™ 2205Mo is optimized in order to obtain, after
heat treatment, nearly a 50% ferrite / 50% austenite microstructure.
76 77
Welding datasheets UR™ 2507
UR™ 2507 is a cost efficient grade designed for Oil & Gas, marine, After hot forming, a new solution annealing heat treatment between
geothermal, refinering and petrochemical plants. 1080 and 1120°C (1976 – 2018°F) followed by water cooling is
necessary.
Cold forming
Standard Due to its higher yield strength, forces required for the cold forming
of UR™ 2507 are larger than for austenitic steels and a minimum
EN ISO 10028-7: 1.4410 – X2 Cr Ni Mo N 25-7-4 bending diameter must be applied:
ASTM: A240 – UNS S32750 •Minimum bending diameter = 3 x thickness for base metal;
ASME: SSA240 – UNS S32750 •Minimum bending diameter = 4 x thickness for a welded
assembly.
Chemical Analysis
Edges will be ground and surfaces (absence of scratches…) will be
Typical values (weight %) checked before cold forming.
78 79
Welding datasheets UR™ 2507
General welding conditions Due to the optimized chemical composition of UR™ 2507, the
maximum ferrite content in the HAZ remains below 70% even with
Welding metallurgy the highest cooling rate. In other word, there is no need to control
As for other duplex stainless steels, the weld metal of UR™ 2507 has minimal welding heat inputs.
a ferritic microstructure when solidifying.
Due to the high increase in temperature during welding (1100- For UR™ 2507 too low cooling rates could initiate ferrite
1400°C / 2010-2550°F), the ferrite content may increase in HAZ transformation into intermetallic phases detrimental to the corrosion
due to austenite to ferrite transformation. During cooling, a part of resistance and mechanical properties.
the high-temperature ferrite retransforms into austenite, providing
the weld with a ferritic-austenitic microstructure. Thermal welding condition
Pre-heating
Consequently, the ferrite content in HAZ and in weld metal is directly Preheating of UR™ 2507 is not necessary, and not recommended..
linked to the cooling rate.
Interpass temperature
The maximum allowed interpass temperature for UR™2507 is
120°C (248°F).
Post-heating
Post-heating is not recommended and must be avoided when
temperature exceeds 290°C (554°F).
Hot straightening
Microstructure of UR™ 2507 HAZ
Hot straightening is not recommended for UR™ 2507.
1100
Detrimental
800
phases on the material thickness, welding configuration and welding process.
700
The heat input is calculated by means of the following formula:
We
ld
ing
600
HI (kJ/mm) = I (A) * U (V) * 60
cyc
les
500
Ws (mm/min) 1000
400
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Holding time (minutes) I and U are read or measured on the welding machine, Ws is the
welding speed.
Vr700°C=15°C/s (900°C/h) Vr700°C=50°C/s (300°C/h)
80 81
Welding datasheets UR™ 2507
As explained before, there is no need to control the minimal (1) A nickel alloy filler material improves the corrosion resistance of
welding heat inputs for UR™ 2507. However, a maximum heat the weld metal, but gives lower tensile properties than the parent
input should be applied to avoid intermetallic phase in welded metal, metal.
please follow the recommendations provided by filler metal suppliers. (2) Flux / gas are proposed by the filler material supplier depending
on filler material chemical composition and application. Welding gas
Industeel has developed a software able to predict the main with hydrogen addition is not allowed.
properties of welded duplex steels taking into account the (3) Nitrogen can be added (1-2%) to avoid nitrogen loss in the weld
welding parameters. Optimum heat input ranges calculated metal.
from welding parameters can be provided upon request.
UR™ 2507 can be welded to carbon steels, low alloy steels or
austenitic stainless steels using superduplex, duplex, 309L or
Choice of filler materials 309LMo filler materials. When an austenitic filler is used, the tensile
Two types of filler metals can be used to weld UR™ 2507: properties will be reduced (compared to those of the base metal),
because of the lower nitrogen and ferrite content of the welding
Homogeneous Overalloyed (1) product. To weld UR™ 2507 with super-austenitic steels or nickel
alloys, we advise to use nickel alloyed filler materials, with high
E2594-15 chromium and molybdenum contents and without niobium.
E2594-16
Covered electrodes E2594-17 ENiCrMo-10 A non-exhaustive list of commercial filler materials used to
ASME SFA 5.4 / 5.11 E2595-15 ENiCrMo-13 weld UR™ 2507 can be obtained on request from Industeel.
E2595-16 The supply of filler materials lists by Industeel does not
E2595-17 take away responsibility from supplier of filler material and
fabricator who are responsible for their welding products
Rods and wires (2) E(R)NiCrMo-10
E(R)2594 (3) quality.
ASME SFA 5.9 / 5.14 E(R)NiCrMo-13
E2594T0-1 Wire/flux or wire/gas couples proposed by filler material suppliers
Flux cored wires (2) E2594T0-4 must be respected in order to reach the expected weld metal
ASME SFA 5.22 / 5.34 E2594T1-1 properties. Covered electrodes and flux shall be carefully dried in
E2594T1-4 accordance with the supplier’s instructions.
82 83
Welding datasheets UR™ 2507
Heat treatment
UR™ 2507 is delivered in the solution-annealed and water-quenched
condition (1080/1120°C - 1976/2018°F). The chemical
composition of UR™ 2507 is optimized in order to obtain, after heat
treatment, nearly a 50% ferrite / 50% austenite microstructure.
All other heat treatments, particularly the one with holding time
or with slow cooling in the 300 to 1000°C (572-1832°F) range
must be avoided. Heat treatments at 400°C (742°F) used for
dimensional stability of austenitic stainless steels are not acceptable
for UR™ 2507.
84 85
Welding datasheets UR™ 2507
86 87
Welding datasheets UR™ 2507Cu
Chemical Analysis A heat treatment (solution annealing between 1080 and 1120°C
Typical values (weight %) (1976 – 2018°F) followed by water-cooling is always required
when the final deformation by cold forming exceeds 10%. For cold
C Cr Ni Mo N Others deformation higher than 20%, an intermediate full-annealing heat
treatment is required.
< 0.030 25 6.5 3.5 0.25 1 < Cu < 2
PREN = [Cr%] + 3.3[Mo%] + 16[N%] ≥ 40
88 89
Welding datasheets UR™ 2507Cu
General welding conditions For ferrite content in the HAZ below 70%, a minimal value of heat
input is recommended.
Welding metallurgy
As for other ferritic-austenitic stainless steels, the weld metal For UR™ 2507Cu too low cooling rates could initiate ferrite
of UR™ 2507Cu has a completely ferritic microstructure when transformation into intermetallic phases detrimental to the corrosion
solidifying. resistance and mechanical properties.
Due to the high increase in temperature during welding (1100-
1400°C / 2010-2550°F), the ferrite content may increase in HAZ Thermal welding condition
due to austenite to ferrite transformation. During cooling, a part of Pre-heating
the high-temperature ferrite retransforms into austenite, providing Preheating of UR™ 2507Cu is not necessary, and not recommended.
the weld with a ferritic-austenitic microstructure.
Interpass temperature
Consequently, the ferrite content in HAZ and in weld metal is directly The maximum allowed interpass temperature for UR™2507Cu is
linked to the cooling rate. 120°C (248°F).
Post-heating
Post-heating is not recommended and must be avoided when
temperature exceeds 290°C (554°F).
Hot straightening
Hot straightening is not recommended for UR™ 2507Cu.
Heat input
Microstructure of UR™ 2507Cu
The cooling rate is inversely proportional to the heat input and depends
1100 on the material thickness, welding configuration and welding process.
1000 The heat input is calculated by means of the following formula:
900
Temperature (°C)
Detrimental
800
phases HI (kJ/mm) = I (A) * U (V) * 60
Ws (mm/min) 1000
700
We
ld
ing
welding speed.
les
500
400
0.1 1 10 100 1000
The graph hereafter, shows the minimum heat input values which Choice of filler materials
can be used to have limited ferrite content in HAZ, for a butt weld,
according to welding process, and plate thickness. Two types of filler metals can be used to weld UR™ 2507Cu:
E2594-15
E2594-16
Covered electrodes E2594-17 ENiCrMo-10
ASME SFA 5.4 / 5.11 E2595-15 ENiCrMo-13
E2595-16
E2595-17
E2594T0-1
Flux cored wires (2) E2594T0-4
ASME SFA 5.22 / 5.34 E2594T1-1
E2594T1-4
A maximum heat input must be applied to avoid intermetallic phase in (1) A nickel alloy filler material improves the corrosion resistance of
welded metal, please follow the recommendations provided by filler the weld metal, but gives lower tensile properties than the parent
metal suppliers. metal.
(2) Flux / gas are proposed by the filler material supplier depending
Industeel has developed a software able to predict the main on filler material chemical composition and application. Welding gas
properties of welded duplex steels taking into account the with hydrogen addition is not allowed.
welding parameters. Optimum heat input ranges calculated (3) Nitrogen can be added (1-2%) to avoid nitrogen loss in the weld
from welding parameters can be provided upon request. metal.
92 93
Welding datasheets UR™ 2507Cu
UR™ 2507Cu can be welded to carbon steels, low alloy steels Cleaning, pickling and passivation of welds
or austenitic stainless steels using superduplex, duplex, 309L or
309LMo filler materials. When an austenitic filler is used, the tensile Cleaning of welded zones is commonly performed by chemical
properties will be reduced (compared to those of the base metal), methods. Mechanical methods can be preliminarily used. Welds
because of the lower nitrogen and ferrite content of the welding can be finely ground and polished, sand-blasted or micro-beaded
product. To weld UR™ 2507 with super-austenitic steels or nickel (products without iron particles). Surface cleaning must be realized
alloys, we advise to use nickel alloyed filler materials, with high after pickling.
chromium and molybdenum contents and without niobium.
Pickling can be performed by immersion in a fluo-nitric bath (duration
A non-exhaustive list of commercial filler materials used to twice than that of 316L) or using a commercial pickling paste as for
weld UR™ 2507 can be obtained on request from Industeel. others stainless steels. These operations must be conducted with
The supply of filler materials lists by Industeel does not high security (ventilation, protective clothing and rubber gloves).
take away responsibility from supplier of filler material and
fabricator who are responsible for their welding products
quality. Heat treatment
UR™ 2507Cu is delivered in the solution-annealed and water-
Wire/flux or wire/gas couples proposed by filler material suppliers quenched condition (1080/1120°C - 1976/2018°F). The chemical
must be respected in order to reach the expected weld metal composition of UR™ 2507Cu is optimized in order to obtain, after
properties. Covered electrodes and flux shall be carefully dried in heat treatment, nearly a 50% ferrite / 50% austenite microstructure.
accordance with the supplier’s instructions.
These solution-annealing conditions must be respected for final or
intermediate heat treatment in case of forming and when a solution-
annealing or a stress-relieving treatment is required after welding.
All other heat treatments, particularly the one with holding time
or with slow cooling in the 300 to 1000°C (572-1832°F) range
must be avoided. Heat treatments at 400°C (742°F) used for
dimensional stability of austenitic stainless steels are not acceptable
for UR™ 2507Cu.
94 95
Welding datasheets UR™ 2507W
Chemical Analysis A heat treatment (solution annealing between 1080 and 1120°C
Typical values (weight %) (1976 – 2018°F) followed by water-cooling is always required
when the final deformation by cold forming exceeds 10%. For cold
C Cr Ni Mo N Others deformation higher than 20%, an intermediate full-annealing heat
treatment is required.
Cu 0.8
< 0.030 25 7 3.4 0.23
W 0.8
PREN = [Cr%] + 3.3[Mo%] + 16[N%] ≥ 40
96 97
Welding datasheets UR™ 2507W
General welding conditions For ferrite content in the HAZ below 70%, a minimal value of
heat input is recommended.
Welding metallurgy
As for other ferritic-austenitic stainless steels, the weld metal of For UR™ 2507W too low cooling rates could initiate ferrite
UR™ 2507W has a completely ferritic microstructure when transformation into intermetallic phases detrimental to the corrosion
solidifying. resistance and mechanical properties.
Due to the high increase in temperature during welding (1100-
1400°C / 2010-2550°F), the ferrite content may increase in HAZ Thermal welding condition
due to austenite to ferrite transformation. During cooling, a part of Pre-heating
the high-temperature ferrite retransforms into austenite, providing Preheating of UR™ 2507W is not necessary, and not recommended..
the weld with a ferritic-austenitic microstructure.
Interpass temperature
Consequently, the ferrite content in HAZ and in weld metal is directly The maximum allowed interpass temperature for UR™ 2507W is
linked to the cooling rate. 120°C (248°F).
Post-heating
Post-heating is not recommended and must be avoided when
temperature exceeds 290°C (554°F).
Hot straightening
Hot straightening is not recommended for UR™ 2507W.
Heat input
Microstructure of UR™ 2507W HAZ
The cooling rate is inversely proportional to the heat input and depends
1100 on the material thickness, welding configuration and welding process.
1000 The heat input is calculated by means of the following formula:
900
HI (kJ/mm) = I (A) * U (V) * 60
Temperature (°C)
Detrimental
phases
Ws (mm/min) 1000
800
700
I and U are read or measured on the welding machine, Ws is the
We
ld
ing
500
400
0.1 1 10 100 1000
The graph hereafter, shows the minimum heat input values which Choice of filler materials
can be used to have limited ferrite content in HAZ, for a butt weld,
according to welding process, and plate thickness. Two types of filler metals can be used to weld UR™ 2507W:
E2594-15
E2594-16
Covered electrodes E2594-17 ENiCrMo-10
ASME SFA 5.4 / 5.11 E2595-15 ENiCrMo-13
E2595-16
E2595-17
E2594T0-1
Flux cored wires (2) E2594T0-4
ASME SFA 5.22 / 5.34 E2594T1-1
E2594T1-4
A maximum heat input must be applied to avoid intermetallic phase (1) A nickel alloy filler material improves the corrosion resistance of
in welded metal, please follow the recommendations provided by the weld metal, but gives lower tensile properties than the parent
filler metal suppliers. metal.
(2) Flux / gas are proposed by the filler material supplier depending
Industeel has developed a software able to predict the main on filler material chemical composition and application. Welding gas
properties of welded duplex steels taking into account the with hydrogen addition is not allowed.
welding parameters. Optimum heat input ranges calculated (3) Nitrogen can be added (1-2%) to avoid nitrogen loss in the weld
from welding parameters can be provided upon request. metal.
100 101
Welding datasheets
A non-exhaustive list of commercial filler materials used to Cleaning, pickling and passivation of welds
weld UR™ 2507 can be obtained on request from Industeel.
The supply of filler materials lists by Industeel does not Cleaning of welded zones is commonly performed by chemical
take away responsibility from supplier of filler material and methods. Mechanical methods can be preliminarily used. Welds
fabricator who are responsible for their welding products can be finely ground and polished, sand-blasted or micro-beaded
quality. (products without iron particles). Surface cleaning must be realized
after pickling.
Wire/flux or wire/gas couples proposed by filler material suppliers
must be respected in order to reach the expected weld metal Pickling can be performed by immersion in a fluo-nitric bath (duration
properties. Covered electrodes and flux shall be carefully dried in twice than that of 316L) or using a commercial pickling paste as for
accordance with the supplier’s instructions. others stainless steels. These operations must be conducted with
high security (ventilation, protective clothing and rubber gloves).
Heat treatment
UR™ 2507W is delivered in the solution-annealed and water-
quenched condition (1080/1120°C - 1976/2018°F). The chemical
composition of UR™ 2507W is optimized in order to obtain, after
heat treatment, nearly a 50% ferrite / 50% austenite microstructure.
All other heat treatments, particularly the one with holding time
or with slow cooling in the 300 to 1000°C (572-1832°F) range
must be avoided. Heat treatments at 400°C (742°F) used for
dimensional stability of austenitic stainless steels are not acceptable
for UR™ 2507W.
102 103
Welding qualification
Properties prediction software
Industeel has developed a database software using 40 years of The software can predict the maximum ferrite content in the
welding data to predict the properties of a duplex weld, based weld and HAZ, the primary solidification structure, the corrosion
on the welding procedure and chemical composition of the base properties (critical pitting temperature according to ASTM G48),
and filler materials. This tool is available upon request and will help the mechanical properties, the hot cracking sensitivity and nitrogen
improve your welding procedures for optimized weld properties. solubility.
104 105
Notes : Notes :
Notes : Notes :
Industeel France
Le Creusot plant
56, rue Clemenceau - BP 19
F - 71201 LE CREUSOT Cedex
FRANCE
Tel : + 33 3 85 80 50 14
https://industeel.arcelormittal.com