Journal of Instrumentation

A novel UWB antenna using capacitively-loaded fork-shaped resonator

and modified fork-shaped DMS for interference mitigation with WiMAX
and WLAN applications
To cite this article: M.A. Salamin et al 2019 JINST 14 P03008

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 Published by IOP Publishing for Sissa Medialab
Received: February 11, 2019
Accepted: February 22, 2019
Published: March 8, 2019

A novel UWB antenna using capacitively-loaded

fork-shaped resonator and modified fork-shaped DMS for

2019 JINST 14 P03008

interference mitigation with WiMAX and WLAN
applications

M.A. Salamin,a,1 W.A.E. Alib and A. Zugaric

a Electrical Engineering Department, Palestine Polytechnic University,
Hebron, Palestine
b Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Arab Academy for Science,

Technology & Maritime Transport (AASTMT),

Alexandria, Egypt
c Information and Telecommunication System Laboratory, Department of Physics,

Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University,

Tétouan, Morocco

E-mail: m.sal_1994@outlook.sa

Abstract: In this work, a novel ultra-wideband antenna with dual-band notches is presented. The
metallic patch is formed by using semi-circular and dual symmetrical triangular structures. A
semi-elliptical shape was etched in a partial ground plane to broaden the impedance bandwidth
of the antenna. In order to obtain notch behavior, a fork-shaped ring resonator was loaded at the
front face of the antenna. This ring is responsible for mitigating the interference with WiMAX
working from 3.3 GHz to 3.7 GHz band. Moreover, the second band was generated using a modified
dual connected cells of fork-shaped structure which embedded in the metallic patch as a defected
microstrip structure (DMS). This notch is used to mitigate interference with WLAN working from
5.1 GHz to 5.9 GHz band. The simulation and experimental results show that the antenna can be
used for UWB applications except at dual band-notches.

Keywords: Antennas; Microwave Antennas

c 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab

https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/03/P03008
Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Antenna design 2

3 Design methodology of the proposed antenna 3

3.1 UWB antenna design 3
3.2 Dual band notched antenna design 5

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4 Parametric study 6
4.1 Effect of antenna parameter d2 7
4.2 Effect of antenna parameter d3 7
4.3 Effect of antenna parameter d5 7
4.4 Effect of antenna parameter d6 7

5 Current distribution analysis 8

6 Results and discussions 10

7 Conclusion 13

1 Introduction

Nowadays, because of the quick expansion in wireless communication systems, there was a need to
design multiband, wideband and high gain antennas to fully cover the requirements of this modern
communication system [1–4]. Since the unlicensed use of UWB frequency range was authorized by
the first report and order by the federal communications commission (FCC)on February 14, 2002 [5],
this made a new revolution in antenna design. Furthermore, UWB technology has attracted numer-
ous awareness due to wide bandwidth, high speed data rate, good radiation characteristics and low
profile [6, 7]. The UWB range defined from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, so the designed antenna should
cover the whole band. However, there are some other present narrowband services that already oc-
cupy frequencies in the UWB band, for example, wireless local area network (WLAN)from 5.1 GHz
to 5.9 GHz, world interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) from 3.3 GHz to 3.7 GHz, and
C-Band satellite communication from 7.1 GHz to 7.9 GHz. In order to reduce this interference, the
design of UWB antennas with band-notched features becomes mandatory. Several methods to ob-
tain band notched were reported recently such as using L-shaped strips [8], open loop resonator [9],
slots on the radiating patch [10–12], complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) [13], parasitic
resonators [14], mushroom EBG structure [15, 16], and Dumbbell shaped structure [17].
In this work, a novel UWB dual band-notched antenna is presented. The antenna was designed
using a hybrid structure of a semi-circular patch connected with a two triangular shaped metallic

–1–
structures. This hybrid combination employed with a partial ground plane with a semi-elliptical
shaped slot to provide wide impedance bandwidth. In order to attain the dual-band notches, a novel
band rejection structures are presented. These structures are formed by using a single and dual cells
of fork-shaped structure. By loading a single metallic cell of fork-shaped structure on the patch,
the first band was achieved at 3.3 GHz, which can be used to minimize interference with WiMAX
from (3.3–3.7) GHz band. Moreover, the second notch was achieved by using a modified double
connected cells of fork-shaped structure. This structure was etched in the mid of the semi-circular
metallic patch. However, this notch is centered at 5.5 GHz, which can be used to minimize the
interference effect with WLAN from (5.1–5.9) GHz band.

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2 Antenna design

The modified structure of the antenna is shown in figure 1. The antenna was designed using
a combination of semi-circular with a two symmetrical triangle to form the metallic patch of
this antenna. A partial ground plane with a semi-elliptical notch was introduced. This hybrid
combination was employed to improve antenna performance like impedance bandwidth as well as
return loss. The designed antenna provides impedance bandwidth from 2.8 GHz to 11.25 GHz.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 1. Schematic view of the designed antenna. (a) Front face. (b) Back face. (c) Metallic fork structure.
(d) Defected microstrip structure.

–2–
An inexpensive 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 and loss tangent 0.02 was
used. Figure 2 shows the simulated S11 and VSWR results of the antenna with and without
band-notches. Table 1 summarizes the dimensions of the designed antenna.

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(a) (b)

Figure 2. (a) Simulated return loss (S11 ) of the antenna. (b) Simulated VSWR of the antenna.

Table 1. Dimensions of the proposed antenna in (mm).

Dimension L W L1 L2 L3 Lf Wf a1 a2
Value 35.0 35.0 12.2 11.1 13.5 8.4 2.9 4.54 0.75
Dimension T1 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 T2
Value 1.0 6.0 6.6 4.4 3.0 2.5 2.5 4.0 0.5

3 Design methodology of the proposed antenna

3.1 UWB antenna design

The proposed UWB monopole antenna design procedures are illustrated in figure 3 (a). in the first
stage (case I), the proposed antenna is formed by using a semi-circular metallic disc as a radiating
patch with a partial ground plane. As the first order of estimation, the radius of this semi-circular
disc was calculated using the following equations [18]:
F
a=   12 (3.1)
1+ 2h
π∗εr ∗F [ln( π∗F
2h )+1.7726]

where
8.791 × 109
F= √
fr εr

–3–
where a: actual radius of the patch, fr : center frequency, h: height of the substrate, and εr :
dielectric constant of the substrate. This semi-circular patch provides a dual band at 5 and 11 GHz
(case I). In order to improve the bandwidth of the designed antenna, a dual symmetrical triangular
shaped structures were used. The bandwidth of the first band was improved by 0.1 GHz, hence
the bandwidth of the upper band is slightly affected (case II). Moreover, the bandwidth of the first
band was enhanced by 3 GHz, while the bandwidth of the second band was enhanced by 0.1 GHz
(case III). The DGS was used widely in microwave component design lately. This DGS can be
formed by inserting a specific shape in the ground plane of the antenna. Consequently, the DGS
will disturb the current over the surface of the antenna. Moreover, the capacitance between the
ground plane and the patch will be enhanced by inserting this DGS structure, hence, the impedance

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characteristics will be improved. To broaden the impedance bandwidth of the antenna in order to
easily cover UWB range from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, a semi-elliptical notch employed in the ground
plane as a DGS (case IV). Figure 3 (b) shows the corresponding S11 results of the proposed UWB

case I case II case III case IV

(a)

(b)

Figure 3. (a) Design procedure of the desired antenna. (b) Corresponding S11 results.

–4–
antenna. As observed from figure 3 (b) (case IV), the antenna presents a wideband range from 3 to
12 GHz that could without difficulty cover the requirements of UWB applications.

3.2 Dual band notched antenna design

Figure 4 shows the step-by-step evaluation process of the proposed UWB notched antenna, the
corresponding return loss (S11 ), and VSWR results. To attain the first notched band, a single cell
of fork-shaped loaded at the front face of the antenna is presented as shown in figure 4 (a) (case II).
This notch is centered at 3.36 GHz and ranges from 3.1 GHz to 3.6 GHz, to overcome interference
with WiMAX, which operate in the frequency band of 3.3 GHz to 3.6 GHz.

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case I case II case III
(a)

(b) (c)

Figure 4. (a) Step-by-step evaluation process of the desired notched antenna. (b) Corresponding S11 results.
(c) Corresponding VSWR results.

–5–
 (a) (b) (c)

Figure 5. Evaluation process of the modified DMS. (a) Step 1. (b) Step 2. (c) Modified DMS.

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As the first order of estimation, the center frequency and the length of fork-shaped resonator
are calculated by utilizing the following equations:
C
fnotch1 = √ (3.2)
4 ∗ Ln1 ∗ εreff
Ln1 = (d1 + d2 + d3) − (4 ∗ T1) (3.3)
εr + 1
εreff = (3.4)
2
where Ln1 : the effective length of the fork-shaped ring, C : the speed of light, fnotch1 : the first notch
frequency, εreff : the effective dielectric constant, d1 and d2: the lengths of the lower and upper
vertical arms of fork-shaped resonator, d3 : the spacing between the two upper arms of fork-shaped
resonator. In addition to this, the second notched band is centered at 5.49 GHz and range from
5.03 GHz to 5.92 GHz to overcome the interference effect with lower and upper bands of WLAN
network operating in the frequency range from 5.1 GHz to 5.9 GHz. To realize this notched band, a
novel modified fork-shaped structure was introduced as a DMS as shown in figure 4 (a) (case III).
This modified shape formed by using a single cell of fork-shaped structure associated with another
inverted cell of fork-shaped structure. This mixture of the dual cells of fork-shaped resonators
was employed to enhance the performance of the second notched band. Figure 5 illustrates the
evaluation process of this modified DMS. As the primary order of estimation, the center frequency
and the aggregate length of every single cell are calculated by utilizing the following equations:
C
fnotch2 = √ (3.5)
4 ∗ Ln2 ∗ εreff
Ln2 = (d5 + 2 ∗ d6 + d7) − (4 ∗ T2) (3.6)

where Ln2: the effective length of every single cell of modified fork-shaped DMS, C: the speed of
light, fnotch2 : the second notch frequency, d5 and d6: the lengths of the lower and upper vertical
arms of fork-shaped resonator, d7 : the spacing between the two upper/lower arms of fork-shaped
resonator.

4 Parametric study

In order to design the desired UWB antenna with notches capabilities, the bandwidth and center
frequency of every notch should take attention. In this phase, a parametric analysis was carried

–6–
out using computer simulation technology (CST) software to present a clarification for the effect of
primary parameters on bandwidth and center frequency for each notch, in addition, the impedance
behavior of the antenna. The essential parameters which studied at this stage are d2 which represents
the length of the vertical arms of fork-shaped resonator, d3 which represents the spacing between
the upper arms of the fork-shaped resonator, d5 which represent the length of the lower vertical
slots of DMS, and d6 which represent the length of the upper vertical slots of DMS.

4.1 Effect of antenna parameter d2

Figure 6 (a) shows the simulated VSWR results based on changing the parameter d2. It’s obviously
observed that by increasing the value of d2 from 5.6 mm to 7.6 mm, the first notch is shifted

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towards lower frequencies from 3.46 GHz to 3.27 GHz, whereas the center of the second notch
remains unaffected. However, this alteration in parameter d2 affects the impedance bandwidth of
the antenna. It can be concluded that the parameter d2 have a sizable impact at the center frequency
of the first notch as well as the bandwidth, whilst it has a barely impact on the bandwidth of the
upper notch. Consequently, the best value for d2 is 6.6 mm.

4.2 Effect of antenna parameter d3

Figure 6 (b) demonstrates the simulated VSWR results depending on changing the parameter d3.
It’s apparent from figure that when d3 is increased from 3.6 mm to 5.2 mm, the first band rejection
is shifted from 3.5 GHz to 3.09 GHz, whereas the center of the second notch stays unaffected. The
impedance bandwidth of the antenna is slightly varied. It can be noticed that the parameter d3 have
a critical impact on the center frequency of the first notch, while it has an insignificant impact on
the bandwidth of this notch. At the same time, there is no effect on the bandwidth of the upper
notch. The total bandwidth of the antenna is slightly varied. The value of d3 is set to be 4.4 mm
for best performance.

4.3 Effect of antenna parameter d5

Figure 6 (c) demonstrates the simulated VSWR results dependent on changing the parameter d5.
It’s evident that when d5 varies from 1.5 mm to 3.5 mm, the upper notch moved from 5.82 GHz to
5.15 GHz, However, the center of the lower notch marginally affected. This variation on d5 led to a
little change in the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. It tends to be seen that the parameter d5
has a basic effect on the center of the upper notch as well as on the bandwidth of the same notch
while it has no effect on the bandwidth of the lower notch. The value of d5 is set to be 2.5 mm for
achieving good impedance characteristics.

4.4 Effect of antenna parameter d6

Figure 6 (d) exhibits the simulated VSWR results based on changing the parameter d6. It’s
manifestly found that via changing the value of d6 from 1.5 mm to 3.5 mm, the upper notch moved
from 5.81 GHz to 5.16 GHz, in the direction of the lower frequencies, However, the center of the
lower notch is totally unaffected. It noticed that the variation in d6 has a little influence on the
antenna bandwidth. It may be concluded that the parameter d6 have an extensive impact on the
center frequency of the upper notch as well as the bandwidth, whilst it hasn’t any impact on the
bandwidth of the lower notch. The chosen value for d6 is 2.5 mm.

–7–
 2019 JINST 14 P03008
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 6. Simulated VSWR of the proposed notched antenna. (a) Variation of d2. (b) Variation of d3. (c)
Variation of d5. (d) Variation of d6.

5 Current distribution analysis

To clarify the impact of fork-shaped which stacked at the front side of the antenna as a metal ring and
the modified fork-shaped which embedded in the radiating patch, the simulated current distribution at
3.36 GHz and 5.49 GHz are clarified in figures 7 and 8, respectively. The surface current distribution
of the proposed antenna became disturbed due to the incorporating the notched structures. As shown
in figure 7, with the aid of incorporating the fork-shaped resonator and coupling it to the radiating

–8–
patch, this brought approximately a big increment in the density of the current around this fork
resonator and disturbed the current along radiating patch. However, this concentration of current
results in an excessive attenuation due to impedance mismatching, consequently, prevent the antenna
capability to radiate at this band. As shown from figure 8, the current is extraordinarily focused
along the modified fork-shaped DMS. Furthermore, this remarkable increase in current density will
even provide high attenuation at the stop band, as a result, prevent the radiation at this band. It is
also discovered from figures 7 and 8 that there is extremely low mutual coupling between the two
band notched resonators, which demonstrates that every stopband may be managed autonomously.
To profoundly indicate the impact of connected dual cells of fork-shaped and inverted fork-shaped
resonators (modified fork-shaped DMS) to provide the second stop band, a zoomed view of current

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is showed up in figure 9. It has a tendency to be observed that the current is focused at every cell of
modified DMS around the center point of this DMS in opposite direction. This similarity of current
in contrary directions will cancel each other. In this manner, the resultant radiation field will cancel
each other, and excessive attenuation close to the stop band is performed.

(a) (b)

Figure 7. Simulated current distribution at 3.36 GHz. (a) Front side. (b) Back side.

(a) (b)

Figure 8. Simulated current distribution at 5.49 GHz. (a) Front side. (b) Back side.

–9–
 Figure 9. Zoomed view of the simulated current distribution on DMS at 5.49 GHz.

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6 Results and discussions

The structure of the designed antenna was fabricated by utilizing a less expensive FR4 substrate.
Figure 10 provides the front and the back views of the fabricated UWB dual band notched antenna.
In order to verify the validity of the designed antenna to be utilized for UWB applications, the return
loss of the fabricated antenna has been measured using Agilent N9918A vector network analyzer
(VNA). Figure 11 displays a comparison between simulated and measured return loss and VSWR
of the designed antenna. It’s obviously observed that the simulated and measured return loss (S11 )
accomplish a very good agreement. The measured S11 demonstrates that the antenna achieves a wide
performance from 3 GHz to a greater than 12 GHz with a dual notched band for filtering purposes.
The first band is centered at 3.4 GHz and ranges from 3.26 GHz to 4.0 GHz which can easily reject
WiMAX band. The second band is centered at 5.49 GHz and ranges from 4.9 GHz to 5.89 GHz
which can easily reject WLAN band. This indicates the validity of the antenna to be used for
UWB applications while mitigating interference with WiMAX and WLAN applications. However,
there’s a barely difference between simulated and measured curves, this could be happened due to
tolerance of fabrication process and SMA connector loss.
Figure 12 displays the simulated gain and radiation efficiency of the designed antenna. As
observed from figure 12 (a), the antenna accomplishes appropriate gain up to 5.7 dBi. However, an
enormous decline in gain is observed at the notched bands which affirms the dual band rejection
functionality of the proposed antenna. The achieved gain at 3.36 GHz and 5.49 GHz are −2.23 dB
and −1.51 dB, respectively. The desirable height gain of the antenna expects at the dual notched
band enhance the ability of the designed antenna to be used in UWB application. Figure 12 (b) shows
the radiation efficiency versus frequency with and without notched-band. The simulated efficiency
reaches a maximum value of 91 % and a minimal value of 67% inside the frequency range from
2.8 GHz to 11.25 GHz except at notched band. Furthermore, the simulated efficiency in the case of
band notched UWB drop down considerably to less than 23% and 41% at 3.36 GHz and 5.49 GHz,
respectively. As concluded, the significant reduction of radiation efficiency in addition to gain at
notched bands affirm the potential of the designed antenna to reject WiMAX and WLAN bands.
The radiation pattern is standout amongst the most vital characteristics which has to be simu-
lated and measured for the designed antenna. In any case, the newly wireless systems lean towards
the stable omnidirectional and bi-directional radiation patterns, as a result; the designed antenna
should effortlessly cover these necessities. Figure 13 displays the simulated and measured radiation

– 10 –
 2019 JINST 14 P03008
(a) (b)

Figure 10. Photograph of the fabricated model. (a) Front face. (b) Back face.

(a) (b)

Figure 11. (a) Simulated and measured return loss (S11 ). (b) Simulated and measure VSWR.

pattern of the designed antenna in the E-plane and H-plane at 4.6 GHz and 6.3 GHz, respectively.
It’s plainly discovered that the antenna provides stable bi-directional radiation pattern in E-plane
and stable omnidirectional radiation pattern in H-plane. Therefore, this provides the validity of
the designed antenna to cover the radiation pattern requirements which are favored in wireless
applications. Table 2 accomplishes a comparison between this work and other recently published
papers in terms of size, bandwidth, fractional bandwidth, notched frequencies, notched bandwidth
(%), and the realized gain.

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 2019 JINST 14 P03008
(a) (b)

Figure 12. (a) Simulated realized gain. (b) Simulated radiation efficiency.

0 0
-30 30 -30 30
-10.00 -10.00
-20.00 -20.00
-60 60 -60 60
-30.00 -30.00
-40.00 -40.00

-90 90 -90 90

-120 120 -120 120

-150 150 -150 150

-180 -180
E -plane H-plane
(a)

0 0
-30 30 -30 30
-10.00 -10.00
-20.00 -20.00
-60 60 -60 60
-30.00 -30.00
-40.00 -40.00

-90 90 -90 90

-120 120 -120 120

-150 150 -150 150

-180 -180
E -plane H-plane
(b)

Figure 13. Simulated (solid) and measured (dashed) radiation pattern of the designed antenna. (a) At
4.6 GHz. (b) At 6.3 GHz.

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 Table 2. Performance comparison between the proposed antenna and the recently reported antennas.

Ref. Size (mm2 ) Frequency Fractional Notch Notch Realized

range bandwidth frequencies bandwidth gain
(GHz) (%) (GHz) (%) (dB)
3.6 16.5 −3.6
[12] 39.5 × 28 1.7–13 153.7
5.6 12.5 −4.9
3.5 5.7 −0.5
[13] 34 × 30 3–11 114.2
5.5 14.5 −1
5.2 7.6 −2

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[14] 32 × 24 3.1–> 11 112.0
8.2 7.4 −3
3.5 11.4 −2
[15] 32 × 48 2.81–14.3 134.5
5.5 14.2 0.2
3.6 13.6 −2.4
[16] 40 × 38 2.8–12 124.3
5.5 12.7 −4.1
5.6 20.1 −3.93
[17] 25 × 32 2.85–15.5 137.8
7.6 13.1 −1
3.4 20.3 −2.23
This work 35 × 35 3–> 12 120.0
5.49 18.2 −1.51

7 Conclusion

In this article, a novel ultra-wideband microstrip-fed monopole antenna with dual band-notched
appropriate for UWB applications has been presented. The antenna was designed by means of
using a semi-circular and dual symmetrical triangular structures which formed the radiating patch.
By utilizing a mixture of capacitively-loaded fork-shaped ring and a modified fork-shaped DMS,
dual band-notches were achieved. The dual band-notches were achieved at 3.36 and 5.49 GHz for
interference mitigation purpose with WiMAX and WLAN systems, respectively. The designed
antenna offers a sufficient bandwidth from 3 GHz to over than 12 GHz. Additionally, the designed
antenna affords desirable agreement between measured and simulated results which verify the
suitability of the proposed antenna for UWB applications.

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