University of

Benghazi Faculty of
Engineering
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Department

Design and Improvement of Microstrip Patch

Antenna Parameters Using Defected Ground
Structure

By…
Mohamed faraj ahmed (25190)

Supervisor by…

Omran saleem

Academic year

2021
 Contect

CHAPTER 11
INTRODUCTION1
1.1 Background of Study2
1.2 Problem Statement4
1.3 Aim of the Project5
1.4 Objectives5
1.5 Thesis Organization5
CHAPTER 26
ANTENNA THEORY6
2.1 INTODUCTION7
2.2 Antenna Parameters7
2.2.1 Antenna Gain7
2.2.2 Bandwidth8
2.2.3 Directivity9
2.2.4 Antenna Efficiency10
2.2.5 Input Impedance10
2.2.6 Radiation Pattern11
2.2.7 Return Loss12
2.2.8 Side lobes13
2.2.9 Front-to-Back RATIO13
2.2.10 VSWR14
2.3 Patch Antenna15
2.3.1 Patch Antenna Definition15
2.3.2 Advantages of Patch Antennas17
2.3.3 Disadvantages of Patch Antenna are18
2.4 Feeding Techniques18
2.4.1 Feed Coaxial19
2.4.2Microstrip Line feeding Method20
2.4.3Proximity Coupled Method22
2.4.4Aperture Coupled Feed Method23
2.5 Advantages and desadvantages of feed Techniques25
2.6 Methods of Analysis in Rectangular patch26
2.7 Design26

I
 2.8Defected Ground structue 29
2.8.1introduction30
2.8.2DGS classification30
2.8.3single unit cell DGS31
CHAPTER 333
Methods34
3.1 INDENTATIONS AND EQUATIONS34
3.2 Simulation scenarios36
3.2.1 scenario 1 36
3.2.2 scenario 2 37
CHAPTER 439
Result39
4.1 Introduction40
4.1.1 scenario 140
4.1.1.1 Return loss and Antenna Bandwidth40
4.1.1.2 Gain:41
4.1.1.3 voltage standing wave ratio.42
4.1.1.4 Directivity43
4.1.2 scenario 244
4.1.2.1 Antenna Bandwidth44
4.1.2.2Gain 45
4.1.2.3 voltage standing wave ratio.46
4.1.2.4 Directivity47
4.2 Comparative Study Of All scenariops results48
CHAPTER 549
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK49
5.1 Introduction50
5.2 Conclusion50
5.3 future work51

LIST OF FIGURE

Fig (1.1) Rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA)4

Figure 2. 1: Determination of HPBW from radiation pattern 9
Figure 2. 2: Coordinate system for antenna analysis12
Figure 2. 3: RL curve of an antenna 13
II
 Figure 2.4. (a) show side how side lobes (b) show the antenna pattern with main, back and side
lobes14
Figure 2.5: Types of Patch Antenna [6]16
Figure 2. 6: A Typical Microstrip Patch Antenna 16
Fig 2.7 Microstrip patch antenna 17
Figure 2.8: show the typical feeding method of a patch antenna 18
Figure 2. 9: The equivalent circuit for the feeding technique 19
Figure 2.10: Coaxial feed 20
Figure 2. 11: Microstrip Line Feed 21
Figure 2. 12: Microstrip patch antenna with feed from side 21
Figure 2. 13: Microstrip patch antenna showing all dimensions 22
Figure 2. 14: Proximity coupled feeder 23
Figure 2.15. Aperture couple Feed 24
Figure 2.16. Basic classification of DGS 31
Figure 2.17. some of different shape of DGS 32
Figure 3.1:microstrip patch antenna in CST studio 37
Figure 3. 2 ground antenna in CST studio 37
Figure 3.3: shown to slot on the ground 38
Figure 4.1. bandwidth of a microstrip patch antenna 41
Figure 4.2. Return loss of a microstrip patch antenna 41
Figure 4.3 Simulated 3D Gain plot of single patch antenna at 4.1GHz 42
Figure 4.4: Simulated polar Gain in patch antenna at 4.1 GHz 42
Figure 4.5. VSWR of a microstrip patch antenna 43
Figure 4.6. Simulated 3D Directivity in patch antenna at 2.4 GHz 43
Figure 4.7. Simulated polar Directivity plot of patch antenna at 2.4 GHz44
Figure 4.8. bandwidth of a microstrip patch antenna with slot45
Figure 4.9. Return loss of a microstrip patch antenna with slot45
Figure 4.10. the 3D Gain with DGS46
Figure 4.11. the polar Gain with DGS46
Figure 4.12. VSWR of microstrip patch antenna47
Figure 4.13. the 3D Directivity with DGS47
Figure 4.14. the polar Directivity with DGS47

III
IV
CHAPTER 1

Introduction
 ABSTRACT
In this project simple RMPA is designed and its performance
parameters are compared with RMPA having defected ground plane.
The antenna is simulated at 2.4 GHz using CST simulation
software .This work mainly includes modification of antenna ground
plane called as Defected Ground Structure (DGS). The parameters of
antenna such as Reflection coefficient, Gain, VSWR and Bandwidth,
with and without DGS are measured. The main focus of this project is
to improve band width so that patch antenna is used for wide band
applications and study effect of DGS on antenna parameters.

Keywords - CST, Defected Ground Structure (DGS), Reflection

coefficient, Rectagular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMPA), VSWR .

1.1 Background of study:

Antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive
electromagnetic waves. Microstrip antennas have several advantages
over conventional microwave antenna and therefore are widely used
in many practical applications.
Antennas play a very important role in the field of wireless
communications. Some of them are Parabolic Reflectors, Patch
Antennas, Slot Antennas, and Folded Dipole Antennas. Each type of
antenna is good in their own properties and usage. We can say
antennas are the backbone and almost everything in the wireless
communication without which the world could have not reached at
this age of technology.
In high-performance like aircraft, spacecraft, satellite and missile
application, where sizes, weight, cost, performance, ease of
installation, and aerodynamic profile are constraints, low profile
antenna may be required. Presently there are many other government
and commercial application, such as mobile radio and wireless
communications, which have similar specifications. Microstrip patch
antenna can be used based on these requirements. This antenna are

2
low profile, conformable to planar and non-planar surface, simple
and low cost to manufacture by using a modern printed circuit
technology. Microstrip antennas consist of a patch of metallization on
a grounded substrate. These are low-profile, light weight antennas,
most suitable for a erospace and mobile applications. Because of their
low-power handling capability, these antenna can be used in low-
power transmitting and receiving applications.
The simple Microstrip patch Antenna consists of a dielectric substrate
having fixed dielectric constant. Radiating patch is present on one
side of a dielectric substrate and a ground plane is present on other
side of a substrate. The metallic patch may take any geometrical
shapes like rectangular, triangular, circular, helical, ring, elliptical
etc. The dimensions of the patch are corresponds to the resonant
frequency of antenna.
However, microstrip patch antennas are having narrow bandwidth
and bandwidth enhancement is necessary for most of the practical
applications, so for increasing the bandwidth different approaches
have been utilized. Defected Ground Structure is one of them. In
addition most of the applications which uses microstrip antenna in
communication systems like mobile handhel communicating devices
require smaller antenna size. Different advance tools to the design of
very compact microstrip patch antennas have been introduced over
the last few years.
Many types of microstrip antennas have been evolved which are
variations of the basic structure In order to simplify analysis and
performance estimation, generally square, rectangular, circular,
triangular, and elliptical or some other common shape patches are
used for designing a microstrip antenna. Microstrip antennas can be
designed as very thin planar printed antennas and they are very
useful elements for communication applications as shown in the
figure (1.1).

3
 Fig (1.1) rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA).

1.2 Problem Statement:

Microstrip antenna is preferred due to the some advantages for

example low profile, light weight, inexpensive, simplicity and versatile
in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, pattern and impedance.
However, there are some limitations in microstrip single antenna such
that low gain, limited power capacity, spurious feed radiation, poor
polarization purity, narrow bandwidth with low efficiency. These
disadvantages can be overcome by constructing many patch antennas
in array configuration. This project also has been done to improve
microstrip Patch Antenna Bandwidth by Inserting Ground Slots. So,
Slotted patch antenna provides bandwidth enhancement compared to
antenna without slots of the same physical dimensions.

4
1.3 Aim of the Project:

The aim of this project simple RMPA is designed and its performance
parameters are compared with RMPA having defected ground plane.
The antenna is simulated at 2.4 GHz using CST simulation
software .This work mainly includes modification of antenna ground
plane called as Defected Ground Structure (DGS). The parameters of
antenna such as Reflection coefficient, Gain, VSWR and Bandwidth,
with and without DGS are measured.

1.4 Objectives:

i. To design a microstrip antenna for Wireless Local Area Network

(WLAN) application with frequency of 2.4 GHz.

ii. To simulate the antenna design by using Computer Simulation

Technology (CST) Microwave Studio.

iii. To fabricate the microstrip antenna by using Flame Retardant 4

(FR4).

iv. with and without DGS are measured.

v. Using the DGS in improving Gain, VSWR and Bandwidth.

vi. To investigate the performance of the antennas in term of the

bandwidth and gain results.

1.5 Thesis Organization:

Overview of the thesis is captured in the first chapter, which

illustrates a theory about the microstrip patch antenna , Chapter 2
includes the definition of antenna, parameters of antenna and ways to
feed it and a theory about the patch antenna while Chapter 3
methods and design, where Chapter 4 results. Chapter 5 presents the
conclusion and possible areas of future research.

5
 CHAPTER 2

Antenna Theory and Microstrip antenna

6
2.1 INTODUCTION
in this chapter microstrip patch antenna well be discussed in
detail which well be mentioned later in this chapter , there are
several factors that should be taken into account in the designing
process of the micro strip patch antenna .

but at first we souled define the antenna , simply antenna is a

metallic device used for radiating and transmitting electromagnetic
waves it radiates electromagnetic wave under the space. Also when it
goes about Likewise receiver, it takes electromagnetic waves from
space. Practically the antennas have many parameters that different
from one type to another ,there are several types of antenna which are

• wire antenna

• Aperture antenna

• Microstrip antenna

• Array antenna

• Reflector antenna

• Lens antenna

And there is another common type of antenna which is the Isotropic

antenna which exist only on paper and it is used to describe the
performance of the other antennas compare to it , However in this
thesis our focus the main is about the Microtrip antenna .

2.2Antenna Parameters
To describe antenna performance, it is necessary to define different
parameters. Some parameters are interrelated; each of which must
specifically describe the antenna performance

7
2.2.1 Antenna Gain
The antenna gain describes how much power is transmitted in the
direction of peak radiation, compared to that of an isotropic source.
This implies that when the antenna loss is less, the antenna gain is
same as the directivity as shown by equations (2.2).

G= ŋ D
(2.1)

U (Ө , Ø )
G ( Ө, Ø )= (2.2)
Pin

Pin = Input power

U ( Ө , Ø )=Radaition density

Gain is attained by administering the radiation far from different

parts of the radiation surface

2.2.2 Bandwidth
The bandwidth of an antenna is described by the range of frequencies
over which the antenna can operate efficiently. The antenna ’s
bandwidth is the number of Hz for which the antenna will exhibit a
return loss less than -10dB.

The bandwidth efficiency can also be expressed in terms of percentage

of the centre frequency of the band as defined by equation (2.2) .

The Beamwidth of pattern is defined as the angular separation

between two identical points on opposite side of the pattern
maximum. In an antenna pattern, there are number of beamwidths.
One of the most widely used beamwidths is the Half-Power
Beamwidth (HPBW ),. which is defined as the angle cross the

8
 m in lobe of antenna between the direction at which the antenna‟s
sensitivity is half maximum value at the center of the lobe.

f 2−f 1
BW% = fc
× 100

( 2.3)

Figure 2. 1: Determination of HPBW from radiation pattern

2.2.3 Directivity
The directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the
maximum radiation intensity in a given direction from the
antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions .
This is also measure that describes only the directional properties
of the antenna, and it is therefore controlled only by the pattern.

U max maximum radiation intensity

Directivity = = (2.4)
U0 averge radiation intensity

9
 Directivity can be seen from the radiation pattern and gain shows the
efficiency of an antenna

2π π
1
U 0 = ∫ ∫ [ U 0 ( Ө, Ø ) ] sinӨ dӨdØ ( 2.5)
2π 0 0

The co- and cross-polarization directivities are defined using the

equation( 2.6)

U c max )2.6
Directivety=
U0
2.2.4Antenna Efficiency

Usually this is associated with many efficiencies .The total

efficiency is used to cater for the losses at the input terminals and
also within the structure of the micro strip patch antenna. The Loss
are due to:
2
 Conduction and dielectric ,this is called the I R losses

 Reflection which is caused by the mismatch between the

antenna and the transmission line

Overall efficiency can be written as

e 0=er e c ed )2.7

Where

e 0 =total efficiency (dimensionless)

e r =reflection (mismatch)

10
 e c =conduction efficiency (dimensionless)
e d =dielectric efficiency (dimensionless)

2.2.5 Input Impedance

An efficient transfer of energy is expected when the impedance of the
antenna and the impedance of the transmission cable are equal. If
the antenna impedance is different from 50Ω transmission line
impedance, then there is a mismatch and an impedance matching
circuit is required. impedance of the antenna might a chance to be
composed as provided (2.8)

Z¿ =R¿ + j X ¿ )2.8

Where Z in is the antenna impedance, Xin is the antenna reactance,

which impedance is the coefficient of the power stored in the near
field of the antenna and Rin is the antenna resistance about two
components, those radiation resistance Rr and the loss resistance RL
in. All is found at the terminals of the antenna. The power associated
with the radiation resistance is the power actually radiated by the
antenna, while the power dissipated in the loss resistance is lost as
heat in the antenna itself due to dielectric or conducting losses

2.2.6 Radiation Pattern

The radiation, called the antenna pattern describes the behaviour of
the radiated field in various directions from the antenna, at a
constant distance. This radiation pattern is considered to be a
reception pattern, since it also describes the receiving properties of
the antenna. The pattern is a three-dimensional one, but usually the
measured radiation patterns are in two-dimensional slice out of the
three, and can either be in horizontal or vertical planes. More
specifically it is a plot of the power radiated from an antenna per
unit solid angle which is nothing but the radiation intensity. It can

11
be plotted as a 3D graph or as a 2D polar or Cartesian slice of this
3D graph, all is summarized by figure (2.2)

Figure 2. 2: Coordinate system for antenna analysis

2.2.7 Return Loss

The return loss is one of the ways to define mismatch. It is a
logarithmic ratio that compares the power reflected by the antenna to
the power that is fed into the antenna from the transmission line in
dB. Hence, the RL is a arameter to show how great the matching
between the transmitter and antenna has occurred.

Simply put it is the S11 of an antenna and the graph is shown in

figure (2.3)

Pi
Return loss (in dB) = 10 log10 (2.9)
Pr

12
 Figure 2. 3: RL curve of an antenna

2.2.8Side lobes
Usually microwave antennas seem to be directional for example the
patch antenna seem to be directional. When an antenna radiates
some of the energy spills and hence causing what we call side lobes
.The side lobes are the ones which are seen with lower amplitude
where as the main lobe have higher amplitude all this is
demonstrated in Figure 2.4a

2.2.9Front-to-Back RATIO
Usually when an antenna radiates energy practically not all energy is
radiated from the front of the antenna. The front to back ratio is the
gain in the required forward direction to the gain in the opposite
direction out of the back of the antenna.

13
 Figure (2.4): (a) show side how side lobes (b) show the antenna pattern with main,
back, and side lobes

2.2.10 VSWR
The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio of the
maximum voltage to the minimum voltage in a standing wave pattern.
A standing wave is developed when power is reflected from the load.
Therefore, the VSWR is a measure of how much power is delivered to a
device as opposed to the amount of power that is reflected from the
device. If the source and load impedance are the same, that is, the
VSWR is 1:1; then there is no reflected power. The minimum

acceptable figure for VSWR is 2.0 (i.e. VSWR ).

VSWR is expressed in terms of the reflection coefficient as it is given by

equation (2.10).

1+|Γ|
VSWR= (2.10)
1−|Γ|

14
Where Γ is the reflection coefficient and is also known as S 11 or return
loss in terms of the scattering parameters.

2.3Patch Antenna

2.3.1Patch Antenna Definition

Patch antennas are planar resonant cavities that spill from their
edges and emanate. Printed circuit techniques can to be used to
etch antennas looking into delicate substrates to produce minimal
and repeatable antennas in a low profile. Makers to portable
correspondence base stations regularly manufacture these antennas
specifically done sheet metal and mount them on dielectric Entries
alternately froth in an assortment about approaches will dispose of
those expense from claiming substrates and etching. This
additionally dispenses those issue about radiation starting with
surface waves energized previously, a thick dielectric substrate
used to expand data transfer capacity (bandwidth).

A patch antenna of a radiating patch on particular case side of a

dielectric substrate which need a ground plane on the different side
in its basic form likewise demonstrated in figure 2.6. The patch is
generally made of conducting material and large such that copper
alternately gold and can take any shape. Those transmitting or
receiving patch and the feed lines are as a rule photo etched on the
dielectric substrate.

Patch antenna can be classified as single-element resonant antenna.

The metallic patch is usually made of thin copper foil plated with a
corrosion resistive metal, such as gold, tin, or nickel. Figure 2.5
shows the different types of patch antennas, and the most popular
patch antennas are the rectangular and circular patches.

15
 Figure 2.5: Types of Patch Antenna [6]

The microstrip patch antenna is a single-layer design, which consists

generally of four parts (patch, ground plane, substrate, and the
feeding part). In the microstrip antenna the upper surface of the
dielectric substrate supports the printed conducting strip which is
suitably contoured while the lower surface of the substrate is backed
by a conducting ground plane Such antenna sometimes called a
printed antenna because the fabrication procedure is similar to that of
a printed circuit board as shown in figure 2.7

Figure 2. 6: A Typical Microstrip Patch Antenna

16
 Fig 2.7 Microstrip patch antenna

In order to simplify dissection and execution prediction, the patch

is generally circular, square, rectangular, and triangular. When
designing a
rectangular patch, the length L of the patch is usually 0.3λ o< L <
0.5λo where λ is the free-space wavelength. The patch is selected
to be very thin such that t << λo (where t is the patch thickness).
The height, h of the dielectric substrate should be in the range
0.003 λo ≤ h ≤ 0.05 λ o The range of the value of the d dielectric of
the substrate (εr) is normally in the range 2.2 ≤ ε r ≤12.Factors to
be considered when designing a patch antenna are like what
might be required for antenna great performance and this may be
the thickness of the dielectric substrate with low dielectric
constant and this provides exceptional efficiency, bigger data
transfer capacity and also superior radiation.

2.3.2 Advantages of Patch Antennas:

 Small size.
 Low profile.
 Lightweight.
 Conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces.
 Simple and cheap to manufacture.
 Support both linear and circular polarization

17
2.3.3 Disadvantages of Patch Antenna are:
 Low efficiency.
 Narrow bandwidth.
 Low RF power.

2.4 Feeding Techniques

Microstrip patch antennas can be fed with many methods but the
most common methods which are easy are the following four feeding
technique which are the microstrip line, coaxial probe , aperture
coupling and proximity coupling .They are categorized into two
contacting and non- contacting.

What happens in the contacting method is that the RF power is fed

directly to the radiating patch and in the non-contacting method is
that the electromagnetic field coupling is done to transfer power
between the radiating patch and microstrip line. The most important
thing to take note of is the maximum transfer of power that is to
say the feed line should match with the input impedance of the
antenna.

Figure 2.8: show the typical feeding method of a patch antenna

18
 Figure 2. 9: The equivalent circuit for the feeding technique

2.4.1 Feed Coaxial

A hole is drilled through the substrate where the inner conductor of
the coaxial connector is soldered to the radiating patch, whereas
outer core is connected to the ground plane. The main advantage of
this type of feeding technique is that the feed can be placed at any
desired location within the patch in order to match with its input
impedance. The coaxial feed method is easy to fabricate and has low
spurious radiation.

19
 Figure 2.10: Coaxial feed

2.4.2Microstrip Line feeding Method:

Using microstrip line we can give excitation to the antenna as shown

in the figure ()This method is very simple to design and fabricate. But
this technique suffers from some limitations. If substrate thickness is
increased in the design then the surface waves and the spurious
radiation also increases. Because of that the undesired cross
polarization radiation arises. Microstrip line feeding can be used in the
conditions where performance of the antenna is not a strict matter.
The edge coupled feed can be improved with coplanar wave guide
feeding

The microstrip feed is linked to the patch and the microstrip feed
have smaller width comparing with the width of the patch and this
feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be etched on
the same substrate to provide a planar structure.

20
 Figure 2. 11: Microstrip Line Feed

The inset cut in the patch done to match the impedance of the
microstrip feed line to the patch without the use any additional
matching element. All of this is done by properly controlling the
inset position. Therefore this is an easy feeding technique, hence it
is easier in modelling and asimpedance matching.

Figure 2. 12: Microstrip patch antenna with feed from side

21
 Figure 2. 13: Microstrip patch antenna showing all dimensions

2.4.3Proximity Coupled Method:

This method can be employed, where two or multilayer substrate

configuration is considered. Generally in this configuration,
microstrip line will be placed on lower substrate and the patch
element will be placed on the upper substrate. Other name for this
feeding is electromagnetically coupled feed. Capacitive nature will
appear between feed line and patch in this case. By choosing thin
lower substrate layer andplacing patch on top layer will improve the
bandwidth and reduce the spurious radiation. Fabrication of this
feeding is slightly difficult because of alignment problems in feed
and patch at proper location. Peaceful thing is soldering and related
problems can be eliminated . This feeding technique gives a higher
bandwidth of about 13 % and also increase the size of the patch
antenna.

22
 Figure 2. 14: Proximity coupled feeder

2.4.4Aperture Coupled Feed Method:

This method employs ground plane between two substrates. A slot will
be placed on the ground plane and feed line will be placed on lower
substrate. This will be electromagnetically connected to patch on the
upper substrate through the ground plane slot. One should take care
about substrate parameters and they have to choose in a way that feed
optimization and independent radiation functioning can exist. The
coupling slot should be nearly cantered so that the patch magnetic
field will be maximum.

When considering that the ground plane separates the patch and
the feed line, spurious radiation is reduced. This feeding technique
is not going to be discussed because it was not used in designing of

23
the patch antenna because this increases the patch antenna
thickness.

Figure 2.15 Aperture couple Feed

24
Advantages and desadvantages of feed Techniques 2.5
Advantages Disadvantages

No direct contact * Multilayer fabrication *

Proximity between feed .required
Coupled and patch
Can have large effective *
thickness
for patch substrate and
much
thinner feed substrate
 Monolithic  Spurious radiation from
 Easy to fabricate feed
Microstrip Line  Easy to match by line, especially for thick
controlling substrate when line width

 Insert position is

 Easy to match significant

 Low spurious radiation

Coaxial Feed  Large inductance for
 Easy to match thick
 Low spurious radiation substrate
 Soldering required
Aperture  Use of two substrates  Multilayer fabrication
Coupled avoids required

25
 deleterious effect of a  Higher back lobe
highdielectric constant radiation
substrate on
the bandwidth and
efficiency
 No direct contract
between feed
and patch avoiding large
probe
reactance or width
microstrip line
 No radiation from the
feed and
active devices since a
ground
plane separates them
from the
radiating patch

Table 1 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the four

feeding methods discussed above

2.6Methods of Analysis in Rectangular patch

The most popular models for the analysis of Microstrip patch

antennas are the transmission line model, cavity model, and full
wave model .In this project the most method of analysis which is
going to be more discussed is the transmission line model and this
is easier to be used because the antenna was simulated even it is
less accurate than the cavity model. It is explained in detail as it is

26
used by a number solvers for example such as CST studio for
simulations.

2.7 Design

Based on the simplified formulation that has been described, a

design procedure is outlined which leads to practical designs of
rectangular microstrip antennas. The procedure assumes that the
specified information includes the dielectric constant of the substrate
(Er ), the resonant frequency (fr ), and the height of the substrate h.

c 2.1
ʎ air =
fr

Where air = wavelength in free space (air), c = speed of light

8
= 3× 10 m/s,

fr = the selected resonant frequency =2.41 GHz,

Loss tangent (tan #) = 0.023

The practical width of the patch is which is used in designing is

calculated using the equation 2.12.

W=
1
√ 2
=
2 2
√
2 f r √ µ0 Ɛ 0 Ɛr + 1 2 f r Ɛr + 1 2.1

Where µ0 is the free-space velocity of light.

The equation 2.13 is used to determine the effective dielectric

constant of the microstrip patch antenna.

[ ]
−1
Ɛ reff +1 Ɛ reff −1 h 2
2.13 Ɛ reff = + 1+12
2 2 w

27
Once W is found using equation 2.14 and then determine the
extension of the length

w
2.14 ΔL
( Ɛ reef +0.3 ) ( h +0.264 )
=0.412
h w
(Ɛ ¿ ¿ reef −0.258)( +0.8)¿
h

The equation 2.15 the how the real length of the patch antenna is
determined.

1
L= 2.1
2 f r √¿¿¿¿

c 2.1
L= −2 Δ L
2 f r √Ɛr

When the calculation of the length and the width of the patch is done
there‟s need for calculation of the feed point which is may be
calculated using the following equation and the main goal is to match
the antenna to 50Ω.Hence now the feed point is now determined
using the equations 2.17.

1
2.17 R¿ =
2(G1+G12 )

1
R¿ = ¿¿ 2.18
2(G 1+G12 )

l1 2.1
G 1= 2
120 π

[ ( )] j ¿ ¿
2
w k0
R¿ =∫ sin cos Ө 0
2

28
 [ ( )] j ¿ ¿
2
l1 wk0 2.2
G 12=
120 π
2 ∫ sin
2
cos Ө 0

Calculating the dimensions of wave length equation 2.22

2.22 V0
ʎ eff =
fr
√ Ɛ reef

Equation (2.23) and equation (2.24) is used to determine the

dimension of the ground plane, there no need for the calculation of
the dimension of the substrate because their dimension are similar.

Lg =6 h+ L 2.2

2.2
W g=6 h+ W

If the feeding method is via a microstrip feed line and hence the
characteristic impedance is calculated using the equation 2.25.

2
2.25 Ɛr
Z a=90 ¿
Ɛ r−1

Width of transmission feed line (WT ):

29
 2.25

60 8 d wT
WT= ln ( + )
√ Ɛ r wT 4 d

Length of transmission feed line :

ʎ ʎ0
)2.26( l= =
4 4 √ Ɛ reef

.
Defected Ground Structure:2.8

Defected Ground Structure is a new face or we can say a new era of

research and application on printed circuit Microstrip antennas. Since
DGS used antenna has a different ways of understanding about the
Microstrip antennas it is being introduced in this paper to give a
broad perspective and understanding about DGS. Intentionally
created error or the slot in the ground plane of a Microstrip antenna is
referred as the Defected Ground Structure (DGS) and is used for
different applications. The defects introduced in the ground plane can
be single or multiple. The defects are introduced to reduce the
harmonics and to suppress mutual coupling between elements. DGS
has opened a new face of exploration in the fields of microwave
engineering which leads to thousands of applications and
developments till date. Many patents are been already made using
DGS in antennas and there are many technical papers, articles. In
this paper it is tried to introduce to the new face of development
especially in the field of Microstrip antennas, giving an insight to
applications and developmental challenges on microstrip antennas in
improving, bandwidth, polarization, compactness in size and
.multiband applications

Keywords-Microstrip antenna, Defected Ground Structure, Photonic

.Band Gap, Electromagnetic band Gap, Printed circuits

30
INTRODUCTION 2.8.1

Since decades there has been a significant improvement and

development in the antenna research. Towards the achievement of
high data-rates and low signal power the Research and Development
of Microwave engineering is been focusing on to development to meet
the demands. Many of research journals and papers have been
published and implemented in the line of development of antennas to
achieve the requirements. In this paper we are presenting the review
of DGS antenna towards recent developments and providing the
.chronological development in the microstrip antennas using DGS

:DGS CLASSIFICATION 2.8.2

DGS can be classified into two categories depending on

:configurations and size is given below

.fig2.16 Basic classification of DGS

:Single unit cell DGS 2.8.3

The DGS geometries reported till now includes simple shapes such as
rectangular dumbbell, circular dumbbell [7], spiral, „U‟, „V‟, „H‟,

31
concentric ring, split ring, Meander lines, Fractals, some of simple
.shapes are shown the below Figure 2.17

fig 2.17 some of different shapes of DGS

32
 CHAPTER 3

Methods and Design

33
methods .
3.1 INDENTATIONS AND EQUATIONS:
In this chapter, there will be some discussion on how to design a
rectangular microstrip patch antenna with or without holes on the
FR-4 buffer substrate. The dielectric constant is 4.3, the substrate
height is 1.6 mm. The antenna is designed on a dimension substrate
58 mm x76 mm. This antenna will be in CST Studio.
1: Width calculation (W):

Where c = free space velocity of light . Substituting c = 3.0e8 m/s, εr = 4.3 and fo
= 2.4GHz,
we get: W = 0.038m = 38 mm

2:Effective dielectric constant calculation ( εreff ):

The effective dielectric constant is:

Substituting : εr = 4.3, W = 38.mm and h = 1.6 mm,we get εreff = 4.3996

3: Effective length calculation ( Leff ):

34
The effective length is:

Substituting : εreff = 4.3996, c = 3.0e8 m/s and fo =2.4 GHz we get:

Leff = 0.028569 m = 28.569mm

4:Length extension calculation (ΔL):

:The length extension is given by

Substituting : εreff = 4.3996 , W = 38mm and h =1.6 mm, we get: ΔL = 7.4800e-4 =

0.748 mm
5: Actual length of patch calculation (L):
The actual length is obtained by:
L = Leff - 2ΔL

Substituting Leff = 4.3996 mm and ΔL = 0.7243 mm , we get: L = 29mm

6: Ground plane dimensions calculation (Lg and Wg):

𝐿𝑔 = 2 ∗ 𝐿 𝑊𝑔 = 2 ∗ w

7: Inset feed depth determination (fi):

35
To design the microstrip feed line (inset-fed)

-.The input impedance is usually 50 Ω

-.The width of Microstrip feed line (Wf)

-.the gap between the patch and the inset-fed (Gpf) usualy 1 mm

Table: Design parameters

Sr No. Parameter Value

1 Dielectric Constant (єr) 4.3
2 Thickness (h) 1.6 mm
3 Operating Frequency 2.4 GHz
(fr)
4 Length of Ground(Lg) 58 mm
5 Width of Ground( Wg) 76mm
6 Cut Width 5.137 mm
7 Cut Depth (fi ) 8.85 mm
8 Path Length (Lp) 29 mm
9 Path Width (wp) 38 mm
10 Width of Feed (wo) 3.137mm

. Design
3.2 Simulation scenarios
Antenna simulation is performed using CST Studio software. We also
designed two rectangular patch antennas with different scenaios. First
of all, basic antenna geometry is discussed and then the other
antenna is discussed by configuring different scenarios with their

36
simulation results. In the end, a comparison is made between them
and the best is chosen

3.2.1 scenario 1:
In this scenario we will design a microstrip patch antenna on the cst
program and the values we enter are taken from the research paper

Figure 3.1. microstrip patch antenna in CST studio

Figure 3.2. ground antenna in CST studio

37
3.2.2 scenario 2:

In this scenario, we designed a microstrip patch antenna that had the

same physical dimensions used in scenario 1 but with a slot in
ground. To study their effect, the results are compared to the results
of the antenna alone without slot.

Figure 3.3. shown to slot on the ground.

38
CHAPTER 4

Results

39
4.1 Introduction:
All of the results presented in this chapter are produced by a
simulation program called Computer Simulation Technology Studio
Suite (CST Studio Suite). It has powerful graphic capabilities to denote
the antenna design. In this chapter, the various results of bandwidth
& gain are discussed. All simulations were performed using CST.

4.1.1 scenario 1:

The first step is to design and simulate the rectangular micro strip
patch antenna using CST. Some that can be calculated with this
program are shown. The results features of the antenna simulated by
the proposed antenna are shown in the figure below

4.1.1.1Return loss and Antenna Bandwidth:

It is a parameter used to measure the power antenna reflects due to

antenna mismatch. Let's consider an example, if the return loss is
0dB, then there is nothing the antenna should radiate because the
energy supplied to the antenna is entirely determined by the antenna
or this means that the input power is equal to the reflected power.
Figure 3.1 shows the return loss for a single correction antenna at a
frequency of 2.4GHz at a value of -18 dB.

the bandwidth of the antenna can be said to be those range of

frequencies over which the return loss is greater than -10dB. from the
figure 4.2 the antenna bandwidth was calculated by using this form.
The value of F1 and F2 were taken at -10dB
Bandwidth = (Upper freq. - lower freq.) at -10 dB .

40
Bandwidth = 2.4555 GHz – 2.3504GHz .
Bandwidth= 104.7 MHz.
Percentage bandwidth = (Bandwidth /Resonant frequency ).

2.4551GHz – 2.3504 GHz .

Percentage bandwidth = ∗100 %.
2.4 GHz

Percentage bandwidth = 4.36%.

Figure 4.1. bandwidth of a microstrip patch antenna.

Figure 4.2. Return loss of a micro strip patch antenna.

41
4.1.1.2 Gain

The gain determines the antenna's efficiency and is an important

number for the antenna. Figure 4.3. shows the total gain of the
proposed antenna after simulation. A peak gain of 4.44 dB is obtained
at a frequency of 2.4GHz. and the figure 4-4 shows polar Gain in
patch antenna at 2.4 GHz.

.Figure 4.3 Simulated 3D Gain plot of single patch antenna at 2.4GHz

Figure 4.4: Simulated polar Gain in patch antenna at 2.4 GHz

voltage standing wave ratio 4.1.1.3

42
This figure shows VSWR before the slot in the ground. Figure 4.5.
shows the total VSWR of the proposed antenna after simulation. A
peak VSWR of 1.398dB is obtained at a frequency of 2.4GHz.

Figure 4.5. VSWR of a microstrip patch antenna

Directivity:4.1.1.4

Figure: 4-5 illustrate the directivity of the antenna that represents

the amount of radiation intensity, and it is 7.13 dB at the resonant
frequency( 2.4) GHz. and the figure 4-6 shows polar Directivity in
patch antenna at 2.4 GHz

43
 Figure 4.6.Simulated 3D Directivity plot of patch antenna at 2.4 GHz

Figure 4.7. Simulated polar Directivity in patch antenna at 2.4 GHz

4.1.2 scenario 2:
The second step is to design and simulate a rectangular microstrip
patch antenna with slot using CST . The simulated results for the
proposed antenna are shown in the following figure: 7

4.1.2.1 Return losses and Antenna Bandwidth

the bandwidth of the antenna can be said to be those range of
frequencies over which the return loss is greater than -10dB. from the
figure 4.8 the antenna bandwidth was calculated by using this form .
The value of F1 and F2 were taken at -10dB
Bandwidth = (Upper freq. - lower freq.) at -10 dB
Bandwidth = 2.4744 GHz – 2.3333GHz .
Bandwidth= 141.03MHz.
Percentage bandwidth =(Bandwidth /Resonant frequency ).

2.4744 GHz – 2.3333GHz

Percentage bandwidth = ∗100 % .
2.4 GHz

Percentage bandwidth = 5.892%.

44
 Figure 4.8: bandwidth of a micro strip patch antenna with slot.

Figure 4.9: Return loss of a micro strip patch antenna with slot.

4.1.2.2 Gain:
The gain determines the antenna's efficiency and is an important
number for the antenna. Figure 4.9. shows the total gain of the
proposed antenna after simulation. A peak gain of 5.58 dB is obtained
at a frequency of 2.4GHz. and the figure 4-4 shows polar Gain in
patch antenna at 2.4 GHz.

45
 Figure 4.10 the 3D Gain with DGS

Figure 4.11 the polar Gain with DGS

.voltage standing wave ratio 4.1.2.3

This figure shows VSWR after the slot in the ground. Figure 4.12.
shows the total VSWR of the proposed antenna after simulation. A
peak VSWR of 1.071 dB is obtained at a frequency of 2.4GHz.

46
 Figure 4.12. VSWR of a microstrip patch antenna

Directivity:4.1.2.4

Figure 4.13 the 3D Directivity with DGS

Figure 4.14 the polar Directivity with DGS

47
 Comparative Study Of All scenariops results:4.3

The parameters of antenna such as Gain, VSWR and Bandwidth, with

and without DGS are measured

Parameter scenario 1 scenario 2

Antenna without Antenna with
slot DGS slot DGS

Bandwidth(BW) 104.7MHz 141.03MHz

Percentage BW %4.36 %5.892
Gain 4.44 5.58
VSWR 1.398 1.071
S11 Return loss 18.615dB- 15.67dB-
Directivity 7.13dB 7.801dB

48
 CHAPTER 5
Conslusion & future work

49
 Conclusions and future work

5.1 Introduction

Microstrip patch antennas are the recommended antennas because

mostly they are easy to fabricate With the help of CST studio one can
fabricate any type of antenna and characterize it. All materials which
are necessary in the modeling of an antenna they are found in the
CST Studio. Based on the results obtained the patch antenna made
was working fine and it have not deviated much from the real
antenna. The patch antenna which are shown below are the ones
which are similar to the antenna which was designed and
characterized .The ones which are shown below are basically used for
Wi-Fi.

5.2 Conclusion
The patch antenna for all scenarios has been successfully designed,
and tested. The results were obtained and analyzed and were in
agreement with the theory. The characteristics of the patch antenna
were found and then discussed in chapter 4 and 5 where the results
were analyzed
microstrip patch antenna without slots and with slots are design and
simulated at operating frequency 2.4 GHz
In this paper a rectangular microstrip U-slot patch antenna with
narrow probe
Presented.
From this antenna capabilities compared to another rectangular patch
antenna,
it can be indicated that, it has reduced size, lower probe diameter,
without reduction in bandwidth, compared to the first antenna, and
being possible to have more bandwidth than it with similar conditions,

50
although it uses a simple structure. Its low size and being possible to
fabricate using pcb technique,
can be used in array applications. This antenna can be recommended
when a
is used linear polarisation applications.
designer should note that the resonant frequencies should be placed
the most far apart each other, but the broad band conditions also
should be verified.

5.3 future work

As a future work, we will make comparison between our proposed

design for rectangular patch antenna with different design of
triangular or circular patch antennas or other shapes. Different
techniques can be invented to provide
better radiation efficiency, to reduce of mutual coupling of the patch
antenna which will make the antenna more efficient. It would also be
possible to design an antenna operating at other frequency bands for
using different applications by changing the design parameters.

51
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