FINAL

A FAN SHAPED QUADBAND MICROSTRIP PATCH
ANTENNA USING DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE

FOR WIELESS APPLICATIONS
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BY
K. BHAVYA NAGA DEVI PRIYA (19761A0481)

B. SAI KUMAR (19761A0467)
M. VIKRAM (19761A0498)
Under the Guidance of

Dr. B. Siva Hari Prasad
Associate Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
L. B. REDDY Nagar, Mylavaram-521230,
Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Accredited by NAAC & NBA
Certified by ISO 21001:2018,
(2022 – 2023)
(AUTONOMOUS)
L. B. Reddy Nagar, Mylavaram-521230,
Certified by ISO 21001:2018.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project work entitled “ A FAN SHAPED QUADBAND
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA USING DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE
FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS ” is a bonafide work done and submitted by
K. Bhavya Naga Devi Priya (19761A0481), B. Sai Kumar (19761A0467) and
M. Vikram (19761A0498) in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering at
LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MYLAVARAM during
the year 2022 – 2023.
PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. B. Siva Hari Prasad Dr. Y. Amar Babu
Associate Professor Professor & HOD
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
(AUTONOMOUS)
L. B. Reddy Nagar, Mylavaram-521230,
Certified by ISO 21001:2018.
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitled “ A FAN SHAPED QUADBAND
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA USING DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE
FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS ” submitted for the award of B. Tech in
Electronics and Communication Engineering is our original work and the project has not
submitted to any other institution or University for the award of any degree.

M. VIKRAM (19761A0498)
Place:
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Satisfaction that accompanies that the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of people whose ceaseless co-operation made
it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all efforts with success.
We humbly express our thanks to our Principal Dr. K. Appa Rao for extending
his support and for providing us with an environment to complete our project
successfully.
We would also like to thank our Vice Principal, Dr. K. Harinadha Reddy for
encouraging us which certainly helped to complete the project in time.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to Dean R & D,
Dr. E. V. Krishna Rao for his valuable suggestions.
We are deeply indebted to our Head of Department Dr. Y. Amar Babu, who
modeled us both technically and morally for achieving greater success in life.
We are extremely thankful to our guide Dr. B. Siva Hari Prasad, Associate
Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for his excellent
guidance, timely and valuable suggestions and encouragement throughout the period of
our project work for making it a successful one.
We would like to express our heartful thanks to our parents for their unflinching
support and constant encouragement throughout the period of our project work for
making it a successful one.
We would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, who have extended their full co-operation
during the course of our project.
We thank all our friends who helped us sharing knowledge and by providing
material to complete the project in time.

M.VIKRAM (19761A0498)
ABSTRACT
A microstrip patch antenna with a slotted fan shape and Defected Ground
structure (DGS) for wireless applications is proposed. With an overall size of
31.34 x 28.33 x 1.6 mm3, this designed antenna generates four distinct resonances to
cover 4 GHz, 6.8 GHz, 9.2 GHz and 10.1 GHz using a widely accessible FR-4 substrate
with a permittivity of εr=4.4. These frequencies are appropriate for various wireless
applications such as Wi-Fi, weather radar systems, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
and X-band applications. The designed microstrip patch antenna comprises of a slotted
circular patch in the centre attached with three rectangular strips that act as fan blades
along with circular defects on the ground surface and a microstrip feed line is used. By
keeping slots on the patch and ground plane, the antenna is made to operate at four
frequencies. This antenna has gains of 3.5 dB, 4.2 dB, 5.6 dB and 4.9 dB along with
impedance bandwidths of 1.74% (3.97 – 4.04), 3.06% (6.74 – 6.95), 4.45% (9.00 – 9.41)
and 4.06% (9.89 – 10.30) respectively. Many parametric optimization studies, field
distributions, and currents are used to analyze the antenna performance. It is observed
that the simulation and measurement results are in perfect agreement.
Keywords: Defected Ground Structure, FR-4, gain, X- band.
INDEX
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO
1 INTRODUCTION 1-14
1.1 Antenna Introduction 1
1.1.1 Types of Antennae 2
1.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna 3
1.3 Feeding Techniques 4
1.3.1 Microstrip Line Feed 4
1.3.2 Coaxial Feed 5
1.3.3 Aperture Coupled Feed 5
1.3.4 Proximity Coupled Feed 6
1.4 Radiation Mechanism 8
1.4.1 Types of Radiation Mechanism 8
1.4.1.1 Single – wire 9
1.4.1.2 Two – wire 9
1.5 HFSS Software 10
1.5.1 Simulation tool used 10
1.5.2 Applications of HFSS 10
1.5.3 System Requirements to run HFSS 11
1.6 Fabrication Methods 11
1.6.1 Photolithography Process 11
1.6.2 PCB Prototype Machine 12
1.7 Defected Ground Structure 13
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 15-19
3 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS 20-24
3.1 Proposed Design 20
3.2 Design Specifications 21
3.2.1 Operational Frequency(F) 21
3.2.2 Dielectric Constant of Substrate(E) 21
3.2.3 Height of Dielectric Substarte(H) 22
3.3 Design Flow 23
4 FAN SHAPED MSPA DESIGN 25-31
4.1 Antenna Design 25
4.2 Substrate Selection 26
4.3 Patch 27
4.4 Ground Plane 28
4.5 Microstrip Feed Line 29
4.6 Assign Excitation 30
4.7 Setup of Analysis 30
4.8 Solution Setup 30
4.9 Model Validation 30
4.10 Analyze 31
5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 32-42
5.1 Antenna Design 32
5.1.1 Antenna design (Iteration-1) 32
5.2 Parametric Analysis 34
5.2.1 Return loss curve for with DGS 34
and without DGS
5.2.2 Return loss curve for variation in 35
inner circle radius (R2)
5.2.3 Return loss curve for various 36
Substrates
5.3 VSWR 38
5.4 Peak Gain 38
5.5 Surface Current And Field Anlaysis 39
5.6 Measured Results And Discussions 40
6 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 44
6.1 Conclusion 44
6.2 Future Scope 44
REFERENCES 45-47
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Name of the Figure Page No
1.1 Antennae Types 2
1.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna 3
1.3 Microstrip Line Feed 4
1.4 Coaxial Feed 5
1.5 Aperture Coupled Feed 6
1.6 Proximity Coupled Feed 7
1.7 Mechanism of Antenna 8
1.8 Photolithography process 12
1.9 PCB Prototype Machine 13
1.10 Various DGS Shapes 14
3.1 Proposed Antenna (a) Front View (b) Bottom View 20
3.2 Flow Chart 23
4.1 Antenna in top view 25
4.2 Antenna in side view 25
4.3 Dimensions of substrate 26
4.4 Patch dimensions 27
4.5 Patch circle dimensions 27
4.6 Ground dimensions 28
4.7 Ground cirle1 dimensions 28
4.8 Ground circle2 dimensions 29
4.9 Feed line dimensions 29
4.10 Validation check 30
5.1 Iteration-1 32
5.2 Iteration-2 33
5.3 Iteration-3 33
5.4 Schematic configuration of iterations (1),(2),(3) 34
5.5 Simulated Return loss for different iterations (1),(2),(3) 34
5.6 Schematic configurations of (1)Antenna without DGS 35
(2)Antenna with half ground (3)Antenna with DGS
5.7 Simulated parametric variation for without DGS, with half 35
ground, with DGS
5.8 Schematic configuration of inner circle radius (a) R2=1mm 36
(b) R2=2mm (c) R2=3mm
5.9 Simulated parametric variation for inner circle radius (R2) 36
5.10 Simulated parametric variation for various substrates 37
5.11 Simulated VSWR 38
5.12 Peak Gain (dB) vs Frequency (GHz) 39
5.13 Simulated surface current distribution 39
5.14 Simulated (a) E-field distribution and (b) H-field 40
distribution
5.15 Fabricated Antenna (a) Top view (b) Bottom view 41
5.16 Measured and Simulated return loss for proposed antenna 41
5.17 Fabricated antenna result using VNA 42
5.18 Simulated radiation pattern for the proposed antenna at 42
f=4GHz, 6.8 GHz, 9.2 GHz, 10.1 GHz
LIST OF TABLES
Table No Name of the table Page No
1.1 Comparison of feeding techniques 7
2.1 Comparison of literature survey 18
3.1 Design parameters of the antenna 21
5.1 Parametric analysis of various parameters 37
5.2 Comparative analysis of proposed antenna 43
with previously reported antenna in literature
A Fan Shaped Quadband Microstrip Patch Antenna Using DGS for wireless applications
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Antenna Introduction
Modern communication devices need antennas for a variety of uses including
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, GPS, WLAN, and military applications. The majority of
applications for modern wireless communication systems are found in multiband
operating antennas. When the requirement for wireless communication develops in the
realm of communication systems, an antenna becomes necessary. An antenna can
transmit or receive electromagnetic waves for the purpose of communication in situations
where installing a wire system is not possible. An antenna is a transducer, which
transforms electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa. An antenna can
be used as a receiving or a transmitting antenna. A transmitting antenna is one, that
transforms electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and radiates them into free
space, these EM waves then travel through the air into a receiving antenna, where they
are converted back into electrical signals. Antennas with multiband operations are
necessary for the present day wireless communication systems. The dielectric substrate of
a microstrip patch antenna has a ground plane on one side and a metallic pattern on the
other. While designing microstrip patch antennas, a number of feeding techniques are
applied [1-6]. Microstrip line, which is simple to fabricate and integrate, is a widely
utilised feeding method. The ground plane of a microstrip patch antenna is crucial, and
the fringing effect between it and the ground is what generates the radiation that is visible
between the patch and the ground [7]. The patches of an antenna can include circles,
squares, rings, triangles, polygons, hexagons and octagons. The antenna may resonate at
several bands as a result of slots on the radiating surface. Also, according to various
writers, a variety of defects are introduced at the ground surface to enhance a number of
the antenna's properties [9,11]. An aerial is another name for an antenna. It is known as
antennae or antennas in plural. The size and design of antennas have changed
significantly throughout the years. Depending on the vast range of uses, there are many
different types of antennas.
Dept of ECE, LBRCE Page 1

1.1.1 Types of Antennae
Fig 1.1 Antennae Types

1.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna

Microstrip patch antennas are the class of planar antennas, which plays the most
important part in any communication system, because of their smaller size, low cost and
ease of fabrication. Microstrip antennas compact size and low profile are among their key
features. Without significantly increasing weight or bulk, they can be quickly integrated
into portable devices like laptops, tablets, and smartphones. This allows them for a
variety of uses, such as radar systems, wireless networks, and satellite communications.
The operating frequency of the antenna is determined by the size and shape of the patch,
which is commonly rectangular, circular, or triangular in shape. Further benefits of
microstrip antennas include their low cost, simplicity in fabrication, and simplicity in
integrating them with other electrical parts. They are incredibly reproducible and scalable
since they can be printed on a PCB (printed circuit board) using conventional fabrication
methods. They are useful for point-to-point communication systems since they also have
high gain and directional emission patterns. Microstrip antennas are probably going to
become more and more crucial in supplying wireless communication systems to fulfil the
expanding demand. Usually, mathematical equations, empirical calculations, or computer
simulations are used to calculate the patch's dimensions. In order to achieve the best
performance, it is important to carefully choose the parameters of the substrate thickness
and dielectric constant.
Fig. 1.2 Microstrip patch antenna

1.3 Feeding Techniques

The feedline is used to directly or indirectly radiate to excite the antenna.
A variety of techniques can be used to power microstrip patch antennas. The two types of
these techniques are contacting and non-contacting. While in the non-contacting fed, such
as aperture coupling and proximity coupling, electromagnetic field coupling is used to
transfer power between the microstrip, RF power is fed directly to the radiating patch
using a connecting element such as a microstrip line, coaxial probe and inset fed or notch
fed. A microstrip patch antenna's choice of feeding method must be carefully considered
because it has a direct impact on the bandwidth, returns loss, and performance of the
antenna. Surface waves and spurious feed radiation also rise with increased substrate
thickness, thus reducing the antenna's bandwidth. Microstrip feed and co-axial feed are
the two commonly used contacting feed techniques. Aperture coupled feed and proximity
coupled feed are the two most used non-contacting feeding methods. The following is a
brief discussion of the above mentioned feeding techniques
1.3.1 Microstrip Line Feed
With microstrip line feed, the transmitting line and radiating patch are both placed
on the same substrate. Microstrip or coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines can be used as the
transmission line. The line is often built with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms,
which corresponds to the impedance of the majority of RF sources.
Fig. 1.3 Microstrip LineFeed

1.3.2 Coaxial Feed

Coaxial feeding is one of the most popular feeding techniques used in microstrip
antennas. It offers a quick and effective method of coupling the transmitter or receiver to
the microstrip line. The microstrip line is connected to the feed source through a coaxial
cable, and a transition is employed to match the impedance of the two lines. Coaxial
feeding provides good separation between the feed source and the antenna, which helps
to lessen undesirable coupling and interference.
Fig. 1.4 Coaxial Feed
1.3.3 Aperture Coupled Feed

In microstrip antennas, aperture coupling is a popular feeding technique. The
microstrip line is terminated at a small slot or aperture that has been created in the ground
plane. Through the slot, which serves as a radiating aperture, the electromagnetic waves
are sent into space. Since the energy is connected directly to the radiating patch, aperture
coupling enables good impedance matching and high efficiency. It works with various
feed sources, including amplifiers and filters, and is suitable for both narrowband and
wideband applications. However, changes in the slot dimensions may have an impact on
the coupling and the performance of the antenna since aperture coupling might be
sensitive to these changes. Moreover, it may experience undesirable coupling and
interference, particularly if the slot is not well isolated from the feed source.

Fig. 1.5 Aperture Coupled Feed
1.3.4 Proximity Coupled Feed

In microstrip antennas, proximity coupling offers an easy and
cost-effective feeding method. Without making physical touch, it involves positioning the
feeding element close proximity to the microstrip line. Depending on the exact design
requirements, either capacitive or inductive coupling can be used to produce the coupling.
The feed source and antenna are well-isolated via proximity coupling, which reduces
undesirable coupling and interference. It works with various feed sources, including
amplifiers and filters, and is appropriate for both narrowband and wideband applications.
Since only a small amount of the energy from the feed source is transmitted to the
antenna, proximity coupling might, however, experience low efficiency. Moreover, it
may be sensitive to variations in the microstrip line's size, which may impact the coupling
and the performance of the antenna. In particular at higher frequencies, proximity
coupling can offer good impedance matching and high radiation efficiency.

Fig. 1.6 Proximity Coupled feed
Characteristics Microstrip line Coaxial feed Aperture Proximity

feed coupled feed coupled feed
Spurious feed More More Less Minimum
radiation
Reliability Better Poor due to Good Good
soldering
Ease of Easy Soldering and Alignment Alignment
fabrication drilling method Required Required
Impedance Easy Easy Easy Easy

matching
Bandwidth 2–5% 2–5% 21 % 13 %
Table 1.1 Comparison of feeding techniques

1.4 Radiation Mechanism

An antenna's radiation mechanism describes how electromagnetic energy is emitted
from the antenna into outer space. The two primary radiation mechanisms found in
antennas are inductive/coupled radiation and aperture radiation. Use of a time-varying
electric current flowing via a conductor is required for inductive/coupled radiation, which
is used in wire antennas like monopole and dipole antennas. This current induces an
electromagnetic field around the conductor, which when combined produces a transverse
electromagnetic wave that travels away from the antenna. Many factors, including as the
antenna's size and form, operating frequency, and material type, have an impact on the
radiation mechanism of an antenna.
Fig. 1.7 Mechanism of Antenna
1.4.1 Types of Radiation Mechanism

Radiating mechanism is of two types
 Single wire
 Two wire

1.4.1.1 Single-wire
A single-wire antenna, also called a monopole antenna, radiates electromagnetic waves
into empty space via an inductive/coupled radiation mechanism. The antenna is made out
of a single conductor, usually a wire, that is connected to an alternate current source, such
as a transmitter. The wire creates an electromagnetic field all around it as the alternating
current passes through it. The magnetic and electric fields are orthogonal to one another
and to the direction in which the wave travels. A transverse electromagnetic wave is
created as a result of the interaction of the electric and magnetic fields. This wave
propagates away from the antenna and carries the data being transmitted. A single-wire
antenna’s radiation pattern is affected by its length and the separation between the wire
and the ground plane below it. For instance, an omnidirectional radiation pattern will be
produced by a vertical monopole antenna placed over a ground plane that is one-quarter
wavelength long and radiates energy in all directions perpendicular to the ground plane.
Single-wire antennas may be made and operated easily and inexpensively due to their
radiation mechanism, and they can be made to radiate energy in specified directions to
enhance their performance in certain applications.
1.4.1.2 Two-wire
A two-wire antenna, often called a dipole antenna, radiates electromagnetic waves
into free space using an inductive/coupled radiation mechanism. An alternating current
source, such as a transmitter, is connected to the antenna consisting of two parallel
conductors, which are typically wires. An electromagnetic field is produced around the
two wires when the alternating current passes through them. The magnetic and electric
fields are perpendicular to each other and to the wave's direction of propagation.
A transverse electromagnetic wave is created as a result of the interaction of the electric
and magnetic fields. This wave propagates away from the antenna and carries the
information being transmitted. Two-wire antennas are frequently used in a wide range of
applications, including amateur radio, Wi-Fi networks, and radio and television
broadcasts. Two-wire antennas may be built and operated with relative ease due to its
radiation mechanism, and they can be made to radiate energy in specific directions to
enhance their performance in certain applications.

1.5 HFSS Software

1.5.1 Simulation tool used
We used HFSS software which is company standard software for both
S-parameter as well as complete wave SPICE extraction, along with the electromagnetic
modeling of peak frequency as well as more speed devices. IT is utilized to blueprint on
chip integrated passives as well as distinct IC packages.
Typical uses include:
 Displaying Packages – Flip-Chip, QFP and BGA
 PCB Load-up Displaying – Power or Ground Planes, Work Network of
Grounds and Silicon/GaAs-Winding Inductors
 Attachers: Cajole, XFP, Backplane and Advances
 Waveguide: Channels, Resonators, Changes and Couplers
 Filters: Pit Channels, Miniaturized Scale Strip and Dielectric
HFSS is an integrated reproduction framework whose essential work component
which enables you to unravel all subjective 3-Dimensional geometry, particularly those
with critical ends and structures, in a small amount of the duration it would consume
utilizing different methods.
Name HFSS represents High Recurrence Structure Test system. ANSYS
spearheaded the utilization of the Limited Component Strategy (FEM) for recreation of
creating/executing advances, for example, digressive vector limited components, versatile
cross section and Versatile Lancozos – padeBreadth (ALPS). Today, HFSS keeps
on coming on top with advancements, for example, changes to Hubs and Full-wave Zest.
Ansys HFSS advancement over time of decades with contribution from numerous
clients as well as business. In company, Ansys HFSS is the tool of decision for more
profitability research, advancement and unreal prototyping.
1.5.2 Applications of HFSS

HFSS is used to simulated and get needed examples in a number of disciplines.
There are only a few of them. The term “antenna” refers to a type of antenna that is used
to transmit data.

 Advances in microwave technology

 Segments of waveguide
 Radio frequency (RF) channels
 Discontinuities in three dimensions
1.5.3 System Requirements to Run HFSS:

(a) For a system of 32-bit size the following minimum requirements are needed:
 All processors must run at 500MHz with 686 instructions are totally suitable.
 RAM must be 512MB and hard drive expanse should be 200MB.
 Design Essentials Recommendation:
Processor is of 2GHz and the all CPUs with instructions set of 786 or more (for both
temporary files and HFSS software) RAM is of 4GB and hard drive expanse is of 4GB.
(b) For a system of 64-bit size the following minimum requirements are needed:
 AMD Athlon 64, AMD Opteron, Intel Xeon with Intel EM64T support, Intel
Pentium 4 with Intel EM64T support and 200MB hard drive space are all
supported CPUs (for HFSS software)
 RAM: 12 GB Configuration Requirements AMD Opteron and Intel Xeon with
Intel EM64T CPUs are all supported for optimal performance.
 Intel Pentium 4 with Intel EM64T support, PCI Express video card or 128-bit
SVGA video card 700 MB Intel Pentium 4 with Intel EM64T support (for HFSS
software and temporary files) 8 GB RAM and 8 GB hard drive space.
1.6 Fabrication Methods
Antennas can be fabricated using two methods. They are
 Photolithography process
 PCB prototype machine
1.6.1 Photolithography process
The fabrication of microstrip antennas requires the use of photolithography. It is a
procedure used to print a layer of photoresist on a substrate, which is subsequently used
as a mask for subsequent etching stages. To expel impurities from the metallization of the

substrate, it is cleaned with acetone. A blend of photoresist and slenderer in the

proportion 1:1 is made and covered over the substrate. In the wake of drying, the veil is
pit over the substrate and is presented to the UV light. The uncovered substrate is then
plunged in the developer solution for solidifying the photoresist in the uncovered part.
The covered segment must be expelled. The undesirable copper portions are evacuated
utilizing the etching procedure utilizing Ferric chloride. FeCl3 disintegrates the unexposed
copper covering. Photolithography process is shown below
Fig. 1.8 Photolithography process
1.6.2 PCB prototype machine

Hardware implementation of designed antenna is done using PCB prototype
machine which is the process of removing the areas of copper from a sheet of substrate
material i.e., printed circuit board to recreate the structures according to the designed
antenna from HFSS simulation software. PCB milling is a non-chemical process and it
can be done in a lab environment without exposure to hazardous chemicals.

Fig. 1.9 PCB prototype machine

Conclusion
In this chapter the brief explanation of antenna and its need is discussed. And also
types of antenna, system requirements for constructing a antenna and the software we
used are also discussed.
1.7 Defected Ground Structure

A sort of antenna design called Defected Ground Structure (DGS) was created to
enhance the functionality of microstrip patch antennas. A patch of metal, such as copper,
is attached to a dielectric substrate, such as a printed circuit board, to create a microstrip
patch antenna. The fact that microstrip patch antennas are reasonably easy to make and
can be manufactured using inexpensive materials is one of its key benefits. However,
their tendency to have low efficiency and a limited bandwidth is one of their key
disadvantages. The DGS design employs a discontinuity in the ground plane of the
microstrip patch antenna to get around these restrictions. The discontinuity is used to
modify the radiation pattern and boost the effectiveness of the antenna and can be in the
form of a hole, cutout, or slot in the ground plane. The antenna can function over a wide
frequency range by carefully altering the size and shape of the slots to produce several
resonant modes inside the same antenna. DGS antennas can therefore be used in a variety

of wireless communication systems, such as satellite communications, Wi-Fi, and mobile

phones.
Fig. 1.10 Various DGS Shapes

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
A slotted microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) is

designed with the dimensions 24mm x 8mm x 1mm. It shows a dual band nature in the
frequency bands of 3.2 to 3.5GHz and 5.6 to 5.8GHz. And the corresponding bandwidths
are 800MHz and 255MHz with the gain 2.39dB. Microstrip feeding technique is used to
feed the antenna and Rogers RO4003 of dielectric constant 3.5 has been chosen as the
substrate material. This antenna is suitable for WiMAX and WLAN applications [1].
A dual-band Defected Ground Structure (DGS), stub slot configuration antenna is

proposed with the dimensions 33.5mm x 33.5mm x 1.59mm. The resonant frequencies of
this antenna is 3.53GHz and 6.83GHz where the gain and bandwidth are 5.26 dB,
4.35 dB and 8.16%, 6.1% respectively. The Rogers RT/Duroid 6202 substrate material is
used as a substrate. It is suitable for WiMAX and WLAN applications [2].
A novel compact microstrip-fed antenna for wireless applications is designed.

Defected Ground Structure(DGS) is used in this antenna, which has a rectangular patch
patch with dual J-shaped strips with dimensions 20mm x 28mm x 2mm. It operates over
the frequency ranges 2.35-2.75 GHz and 3.3-3.83 GHz. And the corresponding
bandwidths are 400MHz and 530MHz. FR4 dielectric substrate of relative permittivity
4.4 is used. This antenna is suitable for Bluetooth and WiMAX applications [3].
A dual band circular microstrip patch antenna with the dimensions

40mm x 40mm x 1.6mm is designed. The resonant frequencies of this antenna is
2.42GHz and 5.33GHz with the corresponding bandwidths of 78MHz and 190MHz. The
gain of the antenna is 3.05 and 2.94 dB respectively. FR4 dielectric substrate of relative
permittivity 4.4 is used. This antenna is best suitable for Industrial Scientific Medical
(ISM) and WLAN applications [4].
A dual band antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) is designed with the
dimensions 42mm x 32mm x 1.6mm. The operating frequencies of the designed antenna
are 2.5GHz and 5.15GHz. And the corresponding gain is 1.39dB and 1.79 dB Coplanar

Waveguide feeding technique is used to feed the antenna. FR4 dielectric substrate of
relative permittivity 4.4 is used. This antenna suitable for WiMAX and WLAN
applications [5].
A triband antenna is designed for radiolocation (RADAR) using defected ground

structure (DGS) with the dimensions 14mm x 14mm x 1.87mm. Microstrip line feeding
technique is used to feed the antenna. It operates over the frequency ranges
5.84-6.03GHz, 9.0-9.32GHz and 10.43-10.73GHz with resonant frequencies 5.9, 9.1 and
10.4GHz. The DGS structure increases the antenna's gain, which was formerly 2.3, 5.8
and 4.6dB at resonant frequencies and was increased to 2.5, 6.1 and 5.3dB with DGS.
FR4 dielectric substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used. The radiolocation (industrial,
biomedical, military, and cellular telephony) application of RADAR uses all three
bands[6].
For three frequency bands, a simple defected ground microstrip patch antenna is
designed with the dimensions 32mm x 34mm x 1.6mm. By integrating an H-shaped DGS
with an inverted L-DGS, the size of the patch is reduced. The resonant frequencies are
1.82, 2.4 and 5.52 GHz. And the corresponding bandwidths are 34.1, 236.2 and
763.6MHz. The gain of the antenna is 2.83, 2.04 and 4.51 dB respectively. FR4 dielectric
substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used. This antenna is suitable for GSM, WLAN
and WiMAX applications [7].
A simple triple band antenna with dimensions 40mm x 30mm x 1.6mm is

designed. This antenna can transmit a triple band of frequencies that satisfies WLAN
2.4/5.3 GHz and Wi-MAX 3.9 GHz requirements. The proposed triple band antenna has
a bandwidth of 2.2 - 2.4, 3.7 - 3.92, and 5.2 - 5.4 GHz. FR4 dielectric substrate of relative
permittivity 4.4 is used. Microstrip feeding technique is used to feed the antenna. The
proposed triple band antenna suggest that it would be a strong choice for WLAN and
Wi-MAX applications [8].
A microstrip patch antenna in the form of a slotted fan with three working
frequencies is designed with the dimensions 31.34mm x 28.33mm x 1.6mm. At three
X-band frequencies, the antenna is tuned to resonate. The antenna design incorporates

Defected Ground Structure to enhance antenna performance (DGS). The resonant

frequencies are 9.93, 10.81 and 11.56 GHz. And the corresponding bandwidths are 470,
590 and 420MHz. The gain of the antenna is 3.33, 2.85 and 1.17dB respectively.
FR4 dielectric substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used. In particular for radar, the
proposed model is quite effective for triple band operating in the X-band frequency
range [9].
A quadband transmission line feed tortoise-shaped microstrip patch antenna with

optimal self-similar slotted ground structure is designed with the dimensions
33mm x 28mm x 1.6mm. Operating frequencies for this antenna are 4.12GHz, 5.92GHz,
7.72GHz, and 12.40GHz. And the corresponding bandwidths are 860, 1070, 590 and
1100MHz. The gain of the antenna is 2.97, 3.69, 2.67 and 4.69dB respectively.
FR4 dielectric substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used. This antenna works well for
applications in the C and Ku bands. In satellites, the military, and surveillance systems,
these frequency bands are employed [10].
A quad band double-PIFA is designed with the dimensions

56mm x 60mm x 1.52mm. The designed antenna gets four bands at 900MHz, 1.8GHz,
2.6GHz and 5.0GHz. And the corresponding bandwidths are 60, 200, 150 and 800MHz.
The gain of the antenna is 0.8, 2.28, 3.77 and 2.9 dB respectively. Roger RO4350B
substrate with relative permittivity of 3.48 is used. It works well with both wide-band
wireless communication networks and Internet of Things devices [11].
The proposed triple band antenna is designed by using simple stub geometry
having dimensions 16mm x 16mm x 0.82mm. Operating frequencies of this antenna are
6.40, 12.50 and 19.15 GHz. The gain of the antenna are 1.17, 4.32 and 3.87dB
respectively. For MIMO applications, a small two-port, triple-band circularly polarized
slot antenna has been proposed [12].
An innovative dual-band, 4-shaped, printed multiple input/multiple output

(MIMO) antenna system with two elements is created for Long Term Evolution (LTE)
wireless handheld and portable terminals. The printed MIMO antenna system had an
overall dimension of 50mm x 100mm x 1.56 mm. 803 to 823 MHz in the low frequency

band and 2440 to 2900 MHz in the high frequency band are covered. And the
corresponding bandwidths are 20 and 460MHz. The gain of the antenna is -4 and 2.4dB
respectively [13].
The above mentioned each survey is tabulated as follows:
Reference Dimensions Frequencies Bandwidth Gain Applications

(mm3) (GHz) (MHz) (dB) Substrate
[1] 24 x 8 x 1 3.2 – 3.5 800 2.39 Rogers WiMAX and
5.6 – 5.8 255 RO4003 WLAN
[2] 33.5x33.5x1.59 3.532 - 5.26 RT Duroid WiMAX and
6.835 4.36 WLAN
[3] 20 x 28 x 2 2.35 – 2.75 400 1.9 FR4 epoxy WiMAX and
3.3 – 3.83 530 2.7 WLAN
[4] 40 x 40 x 1.6 2.42 78 3.05 FR4 epoxy ISM and
5.33 190 2.94 WLAN
[5] 42 x 32 x 1.6 2.5 - 1.39 FR4 epoxy WiMAX and
5.15 1.79 WLAN
[6] 14 x 14 x 1.87 5.9, 9.1, 10.4 190, 320, 390 2.5 FR4 epoxy RADAR
6.1
5.3
[7] 32 x 34 x 1.6 1.82, 2.4, 5.52 34.1, 236.2, 2.83 FR4 epoxy GSM, WLAN
763.6 2.04 and WiMAX
4.51
[8] 40 x 30 x 1.6 2.3, 3.9, 5.3 2.2 - 2.4 - FR4 epoxy WiMAX and
3.7 - 3.92 WLAN
5.2 - 5.4
[9] 31.34x28.33x1.6 9.93, 10.81, 470, 590, 420 3.33 FR4 epoxy X band
11.56 2.85 applications
1.17

[10] 33 x 28 x 1.6 4.12, 5.92, 860, 1070, 2.97 FR4 epoxy C and Ku band
7.72, 12.40 590, 1100 3.69 applications
2.67
4.69
[11] 56 x 60 x 1.52 900MHz, 1.8, 60, 200, 0.8 Roger IoT devices
2.6, 5.0 150, 800 2.28 RO4350B
3.77
2.9
[12] 16 x 16 x 0.82 6.40, 12.50, - 1.17 - MIMO
19.15 4.32 applications
3.87
[13] 50 x 100 x 1.6 2.44, 2.9 20, 460 -4 - Wireless
2.4 applications
Table. 2.1 Comparison of literature survey

CHAPTER 3
FAN SHAPED MSPA DESIGN

3.1 Proposed Design
The antenna design consists of a circular patch with slot in the centre and three
rectangular strips that are joined to the edge of the circular patch to act as fan blades. A
120° angle separates each of the rectangular strips from the others. The FR4 dielectric
substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6mm is included in the
designed antenna model and is positioned between the radiating patch and the ground
plane. The antenna's overall dimensions are 31.34 x 28.33 x 1.6 mm3. On top of the
dielectric substrate, the above mentioned design forms a fan-like structure. Microstrip
line feeding technique is used in this antenna. In this feeding, the conducting strip and the
radiating patch’s edge are joined directly. Licensed electromagnetic solver high
frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is used to do the simulation. The design
model of the antenna is shown below
Fig. 3.1 Proposed Antenna (a)Front view (b)Bottom view

Table 3.1 Design parameters of the antenna

Parameters Notations Dimensions(mm)
Substrate Length LSub 28.33
Substrate Width WSub 31.34
Thickness of the substrate h 1.6
Ground Length Lg 25.31
Ground Width Wg 31.34
Rectangular Patch & Feed Lf 9.96
length
Rectangular Patch & Feed Wf 3.01
length
Slotted rectangular patch L 11.45
Slot length at blades Ls 10.85
Slot width at blades Ws 1.8
Radius of circular patch R1 4.46
Radius of inner circle R2 1
Circular slot at ground - R3 3.68
inner radius
Circular slot at ground - R4 5.12
outer radius
3.2 Design Specifications

To design a microstrip patch antenna the following three important parameters are
needed.
3.2.1 Operational Frequency (F)
Antenna’s frequency should be carefully chosen. System of personal communication uses
the frequencies from 1850 to 1990 Megahertz. So the antenna which we got designed
should work in this range of frequency.
3.2.2 Dielectric Constant of the Substrate (E)
For our design FR4 epoxy dielectric material is selected which is having dielectric
constant of 4.4. To reduce the dimensions of the antenna a substrate with a high dielectric
constant is selected. Here, FR indicates flame retardant and number 4 indicates glass
epoxy resin.

3.2.3 Height of dielectric Substrate (H)

For the microstrip patch antenna to be used in cellular mobiles, it is important that the
antenna should not be bulk in size. Hence, the height of the dielectric substrate is selected
as 1.6 mm.
1) Calculation of the width ‘W’
2) Calculation of the Effective Dielectric Constant
3) Calculation of Length
Where fo = Resonant frequency, h = thickness of substrate, R = Relative

permittivity
4) Return Loss
It is corresponding radio waves occurring at the input which is deleted as a
proportionate against the signals those are taken. For instance, if the power is
given as input to the antenna under test and power is returned to port at input. The
return loss can be defined below and expressed in dB
It is a positive quantity. Return loss in negative is made possible with devices of

conveying the power in voltage in line of transmission the overlooking equation
becomes

Voltage standing wave ratio is expressed in below equation
3.3 Design Flow

The design flow of antenna is given below
Fig 3.2 Flow chart

The above figure describes the design flow of the proposed antenna.
Initially, HFSS design environment is created. However, we know that
microstrip antenna consists of 3 layers. They are ground, substrate and patch.
First the ground plane is drawn using rectangle shape tool. Substrate layer is
created by using box as it is having thickness of 1.6mm. Patch is also drawn
using rectangle tool and dimensions are given as per the requirement. Now,
the input to the microstrip antenna can be given by using offset feeding
technique and it is also drawn using rectangle shape. Since the ground and
patch are conducting materials, we assign boundary as Perfect E (copper
material) and substrate is taken as FR4 epoxy material. Excitation is
given through lumped ports. In this design as we are dealing with radio

waves, we need to simulate the results in a closed chamber. Thus, after

completion of design of antenna structure we go for validation check and then
checking results whether the results obtained are satisfied with our
requirements. If not, further we go for either modifying shape of patch or
introducing defected ground structure. After getting optimized results we stop
the process.

CHAPTER 4
FAN SHAPED MSPA DESIGN PROCEDURE USING HFSS
4.1 Antenna Design
The main aim of this part is to generate, simulate and to examine the antenna.
Fig 4.1 Antenna in top view
Fig 4.2 Antenna in side view

4.2 Substrate Selection
Substrate is drawn by selecting a box from tool box.
Fig 4.3 Dimensions of substrate

4.3 Patch
Patch is drawn by selecting rectangle from the tool box.
Fig 4.4 Patch dimensions
Now, draw another two rectangles with same dimensions as the above with inner slots
and rotate them by 120 degrees. A circle is drawn by selecting circle from the tool box.
Fig 4.5 Patch circle dimensions

Then unite the three rectangles with the circle.
4.4 Ground Plane

Ground is drawn by selecting a rectangle from the tool bar.
Fig 4.6 Ground dimensions
Two circles are drawn by selecting circle from the tool box.
Fig 4.7 Ground circle1 dimensions

Fig 4.8 Ground circle2 dimensions
Now, subtract circle1 from the ground plane and unite the circle2 with the ground plane.
4.5 Microstrip Feed Line
To draw the microstrip feed line, click on the toolbar. Then draw a plane in XY axis with
corresponding dimensions with as shown in the following figure.
Fig 4.9 Feed line dimensions

4.6 Assign Excitation
To assign lumped-port excitation we have to follow the below steps i.e., allocate menu in
HFFS to excitations to assign lumped-port then name it as P1. And then click next.
4.7 Setup of Analysis
After completion of design it is ready to run. Next step is to provide setup of analysis. To
generate analysis allocate menu item in HFFS to analysis – setup and then add.
4.8 Solution Setup
In solution setup we should click the general tab and select the solution frequency as
5GHz and highest number of passes are 19. Later we should add frequency sweep.
4.9 Model Validation
For validation we should follow the below process. Allocate the menu in HFFS and the
validation. Then click on the close. If any errors or warnings occur check the message
manager.
Fig 4.10 Validation check

4.10 Analyze
To run the simulation, click the green exclamation point in the tool bar. This will run all
simulation setups associated with the current design. Alternatively you may right click on
an individual solution setup (such as in the Project Manager and select ‘Analyze’).
Conclusion
In this chapter the complete design of the microstrip patch antenna using HFFS is
discussed and mentioned about analysis setup, solution setup. In next chapter, the
parametric analysis is done to analyze the characteristics of proposed antenna and
experimental results are observed.

CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
5.1 Antenna Design
In the repetitive process of designing the antenna, iteration (1) is modified to iteration (3)
to achieve high impedance bandwidth.
5.1.1 Antenna design (Iteration - 1)
Initially, a fan shaped antenna without any slots is designed. This antenna operates at two
frequencies i.e., 6.9 GHz and 9.1 GHz with impedance bandwidth of 2.88% and 4.51%
respectively.
Fig 5.1 Iteration – 1
Further, the fan shaped patch of the antenna is modified by introducing circular slot with
radius 1mm at the center of the patch circle with radius 4.46mm. This antenna operates at
two frequencies i.e., 6.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz with impedance bandwidth of 2.91% and
3.13% respectively.

In the next iteration, another two rectangular slots are introduced to the two rectangles of
the fan shaped antenna which operates at 4GHz, 6.8GHz, 9.2GHz and 10.1GHz with
impedance bandwidth of 1.74%, 3.06%, 4.45% and 4.06% respectively.
In the repetitive process of designing the antenna, iteration (1) is modified to iteration (2)
to achieve high impedance bandwidth. The proposed antenna undergone parametric
analysis for a number of design iterations, including changes in return loss for iterations
(1), (2) and (3). The parametric variation is analyzed as illustrated in Fig. 5.5. Iteration(3)
produces four distinct resonances at 4 GHz, 6.8 GHz, 9.2 GHz and 10.1 GHz.

Fig 5.4 Schematic configuration of iterations (1), (2), (3)
Fig 5.5 Simulated Return loss for different iteration (1),(2), (3)
5.2 Parametric Analysis
The characteristics of the proposed antenna are analyzed using parametric analysis for
multiband applications. Various DGS, multiple design iterations, variations in inner circle
radius (R2) and various substrates are examined in order to evaluate the performance of
the designed antenna for various parametric values.
5.2.1 Return loss curve for with DGS and without DGS:
The DGS was integrated into the proposed antenna to increase its impedance bandwidth,
as illustrated in Fig.5.6. And Fig.5.7 shows the result of the parametric analysis for the
below three cases.

Fig 5.6 Schematic configuration of (1) Antenna without DGS (2) Antenna with half
ground (3) Antenna with DGS(proposed)
Fig.5.7 Simulated Parametric variation for without DGS, with half ground, with
DGS
5.2.2 Return loss curve for variation in inner circle radius (R2):
The parametric variation is analysed as shown in Fig. 5.9 by changing the inner circle
radius (R2) of the proposed antenna, as shown in Fig. 5.8. With inner circle radius
R2=1mm, the antenna generates four distinct frequencies to cover 4 GHz, 6.8 GHz,
9.2 GHz and 10.1 GHz.

Fig 5.8 Schematic configuration of inner circle radius

(a) R2=1mm (b) R2=2mm (c) R2=3mm
Fig.5.9 Simulated Parametric variation for inner circle radius (R2)
5.2.3 Return loss curve for various substrates:

The parametric analysis of the developed antenna with various substrates, such as Teflon
(r=2.1), RT duroid (r=2.94), and FR4 epoxy (r=4.4) is simulated as shown in Fig. 5.10.
Comparing FR4 epoxy substrate to Rogers RT Duroid and Teflon, it has produced
performance that is significantly better.

Fig.5.10 Simulated Parametric variation forvarious Substrates
Table. 5.1 Parametric analysis of various parameters
Parametric Frequency Impedance Peak

Variation band(GHz) Bandwidth(%) Gain(dB)
Iteration
1 6.9, 9.1 2.88, 4.51 1.5, 2.5
2 6.8, 9.3 2.91, 3.13 1.8, 2.9
3 4, 6.8, 9.2, 10.1 1.74, 3.06, 4.45, 4.06 3.5,4.2,5.6, 4.9
Inner circle
1 4, 6.8, 9.2, 10.1 1.74,3.06,4.45, 4.06 3.5,4.2,5.6,4.9
radius (R2)
2 4, 6.6, 9, 10.4 3.99,2.70,4.11, 3.36 3,4.1,5.1,4.5
3 4.1, 6.5, 10.2 3.16,2.29,11.95 3.1,4,5.1,4.7

FR4 =4.4 4, 6.8, 9.2, 10.1
1.74,3.06,4.45, 4.06 3.5,4.2,5.6,4.9
Epoxy
RT =2.93 - - -
Duroid
=2.1 - - -
Teflon
- - -
Without DGS
With half ground 4.4 16.17 5.5
With DGS 4, 6.8, 9.2, 10.1 1.74,3.06,4.45,4.06 3.5,4.2,5.6,4.9

5.3 VSWR
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio which is a function of the
reflection coefficient , which describes the amount of reflected power from the antenna.
If the reflection coefficient is given by Ꞁ, then VSWR is defined as
Return loss is referred to as reflection coefficient or S11. VSWR is always a positive and
real number for antennas. When the VSWR value is smaller it indicates that the antenna
is matched to the transmission line and more power is supplied to the antenna. As shown
in figure.5.11 VSWR value lies between 1 and 2 for an entire frequency band. Thus, the
amount of reflection takes place will be very less.
Fig. 5.11 Simulated VSWR
5.4 Peak Gain

The simulated peak gain for proposed antenna design is shown in fig. 5.12. It can be
observed that the maximum peak gain achieved is 5.6dB at 9.2 GHz.

Fig. 5.12 Peak Gain (dB) vs Frequency (GHz)
5.5 Surface Current And Field Analysis

The surface current analysis of the proposed antenna is shown in fig. 5.13. The E-field
and H-field distribution of the proposed antenna are shown in fig. 5.14.
Fig. 5.13 Simulated surface current distribution

The E-field and H-field distributions of the proposed antenna at frequency f = 4 GHz are
illustrated in Fig. 5.14.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5.14 Simulated (a) E - field distribution and (b) H – field distribution
5.6 Measured Results and Discussions

The top and bottom views of the fabricated antenna are shown in Fig. 5.15.
The fabricated antenna is tested using Anritsu MS2037C/2 Vector Network Analyzer.
The simulated and measured return loss [S11] curves for the antenna are shown
in Fig. 5.16.

Fig. 5.15 Fabricated Antenna (a) Top view (b) Bottom view
Fig. 5.16 Measured and simulated return loss for proposed antenna

Fig. 5.17 Fabricated antenna result using VNA
The far field radiation pattern of the designed antenna is bidirectional as illustrated in
Fig. 5.18. The measured plots for E and H fields of the proposed antenna are taken at f=4
GHz, f=6.8 GHz, f=9.2 GHz and f=10.1 GHz respectively.
f= 4 GHz f= 6.8 GHz
f= 9.2 GHz f= 10.1 GHz
Fig. 5.18 Simulated radiation pattern for the proposed antenna at f=4 GHz,
6.8 GHz, 9.2 GHz, 10.1 GHz

Table. 5.2 Comparative analysis of proposed antenna with previously

reported antenna in literature
Reference Antenna size Frequency Impedance

(mm3) bands (GHz) Bandwidth (%)
[ 10 ] 20x28x1.6 2.5,3.5 15.7, 14.9
[ 11 ] 33.5x33.5x1.59 3.532,6.835 8.16, 6.1
[ 12 ] 31.34x28.33x1.6 9.93,10.81, 11.56 4.73, 5.45, 3.63
[ 13 ] 48.64x57.23x1.6 1.24,3.7,5.15 6.37, 8.02, 2.31

[ 14 ] 30x40x1.6 2.4,3.9,5.25 8.69, 5.77, 3.77
[ 15 ] 56x60x1.52 900MHz,1.8,2.6,5 6.67,11.11,5.77,16
Proposed 31.34x28.33x1.6 4,6.8,9.2,10.1 1.74,3.06,4.45,4.06
Conclusion
In this chapter, the characteristics of the proposed antenna are observed along with
measured results, return loss, VSWR, peak gain, surface current analysis and radiation
pattern.

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusion
Hence a microstrip patch antenna is designed which operates at multiple

frequencies. The substrate used here is FR4 epoxy having relative permittivity of
. The enhancement of bandwidth is achieved by introducing DGS and modifying
shape of the patch.
This paper presents and analyses a patch antenna with defective ground structure
(DGS) that operates in four frequency bands. The designed antenna generates four
distinct resonances to cover 4 GHz, 6.8 GHz, 9.2 GHz and 10.1 GHz, which is
appropriate for various wireless applications such as Wi-Fi, weather radar systems,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-band applications. Its impedance bandwidth
impedance is 1.74% (3.97-4.04 GHz), 3.06% (6.74-6.95 GHz), 4.45% (9.00-9.41 GHz)
and 4.06% (9.89-10.30 GHz) with gains of 3.5 dB, 4.2 dB, 5.6 dB and 4.9 dB. As a
result, the designed antenna provides good radiation characteristics in terms of return
loss, bandwidth, VSWR and gain.
6.2 Future Scope

The future scope of our project is that we can make the microstrip patch antenna
to operate at multiple frequencies. Since the need for fast, reliable communication
continues to rise across a variety of businesses and technology, the potential for
multiband antennas is enormous and bright. Additionally, we can improve the bandwidth
by utilizing various defected ground structures and also, we can reduce the size of the
antenna to operate at same number of frequencies as mentioned in this project.

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A FAN SHAPED QUADBAND MICROSTRIP PATCH

ANTENNA USING DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE

K. BHAVYA NAGA DEVI PRIYA (19761A0481)

Under the Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

K. BHAVYA NAGA DEVI PRIYA (19761A0481)

K. BHAVYA NAGA DEVI PRIYA (19761A0481)

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO

Dept of ECE, LBRCE Page 1

1.1.1 Types of Antennae

Fig 1.1 Antennae Types

Dept of ECE, LBRCE Page 2

1.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna

Fig. 1.2 Microstrip patch antenna

Dept of ECE, LBRCE Page 3

1.3 Feeding Techniques

Fig. 1.3 Microstrip LineFeed

Dept of ECE, LBRCE Page 4

1.3.2 Coaxial Feed

Fig. 1.4 Coaxial Feed

1.3.3 Aperture Coupled Feed

Dept of ECE, LBRCE Page 5

Fig. 1.5 Aperture Coupled Feed

1.3.4 Proximity Coupled Feed

Dept of ECE, LBRCE Page 6

Fig. 1.6 Proximity Coupled feed

Characteristics Microstrip line Coaxial feed Aperture Proximity

Impedance Easy Easy Easy Easy

Table 1.1 Comparison of feeding techniques

Dept of ECE, LBRCE Page 7

1.4 Radiation Mechanism

Fig. 1.7 Mechanism of Antenna

1.4.1 Types of Radiation Mechanism

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1.5 HFSS Software

1.5.2 Applications of HFSS

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 Advances in microwave technology

1.5.3 System Requirements to Run HFSS:

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substrate, it is cleaned with acetone. A blend of photoresist and slenderer in the

Fig. 1.8 Photolithography process

1.6.2 PCB prototype machine

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Fig. 1.9 PCB prototype machine

1.7 Defected Ground Structure

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of wireless communication systems, such as satellite communications, Wi-Fi, and mobile

Fig. 1.10 Various DGS Shapes

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A slotted microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) is

A dual-band Defected Ground Structure (DGS), stub slot configuration antenna is

A novel compact microstrip-fed antenna for wireless applications is designed.

A dual band circular microstrip patch antenna with the dimensions

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A triband antenna is designed for radiolocation (RADAR) using defected ground

A simple triple band antenna with dimensions 40mm x 30mm x 1.6mm is

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Defected Ground Structure to enhance antenna performance (DGS). The resonant