Physics 218: Lecture 2

Chapter 2:
 Motion
 Forces
 Newton's laws

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 1

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Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 2

 http://www.physics.purdue.edu/class/services/HC218220.pdf

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 3

 Position and Displacement

xX
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

x1 = 1 m
x2 = 5 m
x = x2 – x1 = (5 – 1) m = 4 m
The change in position, x, is called the displacement

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 4

 Distance and Displacement

xX
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

x1 = 1 m
x2 = 3 m
Displacement: x = x2 – x1 = (3 – 1) m = 2 m
Distance: |5-1| m + |3-5| m = 6 m

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 5

 Distance and Displacement

Distance (scalar)
Displacement (vector)

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 6

 Reading quiz
The reading assignment was Chapters 1 & 2

A. I read the whole assignment for today

B. I read everything except the examples
C. I read some of the assignment
D. I did not read the assignment

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 7

 quiz
You and your dog go for a walk to a nearby park.
On the way, your dog takes many short side
trips to chase squirrels, examine fire hydrants,
and so on. When you arrive at the park, do you
and your dog have the same displacement?
Have you traveled the same distance?
A. Same displacement, same distance
B. Different displacement, same distance
C. Different displacement, different distance
D. Same displacement, different distance

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 8

 x position (m)
Velocity

Time (sec)

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 9

 Velocity

“constant velocity”
x position (m)

x1 x2

x2 - x1
vx =
t2 - t1

t1 t2
Time (sec)

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 10

 Bodies at constant velocity do
experience forces, however,

the sum of all forces on a body

at constant velocity is zero.

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 11

 Newton’s First Law

If the total force acting on a

body is zero, it will maintain its
velocity* forever.

*The object at rest is just a special case of this

with velocity equal to zero.
Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 12
 Newton’s First Law
in Reverse

If a body is moving at constant

velocity*, then the total force
acting on it is zero.

*The object at rest is just a special case of this

with velocity equal to zero.
Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 13
 Velocity

“constant (zero) velocity”

x position (m)

“At rest”
vx = 0

Time (sec)

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 14

 First law

The net force on a moving object suddenly

becomes zero. The object then:
A Stops abruptly
B Stops during a short time interval
C Changes direction
D Continues at constant velocity
E Slows down gradually

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 15

 Average velocity 2

If an object is traveling at a constant

velocity, is it necessarily traveling in a
straight line?

A. Yes
B. No

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 16

 Velocity
When an object undergoes a change in position it has a velocity
the magnitude of the velocity is the speed
For motion in a straight line the average velocity is the change in
position over a given time interval t
x x 2  x1
v AVG  
t t 2  t1
The instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average velocity as the
time interval t  0
x
v  lim
t  0  t
Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 17
 Average Velocity and Average Speed
Position vs. Time graph

The average velocity is the ratio

x x2  x1
of the displacement, x, which VAVG  
occurs in time interval t t t 2  t1
Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 18
 If one continues to take average velocities
over shorter t’s one approaches the limit vinst

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 19

 Acceleration

toward the end

x position (m)

further along and

moving fast

initially zero Time (sec)

velocity

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 20

 Acceleration
When an object undergoes a change in velocity it is said to be
accelerating
For motion in a straight line the average acceleration is the change in
velocity v over a given time interval t

 v v 2  v1
a AVG  
t t 2  t 1
The instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the average acceleration
as the time interval t  0
v
a  lim
t  0  t
Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 21
 Constant acceleration
It is very useful to plot graphs of x, v, a versus t
2 60
acceleration (m/s2)

10

velocity (m/s)

position (m)
40
1
5
20

0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
time (s) time (s) time (s)

v x
a  const v  at  x  vt  at 2
t t
Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 22
 Acceleration can be both + and -
speed can decrease then increase
in opposite direction

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 23

 Can have v > 0 and
a < 0 as in (b).
Can have v < 0 and
A > 0 as in ( c )

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 24

 Mass
A measure of the inertia
An intrinsic property of the object
Objects with a lot of inertia (large mass) are
harder to change the state of motion of
compared to objects with a small amount of
inertia (small mass)
The units of mass are grams, kilograms, or
slugs
F
Small acceleration

F
Large acceleration
Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 25
 Weight
Weight is the force of gravity on an object
with mass
Units of weight are Newtons or Pounds
Same mass
Different weight!

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 26

 Demos: Inertia
Table Cloth Jerk
Egg drop
Inertial Ball

Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 27

 Inertia
You are a passenger in a car and not
wearing your seat belt. Without increasing
or decreasing its speed, the car makes a
sharp left turn, and you find yourself
colliding with the right-hand door. Which
is the correct analysis of the situation?
A. Before and after the collision, there is a
rightward force pushing you into the door.
B. Starting at the time of collision, the door
exerts a leftward force on you.
C. Both of the above
Physics 218 Fall 2010 Lecture 2 Slide 28