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    Guidelines For Evaluation of Load Carrying Capacity of Bridg PDF

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    Rajarathinam1235463

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Indian Roads Congress Special Publication 37 ) GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF BRIDGES Published by: The Indian Roads Congress. Copies can be had from The Secretary, Indian Roads Congress, Jamnagar House, Shahjahan Road, New Dethi-110011 NEW DELHI 1991 Price Rs @K00 (Plus packing & postage charges) Published in June, 1991 (The Rights of Publication and Translation are reserved) Edited and Published by Shri D.P. Gupta, Secretary, Indian Roads Congress, Printed at Sagar Printers & Publishers, New Delhi (2000 copies) L ny, 2 B 1». 2». 24 2. MEMBERS OF THE BRIDGES SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS COMMITTEE, Ninan Koshi (Convenoe) MK. Mukherjee (MemberSeertary) SR Aggarwal CR Alimehandani Dr AS Arya LS. Bassi MAK. Bhagwagar PC. Bhasin AG. Borkar SP. Chakrabarti SS. Chakraborty Dr. P, Ray Chaudhuri AN. Choudhury NN. Chatterjee BJ. Dave Dharm Vie Dharm Pal Achyut Ghosh PS. Gokhale DI. Grover P. Kanakaratnam V. Krishnamurthy AK Lal ‘Adal Director General (Bridges), Ministry of Sur- face Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi Chit Engineer (Bridges), Ministry of Surface ‘Transport (Roads Wing}. New Deihi Director, Research Designs & Standards Onganisa- tion, Lucknow Chairman & Managing Director, Stup (India) Ltd, Bombay Head, Deptt. of Earthquake Engg, Universy of Roorkee, Roorkee Adal, Director General (Bridges) (Ret), Flat No, 42, NGH Sociery, New Delhi Consulting Engineer, Engg. Consultants Pvt. Ld, New Delhi 324. Mandakini Enclave, Greater Kailash-ll, New Deihi-t 10019 Chief, Transport & Communications Division, BMRDA, Bombay’ Chief Engineer (Bridges), Ministry of Surface ‘Transport (Roads Wing). New Delhi Managing Director. Consulting Engg. Services (india) Lid, New Delhi 148, Sidhartha Enclave, New Delhi ‘Chief Engineer (Retd),4, Assam Govt Press Road, Guwahati (Assam) Chief Engineer PWD (Roads). Directorate, West Bengal (Chie Engineer (RRP) and Joint Seeetary, Gujarat RAB Deptt, Gandhinagar Engineerin-Chief (Retd), ‘Nagar, Lucknow-226016 Engincerin-Chief, HP, PWD. Shimla Director, Metal Enge Treatment Co, Pvt. Ltd, Calcutta “Iethapoont.79, Anant Patil Road, Dadar, Bombay Chief Engineer (Retd), D-1037, New Friends Colony, New Delhi (Chief Engineer (H&RW), Tamil Nadu Chief Engineer, PWD NH, Karnataka Engineetin-Chief-cum-Spl. Secy. PWD, Road Consia. Dept, Paina Indira 2. 2. », 30. 3h 2 33. 4 3. 36. 3. 38 ». 41 2 8. at CB. Mathur Chief Engineer & Addl, Secy, Rajasthan PWD BAR, Jaipur NY. Merani Principal Secretary to the Govt of Maharashtra PWD, Bombay Dr. AK. Mullick Director Genetal National Council for Cement & Building Materials, New Delhi PN. Naik Chief Technical Consultant, Gileon Project Ser vices Ltd, Bombay G. Raman, Director (Civil Engineering), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi Dr. TIN, Subba Rao Managing Director, Gammon India Ltd, Bombay Dr. GP. Saha Chief Engineer, Hindustan Constn. Co. Lid, Bombay MN. Sastry Chief Engineer (Bridges), Ministry of Surface ‘Transport (Roads Wing). New Delhi (Chief Engineer (Bridges) (Retd), H-Block, Flat No. BA. DDA Self Financing Scheme. Saket New Delhi-110017 S. Seetharaman RP. Sika Adal Director General (Roads Ministry of Surface ‘Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi 4S, Sodhi (Chief Engineer Retd),546/Sector-16, Chandigarh KB, Sarkar Chief Engineer (Bridges), Ministry of Surface ‘Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi Chief Engineer (Design) CP.W.D.. Cent Organisation. New Delhi Engineetin-Chief, UP PWD, Lucknow Deputy Director, Structural Engg, Research Centre, Ghaziabad (UP) BY, Subramanyam Desiga NC. Saxena Dr. MG. Tamhankar Mahesh Tandon. + Managing Director, Tandon Consultants Pvt Lid, New Delhi ‘The Director Highways Research Station, Guindy. Madras ‘The President Indian Roads Congress(V.P. Kamdar) Secretary to the Govt. of Gujarat, PWD. = Bxoffiio ‘The Director General... (Road Development) & Addl. Secretary tothe Govt, ‘of India (KK. Sarin) = Bvoffiio ‘The Secretary Indian RoadsCongress(D.P.Gupta)~Ex-offcio Corresponding Members Dr. K. Rajagopalan Indian Institue of Technology, PO. ITT, Madras Dr. VK. Raina ‘United Nations Expert in Civil Engg. (B&S), C/o UNDP. PB.No. 558, Riyadir11421 (Saudi Arabia) FOREWARD The Indian Roads Congress had brought out the Special Publica- tion No. 9 on Rating of Bridges in 1972. In view of the latest revisions in the codal provisions, revised Motor Vehicle Act. 1988 and review of International practices, the Bridge Maintenance and Rehabilitation ‘Committee finalised the Guidelines on Evaluation of Load Carrying Capacity of Bridges superseding the Special Publication No. 9. The draft was approved by the Council in December, 1990. In these Guidelines the common procedures for assessing the strength and methods of evaluating the safe permissible load carrying capacity of exisitng bridges have been given as also the procedure for posting of structurally deficient bridges. These Guidelines are applicable {o reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, steel, composite and masonry arch bridges. Tam confident that the application of these Guidelines will help the field engineers in assessing the safe carrying capacity of our bridges. ‘Any suggestions and feed back from the profession on the actual use of these Guidelines would be most welcome. (KK. SARIN) Director General Road Development) & Addl. Secy. to the Govt. of India Ministry of Surface Transport New Delhi, April 1991 (Roads Wing) Wie 8 LEGEND. Gross Vehicle Weight Front Axle Weight Rear Axle Weight Axle Weight Ratio Moment Capacity of the Section Shear Capacity of the Section Reduction Factor Moment due to all loads other than live load Shear due to all loads other than live load ‘Net Moment Resisting Capacity minus effect due to all loads other than live loads ‘Net Shear Resisting Capacity minus effect due to all loads other than live loads Maximum live load moment for standard IRC loads ‘Maximum live load shear for standard IRC loads Span of Bridge Weight-in-Motion Over dimensioned Consignment CONTENTS Introduction Scope Assessment of Condition of Bridge Traffic Factors Rating Methodology Load Testing Bridge Posting Repair, Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Bridges Bibliography TABLES Table |. Bridge Rating Systems Table 2. Safe Axle Load for RCC Slab Bridges APPENDICES Appendix |: Permissible Stresses in Different Materials Appendix 2: Ultimate Strength of Sections and Service- ability Conditions Appendix 3: Factors to be Considered While Rating Existing Steel Bridges Appendix 4: Factors for Rating Masonry Arch Bridges ees eneene 18 2 4s GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF BRIDGES 1, INTRODUCTION 1.1. A Bridge Maintenance & Rehabilitation Committee (B-10) was constituted by the Indian Roads Congress in January 1988 in order to look into the various aspects, policies and guidelines for the general subject of bridge maintenance and rehabilitation. The above Committee after detailed deliberations, decided to set up three subcommittees to prepare drafts of guidelines on the following subjects (@ Inspection and maintenance of bridges (i) Evaluation of load carrying capacity of bridges (ii) Methods and techniques of major repairs, strengthening and rehabilitation of bridges ‘The personnel of the Bridge Maintenance and Rehabilitation ‘Committee (B-10) is given below: NY. Merani Convenor AG. Borkar Member Secretary Members CR Alimchandani NC Saxena PC Bhasin MC. Sharma SS. Chakraborty Susit Singh BJ. Dave Dr. TN. Subba Reo SP. Gantayet Mahesh Tandon PS. Gokhale NG. Thatte VP. Kamdar Rep. of CRRI GP. Lal (MY.B, Rao) RK Mathur Rep, of West Bengal PWD AD. Narain (A Mukherjee) MG. Prabhu Director, HRS, Madras Exofficio ‘The President IRC (V.P. Kamdar) ‘The DG. (RD). (KK. Sarin) ‘The Secretary, IRC (DLP. Gupta) Corresponding Members MR Vinayak Rep. of National Council Rep. of Structural for Cement and Building Engg. Research Centre Materials (MS. Kapia) (C. Raj Kuma) The Guidelines on Inspection and Maintenance of Bridges have already been published by the Indian Roads Congress as IRC : SP-35, 12 The present Guidelines for Evaluation of Load Carrying Capacity of Bridges have been drafted by a subcommittee consisting of the following: SS. Chakraborty = Convenor Dr. P. Ray Chaudhry Member BJ. Dave Member MS. Kapla “Member AD. Narain Member MY.B, Rao Member BY. Gurura Member The Subcommittee was rendered valuable service by Shri D.T. Grover, Shri S. Sengupta and Shri A.K. Garg in collecting and process. ing various technical data. ‘The guidelines prepared by the subcommittee for preparation of Guidelines for Evaluation of Load Carrying Capacity of Bridges were approved by the Bridge Maintenance and Rehabilitation Committee in their meeting held at Bombay on the 17th August, 1990, Further the Guidelines were considered and approved by the Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee in their meeting held at New Delhi on the 7th and 8th November, 1990 subject to certain modifications. Later on the modified guidelines were approved by the Executive Committee and the Council in their meetings held at New Delhi and Calcutta on the 18th November, 1990 and 8th December, 1990 respectively. ‘These Guidelines should be read in conjunction with and in con- tinuation of IRC:SP-35 “Guidelines for Inspection and Maintenance of Bridges” as both are interrelated and some of the areas may be overlapping, These Guidelines are revision of IRC Special Publication 9, entitled "Report on Rating of Bridges. The additions/modifications to the document ‘Rating of Bridges’ made herein are basically due to the following reasons (subsequent revisions in the codal provisions (Gi) revised Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 Gi) review of international practice The present guidelines would supersede tion 9 entitled “Report on Rating of Bridges" 2. SCOPE, 2.1. Objective of these guidelines on evaluation of load carrying capacity of bridges is as follows (@) to establish a common procedure for assessing the strength and specify methods of evaluating the safe permissible load carrying capacity oF rating ofthe existing bridges including load testing methods (©) to establish a common procedure for posting of structurally deficient bridges These procedures are meant to serve only as a guide, They are intended for use for the type of bridges as mentioned in para 22 below. Large and unusual structures require special study and consideration of even secondary and other effects which may normally be neglected in simple structures while assessing their strength and do not fall within the scope of these criteria. These guidelines are also not applicable to timber bridges. Rating of a bridge will be essential when (@) the design live load is ess than that ofthe heaviest statutory commercial vehicle plying or likly to ply on the bridge (©) the design tive load is not known nor are the rconds and drawings available (©) _if during the inspections routine, principal, special) any bridge is found to (© pat dre cfseou naturceango doubt aout scar andor functional adequacy. ‘The rating of a bridge is a complex procedure involving subjective decisions in certain cases. As such, it will be carried out by bridge engineers with adequate experience and/or knowledge on the subject. 2.2. Classification of Bridges The following types of bridges are covered under these guidelines: (© Simply supported spans i) Cantilever with suspended spans and (ii) Arch bridges of span not exceeding 60 m. 1e IRC Special Publica- 1986. In regard to material of construction, all bridges of reinforced con- 3 rete, prestressed concrete, steel, composite and masonry arches are included. 3. ASSESSMENT OF CONDITION OF BRIDGE 3.1. Arising out ofthe detailed inspection and maintenance of the bridges any abnormal distress in its condition should be noted for a detailed inspection and evaluation of its present load carrying capacity bya specialist team. This selection will have to be left to the judgement ofa senior engineer who, if necessary, with the help ofa design engineer will be able to discern whether such an evaluation is called for. A strong data base is essential in order to make a scientific assess- ment of the condition of the bridge. Where there is a reliable and com- plete documentation on the design and construction of the bridge, field investigations will be oriented primarily towards identifying the effect of any deterioration, damage or settlement that has taken place. Where such documentation is lacking. then in addition to the above field inves- tigations, dimensions of all the structural members should be taken to Prepare a complete set of as-built drawings showing the geometrical dimensions only. However, details of the untensioned reinforcement and prestressing cables cannot be ascertained to a degree of accuracy required for preparation’ of as-built drawings or for structural calculation For all these bridges identified for detailed investigation, field and laboratory testing may be required to an extent which would depend on the degree of deterioration of the structure. The present guidelines provide the assessment of the load carrying capacity of the bridge keeping in view its structural aspects. It is assumed that no deficiency regarding the hydraulic and geometric parameters exists in the bridges to be rated for. 3.2. Data Needed for Assessment 3.2.1. Assessment of structural condition of bridge will take account of the following information, which has to be collected during the detailed field investigation: (i) cracking. spalling, honeycombing leaching. loss of material or lamination ‘of concrete members in superstructure, substructure and foundations (i) corrosion of rebars exposure of rebars. corrosion in prestressing cables and structural steel members ip setemen, deformation o ton, prodsingreitibuto of ses of inti of the sete 6 isi stengh of materia (byte dat covering sor, HFL fu onion at abutment © re pound water ble ning ovt of Rew igion projec O any ther eason (si) elfcivenss and condition of tre joins vz bolted, Hieted and ‘ded coanetns for ste! bids (i eno pny rine ats ness si) any pone movements of prs abitments sew backs retaining walls (8) Mtg und ny stlmen oiling of foundations. The list is not comprehensive but includes majority of factors likely to influence load carrying capacity of the bridge. 33. Collection of Data To the extent available, following documents are to be procured contract drawings, updated to reflect as built details Gi) design computations which are required to study the concepts and (0 Sramplions om which the Oil sen was Based “Gd site records during construction and soil investigation records (contract specications {() postconstruction inspection and maintenance reports (i) detais fall epar/trengthening workcaried out til the date of investigation (vi) prevalent commercial vehicular loading plying on the bridge (ip Seismic and environmental data 3.4. Preliminary Assessment ji ition can be made Preliminary assessement of the structural condition car by observing for visible deterioration in the form of large deflections and/or extensive cracking, and spalling of concrete. In such distresse< bridges, there will normally be time for a preliminary assessment of the distress and its reduced load carrying capacity. ' pr ssment of the structural capacity, its vertical profile survey shouldbe conducted onthe deck level both on the upsteam and downstream sides of the carriageway and plotted on a suitable scale ‘This may be carried out once in a month or two months and profiles ! ‘compared in order to detect indication of increase in deflection or any ‘unusual break in the profile. This has been discussed further under para 5 3.9. hereinafter. The movement of the ex; i i of the expansion joints (both ho and vertical) should, likewise, be monitored from a to ime A.study of drawings and calculations (where available or prepared by the rating engineer based on site measurements) together with ve ie situ inspection would generally give indication whether the structural component has been overloaded or whether reserves are sill availatie ‘Where necessary, immediate measures should be taken to completers detailed assessment and decide upon the various options avainitieg erating, closure, replacement, repair, strengthening ot no action, 3.5. Detailed Assessment The detailed structural assessment should i t is include a careful an see Appropriate to the kind of deterioration or ‘ince all structural inadequacies that adversely or serviceability arise from : : foie (©) defines within the structure te fut ure ie Fults in design of detain ‘material or workmanship bs 7 (8) change in extemal cicumsta ee inten ali nding envio: Ime intense ec esuling in ees demande ont rear A systematic approach to the structural ass i oo sessment must include (0 Visual inspection of he strctare — tis shoud be cased out ould be cari ou inorder detect all symptoms of damage snd defects and should include sche oa the actual dimensions ofthe srutral loment concerned ) Stay exiting documents — this shou include all the documents mew tioned under pra 33 hesnabove (i) Mapping ofcracking pater inthe stil components Alvis cracks shoud "be mapped but cas of wth op 020 tm shuld be (o>) Amesiment of beulour of the structure under dynamic loading e excessive vibrations and amplitude. ee (©) Bavroumenta insences~ his shold include efecto effect of aggressive agents in ‘heatmoephers ground, sol and eluents dichamgedin the sete eflecteoftempertue, ain, snowfall and sesmityf the locaton (0) Materia properties of se! and conrete — several inspection and testi techniques and pes of equipment required have been described in mts Sequent pat of hs document (0) Extimate of lads ~ the prevalent heaviest commercial vhiclarlond ph iculaond plying on the bridges and the extn! of tac congestion dating peak Woe including the traffic mix, should be studied in detail. ee 3.6. Techniques of Inspection and Testing The inspection procedures to be followed, a simplified Bridge Inventory Form, standard. tools for preliminary assessment and the assessment methods including destructive and non-destructive tests, have been covered in IRC: SP-35. A separate document covering the State-of-the-Art of Non-Destructive Testing of Bridge Structures. is currently under finalisation by the IRC, which should also be studied in this respect. ‘The possible assessment methods and tests for such cases have been indicated in Appendices-7 & 8 of IRC: SP-35. However, all the testing methods are not essential for the assess- ‘ment. Selection of tests may be made based on the specific requirement of the structure. Further, it should be noted that such tests do not always provide reliable results in ascertaining the exact extent of distress in the structure. 3.7. Assessment of Strength of Materials In-situ testing or sampling normally produce results with some degree of divergence due to various reasons (viz. variability of materials, concrete batching etc). Usually, it would be necessary to establish upper and lower pro- ability limits for the material properties under examination, Cutting of samples for assessing the material strength of concrete or steel members should be carried out only when essential as, such sam- pling entails some risks to the structure. Samples cut from steel struc- tures may lead to fatigue weakness while cores drilled in weak concrete ‘members may act as crack inducers. Therefore, such work should be car- ried out under close supervision and only after obtaining approval from the Design Engineer with respect to the location and details of sampling proposed. 3.8. Sectional Areas of Structural Members and Location of Reinforcement and Tendons When reinforcement details are not known, position of reinforce- ment close to the surface may be determined by covermeter (electro- magnetic reinforcement detectors). ‘This equipment would also give an approximate indication of bar sizes and spacings. For reinforcement at depth greater than 120 mm, it will be necessarry to use other methods such as radiography subject to availability of such equipment, although this will prove to be expensive due to use of radiographic films. Radiography should be carried out only by specialists licensed to handle radio-active isotopes and all health and safety regulations should be strictly observed. In prestressed concrete structures, size of tendons can be deter- mined if the end anchorages are accessible. Otherwise radiographic methods will be required. However, such methods are not reliable for

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