PARDON THE INTERRUPTION, BUT IT'S IMPORTANT.

WE'LL CUT TO THE CHASE: 98%

OF OUR READERS DON'T GIVE; THEY SIMPLY LOOK AWAY. ALL WE ASK IS ₹ 150, OR
WHATEVER SEEMS RIGHT TO YOU THIS SUNDAY, BEFORE YOU GET BACK TO YOUR
ARTICLE.DONATE NOW

h victory at Marignano in 1515, regain the territory they had lost; the treaties
of Noyon and Brussels, which ended the war the next year, would essentially return
the map of Italy to the status quo of 1508.

Contents

 1Prelude
 2League of Cambrai
 3Veneto-Papal alliance
 4Holy League
 5Franco-Venetian alliance
 6Aftermath
 7Notes
 8References

Prelude[edit]
In the aftermath of the First Italian War (1494–1498), Pope Alexander VI had, with
French assistance, moved to consolidate Papal control over central Italy by seizing
the Romagna.[2] Cesare Borgia, acting as Gonfalonier of the Papal armies, had
expelled the Bentivoglio family from Bologna, which they had ruled as a fief, and was
well on his way towards establishing a permanent Borgia state in the region when
Alexander died on 18 August 1503.[3] Although Cesare managed to seize the
remnants of the Papal treasury for his own use, he was unable to secure Rome
itself, as French and Spanish armies converged on the city in an attempt to influence
the Papal conclave; the election of Pius III (who soon died, to be replaced by Julius
II) stripped Cesare of his titles and relegated him to commanding a company of men-
at-arms.[4] Sensing Cesare's weakness, the dispossessed lords of the Romagna
offered to submit to the Republic of Venice in exchange for aid in regaining their
dominions; the Venetian Senate accepted and had taken possession
of Rimini, Faenza, and a number of other cities by the end of 1503. [5]
Julius II, having secured his own control of the Papal armies by arresting and
imprisoning Cesare, first in Bologna and later in Ravenna, quickly moved to re-
establish Papal control over the Romagna by demanding that Venice return the cities
she had seized.[6] The Republic of Venice, although willing to acknowledge Papal
sovereignty over these port cities along the Adriatic coast and willing to pay Julius II
an annual tribute, refused to surrender the cities themselves. [7] In response, Julius
concluded an alliance with France and the Holy Roman Empire against Venice; the
death of Isabella I of Castile and the resulting collapse of relations between the
parties soon dissolved the alliance, but not before Venice had been induced to
abandon several of the cities.[8] Julius, although unsatisfied with his gains, did not
himself possess sufficient forces to fight the Republic; for the next two years he
instead occupied himself with the reconquest of Bologna and Perugia, which, located
between Papal and Venetian territory, had in the meantime assumed a status of
quasi-independence.[9]
In 1507, Julius returned to the question of the cities in Venetian hands; once again
rebuffed by the Senate, he encouraged Emperor Maximilian I to attack the Republic.
[10]
 Maximilian, using his journey to Rome for the Imperial coronation as a pretext,
entered Venetian territory with a large army in February 1508 and advanced
on Vicenza, but was defeated by a Venetian army under Bartolomeo d'Alviano.[11] A
second assault by a Tyrolean force several weeks later was an even greater failure;
Alviano not only routed the Imperial army but also seized the entire County of
Gorizia, Austrian Istria (Merania and the county of Pazin), as well as Trieste, Fiume,
and the westernmost portions of Inner Carniola, forcing Maximilian to conclude a
truce with Venice.[12]

League of Cambrai[edit]
In the spring of 1508, the Republic provoked Julius by appointing her own candidate
to the vacant bishopric of Vicenza; in response, the Pope called for all Christian
nations to join him in an expedition to subdue Venice. [13] On 10 December 1508,
representatives of the Papacy, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Ferdinand I of
Spain concluded the League of Cambrai against the Republic.[14] The agreement
provided for the complete dismemberment of Venice's territory in Italy and for its
partition among the signatories: Maximilian, in addition to
regaining Gorizia, Trieste, Merania, and eastern Istria, would receive Verona,
Vicenza, Padua, and the Friuli; France would annex Brescia, Crema, Bergamo,
and Cremona to its Milanese possessions; Ferdinand would seize Otranto; and the
remainder, including Rimini and Ravenna, would be added to the Papal States.[15]
On 9 May 1509, Louis crossed the Adda River at the head of a French army and
moved rapidly into Venetian territory. [16] To oppose him, Venice had hired
a condottiere army under the command of the Orsini cousins—Bartolomeo d'Alviano
and Niccolò di Pitigliano—but had failed to account for their disagreement on how
best to stop the French advance.[17] On 14 May, Alviano confronted the French at
the Battle of Agnadello; outnumbered, he sent requests for reinforcements to his
cousin, who replied with orders to break off the battle and continued on his way.
[18]
 Alviano, disregarding the new orders, continued the engagement; his army was
eventually surrounded and destroyed. [19] Pitigliano managed to avoid encountering
Louis; but his mercenary troops, hearing of Alviano's defeat, had deserted in large
numbers by the next morning, forcing him to retreat to Treviso with the remnants of
the Venetian army.[20]
The Venetian collapse was complete.[21] Louis proceeded to occupy Venetian territory
as far east as Brescia without encountering any significant resistance; the Venetians
lost all the territory that they had accumulated in northern Italy during the previous
century.[22] The major cities that had not been occupied by the French—Padua,
Verona, and Vicenza—were left undefended by Pitigliano's withdrawal, and quickly
surrendered to Maximilian when Imperial emissaries arrived in the Veneto. [23] Julius,
having in the meantime issued an interdict against Venice that excommunicated
every citizen of the Republic, invaded the Romagna and captured Ravenna with the
assistance of Alfonso d'Este, Duke of Ferrara.[24] D'Este, having joined the League
and been appointed Gonfalonier on 19 April, seized the Polesine for himself.[25]
The newly arrived Imperial governors, however, quickly proved to be unpopular. [26] In
mid-July, the citizens of Padua, aided by detachments of Venetian cavalry under the
command of the proveditor Andrea Gritti, revolted.[27] The landsknechts garrisoning
the city were too few in number to mount effective resistance, and Padua was
restored to Venetian control on 17 July.[28] The success of the revolt finally pushed
Maximilian into action.[29] In early August, a massive Imperial army, accompanied by
bodies of French and Spanish troops, set out from Trento into the Veneto.[30] Because
of a lack of horses, as well as general disorganization, Maximilian's forces were slow
to begin the Siege of Padua, giving Pitigliano the time to concentrate such troops as
were still available to him in the city. [31] Although French and Imperial artillery
successfully breached Padua's walls, the defenders managed to hold the city until
Maximilian, growing impatient, lifted the siege on 1 October and withdrew to Tyrol
with the main part of his army.[32]

Pope Julius II, painted by Raphael (oil on wood, c. 1511). Julius attempted to secure Papal authority in Italy
by creating the League of Cambrai, an alliance aimed at curbing Venetian power.

independent Ferrara to counter growing Papal power. [68] The Emperor refused to

relinquish any Imperial territory, which in his eyes included most of the Veneto, and
signed an agreement with the Pope to exclude Venice entirely from the final partition;
when the Republic objected, Julius threatened to reform the League of Cambrai
against her.[69] In response, Venice turned to Louis; on 23 March 1513, a treaty
pledging to divide all of northern Italy between France and the Republic was signed
at Blois.[70] Pope Julius II, meanwhile, had died in February, and Cardinal Giovanni di
Lorenzo de Medici, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent and elder brother of the
new ruler of Florence, was elected Pope Leo X.
Franco-Venetian alliance[edit]
In late May 1513, a French army commanded by Louis de la Trémoille crossed the
Alps and advanced on Milan; at the same time, Bartolomeo d'Alviano and the
Venetian army marched west from Padua. [71] The unpopularity of Maximilian Sforza,
who was seen by the Milanese as a puppet of his Swiss mercenaries, enabled the
French to move through Lombardy with little resistance; Trémoille, having seized
Milan, besieged the remaining Swiss in Novara.[72] On 6 June, the French were
attacked by a Swiss relief army at the Battle of Novara, and were routed despite
having superior numbers.[73] Detachments of the Swiss army pursued the fleeing
French over the Alps and had reached Dijon before being bribed into withdrawing.[74]
The rout at Novara inaugurated a period of defeats for the French alliance. English
troops under Henry VIII besieged Thérouanne, defeated La Palice at the Battle of the
Spurs, and captured Tournai.[75] In Navarre, resistance to Ferdinand's invasion
collapsed; he rapidly consolidated his hold over the entire region and moved to
support another English offensive in the Guyenne.[76] James IV of Scotland invaded
England at the behest of Louis;[77] but he failed to draw Henry's attention from France,
and his death—and the Scots' catastrophic defeat—at the Battle of Flodden on 9
September 1513, ended Scotland's brief involvement in the war.[78]

In 1515, the Franco-Venetian alliance decisively defeated the Holy League at the Battle of Marignano.

Meanwhile, Alviano, unexpectedly left without French support, retreated into the
Veneto, pursued closely by the Spanish army under Cardona; while the Spanish
were unable to capture Padua in the face of determined Venetian resistance, they
penetrated deep into Venetian territory and by late September were in sight
of Venice itself.[79] Cardona attempted a bombardment of the city that proved largely
ineffective; then, having no boats with which to cross the Venetian Lagoon, turned
back for Lombardy.[80] Alviano, having been reinforced by hundreds of volunteers from
the Venetian nobility, pursued Cardona and confronted him outside Vicenza on 7
October; in the resulting Battle of La Motta, the Venetian army was decisively
defeated, with many prominent noblemen cut down outside the city walls as they
attempted to flee.[81] Cardona and Alviano continued to skirmish in the Friuli for the
remainder of 1513 and through 1514.[82]
The death of Louis XII on 1 January 1515 brought Francis I to the throne; having
assumed the title of Duke of Milan at his coronation, Francis immediately moved to
reclaim his holdings in Italy.[83] By July, Francis had assembled an army in
the Dauphiné; a combined Swiss and Papal force moved north from Milan to block
the Alpine passes against him, but Francis, following the advice of Gian Giacomo
Trivulzio, avoided the main passes and marched instead through the valley of
the Stura.[84] The French vanguard surprised the Milanese cavalry at Villafranca,
capturing Prospero Colonna;[85] meanwhile, Francis and the main body of the French
confronted the Swiss at the Battle of Marignano on 13 September.[86] The Swiss
advance initially made headway; however, Francis's superiority in cavalry and
artillery, together with the timely arrival of Alviano (who had successfully avoided
Cardona's army at Verona) on the morning of 14 September, led to a decisive victory
for Francis and the Venetians.[87]

1. Wars, 117–118.
2. ^ Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, 116.
3. ^ Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, 118–119.
4. ^ Norwich, History of Venice, 424.
5. ^ Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, 118–119; Norwich, History
of Venice, 424–425.
6. ^ Norwich, History of Venice, 425.
7. ^ Baumgartner, Louis XII, 229; Mallett and Shaw, The Italian
Wars, 121; Norwich, History of Venice, 428.
8. ^ Baumgartner, Louis XII, 229; Mallett and Shaw, The Italian
Wars, 121; Norwich, History of Venice, 428.
9. ^ Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, 122; Oman, Art of War,
153–154; Taylor, Art of War in Italy, 123.
10. ^ Baumgartner, Louis XII, 233; Goubert, Course of French History,
135; Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, 122–123.
11. ^ Baumgartner, Louis XII, 231–233.
12. ^ Kamen, Empire, 35.
13. ^ Guicciardini, History of Italy, 280.
14. ^ Baumgartner, Louis XII, 234.
15. ^ Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, 123; Norwich, History of
Venice, 428–429.
16. ^ Norwich, History of Venice, 429.
17. ^ Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, 123–124; Norwich, History
of Venice, 429.
18. ^ Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, 124–125; Norwich, History
of Venice, 429.
19. ^ Norwich, History of Venice, 430.
20. ^ Knecht, Renaissance Warrior, 72; Mallett and Shaw, The Italian
Wars, 127–128; Norwich, History of Venice, 430.
21. ^ Knecht, Renaissance Warrior, 72; Taylor, Art of War in Italy, 67.
22. ^ Knecht, Renaissance Warrior, 73–75; Mallett and Shaw, The
Italian Wars, 128; Norwich, History of Venice, 431; Oman, Art of
War, 164–165.
23. ^ Knecht, Renaissance Warrior, 75–77; Mallett and Shaw, The
Italian Wars, 128–130; Norwich, History of Venice, 431; Oman, Art
of War, 165–171.
24. ^ Knecht, Renaissance Warrior, 77; Mallett and Shaw, The Italian
Wars, 130; Norwich, History of Venice, 431.
25. ^ Guicciardini, History of Italy, 290; Knecht, Renaissance Warrior,
82–83; Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, 131; Norwich, History
of Venice, 431–432.
 26. ^ Norwich, History of Venice, 432.
27. ^ Knecht, Renaissance Warrior, 84; Norwich, History of Venice,
432.
28. ^ Knecht, Renaissance Warrior, 85; Mallett and Shaw, The Italian
Wars, 132–133; Norwich, History of Venice, 432.
29. ^ Norwich, History of Venice, 432.
30. ^ Knecht, Renaissance Warrior, 165–175.

References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Italian
Wars.

 Italy portal

 War portal

 Baumgartner, Frederic J. Louis XII. New York: St. Martin's Press,

1996. ISBN 0-312-12072-9.
 Goubert, Pierre. The Course of French History. Translated by Maarten
Ultee. New York: Franklin Watts, 1988. ISBN 0-531-15054-2.
 Guicciardini, Francesco. The History of Italy. Translated by Sydney
Alexander. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-691-
00800-0.
 Guicciardini, Francesco. Storia d'Italia. Edited by Silvana Seidel
Menchi. Volume II. Turin: Einaudi, 1971.
 Hibbert, Christopher. Florence: The Biography of a City. New York: W.
W. Norton & Company, 1993. ISBN 0-393-03563-8.
 Hibbert, Christopher. The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall. New York:
Harper Perennial, 2003. ISBN 978-0-688-05339-0.
 Hutchinson, Robert. Young Henry: The Rise of Henry VIII. New York:
Thomas Dunne Books, 2012. ISBN 978-1-250-01274-6.
 Kamen, Henry. Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–
1763. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. ISBN 0-06-019476-6.
 Knecht, Robert J. Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of
Francis I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-
57885-X.
 Mallett, Michael and Christine Shaw. The Italian Wars, 1494–1559:
War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe. Harlow, England:
Pearson Education Limited, 2012. ISBN 978-0-582-05758-6.
 Montgomery, Bernard Law. A History of Warfare. New York: World
Publishing Company, 1968. ISBN 0-688-01645-6.
 Norwich, John Julius. A History of Venice. New York: Vintage Books,
1989. ISBN 0-679-72197-5.
 Oman, Charles. A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century.
London: Methuen & Co., 1937.
 Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod. Encyclopedia of Wars. 3 vols. New
York: Facts on File, 2005. ISBN 0-8160-2851-6.
 Rowland, Ingrid. "A summer outing in 1510: religion and economics in
the papal war with Ferrara". Viator 18 (1987): 347–359.
 Shaw, Christine. Julius II: The Warrior Pope. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers, 1993. ISBN 0-631-16738-2.
  Taylor, Frederick Lewis. The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529. Westport,
Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973. ISBN 0-8371-5025-6.

cb119546235 (data)

C: 027524272
Categories: 
 1500s conflicts
 1510s conflicts
 1500s in France
 1510s in France
 1510s in England
 1510s in Scotland
 Italian Wars
 Wars involving England
 Wars involving the Republic of Florence
 Wars involving France
 Wars involving the Duchy of Milan
 Wars involving Scotland
 Wars involving Spain
 Wars involving Switzerland
 Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
 Wars involving the Papal States
 Wars involving the Republic of Venice
 1500s in Italy
 1510s in Italy
 Cambrai
 16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
 16th-century military history of France
 16th-century military history of Spain
Navigation menu
 Not logged in
 Talk
 Contributions
 Create account
 Log in
 Article
 Talk
 Read
 Edit
 View history
Search
 Main page
 Contents
 Current events
 Random article
  About Wikipedia
 Contact us
 Donate
Contribute
 Help
 Community portal
 Recent changes
 Upload file
Tools
 What links here
 Related changes
 Special pages
 Permanent link
 Page information
 Cite this page
 Wikidata item
Print/export
 Download as PDF
 Printable version
In other projects
 Wikimedia Commons
Languages
 ‫العربية‬
 Español
 Français
 Bahasa Indonesia
 Italiano
 Bahasa Melayu
 Português
 Русский
 中文
18 more
Edit links
 This page was last edited on 18 July 2020, at 02:17 (UTC).
 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By
using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
 Privacy policy

 About Wikipedia

 Disclaimers

 Contact Wikipedia

 Mobile view

 Developers

 Statistics

 Cookie statement
