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Lecture Mathematical Preliminaries PDF
Lecture Mathematical Preliminaries PDF
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Mathematical Preliminaries
Outline
• Phasors
• Phasor Arithmetic
• Scalars & Vectors
Slide 2
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9/5/2019
Phasors (1 of 2)
A time‐harmonic function can be written as
y t A cos t
Recall Euler’s Identity
e j cos j sin
This let’s the function y(t) be written as
y t Re Ae j t
Re Ae jt e j
Slide 3
Phasors (2 of 2)
y t Re Ae jt e j
In linear problems, frequency 𝜔 is constant. This means the 𝑒 term never changes.
Therefore, it is usually dropped when writing harmonic functions as phasors.
y t A cos t Y Ae j
Slide 4
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Visualization of a Phasor
y t A cos t
Y Ae j
Slide 5
Polar Vs. Rectangular Form
A phasor in polar form is written as
Y Ae j or A
The same phasor written in rectangular form is
Y j
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Phasor Arithmetic
Addition
F1 F2 1 2 j 1 2
Subtraction
F1 F2 1 2 j 1 2
Multiplication
F1 F2 A1 A2 1 2
Division
F1 F2 A1 A2 1 2
Slide 7
Scalars & Vectors
Scalar Numbers
Scalars contain only one piece of information, magnitude. Scalars can be real or complex.
Phasors are scalar quantities.
Examples: 7, , ‐1.34, etc.
Vectors
Vectors have both a magnitude and a direction.
Examples: Velocity, force, electromagnetic fields
Slide 8
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Vector Notation
direction
Note: Despite the arrow extending away from the point, a vector is describing
something at that specific point and it does not actually extend outward.
Slide 9
Inward/Outward Notation
Slide 10
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What Can Vectors Convey?
Position Distance Disturbance
Slide 11
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Simple Vector Calculations
3D Vector
A Ax xˆ Ay yˆ Az zˆ
Vector Magnitude Unit Vector
A Ax2 Ay2 Az2 A
Aˆ
A
Slide 12
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